Unit 7: Adaptation and regeneration adaptive processes realized on?

cells with new cells and reconstitution of

6. What is hyperplasia? (p=2) (p=3) function
1. Identify most frequent cases of -Increase in number of cells -Cellular
compensation hypertrophy in organs -Increase in structural-functional elements and -Subcellular 17. Name organs with regenerative
with intracellular structure of cells -Tissue hypertrophy
muscle wall. (p=3) in primary form of intracellular
-Urinary bladder 7. Define atrophy. (p=3) 13. Patient died of decompensation hyperplasia
-Heart -Atrophy is an adaptive response, characterised of of ultrastructures and enlargement of
-Vessels by a decrease in the size and function of cells, hypertrophied heart (mass of heart cellular sizes. (p=2)
tissues and organs is 500g). -Brain
2. What is organization? Which processes -Shrinkage of cellular size is due to loss of During postmortem examination -Myocardium
are cellular substance “tiger”
observed in it? (p=4) heart was found. Give an 18. What is brown atrophy of myocard?
-Organisation is formation of connective 8. Define types of hypertrophy according to explanation of (p=3)
tissue, the decompensation mechanisms. -It is the general atrophy of the heart, with
healing around dead tissue or exogenous mechanism of the beginning and with the (p=3) decrease of the size of the myocardium,
agents, and replacement of necrosis, signification for organism. (p=4) -Hypertrophy of the heart leads to an accumulation of pigments of lipofuscin in
exudates, -Neurohumoral hypertrophy imbalance of oxygen demand and cardiomyocytes
thrombus & hematoma by connective tissue -Repair hypertrophy supply to it -developed during cachexia
-Compensatory (working) hypertrophy -subsequently, chronic hypoxia of the
3. Name local atrophy varieties -Vicar hypertrophy myocardium, fatty dystrophy, 19. Specify periods (phases) of
progressing in destruction of compensation
pathology. (p=6) 9. Name types of general atrophy according mitochondria and increase in cytosolic and adaptive reactions. (p=3)
-dysfunctional to calcium -Beginning
-neurotic atrophy etiology. (p=5) occurs -Consolidation
-ischemic -Alimentary -Eventually the heart decompensates -Exhaustion (decompensation)
-chemical -Tumour
-pressure -Hypophyseal (pituitary) 14. What are the tissues of the 20. Give the definition of working
-physical -Cerebral heart exposed to hypertrophy.
-Chronic infection hypertrophy and hyperplasia with (p=2)
4. Name steps of wound healing by enlargement f heart? (p=4) -It is hypertrophy characterised by increased
secondary 10. What is the form of repair named -Myocardium cell size due to increased functional demand
intention. (p=3) ‘repair -Connective tissue stroma of
-Traumatic edema, demarcation of purulent hypertrophy’? (p=4) -Intramural vessels the organ
exudative inflammation with necrotic fibrin -It is the developing process of substitution -Neural apparatus
-Secondary cleaning of the wound, large hypertrophy which consist of special tissues, 21. Specify types of regeneration. (p=3)
amounts of granulative tissue are formed that can carry out repair with the help of 15. What is carnification? (p=3) -physiological
-Appearance of regenerative tissue (scar hyperplastic cells or hyperplastic tissue & -Carnification is the appearance of -reparative
formation hypertrophic cells connective -pathological
tissue in the alveolar space as a result
5. Specify manifestations of pathologic 11. What is metaplasia? (p=2) of 22. What is atrophy organs term with
repair. -Transformation of 1 tissue type to another, pneumonia deposit of
(p=3) usually of the same broad class lipofuscin in pigment in its parenchyma?
-Hyper-regeneration 16. What is regeneration? (p=2) (p=1)
-Hypo-regeneration 12. What structural levels are -Regeneration is the replacement of -Brown atrophy
-Metaplasia compensation and injured
23. What is vicar hypertrophy? (p=1)
-It is the hypertrophy of twin organs when 1 is
removed or becomes non-functional
24. Give explanation of the dystrophic
and
sclerotic processes in hypertrophied
myocard. use facts of electronic
microscopy
in your answer. (p=4)
-Hypertrophied cells have increased oxygen
demand over supply causing hypoxia: fatty
dystrophy
-Hypertrophy of the nucleus, increase in ER
vesicles and injury to the myocardium with
organisation leads to cardiosclerosis
25. Specify stage names of functional
states in
hypertrophied heart. (p=2)
-Tonogenic dilatation (compensation)
-Myogenic dilatation (decompensation)
26. What is the term of liver with the
atrophy
