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ISBN 978-0-87031-319-6
ACI 550.1R-09
Thomas J. D’Arcy
Chair
*
Member of the subcommittee that prepared this report.
†
Chair of the subcommittee that prepared this report.
The committee would like to acknowledge Cloyd E. Warnes’ contribution for providing the initial information on emulation, and FDG, Inc., of Arvada, CO, for providing
graphics.
This guide provides information for detailing precast concrete structures Chapter 3—General design procedures, p. 550.1R-2
that should meet building code requirements for all seismic design categories 3.1—Selecting a structural system
by emulating cast-in-place reinforced concrete design. This guide also 3.2—Ductility and hinges
explains how emulative precast concrete structures can address the provisions
of ACI 318-08, including those of Chapter 21, if special attention is
3.3—Design and analysis procedures
directed to detailing the joints and splices between precast components.
Chapter 4—System components, p. 550.1R-7
Keywords: ductility; elastic design; emulation; flexural strength; joint;
precast concrete; precast detailing; reinforcement. Chapter 5—Connection of precast elements,
p. 550.1R-8
CONTENTS 5.1—Connections in wall systems
Chapter 1—Introduction and scope, p. 550.1R-2 5.2—Connections in frame systems
1.1—Introduction 5.3—Other connections: floor diaphragms
1.2—Scope 5.4—Special materials and devices
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, Standard Chapter 8—Summary and conclusions,
Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in p. 550.1R-16
planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction.
This document is intended for the use of individuals who are
competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its Chapter 9—References, p. 550.1R-16
content and recommendations and who will accept 9.1—Referenced standards and reports
responsibility for the application of the material it contains. 9.2—Cited references
The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all
responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not
be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. ACI 550.1R-09 supersedes ACI 550.1R-01 and was adopted and published February
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract 2009.
documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Copyright © 2009, American Concrete Institute.
Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction
the Architect/Engineer. or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
550.1R-1
550.1R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
The analysis and design of cast-in-place reinforced 3. Individual precast elements are erected and temporarily
concrete structures is based on the premise that the entire secured;
system behaves monolithically. A cast-in-place concrete 4. The reinforcing bars are connected between the precast
structure is actually built member by member with joints concrete elements by completing the splices;
between concrete placements because of limitations in 5. The precast concrete elements are connected with grout
concrete placing, construction procedures, or schedules. Due or concrete closures; and
to the continuity of the reinforcement and specific requirements
6. Elements are reshored or braced as required to achieve
for construction joints, the structure performs as a unit. The
stability.
principal element of emulative detailing of precast concrete
is to detail a precast structure that will exhibit structural
behavior similar to that of a cast-in-place structure. 3.1—Selecting a structural system
Construction joints, whether in prefabricated or cast-in- Selecting an appropriate structural system, such as structural
place concrete structures, should be located and detailed to walls, box structures, moment-resisting frames, and dual
ensure transmission of induced forces and loads in both the systems for both lateral and gravity loads, can be the most
concrete and reinforcing steel. For precast concrete, emulative important step in achieving an economical, structurally
construction joints will likely occur at the same locations as sound design. Essentially, four types of structural elements
dry joints in cast-in-place structural elements. Joints will are used in combination to form complete building systems.
usually be located at the ends of beams and columns, at both the Horizontal elements include beams and slabs. Vertical
ends and sides of floor elements, and between wall elements. structural elements include walls and columns or combinations
The essential differences between cast-in-place reinforced of both horizontal and vertical elements, such as cruciform
concrete and emulative, reinforced, precast concrete relate to elements. These elements can be combined in various
field connections and assembly of the prefabricated configurations to form commonly recognized lateral-load-
elements. Prefabricated elements have additional design resisting systems, such as structural walls and moment-resisting
requirements for stripping, transportation, and erection loads frames. Emulative detailing principles apply to all of them.
