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opposite hypotenuse
sin θ = csc θ =
hypotenuse opposite
adjacent hypotenuse
cos θ = sec θ =
hypotenuse adjacent
opposite adjacent
tan θ = cot θ =
adjacent opposite
Trigonometric functions
y r
sin θ = csc θ =
r y
r
x r y
cos θ = sec θ =
r x
y x
tan θ = cot θ = θ
x y
x
Transformations
1
to shift a function c units to the right, find y = f (x − c)
Reciprocal identities
1 1
sin θ = csc θ =
csc θ sin θ
1 1
cos θ = sec θ =
sec θ cos θ
1 1
tan θ = cot θ =
cot θ tan θ
2
Quotient identities
sin θ cos θ
tan θ = cot θ =
cos θ sin θ
Pythagorean identities
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ
Even-odd identities
Co-function identities
(2 ) (2 )
π π
sin − θ = cos θ cos − θ = sin θ
3
(2 ) (2 )
π π
csc − θ = sec θ sec − θ = csc θ
(2 ) (2 )
π π
tan − θ = cot θ cot − θ = tan θ
Sum-difference identities
tan α ± tan β
tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β
Double-angle identities
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 − tan2 x
4
1 + cos 2x 1
cos2 x = = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2
1 − cos 2x
tan2 x =
1 + cos 2x
Product-to-sum identities
1
sin x sin y = [cos(x − y) − cos(x + y)]
2
1
sin x cos y = [sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)]
2
1
cos x cos y = [cos(x − y) + cos(x + y)]
2
1
cos x sin y = [sin(x + y) − sin(x − y)]
2
Sum-to-product identities
( 2 ) ( 2 )
x+y x−y
sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
( 2 ) ( 2 )
x+y x−y
sin x − sin y = 2 cos sin
( 2 ) ( 2 )
x+y x−y
cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos
5
( 2 ) ( 2 )
x+y x−y
cos x − cos y = − 2 sin sin
Law of sines
sin A sin B sin C
= =
a b c
Law of cosines
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
6
The Unit Circle
(0,1)
(2 2 )
3
( 2 2 )
1 3 1
− , ,
( 2 ) ( 2 2 )
2 2 π 2 2
− , ,
2 2
2π
π
90∘
3
3
60 ∘
3π
π
12
( 2 2) ( 2 2)
3 1 3 1
0
4
4
∘
− , ,
45 ∘
5π π
13
5
∘
6 15 ∘ ∘ 6
0 30
∘ 33
0 0 ∘ 11
7π 21 π
6
( 2 2)
3
( 2)
3 1 6 1
5∘
− ,− ,−
31
22
2
5
∘
24 ∘
7π
30
5π
270∘
∘
4
4
5π
4π
3π
3
3
( 2 ) ( 2 2 )
2 2 2 2
− ,− 2 ,−
2
( 2 2 ) (2 2 )
1 3 1 3
− ,− ,−
(0, − 1)
7
8