6/26/2018 Ethics Theory – General Studies Material for UPSC ESE Paper1 by

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1. What is ethics?
1. Ethics vs Morals vs Values Click Here For Video
2. How do we know what is ethical? Lectures

3. Deciding factors in an action

4. Ethical vs Legal vs Norms
2. Values and Virtues
1. Integrity
 3. Ethical dilemmas 

1. Con퀎�ict of Interest Click Here for Demo

Videos
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6/26/2018 Ethics Theory – General Studies Material for UPSC ESE Paper1 by

2. How to solve?
4. Emotional Intelligence
1. Emotions
2. Components of EI
3. What is EI?
4. How EI helps? TEST SERIES
5. Attitude
1. Components 

2. Persuasion
YouTube Channel
6. Power and Authority
1. Types of power
 Group
2. Types of Authority
7. Corporate Ethics
1. Corporate Governance  Page

2. Work Culture
3. Corporate Social Responsibility
8. Professional Ethics
Recent Posts
1. Ethical Skills
2. Code of  Ethics and Code of Conduct Quiz – June 24, 2018
0
 June 25, 2018
9. Environmental Ethics
June
1. What is Ethics? 25,2018
0
We hear the word ‘ethics’ now and then. Often we confuse between the words ethics,  June
values and morals. In this article, we shall try to clear these confusions. 25, 2018

Ethics is a wider term encompassing values and morals. It is the branch of Quiz- June 22,2018
knowledge that deals with moral principles.  Ethics is a branch of philosophy which  June 24, 2018
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deals with the questions like what is good or bad and why. In our society there are
many institutions that tell us what is good or bad, right from our family. Ethics as a June

branch of knowledge tries to analyse the various systems.The various in퀎�uences in 24,2018
1
our ethical thoughts are the social norms, law of land(constitution), religion,  June
knowledge etc. 24, 2018

Quiz – June 21, 2018

0
 June 22, 2018

 
IES-GS Paper1
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How to crack Eng…

Motivational lecture

Motivational lectu…

Important dates for

ESE

Mains exam 2018

Date: 01-07-18

Preliminary exam 2019

1.1 Ethics vs Morals vs Values
Noti䙵cation – September
The difference is explained by the following diagram 2018

Last date to apply- October

2018

Exam Date – January 2019

1.2 How do we know what is ethical?

 

In our daily life, we can follow the following principles to know what is ethical

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Is it sensible?

Use of our own senses to judge the action.

For example, you are going to cheat on your friend. Is it pleasant to you and your
friend? No. Then the action is unethical.
Thus ‘TRUST’ becomes a virtue

Is it desirable? 

Check with the Categorical imperative – “Act as if the maxim of thy action were to
become by thy will a universal law of nature.”
Which means “Are you willing to permit everyone to adopt the action?” If Yes, your
action is moral. If No, your action is immoral.
For example, as a civil engineer, you decided to go for a substandard building
material, for favouring a particular contractor. Think whether you permit this if the
same is going to be your own house? No. Then your action is unethical
Thus ‘Adhering to Quality’ becomes a moral

Will it bring greatest good to greatest number of people?

Utilitarianism says that actions are right if they are useful or for the bene䙵t of a
majority
Finds applications in governance
For example, take labour reforms. It will help 90% of workers, where as the 10%
who are already enjoying the protective laws will lose. Utilitarian principle will give
‘yes’ for the reforms

Will it violates others basic rights?

Based on the belief that all human have the right to live with dignity
If an action violates the basic rights of anyone else, it is unethical
For example, A railway engineer decided to skip the mandatory safety checks of
the track, owing to work pressure. But this negligence can cost life of travellers, if
accident happens. He/she cannot take the right to life of others for granted
Thus ‘Adhering to safety practices’ is a moral responsibility

The ethicality of an action can be judged in different ways

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The branch of ethics which explores morality is called META ETHICS

1.3 Deciding factors in an action

The morality of an action depends on its

1. Situation
2. Individual’s role
3. Scale of the effect of actions

So the action should be judged based on 

1. The motive of the action

2. How the action is done, ie the way adopted
3. The consequences of the action
4. The situation of the actor, whether he or she had the free will to act
5. The options available to the actor 

1.4 Ethical vs Legal vs Norms

Ethical or Moral Legal Norms

The actions are Aims to maintain morality Are rules of behaviour in

 judged based on society or organisation 
May be codi䙵ed or un
certain principles as
codi䙵ed They comes from values.
discussed above

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Has a mechanism to They are speci䙵c like codes

enforce it of conduct

Every moral things All legal may not be moral  Ex: Do not use cell phones
may not be legal Ex- Triple talaq, which in class room

Every illegal things discriminates women, was Give seat to elders in a

may not be immoral legal untill the court public place etc
declared it as
  unconstitutional  

The branch of ethics which deals the question what is good and bad is called
NORMATIVE ETHICS

2. Values and Virtues

If values are the goal, virtues are the way to get there.  Virtues are innate good
qualities or morals within people.