and lipofuscin accumulation in
hepatocytes?
(p=1)
-Brown atrophy of the liver
27. Name of forms in wound healing.
(p=4)
-Healing by first intention
-Healing by secondary intention
-Healing under crust
-Healing with epithelisation
28. What is keloid? (p=2)
-It is a type of skin scar characterised by and
overgrowth of fibrous tissue in the scar
Unit8: Exudative Inflammation
1. Name pleura, peritoneum, muscle, skin
inflammations. (p=4)
-Pleuritis, Peritonitis, Myositis, Dermatitis
-Figurative name: Heairy heart 12. Mucous membrane of child’s larynx is
2. What is inflammation? [give -Conditions: Uremia, Rheumatism, edematous, hyperemic with removable
Davidovsky’s Complication of TB, Transmural gray
definition] (p=10) myocardial film. Name of the process. Specify the
-It is a complex, local, cyclic, vascular, infarction, fibrinous lobar pneumonia disease with the process observed. What
mesenchymal reaction of the organism does the process result in? (p=3)
developed during the process of evolution 8. What do prefixes ‘peri’ & ‘para’ -Process: Croupous laryngitis
-This is a response to lesion, leading to the mean in -Disease: Diphtheria
elimination of initial causative agent with terms, designating inflammations? -Result: Asphyxia
regeneration of tissue as the completion phase Give 1
example of each. (p=4) 13. Give terms of the inflammation in
3. What is abcess? (p=5) -Peri: Inflammation of the serous liver,
-It is a focal suppurative inflammation with membrane of stomach mucous, in large intestine and
breakdown of tissue and formation of a cavity an organ (perimetritis) urinary bladder. (p=6)
enclosed by a pyogenic membrane -Para: Inflammation fatty tissue -Liver: Hepatitis
surrounding an -Stomach mucous: Gastritis
4. Name types of exuadative inflammation. organ (paranephritis -Large intestines: Colitis
(p=6) -Urinary bladder: Cystitis
-Serous 9. Give the definition of exudative
-Fibrinous inflammation. (p=4) 14. During postmortem examination you
-Hemorrhagic -It is a form of inflammation, can
-Purulent characterised by see: thigh bone with local destruction of
-Catarrhal the predominance of exudation over cortical coat, marrow channel filled with
-Mixed alteration green purulent mass with free scraps of
-Putrid/rotten and proliferation the
bone. Name process in the bone and
5. What is empyema? (p=3) 10. Give terms of the inflammation these
-It is a form of suppurative inflammation of the of arterial free scraps of the bone. (p=2)
wall of an anatomical cavity (e.g. peritoneal wall and internal, external and idle -Process: Osteomyelitis
cavity) with accumulation pus in the cavity arterial -Name of scraps: Sequestra
membranes. (p=4)
6. What is phlegmona? (p=3) -Arterial wall: arteritis 15. Name the inflammation in
-It is a diffuse purulent exudative inflammation -Internal: endarteritis mucous
of friable connective tissue -Middle: Mesarteritis membrane of uterus corpus, in cellular
-External Periarteritis fatty
7. In postmortem child examination there tissue of the thorax, in middle membrane
was 11. What is pus? Give its of
found very increased heart with fluid composition. (p=5) the aorta, mucous membrane of nose.
accumulation in pericardial sac, thick -Pus is an inflammatory exudate which (p=4)
epicardium covered with friable gray colour contains -Endometritis, Mediastinitis, Mesaortitis,
and spongeous form. Name the process. leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), rhinitis (respectively)
Give parenchymal
figurative name of the process of this case. cell debris, microorganisms and pus 16. Name forms of acute catarrh in
Specify diseases and conditions when this bodies mucous
process is observed. (p=6) membrane. (p=3)
-Name: Fibrinous pericarditis -Hemorrhagic
-Serous - Organization with a fibrinous exudates. The wall -Granulomas have special concrete
-Purulent - Calcification may be very morphologic structure caused by special types
thin with pus into lumen of of infections agents and often have necrosis in
17. What is the term for suppuration 4. Organs and tissues with serous appendix. Name the the central part
process? inflammation. disease.p=3
(p=1) P=4 - Phlegmonous purulent appendicitis 4. What morphological sign
-(Purulent) Inflammation - Meninges predominates in
- Parenchymal organs ( lung ,kidney & heart) the source of productive proliferation?
18. Specify biologic etiology of - Peripheral nerves (p=1)
inflammation. - Peritoneal, pleural & pericardial cavities -Proliferation of cells
(p=5) 10. * inflammation of :
