Chapter 5 - Beams and Frames: Shear and Bending length of the member.

Such diagrams can be

Moment constructed by determining and plotting the
equations expressing these stress resultants in
In this chapter, we have learned that the
terms of the distance of the section from an end of
internal axial force at any section of a member is
the member. The construction of shear and bending
equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to
moment diagrams can be considerably expedited by
the algebraic sum of the components in the
applying the following relationships that exist
direction parallel to the axis of the member of all the
between the loads, shears, and bending moments:
external loads and reactions acting on either side of
the section. We consider it to be positive when the
external forces tend to produce tension.

The shear at any section of a member is

equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to
the algebraic sum of the components in the
direction perpendicular to the axis of the member of
all the external loads and reactions acting on either
side of the section. We consider it to be positive
when the external forces tend to push the portion
of the member on the left of the section upward
A frame is considered to be statically determinate if
with respect to the portion on the right of the
the shears, bending moments, and axial forces in all
section.
its members as well as all the external reactions can
The bending moment at any section of a
be determinedby using the equations of equilibrium
member is equal in magnitude, but opposite in
and condition. If a plane frame contains m members
direction, to the algebraic sum of the moments
and j joints, is supported by r reactions, and has ec
about the section of all the external loads and
equations of condition, then if
reactions acting on either side of the section. We
consider it to be positive when the external forces
and couples tend to bend the member concave
upward, causing compression in the upper fibers
and tension in the lower fibers at the section.

Shear, bending moment, and axial force diagrams

depict the variations of these quantities along the
 Chapter 6 - Deflections of Beams: Geometric
Methods
The permanent deformations of structures are
referred to as inelastic, or plastic deformations.
For most structures, excessive deformations are
undesirable, as they may impair the structure’s
ability to serve its intended purpose.
The methods that have been developed for
computing deflections can be broadly classified into
two categories, (1) geometric methods and (2)
work-energy methods.
6.1 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR BEAM
DEFLECTION
The neutral surface of the beam in the deformed
state is referred to as the elastic curve.
in which s is the stress in fiber ab and E represents
Young’s modulus of elasticity.
EI is commonly referred to as the flexural rigidity of
the beam.
The direct integration method essentially involves
writing the expression for M=EI (bending moment
divided by flexural rigidity of the beam) in terms of
the distance x along the axis of the beam and
integrating this expression successively to obtain
equations for the slope and deflection of the elastic
curve.
The direct integration method proves to be most
convenient for computing slopes and deflections of
beams for which M=EI can be expressed as a single
continuous function of x over the entire length of
the beam.