For example integrity is a value.  Openness,Honesty, Sincerity, Forthrightness,

Incorruptibility, Righteousness, Probity etc are the virtues that helps to attain integrity.

2.1 Integrity
Integrity refers to quality of a person’s character

1. Means absence of con퀎�icts within a person

2. The person will have clarity in thoughts
3. He or she will be con䙵dent
4. There will be no con퀎�ict and confusion between priorities in life
5. Absence of integrity makes one vulnerable

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3. Ethical dilemmas
Are situations in which there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of
which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion . The common ethical
dilemmas are

1. To prioritize one ethical principle over another

2. When personal values come into con퀎�ict with the professional values – This is
normally called as con퀎�ict of interest.

3.1 Con╇�ict of Interest

Is a situation that has the potential to undermine the impartiality of a person because
of the possibility of a clash between the person’s self-interest and professional
interest or public interest.

The common dilemmas are

1. Receiving gifts – You are working as an engineer, and the contractor who carries
out projects in your department and you are good friends. Can you accept gifts
from him during festivals?
2. Breaching con䙵dentiality – When your spouse or relatives ask for critical
information from our o穑�ce, which is not supposed to be disclosed
3. Affecting impartiality – You happens to be in an interview panel to select
candidates for job, in which your relative or friend is also participating
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4. Reporting malpractices – When you come to know that your friend or relative is
doing malpractice, will you report to authority?

3.2 How to solve?

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3.2 How to solve?

For ethical dilemmas there is no easy answer, and sometimes there is no right
answer. You have to decide what’s best for your personal relations and your
profession. But some basic principles can be followed. They are

1. Listen to your voice of conscience – This will buy time and prevents impulsive
actions
2. Be responsible – Do not ignore your responsibility. For example, an engineer has
to take care of safety, however compelling the other factors may be
3. Respect other’s fundamental rights
4. Give preference to larger good, compared to a smaller good(Social responsibility) 
5. Declare any con퀎�ict of interest early,  in cases like any commercial interests
con퀎�icting with o穑�ce work
6. Rescue yourself from situations like being in an interview panel where friend is
also participating

4. Emotional Intelligence
Academic aptitude (IQ) was once considered the most important part of intelligence.
But now Emotional Intelligence is recognised as playing a major role in a person’s
success. Today companies worldwide routinely look through the lens of EI in hiring,
promoting, and developing their employees.

4.1 Emotions
Emotions  are recorded experiences in the brain. Have salience, ie the emotions are
either  +ve or -ve. Emotional decisions seems to be spontaneous or impulsive. These
emotions have a signi䙵cant role  in decision making along with reasoning. While
reasoning is used in exploring various options; emotions are used to decide among
various options.

4.2 Components of EI
The emotional intelligence is the ability to    to identify and manage your
own emotions and the emotions of others. This requires

1. Perception – are you correctly recognising your emotions? Won’t you confuse
sometimes whether you are sad, or angry or disgusted? Observe carefully own
emotions and recognise them.
2. Attribution – is assigning reasons for your emotions. Hasn’t there be situations
where you just do not know why are you sad? Analyse what happened and 䙵nd
the actual cause
3. Management – is knowledge when and how to use your emotions. Once you have
proper perception and correct attribution, you know when and how your emotions
 
occur. Thus you can manage them.

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4. Expression – emotions are to be expressed. There is a way to express it. See

good leaders, they are very good at expressing their emotions.

4.3 What is EI?

Thus emotional intelligence is about how well one is managing his or her own
emotions and relations. A person with EI,

1. Can regulate own emotions – Ex- managing anger. 

2. Understand own emotions, with right attribution
3. Use emotions in decision making – by using emotional information to guide
thinking and behaviour
4. Understand others emotions – Ex- good interpersonal and leadership skills

4.4 How EI helps?

EI helps a person in

1. Maintaining good relations with others

2. Better expression of emotions
3. Gives mastery over a situation particularly in can of dilemmas. EI plays a major
role in handling the unforeseen situations.
4. Gives con䙵dence to tackle any problems in public and personal life
5. Achieve self motivation
 

5. Attitude
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Are evaluation of various aspects of the social world such as that towards a
person, object, event, ideology etc. 
It can be either positive or negative. 
Social factors have a major role in determining a person’s attitude.
For example we Indians do ‘jugaad’ as an acceptable form of frugal engineering.
The absence of su穑�cient resources have created this societal attitude of 䙵nding
solutions through shortcuts.
When the attitude is formed towards a person or social group, it creates a
stereotype. 