-Viruses 5. Diseases of croupous tracheitis. - Whole wall of artery : panarteritis 5. In microscopic examination of the
-Bacteria - Diphtheria - Pia mater : leptomeningitis heart, in
-Fungi - Uremia - Membrane of brain : meningitis myocardial stroma inflammatory cellular
-Protozoa - Bile duct : cholangitis infiltrate are found. They consisted of
-Immune complexes 6. Localization , gross, outcome and - Gall bladder : cholecystitis lymphoid cells, histiocytes, fibroblasts
-Animal parasites deepness of and
diphtheric inflammation. Unit 9: Productive Inflammation plasma cells. What diagnosis follows?
19. Name purulent inflammation in the - Localization : squamous, transverse and (p=3)
tissue of epithelium (multilayer membrane) Immunopathological Processes -Interstitial productive myocarditis
nail couch. (p=1) - Deepness : deep necrosis
-Paronychia - Gross : cover by thick films that difficult to 1. Specify cell taking part in 6. Give names of possible consequences
remove production of
20. What is the name of internal - Outcome : ulceration & organization with inflammation. (p=6) tuberculous granulomas. (p=2)
membrane in scar of ulcer -Epithelioid cells -Total necrosis
the abscess? (p=1) -Macrophages -Sclerosis
-Pyogenic membrane 7. Localization, gross ,outcome and -Plasma Cells -Calcification
deepness of -Fibroblasts -Encapsulation
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : croupous inflammation. -Lymphoid cells
UNIT (8) - Localization : cuboidal, columnal -Histiocytes 7. Present manifestation form of
1. Phases of inflammation. epithelium (single layer) productive
- 1st: alteration - Deepness : superficial injury 2. Identify definition of production inflammation. (p=4)
2nd : exudation - Gross : gray friable films that easily inflammation. (p=3) -Interstitial
3rd : proliferation removed -It is a type of inflammation -With polyp formation
- Outcome : fully recover/ restoration of characterised by -Granuloma
2. Outcome of serous inflammation. P=2 normal tissue structure infiltration and proliferation of cells -Inflammation around animal parasites
- Resolution with complete recovery of from
structure 8. TASK : Uterus enlarge, cavity widened, histiogenous and hematogenous
- Progression to fibrinous or purulent mucous membrane saturated with yellow origins; with a 8. What is the nature of autoimmune
inflammation green predominance of the process of reaction
exudates. Name the disease. p=3 proliferation progress in immunopathologic
3. Outcome of inflammation. - Postpartum purulent endometritis over alteration and exudation processes?
- Necrosis (p=2)
- Regeneration 9. TASK : Appendix is red, swollen and 3. What granulomas are named -It is immunity against own tissue(own
- Scar formation covered specifically? antigen), and causes rejection of
- Obliteration (p=5) transplantation and hypersensitivity
 “hillocks” and its morphological -Spread: Hematogenous pathway
9. Which type of immune reaction 6. What process come before structures. -Primary metastasis: lung
progress in granulomatous - Disesase: millet tuberculosis of lung -Influence: Cachexia
immunopathologic process? (p=2) productive inflammation? P=1 - Define of “ hillocks” : tuberculosis
-Humoral Immunity - Necrosis granulomas 3. What is biologic atypism of tumor
-Cellular Immunity - Morphological structures : center characterized by? (p=5)
7. Classification of productive inflammation caseous -Progressive growth
according to duration. necrosis, surround by epitheloid cells, -Autonomous
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : UNIT (9) - Acute then -Infiltrative
- Chronic giant polynuclear Piragov & -Gives metastasis
1. Diseases of specific granulomatous Langerhan’s -Able to be transplanted from 1 host to
productive 8. Syphilis granulomatous cells, lastly lymphoid cells outside. another
inflammation. P=4 - Name : gumma in experiments
- Tuberculosis - Size : 1-2 cm 14. Localization of productive
- Syphilis / lues - Cell type : plasma cells, epitheloid inflammation of 4. During postmortem examination, the
- Leprosy cells,lymphoid cells(T-lymphocytes) heart ( interstitial myocarditis) and tumor
- Scleroma - Type of necrosis : caseous necrosis its outcome. is detected in the uterus. The tumor
- Localization : myocardial stroma consists
2. Diseases of non-specific 9. Tuberculosis granulomatous - Outcome : diffuse cardiosclerosis of polymorphic atypical smooth muscle
granulomatous - 1-2 mm cells.
productive inflammation. P=3 - Cell type : epitheloid cells, lymphoid cells, Unit 10: Mesenchymal Tumour Name this tumor, its spread pathways,