imposed on them, but the structural analysis and element With precast concrete, the designer has the option to select
design is essentially the same for both types of construction. those frames or walls necessary to resist lateral loads under
Using emulative methods for connecting precast concrete the code requirements. For seismic conditions, the elements
elements, the detailing process follows three general steps: of the gravity load frame need only meet the requirements of
1. The structural system for resisting gravity and lateral ACI 318-08, Section 21.13.5 (frame members not propor-
loads should be selected. A separate gravity-load-resisting tioned to resist forces induced by earthquake motions) and
frame can be combined with lateral-load-resisting shear the requirement that each precast member be connected to
walls, or both functions can be accomplished with moment- adjacent members.
resisting frames. System selection is often controlled by the 3.1.1 Structural walls—Structural walls resist lateral
height of the building and the span of the components as well forces parallel to the plane of the wall. Because of the relatively
as architectural requirements. Some code limitations may large in-plane depth of the wall members, significant lateral
also apply (International Code Council 2006). stiffness is provided.
2. The structure should be designed and detailed to meet The International Building Code (IBC) (International
the requirements of the applicable building code as if it were Code Council 2003), based on the National Earthquake
to be constructed of monolithic cast-in-place reinforced Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) (Building Seismic
concrete, keeping in mind that the structure will be divided Safety Council 1997) recommended provisions, recognized
into structural elements of sizes and shapes that: two classifications of shear walls. First, “Ordinary Reinforced
• Are suitable for plant fabrication; Concrete Shear Walls” are walls designed in accordance
• Are capable of being transported; and with ACI 318 Chapters 1 through 18. This includes Chapter 16
• Can be erected by cranes available to the contractor. on precast concrete, which includes provisions for structural
3. The structure should be organized into precast elements integrity. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls are
of appropriate sizes and shapes to meet the aforementioned permitted in buildings in seismic performance Categories A,
criteria. The appropriate connections should then be B, and C. These requirements do not include the seismic
designed and detailed to satisfy the requirements of the detailing provisions of Chapter 21 of ACI 318-08. Systems
applicable building code to allow the precast elements to be braced with ordinary reinforced concrete structural walls are
reconnected in a way that emulates a monolithic system. assigned a response modification factor, or R factor, of 4.5
The manufacture and construction of precast structures for load-bearing wall systems, and 5 for structural walls
typically follows six steps: bracing a vertical frame. The IBC 2006 (International Code
1. The precast structural elements are manufactured with Council 2006) makes the same references to the ACI 318, but
code-compliant mechanisms for splicing the structural changes the term “shear wall” to “structural wall.” The IBC
reinforcing bars to provide continuity of the reinforcement 2006 refers to ASCE/SEI 7-05, which creates new categories
throughout the structure and in accordance with approved design; for precast concrete that are distinct from cast-in-place
2. The prefabricated elements are transported to the concrete, but engineers can also use emulative detailing to
project site when they are cast off-site; meet the cast-in-place categories.
550.1R-4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
When structures are required to remain elastic, design intermediate reinforced concrete moment frames are only
procedures require larger structural members to resist forces permitted to be used in SDCs A, B, and C. For a complete
resulting from earthquakes. This leads to increased material description of permitted use of various systems, the reader is
costs, higher lateral forces on nonstructural elements, and referred to IBC 2006 (International Code Council 2006) and
probable loss of some floor and window opening space due ASCE/SEI 7-05 provisions.
to bulkier columns. Under elastic design provisions, beams Concrete frames can be readily designed to perform in a
may require greater depth, resulting in increased story ductile manner. Full-scale tests of reinforced concrete beam-
heights and, consequently, taller buildings. In regions where column connections have shown that such connections are
relatively minor earthquake loads are expected, design for ductile and can perform effectively under earthquake loading.
elastic response can be appropriate when it may not be Plastic hinging of beam-end connections is highly dependent
economical to detail for ductility. The NEHRP-based code on the type and amount of reinforcement used in the intended
provisions (Building Seismic Safety Council 1997) permit ductile hinge region, usually at or near beam ends.
the use of ordinary moment frames for SDCs A and B. Chapter 21 of ACI 318-08 provides prescriptive requirements
In June 1978, NEHRP was established. The “National for special moment frames intended to ensure strong-column/
Earthquake Hazard Reductions Program (NEHRP) weak-beam behavior.
Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic The “AIJ Structural Guidelines for Reinforced Concrete
Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures” Buildings” (Architectural Institute of Japan 1994), a design
(Building Seismic Safety Council 1997) was first published manual for reinforced concrete frames, explains how to
in 1985, and was subsequently updated. These provisions design concrete structures to behave elastically for equivalent
included recommendations for the evaluation of loads and earthquake loads associated with horizontal structure
general building details, and material-specific parameters and accelerations of up to 20% of gravity. The manual also provides
detailing provisions that are consistent with those general for the deliberate introduction of ductile (inelastic) hinges in
recommendations. the beams near the beam-column junctures and at selected
The 1994 edition of the recommended provisions was used locations in the columns (Fig. 3.4 and 3.5). Sufficient strength
in making major changes to the “Uniform Building Code” is designed into the hinge regions to accommodate lateral
(UBC) (International Conference of Building Officials floor accelerations up to 100% of gravity. The longitudinal
[ICBO] 1997). The IBC 2000 (International Code Council reinforcement ratio of ductile hinges is intentionally limited
2000) was the culmination of the effort initiated by the Inter- so that the bars are capable of being strained significantly
national Code Council in 1997 to develop a comprehensive beyond their yield point, therefore inelastically elongating
set of regulations for building systems consistent with and the bars. This mechanism absorbs and dissipates a substantial
inclusive of the scope of the existing model codes. The 2003 amount of seismic energy imparted to the frame.
and 2006 IBC (International Code Council 2003, 2006) are 3.1.4 Dual systems: frames and structural walls—Dual
updates to the 2000 IBC. building systems consist of a combination of structural walls
Ductility is an important consideration where concrete and moment frames. A dual system can be used when a
moment frames subjected to lateral loads are assumed to moment-resisting frame alone does not provide sufficient
behave inelastically. This is usually the case in SDCs D, E, lateral stiffness. Design attention should be directed to the
and F as defined in IBC 2003 and 2006, Section 1616.3 probable lack of deformation compatibility in both elastic
(International Code Council 2003, 2006). Special reinforced and inelastic modes between frames and walls because they
concrete moment frames may be used in these SDCs, as do not experience compatible deformations in response to
550.1R-6 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
normal as well as severe loads. Connections between frames 3.3—Design and analysis procedures
and walls need to accommodate the different behavior of the In general, a building’s lateral-load-resisting system is
two systems. Because the shape of the deformation of classified as a shear-wall structure, moment-frame, or dual
cantilevered walls and moment-resisting frames is different, system. Initial design loads including the equivalent lateral
while a rigid diaphragm will impose the same story drift on forces are calculated using the general formula for a building
each system, there is likely to be forces transferring between period, which is conservatively based on a lower bound for
the wall and frame that must be considered in the design of monolithic concrete buildings. If the building is of sufficient
the diaphragm and collector connections. height or flexibility, the final design may be improved by
calculating the period more accurately from deformations
3.2—Ductility and hinges determined by analysis. This more accurate calculation can
Ductility in reinforced concrete frames allows the structure to be made using Rayleigh’s method or directly within the
accommodate large ground motions through energy dissipation structural analysis program being used. A longer calculated
at plastic hinge regions. period can be used to recalculate a lower equivalent lateral
Ductility can be achieved in reinforced concrete members force subject to the limitations imposed by ASCE/SEI 7-05.
by limiting the longitudinal steel ratio in high-moment (high- 3.3.1 Moment frames—Structural analysis of an emulative
stress) regions while providing sufficient transverse reinforce- precast concrete structure follows the same procedure as that
ment for concrete confinement. used for a cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure.