5.1 Components
Attitude has cognitive, affective and behavioral components

1. Cognitive(belief) – The  act  or  process  of  knowing and  perceiving.

Involves judgment, and reasoning. Example – belief that all exams are di穑�cult
2. Emotional(likes&dislikes) –  Feelings and emotions formed out the believes and
perceptions.  Example –   hating exams(formed from belief that all exams are
di穑�cult)
3. Behavioural(actions&inactions) – how attitude is expressed.  Example –   do not
apply for any exams (because of hatred towards the exams)

5.2 Persuasion
Is effort to change the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions or behaviours. The success of
persuasion depends on three factors:

(1) source – there is a difference when your mother tells not to eat junk food and
when Virat Kohli says the same. 

(2) message – many will not listen to the tra穑�c police’s message to wear helmet, but
when it comes along with a emotional tone of care for family, more people obeys.

(3) target – young minds can be easily persuaded, so the packaged foods business
mainly target kids in their advertisements.

6. Power and Authority

Power is the ability to get things done despite resistance. Authority is a legitimate
power.

6.1 Types of power

The six types of power are

Coercive Power

 often the least effective but most employed(abused) 

is forcing someone to do something against their will

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rely on threats, bullying

Reward Power

is the concept of do this and get that

is useful as long as the reward is perceived as having value
used to increase morale

Legitimate Power

is the power of position or role

a formalized way of ensuring that there is someone to make a decision and that
someone is responsible

Referent Power

Is the power and ability for an individual to attract others and to build loyalty
created through the values of the individual

Informational Power

is the power of having information that another does not have

used to measure and improve tasks, processes, and strategies

Expert Power

when an individual possesses in-depth information, knowledge, or expertise in the

area that they are responsible for
is often the most effective type of power
they can often persuade others do to things for them using trust and respect

6.2 Types of Authority

Charismatic authority

leader is not only capable of but actually possesses the superior power of
charisma
Ex- Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr.

Traditional authority

depends on established tradition or order

based on some kind of a dominant power
Ex – Father in a family

Legal-rational authority

Is grounded in clearly de䙵ned laws

 
Ex – the President of India

7. Corporate Ethics
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7. Corporate Ethics
The broad area dealing with the way in which a company behaves towards, and
conducts business with, its internal and external stakeholders, including employees,
investors, creditors, customers, and regulators.

7.1 Corporate Governance

Governance is about doing what is fair in a transparent manner with full
accountability . It is about enhancing shareholder value on a sustainable basis while
ensuring fairness, transparency and accountability in every action vis-à-vis every
stakeholder – customers, employees, investors, vendor-partners, government of the
land and society.

It results from maintaining transparency in all actions

Sound corporate governance is critical in enhancing and retaining investor trust.
It includes
Making a clear distinction between personal convenience and corporate
resources
Communicating externally in a truthful manner about how the company is run
internally
Complying with the laws in all the countries in which the company operates

A three-tier governing system for companies is suggested where

A supervisory board is constituted and should lay down the framework for the
functioning of the board of directors -It will monitor performance as well as the
value system for the company
The board of directors manages the affairs of the company and oversee the
functioning of the executive management
The executive runs the day to day operations.

Role of Independent directors, Company Secretary and Auditors

Independent directors are custodians of corporate ethics.

The company secretary should ensure compliance with the regulations of the
land
The auditors will have an objective check on the 䙵nancial statements prepared by
the directors

The regulators

Companies are regulated under the companies act. If they are listed in the stock
exchange,  SEBI(Securities and Exchange Board of India) watches over certain
operations, especially to protect the small shareholders.
 

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The Captain and the Coach  

 
The Third Umpire

Match 䙵xing

Poor Performance

Personal gains at the expense of team

The investors and shareholders who lost  

their money

The challenges are

1. Ensuring independence in spirit of Independent Directors and their active

participation in functioning of the company
2. Improving safeguards and disclosures pertaining to Related Party
Transactions
3. Issues in accounting and auditing practices by listed companies
4. Addressing issues faced by investors on voting and participation in general
meetings

7.2 Work Culture

The work culture decides the way employees interact with each other and how an
organisation functions.