- Brucellosis Piragov’s cells, Langerhan’s cell localization of primary metastases, the
- Tularemia - Type of necrosis : caseous necrosis 1. Name tumors of skeletal and cause
- Sarcoidosis smooth of death. (p=5)
- Typhus fever 10. The function of macrophage in muscles. (p=4) -Diagnosis: Leiomyosarcoma
tuberculosis -Skeletal: Rhabdomyoma, -Spread: Hematogenous pathway
3. Classification according predominant granuloma. P=1 rhabdomyosarcoma -Metastasis: Lung
of cell - Phagocytosis ( to phagocytose the bacteria) -Smooth: Leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma -Death: Hemorrhage and cachexia
type for granulomatous inflammation. 2. During postmortem examination,
- Epitheloid granuloma 11. Definition of interstitial inflammation. the tumor 5. Specify pathway of tumour spread.
- Macrophage granuloma - Diffused inflammation localized / infiltrate is found in the area of left thigh. (p=4)
- Giant cellgranuloma in stroma of organ. The tumor -Lymphogenic
looks like “fish flesh”. The tumor -Hematogenic
4. Organs of interstitial inflammation. 12. Classification of granulomas. grows from -Perineural
- Kidney - Etiology : infection thigh bone, with invasion in the -Contact
- Lung Non-infection surrounding
- Heart Unknown tissue. Diagnose it according to 6. Name all possible variants of tumour
- Liver - Morphology : specific gross growth.
Non-specific evidences. What is the spread (p=6)
5. Etiology / causes of proliferative pathway of -Expansive
inflammation. 13. TASK : Lung inflate being “ fluffy”. this tumor? Where does primary -Invasive
- Physical factor Pleura and metastasis -Multicentric
- Chemical factor tissue consist multiple millet like grey localize? What is manifestation of -Unicentric
- Biological factor yellow its general -Endophytic
- Immune factor hillocks. Name the disease , define the influence of organism? -Exophytic
-Diagnosis: Osteosarcoma
7. During histology examination, there microscopic structure and nature of growth - Without recidives 9. States the secondary changes of
are according to surrounding tissues. (p=4) malignant
found growth of filaments with collagen -Fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of 4. 5 characteristics of malignant tumor
fibres and cells of connective tissues connective tumour. tumor. - Necrosis
with -Microscopically: Constructed from - Immature - Hemorrhage
predominance over fiber structures and pleomorphic atypical connective tissue with - Infiltrative growth - Dystrophy
tissue atypism signs in derma of the hyperchromatic nuclei - Cellular & tissue atypisms - Formation of fistula between organs
skin. -Growth: Invasive - With metastasis - Thromboembolism / thrombosis
There is marked border of the above - With recidives
mentioned changes. What is your 13. Name general tumour groups according
diagnosis? to 5. Definition of exophytic and
Name growth type and malignant degree of the maturity. (p=2) endophytic tumor. 10. States the secondary changes of
analogue. -Malignant (less mature) - Exophytic : tumor growth into the tumor.
(p=4) -Benign (more mature) lumen of - Necrosis
-Diagnosis: Fibroma hollow organs - Inflammation
-Growth: Expansive 14. What is sarcoma? (p=2) ( Eg. : leiomyosarcoma in - Cyst formation
-Malignant analog: Fibrosarcoma -It is a malignant tumour derived from lumen of uterus ) - Dystrophic changes
mesenchymal tissues - Endophytic : tumor growth in the wall - Hemorrhage
8. What is the capillary hemangioma? of
Describe 15. What is anaplasia (cataplasia)? (p=1) hollow organ 11. Classification of tumor atypism.
its microscopic structure. (p=4) -It is the reversion of differentiation of tumours ( Eg. : cervix with - Morphologic
-Hemangioma is a benign tumour of capillary from a higher level to lower leve carcinoma ) - Antigenic
blood vessels - Histochemical
-It is lobulated, unencapsulated, aggregated in ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : UNIT (10) 6. Definition of unicentric and - Biological
closely packed thin-wall capillaries, lined with multicentric tumor.
several levels of flattened endothelium 1. What is metastasis and mechanism of its - Unicentric : 1 place of tumor growth 12. Characteristic of chondrosarcoma.
-Separated by scant connective tissue stroma basis. - Multicentric : 2 or more place of tumor - Immature
P=5 growth - cellular & tissue atypism
9. Name localisation of leiomyomas - Apprearance of secondary tumor foci in - Invasive growth
according other tissue or organs far away from the 7. Types of hemangioma and its - Give recidives
to layers of uterus walls. (p=3) primary foci. malignant analog. - Capable for metastasis
