Definition of the Trig Functions

Right triangle definition

Unit circle definition

For this definition we assume that

0 < θ < 2 or 0° < < 90° .

For this definition

is any angle.

y
x,y

opposite

hypotenuse
y

1
x
c
x
adjacent

sinθ =
opposite

cscθ =
hypotenuse

1
sinθ =
.

hypotenuse

opposite

1
= y=omcscθ =
secθ =

adjacent

hypotenuse
osθ =

1 = x=

cosθ =
hypotenuse

adjacent

secθ = x

tanθ = opposite
cotθ = adjacent
y
tanθ =

x
cotθ =

adjacent

opposite

Domain

Facts and Properties

Period

The domain is all the values of

hat
can be plugged into the function.

The period of a function is the number,

T, such that
f

θ+T
)
= fSo,ifθ
.

sin
,

can be any
ngle
(
)

is a fixed number and

is any angle we

cos
,

can be anyy angle

have the following periods.

+
1
π,
n = 0,
±±1, ±±2,…

tan
,

θ≠ n

ωθ )

→
2
T=
csc
,

sin

≠ nn.π, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, …

1
examrace

→
T=
sec
,

,
n
=
0,
1,
2,…
cos
ωθ
)

θ≠

±±
±±
2

ωθ )

T=ω

cot
,

≠ n π,
n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,…
tan

Range
ωθ )

→
T=
2

T e range is all possible values to get

csc

out of the function.

sec ω θ

→
2
T=

ww w
≥ 1 and csc
≤ −1

)
−1
≤ sin
≤1

csc

−1
≤ cos
≤1

sec

≥ 1 and sec
≤ −1

ωθ )

T=ω

−∞ ≤ tan
≤∞

−∞ ≤ cot
≤∞
cot
Formulas and Identities
Tangent and Cotangent Identities

Half
Angle
Formulas

sin
tanθ ==
θ

cot
θ

cos

sin2
θ=
1

1
− cos
(
2θ
))

cos

sinθ
2
(

Reciprocal

sinθ

Identities
 1
cos2 θ = 2
(1+ cos ( 2θ))

cscθ ==
1

1
sinθ

cosθ

cscθ

θ=
1
− cos
(
2θ)
secθ ==
1
θ

tan

1
+ cos
(
2θ)
cos

secθ

Sum and Differen e

rmul s
1

1
tanθ

α±β)
= sinα coss β ± cosα sin± β

cotθ ==tan

cot

sin
Pythagorean

=1

Identities

cos ( α ± β ) = cossα cos β

si
α sin β

sin2 θ
+ cos2
θ

tan

α±
β
)
=
. anα ± comtan β
tan 2 θ +
1 = sec2 θ

tn
α tan β
2

Prodtouct to Sum F
1+ cot

= csc

e
 1
sinα sin β =
cos
(
α−β
− cos−
(
α− + β
+

Even/OddFormulas
csc( −θ ) = − cscθ

2
)

sin ( −θ )
= − sinθ

cosα cos β =
1
cos
(
α−β

+ cos
(
α+β

cos
−θ
)
= cosθ

sec
(
θ − sec=θ
2

)
(

= − tanθ

)
sinα cos β =

sin

α+β

+ sin

α−β

tan (
−θ )

cot ( −θ ) = − cotθ

PeriodicFormulas
2

)
cosα sin β =
1

sin
(
α+β

− sin
(
α−β

Ifanisteger.
= sinθ

csc (θ
+ 2π n )
=+ cscθ =

sin (θ
+
2πn )

Sum

to

Product

Formulas

cos
θ+
2πn
)
= cos θ

ec
θ
+ 2πn
)
=+ sec θ
=
α+
β

α−
β

)
sinα + sin β = 2sin

cos

tan θ + πn

= tanθ

cot θ
+ πn

= cot+θ

=
(

(
α+β

α−β

Double

e Formulas

Formulas
.

sinα − sin β = 2cos

sin

2
sin ( 2θ )
exa mra

= 2sinθ cosθ
α+β

α−β

cos
2θ
)
= coscos2 θ − sin2 θ−

cosα + cos β =
2cos
2

cos

= 2cos2 θ −1

−
cosα − cos− β =

+
β

α
−β

= 1− 2sin
2
θ
2sin

sin

tan (
2θ)

2 tan
θ

CofunctionFormulas
π

=
1− tan
2

sin

π
−θ

= cos θ
cos

ww w

− sin=θ
Degrees to Radians Formulas

2
If x is an angle in degrees and t is an

csc

π
−θ
= sec θ

sec

csc=θ
θ
−

angle in radians then

2
2

πx

x = 180t
 t
=

t
=

and

tan
π
−θ

=
cot
θ

cot
π

tan

180

180

2
Unit Circle

y
0,1)
1

3
1
,
3

2
,

2
−
2

2
90°
2
2
−
2
,
2

3
2 2

3
3

120°

60
°

4
com 31

1
4

2
,
2

,
135°

−
2

5
4545°
 6
30°

150°
0°
1,0

180°

1,0

(−
360°

x
2

210°
330° 11

225°
 3 1
− ,−

315°

6
3,
−
1
2

2
xamrace

4
240°

270°
300°

.e 4
−
2

5
4

−
2

3
,−

3
2

−
1
,−
3

2
,−

1
3

2
2

0, −1
For any ordered pair on the unit circle
x , y ) : cos

x and sin

www
Example
5π

5π
−
1

cos
3
==

sin
3

2
2
Definition

Inverse Trig Functions

Inverse Properties
cos−1
θ

=θ

y
==sin−1 x
is equivalent
to x

sin y

cos

cos−1

x
))
==x

(
cos

))

y ==cos−1 x
(

is equivalent
to x
cos y

sin

(
sin
−1

(
x
))

==x

sin
−1
(
sin
θ

=θ

y ==tan−1 x
(
))

is equivalent
to x

tan y

tan

(
tan
−1
(
x
))

==x
tan
(
tan θ

=θ

( ))
Domain

and
Alternate

Range

Notation

Function

ion
π
Domain

−1

x = arcsin x

Range

−1

sin
y = sin

−1≤x≤1
−2
≤y≤

cos−1

x
2

x = arccos x

co m
y
= cos−1 x

−1
≤x≤1
−
0≤y≤
π
tan
−1

= a ctan x

= tan−1 x

−∞ < x < ∞

2
<y<
2
Law of Sines, Cosines and Tangents
c

a
xa
.
b
Law of Sines

e mrace

Law of Tangents
sin
=
sin
β
=
sin

a
−b

tan 12

α − β)

=
c
a
+b
=
tan 12
( α + β)

Law of C

of

Cosines

b
−

tan
1

(
β−γ
2

a2
= b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cosα
=

b+c

tan
1

(
β+γ
=a2

+c2
−
2ac cos β

b2

a
−
c
=

tan 12
 )
α−γ

www 2 2 2

1
(

)
c

=a

+b
−
2ab cosγ

a+c

tan

2
(
α+γ
)

Mollweide’s Formula
a
+ b = cos 12 ( α −
β)
c

sin 12
γ