These guidelines for structural design of reinforced The required strength of the various components of a
concrete structures are used in the United States and in other lateral-force-resisting system is determined by the analysis
highly active seismic regions of the world. of a linear elastic model of the system. For frames, elastic
The AIJ standard requires a structure to have a minimum analysis is used to determine the flexural strength required at
lateral-load-resisting capacity to limit the response deformation the ends of the beams where they frame into the column. To
during an earthquake. It also requires the formation of a ensure ductile behavior, the steel reinforcement ratio within
ductile yield mechanism to dissipate energy from the earth- a ductile hinge region is limited by ACI 318-08 to a maximum
quake; that is, a structural designer should plan a desirable of 0.025. The positive moment strength of the beam at the
yield mechanism (strong-column, weak-beam) for a structure column face has to be at least 50% of the negative moment
expected to undergo a design earthquake and then generate strength to resist reversals due to cyclic loading. The balance
such a yield mechanism in the beams during a strong of the design of the special moment frame is then based on
earthquake to permit controlled local damage, but also to making this area the weak link in the frame system.
prevent excessive system deformation or instability. Yield Columns above and below a beam-column connection
mechanisms in moment frames should also be provided (joint) should have a total flexural strength Mnc that is 20%
between foundations and the base of columns and, under greater than the sum of the nominal flexural strength Mnb of
circumstances relating to the amount of acceptable damage the beams framing into the joint as provided by ACI 318-08,
to the roof system, at the tops of columns. Section 21.6.2.2
Under the AIJ approach, the designer first plans a desirable
yield mechanism to give both the required strength to the ΣMnc ≥ (6/5)ΣMnb
EMULATING CAST-IN-PLACE DETAILING FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES 550.1R-7
completing the vertical connection are illustrated in Fig. 5.5. Connections between floor diaphragms and walls are critical
They feature a cast-in-place closure strip with horizontal if floor inertial forces are to be successfully transferred to the
interconnecting reinforcing steel spliced mechanically. The wall systems. Regardless of the design approach used in
steel can also be lapped where the splice lap length can fit sizing and detailing the walls, some engineers believe that
within the closure placement width and the lap splice is in a the floor diaphragm and its connections should be designed
region of the member permitted by code. Figure 5.5(a) is to remain elastic under seismic loading. Therefore, it is
used when there is no architectural concern for appearance, desirable to provide a wall-to-floor connection strength that
such as in elevator shafts, or where the walls will be hidden. is appropriate for the strength of the wall system. Sample details
Figure 5.5(b) is used where an architectural concrete face is for these connections are shown in Fig. 5.3, 5.6, and 5.7.
exposed, such as in airport control towers. Figure 5.5(c) can The technique of crossing the positive moment steel
be used in punched shear walls, such as those used for shown in Fig. 5.3 and 5.6 provides for structural reinforcement
joining ends of cruciform beams and headers when there is continuity of the diaphragm across the wall, and provides
an architectural concrete consideration. much of the shear reinforcement. During construction, the
550.1R-10 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
Fig. 5.6—Floor slab-to-wall detail where diagonal dowels 5.2—Connections in frame systems
cross the wall joint into the opposite floor. Ideal locations for connections in frame systems are at
points where frame forces, particularly moments, are likely
floor slabs may be shored where they meet the walls. Therefore, to be at minimum levels. It is natural to select the inflection
when slabs are inadvertently not fabricated sufficiently long points as points to break a monolithic system apart and to
enough to bear on the walls, the placing of the cast-in-place reconnect as an emulative precast system. The H-shaped and
concrete in the closure strip can accommodate the deficiency. cruciform frame systems shown in Fig. 4.1 have connections
Figure 5.8 shows vertical wall joints used in high seismic near where the inflection points are likely to occur under
zones in Japan. These joints make the walls monolithic lateral loading. Figure 5.9 shows several horizontal connections
through lapped hoop bars and a cast-in-place closure. This is using mechanical couplers, butt welding and bars welded to
a common detail in Japanese precast construction that might be a bolted plate to tie top and bottom reinforcing bars. The 1997
EMULATING CAST-IN-PLACE DETAILING FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES 550.1R-11
Fig. 5.8—(a) Plan view of typical grouted or cast-in-place vertical joints in shear-wall
panels reinforced for high seismic loading (refer to adjacent plan view for different configu-
rations); and (b) variations of vertical wall-to-wall connections (plan views).