-Submucous - Mechanism is by the tissue embolism - Types : Carvenous hemangioma
-Subserous Capillary hemangioma Unit 11: Epithelial Derived Tumours
-Intramural 2. Basic morphological sigms of cellular Glomus / venous angioma
atypism. - Malignant analog : hemangiosarcoma 1. During microscopic examination, the
10. What is fibroma? (p=2) - Various shape & size of cells and nuclei tumour
-It is a benign tumour of fibrous connective - Atypical mitosis 8. States the secondary is found in the bronchial biopsy evidence.
tissue - Ratio cytoplasm to nuclei ( nuclei > complication of benign It
cytoplasm volume) tumor ( metastasis ) is constructed with nest accumulations of
11. The patient died of malignant tumor - Hyperchromatic nuclei - Hyalinosis atypical squamous cells with features of
originated from thigh bone. Where first - Hemorrhage within node “pearls”. Name the tumour and explain
metastasis are to be looked for? (p=1) 3. 5 charactieristics of benign tumor. - Edema within node the
-Lungs - Mature - Calcification possibility of tumour onset in this
- Expansive growth - Venous hyperemia construction of bronchi. (p=6)
12. What is fibrosarcoma? Describe its - Tissue atypism -Name: Squamous cell carcinoma of the
- Without metastasis bronchus (bronchiogenic carcinoma) plus
keratinisation sarcoma. (p=4)
-Onset: Metaplasia from chronic bronchitis + -Carcinoma is a malignant epithelial-derived
chronic inflammation tumour with cellular and tissue atypism
-which gives metastases through lymphogenic
2. Specify microscopic picture of and hematogenic pathways,
squamous -more commonly lymphogenic
carcinoma. (p=4)
-Multiple nest-like structures consisting of
atypical polygonal cells with keratinisation in 8. Name most typical localisation of
the structural centre called ‘keratin pearls’ esophageal
carcinoma. (p=3)
3. Name ovarian malignant tumours. -Proximally: Cricoid cartilage
(p=5) -Medially: Crossing of the left principal
-Arrhenoblastoma bronchus
-Cellular granulation carcinoma -Distally: Where the esophagus penetrates the
-Cystadenocarcinoma diaphragm
-Brener’s carcinoma
-Malignant teratoma 9. Name gross (macroscopical) types of
stomach carcinoma. (p=4)
-Polyp-like
-Plaque-like
-Fungus-like
4. Name organs from which metastases -Diffuse
are in -Flat
bones. (p=5) -Excavated (Ulcer-like)
-Tumour of lungs, mammilary glands, prostate
glands, kidneys, thyroid glands 10. During postmortem examination
metastases
5. Where are the first hematogenous and of the carcinoma in the liver are found.
lymphogenous metastases of carcinoma They
in are considered first hematogenous
stomach looked for? (p=3) metastases of tumor. What are organs to
-Hematogenous: liver be
-Lymphogenous: Lymph nodes of small and searched for primary tumour? (p=3)
large curvature of stomach -Stomach
6. Explain the progress of aspiration -Pancreas
pneumonia of the patient with carcinoma -Esophagus
of
esophagus. (p=3) 11. Specify preinvasive form of
-Formation of fistula between trachea and endocervical
esophagus and aspiration of vomitus/food into carcinoma in the uterus. (p=1)
the lung will cause aspiration pneumonia -Cancer in situ
7. What is carcinoma? Specify most 12. The ovary has been supplied as a
typical biopsy
pathway of carcinoma to differ from
samples. It is presented by gross hematogenous metastases from
cyst about carcinoma
20cm in diameter with a fluid and of stomach, pancreas, sigmoid colon,
heavy uterus.
papillary projection with white (p=4)
cauliflower -Stomach-> Liver
tissue remainder. Microscopically -Pancreas-> Liver
papillaries -Sigmoid colon-> Liver
of the tumour are covered by -Uterus-> Lungs
columnar
epithelium with nuclear 17. Describe microscopic picture of
hyperchromia and adenocarcinoma. (p=3)
mitosis. On the separate sections -It is characterised by pleomorphic glandular
adenous tumour cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and
complex grows through cystic wall. cellular atypism.
Specify -High mitotic activity and invades the
the tumour. (p=3) surrounding tissue without a clear border
-Tumour of papillary cystadenoma
18. Give the characteristics of
13. What is the term for malignant fibroadenoma in
tumour of accordance with following points: tumour
epithelial origin? (p=1) histogenesis, degree of the cell maturity,
-Carcinoma atypical form, 2 histologic types in
female
14. Specify histological variants of breast, its malignant analogous form.
esophegeal (p=6)
carcinoma. (p=3) -Tumour histogenesis: epithelium of ducts of
-Squamous cell carcinoma (with/without the breast