It helps to increase the morale of the employees

Morale is expressed in self-con䙵dence, enthusiasm, and loyalty to the
organisation. It stems from the people’s conviction about the righteousness or
worth of their actions and the hopes of high rewards in the future.
It improves the cohesion ie unity, solidarity, connection, and interrelatedness with
in the organisation.
Improves productivity – helps in higher levels of organizational effectiveness,
䙵nancial performance and customer satisfaction.
It increases positive emotions and well-being.
It attracts employees to the organisation.

Work culture is about

 
Beliefs, thought processes, attitudes of the employees.
Ideologies and principles of the organisation.
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For example,

The company which believes in diversity will include more female employees
The armed forces work culture is strict hierarchical, where obedience is given
more importance

7.3 Corporate Social Responsibility

Is a  company’s    initiatives to assess and take responsibility for its effects on
environmental and social wellbeing.

Corporations can have detrimental effects on the environment. Example Oil spills.
Industries such as chemical manufacturing, mining, agriculture and 䙵shing can
do permanent damage to local ecosystems.
Climate change can also be attributed in large part to corporations. Ex- Power
corporations
Many corporations have pro䙵ted from the deterioration of the global
environment. 
In many cases, harm to the environment and harm to vulnerable communities go
hand-in-hand

CSR is the way through which a company achieves a balance of economic,

environmental and social imperatives (“Triple-Bottom-Line- Approach”).

Key CSR issues are : environmental management, eco-e穑�ciency, responsible

sourcing, stakeholder engagement, labour standards and working conditions,
employee and community relations, social equity, gender balance, human rights,
good governance, and anti-corruption measures.

8. Professional Ethics
Professionals possess and use specialised knowledge and skill. 

“Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a more
clever devil”

So the professionals who possess skill and knowledge needs a direction.

Professional Ethics encompass the personal, organizational, and corporate

standards of behavior .

8.1 Ethical Skills

Ethical skills are distinguished from the self-help skills and social skills, as those
which helps in

Ethical sensitivity, involves the skill or ability to interpret the reactions and
 
feelings of others.

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Ethical judgement – if an ethical situation exists and requires action, he or she

must decide which course of action is the most justi䙵able in the situation
Ethical motivation is the desire to be ethical and to act and live in a manner
consistent with one’s moral values.
Ethical action, involves determining the best way to implement the chosen
decision and having the ability and con䙵dence to persist to completion.

To achieve these, the ethical skills should encompass

Code of conduct, courage, dependability, duty, e穑�ciency, ingenuity, initiative,

perseverance, punctuality, resourcefulness, respect for all etc

Where as the Self-Help Skills are Care of possessions, diet, hygiene, modesty,
posture, self-reliance, and tidy appearance etc

The Social Skills includes Good behaviour, good manners, good relationships,
helpfulness, No wastage and good environment etc.

8.2 Code of  Ethics and Code of Conduct

Are the two common ways that companies and professionals self-regulate.The
professional bodies commonly establish codes of conduct and ethical codes for the
guidance of their members.

Code of Ethics

Referred to as a Value Statement

Acts like the Constitution with general principles to guide behaviour within an
organisation
Outlines a set of principles that affect decision-making

Code of Conduct

Outlines speci䙵c behaviours that are required or prohibited 

Ex- Forbid sexual harassment at work places

9. Environmental Ethics
Deals with relationship of man with environment. 

Some common questions in environmental ethics are

Should humans continue deforestation for the sake of food production?

Should humans continue to make gasoline-powered vehicles?
Is it right for humans to knowingly cause the extinction of a species?
Should we stop all developmental works to conserve the environment?

 Should we continue to use coal for power generation? 

The concept of Sustainable development

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Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It
contains within it two key concepts:

the concept of “needs”, in particular the essential needs of the world’s poor, to
which overriding priority should be given; and
the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization
on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs.

The goals of economic and social development must be de䙵ned in terms of

sustainability in all countries—developed or developing, market-oriented or centrally
planned. 