in the load path before the vertical elements experience the the joint widens as an effect of flexure. The flexural (chord)
yielding forces or displacements they are intended to sustain. reinforcement in the diaphragm should control diaphragm
Detailed studies of the behavior of precast concrete deformation not only to limit drift, but also to protect these
diaphragms has been reported (Fleischman et al. 2002, elements from yielding. Detailed design of precast
2005a,b; Cleland and Ghosh 2002). For more details, see the diaphragms is beyond the scope of this guide.
PCI manual “Seismic Design of Precast/Prestressed Connections in box systems can be similar to wall and
Concrete Structures” (PCI MNL 140-07). floor systems. In addition, where seismic conditions dictate
a rigorous connection detail, those shown in Fig. 5.8 have
A significant difference between the cast-in-place slab and
been used. The overall concepts used in box systems are
the precast slab with cast-in-place topping is the jointing.
shown in Figs. 3.2 and 3.3. Details of the actual joint sections
The jointing in the precast slab supporting the diaphragm
can be adopted as referenced in the figures.
slab tends to reflect as cracks in the cast-in-place topping.
This discrete cracking can place a high strain demand on
5.4—Special materials and devices
whatever reinforcement or connections cross these joints. In reinforced concrete, building codes allow splicing of
ACI 318-08, Section 21.11.7 addresses this strain demand by reinforcing bars by means of lapping (except No. 14 and No. 18
setting a minimum spacing for wires in welded-wire reinforce- bars), welding, and by use of mechanical splices. Neither
ment in diaphragms of 10 in. (254 mm) for regions of high welding nor lapping is permitted within potential plastic
seismic risk. Similarly, mechanical connectors designed to hinge regions. Reinforcing bars are made continuous
transfer load across joints should be capable of sustaining throughout the critical stress regions of precast concrete
their design capacity under the concentrated strains that elements in much the same manner as they are for cast-in-
can accumulate at a joint. Connections intended for shear place concrete and with the same restrictions as to type of
transfer only cannot be permitted to lose shear strength when splices permitted.
550.1R-14 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
Fig. 5.14—Longitudinal joint between precast concrete partial-thickness slabs with cast-in-place topping.
Structural ductility depends on the inelastic strain character- connected may be embedded and thereby impossible to turn
istics of the reinforcing bars and the concrete integrity within and difficult to bend.
the plastic hinge. ASTM A706/A706M bars or equivalent Most mechanical splicing devices are recognized by a
should be specified when greater bar ductility is desired model code through an evaluation service, and may have
because the elongation capacity is greater than that of A615/ formal conditions for acceptance in a structure. One of these
A615M steel. conditions may be a requirement for special inspection.
Figure 5.15 shows the generally available mechanical To maintain the integrity of an emulative structure, grout
splices used in concrete construction. Some splices—for specified as part of mechanical splicing devices should be
example, grouted—are readily adaptable for use in connecting mixed and installed according to the sleeve system recom-
precast concrete elements. Others—for example, threaded, mendations. Grout or mortar used in sleeves, sheaths, conduit,
swaged—are appropriate for splicing bars only in cast-in- bedding, and any other opening or void between or in the
place applications. Grout-filled splices are generally used structural concrete elements should be carefully prepared and
with vertical reinforcing steel because they can be embedded installed, with full attention paid to achieving the strength
completely inside the precast element without the need for specified by the designer. The grout venting system should
an opening to access the splice during erection. Other types ensure complete placement throughout the connection.