keratinisation) -Degree of cell maturity: Mature
-Adenocarcinoma -Atypical form: Tissue atypism
-Undifferentiated -Histologic forms: Pericanalicular,
Intracanalicular
15. A female with uterus bleeding -Malignant analogue: Adenocarcinoma
developed in
post climacteric period. Diagnostic 19. Give the characteristics of papilloma
scrape is in
executed from uterus. Atypical accordance with tumour histogenesis,
adenous degree of cell maturity, atypical form of
structure with marked cellular tumour and its malignant analogous
atypism is form.
observed. Specify your diagnosis. (p=5)
(p=2) -Tumour histogenesis: Squamous/transitional
-Adenocarcinoma of the uterus epithelial cells
-Degree of cell maturity: Mature
16. Designate the localisation of -Atypism: Tissue atypism
primary -Malignant analogue: Squamous epithelial
carcinoma and sent for histologic examination. The 6. Specify localisation of -In malignant tumours, sarcomas are more
tumour is detected by microscopic melanoma. (p=5) common
20. Name growth forms of cervix examination. It consists of connective -Skin -Embryonic tumours predominate
carcinoma. tissue -Mucous membrane
(p=3) and partially remained nervous fibres. -Pigmented membrane of the eyes
-Endophytic Name -Meninges ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : UNIT (12)
-Exophytic this tumour, disease according to -Esophagus
-Mixed multicentric tumour growth. Give the name 1. Mature tumor of neuroectodermal of
of the scientist to describe this desease. ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS CNS. P=5
21. Name most typical form of (p=3) 1. Common benign tumour during - Ganglioneuroma
endometrial -Tumour: Neurofibroma childhood. - Astrocytoma
carcinoma according to microscopic -According to tumour growth: -Hemangioma - Oligodendroglioma
assay. Neurofibromatosis -Teratoma - Ependymoma
(p=2) -Scientist: von Recklinghausen -Lymphangioma - Choroid papilloma
-Adenocarcinoma 2. Name malignant tumour developed from
-Undifferentiated tumour pigmented nevus. (p=1) 2. Common malignant tumour 2. Juvenile angiofibroma in nasopharynx.
-Melanoma during P=7
22. Female breast biopsy sample is sent childhood. - Consistency : solid
for 3. During postmortem examination, the -Neuroblastoma - Maturity : mature
urgent pathohistologic examination. A tumour -William’s tumour (nephromatoma) - Growth : infiltrative growth
piece is found in white substance of brain -Acute leukemia - Recidive : yes
of very solid white tissue with infiltrative hemispheres. The tumour is of mixed - Metastasis : no
attachment to the surrounding fatty colours without marked border with 3. Close relationship between - Reversion : yes
cellular surrounding tissues. During histology abnormal - Location : nasopharynx
tissue is presented. Microscopically, the examination, there are found immature development (teratogenesis) and
tumour is found with the stroma glial tumour 3. TASK: Biopsy 1st result=
predominance over parenchyma. Tumor cells of various forms in the tumor. There induction (oncogenesis) during ganglioneurofibroma,
parenchyma consists of small groups are marked fields of necrosis and childhood. after 2 years, biopsy again and get the
with hemorrhages. Specify your diagnosis. -Prevalence of constitutional genetic result of
individual non-differentiated epithelial (p=3) abnormalities ganglioneuroma. What is your
cells. -Glioblastoma multiforme -Syndromes predisposing to malignant conclusion. P=2
Name tumour histology forms and most tumours - Reversion, as ability changing from
typical localization of metastases with 4. Name main immature neuroectodermal malignant tumor to benign tumor during
the tumours of CNS. (p=5) 4. Reversion. childhood when cells with high mitotic
tumours of female breast. (p=6) -Medullablastoma -Tendency of malignant tumours to activities.
-Histological forms: Schirrous -Glioblastoma spontaneously regress to benign
-Metastases: Axillary nodes, Infraclavicular -Ependymoblastoma tumours and 4. Tumor derived from embryonic tissue.
nodes, Supraclavicular nodes, Parasternal -Choroidcarcinoma improve survival rate and treatment of P=1
nodes, Nodes in the anterior mediastinum -Neuroblastoma many - Teratoma
childhood tumours
Unit 12: Tumours of the Nervous System 5. Name tumours with peripheral nervous 5. Characters of tumours of infancy 5. Tumor derived from embryonic
system. (p=3) and cambial cell.
1. Multiple of round nodes are -Neurofibroma childhood. - Medulloblastoma
determined in -Schwannoma -Reversion - Retinoblastoma