The environmental ethics has personal dimensions such as

ethical consumerism
minimising waste and recycling
love for nature and other living beings etc

The branch of ethics concerned with particular moral issues like corporate ethics,
environmental ethics etc, is called APPLIED ETHICS

IES GS

Related posts

September 11, 2017

Ethics in Engineering
Profession

 Read more

21 Comments
 

Balkrishna says: Reply

September 6, 2017 at 11:14 am

http://iesgeneralstudies.com/ethics­theory/ 16/20
6/26/2018 Ethics Theory – General Studies Material for UPSC ESE Paper1 by

thank you sir for providing material on ethics

Utpal Rai says: Reply

September 6, 2017 at 1:21 pm

Sir please release pdf version for statics portion also so that we could take printout and
study it. Internet is not available everytime.
All materials are very goof and of high quality. Thank you for such initiative

aman says: Reply

October 5, 2017 at 9:23 pm

either use pdf crowd addon to save the page or simply print the page,it will be
saved as pdf use foxit or just save the entire webpage

Shraddha says: Reply

September 6, 2017 at 1:25 pm

Thank you so much sir…

Santosh rai says: Reply

September 6, 2017 at 6:17 pm

Thnk u sir…

sagar suroshi says: Reply

September 7, 2017 at 7:26 am

Brilliant examples !!! Thank you

sagar suroshi says: Reply

September 7, 2017 at 7:42 am

How do you decide between utilitarianism and human rights? For example right to privacy
provides basic human rights but fails in utilitarianism. Or Rohingya muslim migrant.
Deporting them is as per utilitarianism but is a failure of every human to life and dignity.

IES GS says: Reply

 
September 7, 2017 at 4:08 pm

You are correct.

As discussed in the article, deciding between two principles is not easy. This

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type of dilemma is a real challenge in public policy. The most appropriate

action should be a balanced one.

sagar suroshi says: Reply

September 7, 2017 at 5:28 pm

Challenge noted!!! I have another doubt regarding con퀎�ict of interest. Suppose you are
holding a primary position for a certain interest and then you also hold a ” o穑�ce of pro䙵t”
however for the betterment of the same interest. So will that qualify for con퀎�ict of interest.
If yes How ?? Example the Delhi parliament secretary issue. It’s established that they the
elected members hold o穑�ce of pro䙵t as per constitution but can we also say it succumbs
to con퀎�ict of interest just by knowing that they hold “o穑�ce of pro䙵t”.

IES GS says: Reply

September 9, 2017 at 3:44 am

Actually the rule that those who are holding constitutional positions should not
hold ‘o穑�ce of pro䙵t’ is made to avoid the con퀎�ict of interests. There is a need
for rede䙵ning what constitutes the ‘o穑�ce of pro䙵t’ as suggested by the second
ARC.
The issue you mentioned here became debatable, simply because of the fact
that the posts of parliamentary secretaries are not recognised as
constitutional post. So it quali䙵es as ‘o穑�ce of pro䙵t’ as per rule. In ethical
sense, the post may not create a con퀎�ict of interest, but rule wise it does.

Himanshu dagur says: Reply

November 9, 2017 at 9:09 am

Is this enough for ies prelims exam regarding human ethivs or more topic is also there????

IES GS says: Reply

November 11, 2017 at 8:25 am

That is enough in theory section.. Try to cover more example problems

Amit says: Reply

November 14, 2017 at 9:32 pm

Sir I’m a bit confused in con퀎�ict of values.

Is it the con퀎�ict between the values followed by two identities and
how is it different from con퀎�ict of interest ?

 

Amit says: Reply

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November 14, 2017 at 9:40 pm

And while practicing I faced a lot of questions on

governance, good governance and specially on ethical
governance. Is this topic imp. ??
And a topic related to maxims..!!

IES GS says:
November 15, 2017 at 2:08 pm

IES topics speci䙵cally tells about

Engineering ethics. So questions will be
based on professional ethics than the
governance ethics, which is important for
the civil servants.

IES GS says: Reply

November 15, 2017 at 2:07 pm

There is difference between values and interests.

Values are different for different organisations.
Interests can be personal, professional, business etc

Amit says:
November 16, 2017 at 8:03 am

Thank you sir..!!

Rk singh says: Reply

November 29, 2017 at 12:09 pm

Sir at least 100 questions upload kr dijiye for practice please……

Lots of thanks if it is possible

VIKAS ATTRI says: Reply

November 29, 2017 at 6:56 am

Dear Sir,

Can you please suggest some site for practicing good problems on Ethics as in IAS
problems are more descriptive then being optional

 
samar says: Reply

February 18, 2018 at 7:43 am

http://iesgeneralstudies.com/ethics­theory/ 19/20
6/26/2018 Ethics Theory – General Studies Material for UPSC ESE Paper1 by

sir, these notes enough for eithics subject or do we need to refer any book?

IES GS says: Reply

February 25, 2018 at 1:40 am

You can refer more about the different terms mentioned here.

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