may be used in horizontal applications with cast-in-place Grouts or mortars used in the interfaces between precast
closure placements. Because most splices are proprietary, the concrete elements should be engineered. Grout strength
engineer should investigate the requirements and tolerances should be specified and confirmed by the design engineer.
needed for a product under consideration, as bars to be Interface grout should not be formulated at the job site by
EMULATING CAST-IN-PLACE DETAILING FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES 550.1R-15
untrained persons or mixed by using hand tools such as a hoe CHAPTER 6—GUIDELINES FOR FABRICATION,
and wheelbarrow. TRANSPORTATION, ERECTION, AND INSPECTION
Grout field sample specimens should be made and cured Fabrication of precast concrete elements for use in emulative
according to ASTM C109/C109M, C942, or both, and tested precast concrete structures is similar to that for most precast
by a recognized testing laboratory to ensure that the specimens structural products. The primary difference is the reinforcing
meet specifications. For grout used in mechanical splices, a bars at the connections should be made continuous through
quality-control program that follows the recommendations joints. To meet this requirement, bars may need to project
of the splice manufacturer should be developed. through a member’s end bulkheads, which requires modi-
Conventional concrete mixtures can be used in closure fication of the bulkhead forms
placements to join precast concrete elements (refer to Fig. 5.5 to Transportation of emulative precast elements is similar to
5.10 and 5.12 to 5.14). The strength of the concrete specified that for traditional precast concrete elements.
for closures should be no less than the strength specified for The type of connections used can affect erection speed.
the precast elements. For more details, see the PCI manual When erection is carefully planned for maximum efficiency,
“Seismic Design of Precast/Prestressed Concrete Structures” total crane time for a complete cycle of picking a wall panel,
(PCI MNL 140-07). raising it, fixing it in place, and returning the slings back for
For emulative purposes, most connections include some the next element can be appreciably reduced. Precast cruciform
form of reinforcement splicing. ACI 318-08, Type 2 elements were installed under optimum conditions at the upper
mechanical splices need to develop the specified tensile stories of the 30-story MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas.
strength of the reinforcing bar, which translates to 150% of Inspection should focus on the connection system. Most ICC
the specified yield strength. Research performed at the evaluation reports for splices require that they be installed
California Department of Transportation (Noureddine et al. according to the manufacturer’s instructions and under the
1996) shows that a minimum stress in the inelastic range in special inspection requirement of the UBC. Design engineers
excess of 160% of the specified yield strength of the reinforcing should check that regional building code acceptance numbers
bar is indicated to achieve 4% strain. Under the UBC 1997 have been issued for proprietary splicing devices.
(International Conference of Building Officials 1997), for The American Concrete Institute publishes numerous
highly active seismic regions, Type 2 mechanical splices in guidelines for quality control, such as ACI 117. The Precast/
plastic hinging areas were required to develop at least 160% Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) (1999) publishes a practical
of the specified bar yield strength. manual relating to erection practice (MNL-127-99).
550.1R-16 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
C942-99 Standard Test Method for Compressive Fleischman, R. B.; Naito, C.; Restrepo, J.; Sause, R.; and
Strength of Grouts for Preplaced- Ghosh, S. K., 2005a, “Precast Diaphragm Seismic Design
Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory Methodology Research Project, Part I: Design,” PCI
Journal, V. 50, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 68-83.
These publications may be obtained from the following Fleischman, R. B.; Naito, C.; Restrepo, J.; Sause, R.; and
organizations: Ghosh, S. K., 2005b, “Precast Diaphragm Seismic Design
Methodology Research Project, Part II,” PCI Journal, V. 50,
American Concrete Institute No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 14-31.
P.O. Box 9094 Ghosh, S. K., 1995, “Observations on the Performance of
Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094 Structures in the Kobe Earthquake of January 17, 1995,” PCI
www.concrete.org Journal, V. 40, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 14-22.