the skin of patient. One of them is -Neurofibrosarcoma -Benign tumour predominance - Neuroblastoma
extracted
6. Tumor derived from meninges. P=2 13. TASK : During postmortem examination leukemias? (p=1) 9. What is the disease with Philadelphia
- Meningeoma of -Due to abundant spread of leukemic chromosome found? (p=1)
- Meningiosarcoma/ malignant meningeoma child ,the tumor in cerebellum. Tumor cells -CML
without (metastasis)
7. Name the synonymal melanoma border with surrounding tissues. 10. Why do infections complication
- Melanocarcinoma & malignant melanoma Microscopically, poorly differentiate of 4. Give definition of leukemia. develops
neuroectodermal tumor. Give your (p=3) easily in leukemias? (p=2)
8. Tumor predominant in children. P=5 diagnosis. -It is a tumour of hemopoietic and -Due to decreased function of of immune
- Hemangioma Describe microscopic picture. lymphoreticular system characterised system because to non-responsive WBC
- Teratoma - Diagnosis : medullablastoma by
- Nevus - Microscopic : atypical cells, high mitotic neoplastic proliferation of the formed 11. During postmortem examination,
- Nephroblastoma ( William’s tumor ) activity & hypochromatic cells. elements enlarged
- Acute leukemia of the systems lymph-rich nodes and glands are found in
14. Specify sarcoma of childhood and various areas of organism. There are
9. Neuroectodermal tumor sources for infancy 5. What is leukemic infiltration? 1,100,000 leukocytes/ml in blood test,
histogenic tumors. (p=2) mainly lymphoblasts. What is the
examination. P=5 - Osteosarcoma -It is local metastasis with growth of disease?
- Medulloblast - Lymphosarcoma leukemic (p=4)
- Ganglion nerve cells cells -Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
- Glial cells Unit 13: Tumours of the Blood System
- Choroid epithelium 6. Name microscopical changes in 12. The patient has necrotic gingivitis,
- Epidermal glial cells 1. During postmortem examination, pyoid spleen, tonsillitis
10. Specify types of nevus. P=5 marrow, large spleen(5kg), enlarged liver lymph nodes and marrow with with a great number of hemorrhages on
- Dermal (4kg) are found. Blood test shows 70 000 myeloleukemias. (p=3) the
- Epidermal leukocytes in 1 ml, general mass of them -Spleen and lymph nodes: Enlarged, skin. There are 150,000 leukocytes/ml in
- Mixed / epidermal-dermal were consists of promyelocytes, and blood test, among them 90% nonmature
- Blue myelocytes, increased leukemic infiltration with cells
- epitheloid metamyelocytes. What is the disease predominance of promyelocytes and without cytochemical identification.
under myelocytes What is
11. TASK: Biopsy skin for ulcer with review? (p=2) -Bone marrow: pyoid the disease described here? (p=2)
healing -Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia -Undifferentiated Leukemia
retardation, tumor large atypical cells. 7. Specify pathway of tumour
Large 2. The deceased has black disintegrated spread. (p=4) 13. Why is ‘tiger heart’ observed in
nuclei with mitosis , with brown pigmwnt nasopharyngeal glands in leukemia. Name -Lymphogenic leukemia?
melanin cytoplasm.Name the tumor and glandular process and specify microflora in -Hematogenic (p=2)
its the process. Explain initiation of the -Perineural -Due to increased destruction of RBCs and
precursor. process -Implantation hypoxic organ damage
- Tumor: melanoma with deceased. (p=4)
- Precursor : nevus -Name: Necrotic Angina 8. Identify common types of 14. What cells have diagnostic
-Microflora: Saprophytic flora chronic leukemias significance in
12. Childhood tumor according to -Initiation: Due to infiltration of leukemic cells with respect to cytogenesis. (p=4) granulomatosis? (p=1)
ontogenesis leading to secondary infection (non-responsive -Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) -Reed-Sternberg-Borosovsky cells
- Like adult immune system) -Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML)
- As teratoma -Chronic Monocytic Leukemia 15. What is myeloblastic leukemia? (p=2)
- Embryonic group 3. Why are spleen and lymph nodes -Polycythemia Vera -It is a type of acute leukemia characterised
enlarged in by
an increase in myeloblasts ionising particles (alpha,beta) that causes - Characterized by replacement of bone - Infectious disease
alteration of cells due to direct/indirect damage marrow - Hemorrhagic syndrome
16. Identify two groups of hemoblastosis of the DNA with mature cells (termed “ cystic”
according to spreading in the leukemia) 17. Name clinical morphological form of
hematopoietic ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : UNIT (13) acute radiation