International Code Council, Inc., 2000, “International
American Society of Civil Engineers Building Code,” International Code Council, Inc., Falls
1801 Alexander Bell Dr. Church, VA, 756 pp.
International Code Council, Inc., 2003, “International
Reston, VA 20191
Building Code,” International Code Council, Inc., Falls
www.asce.org
Church, VA, 672 pp.
International Code Council, Inc., 2006, “International
ASTM International Building Code,” International Code Council, Inc., Falls
100 Barr Harbor Dr. Church, VA, 666 pp.
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 International Conference of Building Officials, 1997,
www.astm.org “Uniform Building Code,” V. 2, Structural Engineering
Design Provisions, International Conference of Building
9.2—Cited references Officials, Whittier, CA, 492 pp.
Architectural Institute of Japan, 1994, “AIJ Structural Iverson, J. K., and Hawkins, N. M., 1994, “Performance of
Guidelines for Reinforced Concrete Buildings,” Tokyo, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Building Structures During
Japan. Northridge Earthquake,” PCI Journal, V. 39, No. 2, Mar.-
Architectural Institute of Japan, 1996, Preliminary Recon- Apr., pp. 38-55.
naissance Report of the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake Noureddine, I.; Richards, W.; and Grottkau, W., 1996,
(Kobe, Japan), Tokyo, Japan. Plastic Energy Absorption Capacity of #18 Reinforcing Bar
Building Seismic Safety Council, 1997, “National Earth- Splices under Monotonic Loading, California Department of
quake Hazard Reductions Program (NEHRP) Recom- Transportation, Division of New Technology, Materials and
mended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Research, Office of Structural Materials.
Buildings and Other Structures,” National Institute of Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1997, “Design for
Building Sciences, Washington, DC. Lateral Resistance with Precast Concrete Shear Walls,” PCI
Cole/Yee/Schubert and Associates, 1993, “Seismic Design Journal, V. 42, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 44-64.
Examples of Two 7-Story Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1999, Erectors
Seismic Zones 4 and 2A of the Uniform Building Code,” Manual, MNL-127-99, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Insti-
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Schaumburg, IL. tute, Chicago, IL.
Cleland, N. M., and Ghosh, S. K., 2002, “Untopped Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 2007, “Seismic
Precast Concrete Diaphragms in High-Seismic Applications,” Design of Precast/Prestressed Concrete Structures (MNL-
PCI Journal, V. 47, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 94-99. 140-07),” Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL.
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, 1990, “Pacific Park Soudki, K.; Rizkalla, S.; and LeBlanc, B., 1995, “Hori-
Plaza, Emeryville CA: A 30-Story Special Moment Resistant zontal Connections for Precast Concrete Shear Walls
Frame Reinforced Concrete Building: Case History Report,” Subjected to Cyclic Deformations—Part 1: Mild Steel
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nology for Precast Concrete Systems,” Concrete Industry Concrete Construction of Five, Six and Seven-Story Apartment
Bulletin, Concrete Industry Board, Inc., Spring. Type Buildings, Yokohama National University, Yokohama,
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As ACI begins its second century of advancing concrete knowledge, its original chartered purpose
remains “to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work of all kinds and in
spreading knowledge.” In keeping with this purpose, ACI supports the following activities:
· Technical committees that produce consensus reports, guides, specifications, and codes.
· Periodicals: the ACI Structural Journal and the ACI Materials Journal, and Concrete International.
Benefits of membership include a subscription to Concrete International and to an ACI Journal. ACI
members receive discounts of up to 40% on all ACI products and services, including documents, seminars
and convention registration fees.
As a member of ACI, you join thousands of practitioners and professionals worldwide who share a
commitment to maintain the highest industry standards for concrete technology, construction, and
practices. In addition, ACI chapters provide opportunities for interaction of professionals and practitioners
at a local level.
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American Concrete Institute
Advancing concrete knowledge