system and give concrete terms of each. 10. What is lymphogranulomatosis? sickness. P=4
(p=4) 1. What is anemia? - Is a malignant tumor of lymphoid - Bone marrow form
-Leukemia: Systemic disease, charaterised by - A reduction below normal limits of total tissues with - Cerebral form
leukemic infiltration in peripheral blood flow, circulating RBC mass lesion of lymph nodes & other organs - Intestinal form
bone marrow and other hemopoietic organs characterized by growth of giant cells, - Toxic form
-Lymphoma: Regional tumour of 2. Character of blood loss Reed-
lymphoreticular tissues i.e. lymph nodes - Acute ~ trauma Stenberg-Beresovsky & inflammatory 18. Term foci of leukemia accumulated in
- Chronic ~ lesion in GIT , gynecologic infiltration. organs.
17. Designate types of acute leukemias disturbance - Leukemic infiltration / leukemic metastasis
according to cytogenesis. (p=4) 11. Specify tissue with high
-Undifferentiated Leukemia 3. Classification of hemolytic anemia. radiosensitivity. 19. Low sensitivity tissue to radiation.
-Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML) - Intrinsic RBC abnormalities- acquired & - Bone marrow - Cartilage
-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) hereditary - Hair follicles - Connective tissue
-Acute Monoblastic Leukemia - Extrinsic RBC abnormalities- membrane defect - Thymus - Vessels
(paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ) - Genital organs - Peripheral nerves
18. Specify histological variants of - Lymph nodes - Bone
lymphogranulomatosis. (p=4) 4. Classification of impaired RBC - Epithelium of mucous membrane
-With lymphocyte predominance production 20. Method of histological
-Mixed cellularity - Disturbance in proliferation & maturation of 12. Name the findings of blood test differentiation.
-With Lymphocyte depletion stem cells in acute leukemia.
-With Nodular sclerosis - Disturbance in proliferation & maturation of - Appearance of numbers of blast cells 21. Splenomegaly, hemorrhagic
erythroblasts syndrome, blood test
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS 5. Classification of leukemia 13. Specify main infectious normal, sterna puncture review
- Basic cell types ( cytogenesis) complications in leukemia megaloblast bone
1. Factors of acquired hemolytic anemia - State of maturity of leukemic cells - Pneumonia marrow.Name the disease and type of it
-Rhesus disease of newborns - Sepsis according the
-Malaria 6. Classification of lymphomas - Purulent inflammation result of blood test.
-Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus (SLE) - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – small lymphocytic, - Disease: Acute myeloblastic leukemia
-Thrombotic Thrombocytic Purpura (TTP) large cell, lymphoblastic, Berkitt’s lymphoma 14. Name the primary organ where - Type : aleukemic variant
-Disseminated Intravascular leukemia begins.
Coagulation (DIC) 7. 4 patterns of leukemia - Bone marrow 22. Classification according to number of
- ALL 15. Specify classification of leukocytes &
2. Classification of anemia according to - AML radiation sickness according leukemic cells. P=4
pathogenesis. - CLL to disease cause - Leukopenic
-Posthemorrhagic anemia - CML - Acute - Leukemic
-Hemolytic Anemia - Chronic - Aleukemic
-Imparied RBC Production 8. Define acute leukemia - Subleukemic
- Characterized by replacement of bone marrow 16. Specify cause of death in
with immature cells (termed “ blasts” leukemia) radiation sickness. 23. Causes / factors of leukemia. P=5
3. What is radiation injury? - Shock - Physical- ionizing radiation
-It is the injury due to gamma, X-ray and 9. Define chronic leukemia - Anemia - Chemical- drug, toxin
- Hereditary
- Medical agents- carcinogens

24. Name the necrotic tonsillitis according

to
pathological change. Name of multidenous
hemorrhage and mechanism. P=5
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Wet
gangrene.
Hemorrhagic syndrome . per diapedesin.

25. Pathway of spread of leukemia. P=2

- Hematogenic
- Lymphogenic

26. Spleen in Hodgkin disease.p=4

- Neoplastic proliferation site of necrosis &
sclerosis.
- “ porphyric” spleen

27. Most sensitive organ of acute

radiation sickness.
- Bone marrow

28. Definition of radiation sickness. P=3

- Is injury produced by ionizing radiation over
limiting permissible dose.

29. Synonyms of lymphogranulomatosis.

P=1
- Hodgkin disease (lymphoma)

30. Bleeding of brain , medulla oblongata

1cm bleeding.
Bone marrow grey green color.Name the
disease,
syndrome and causes of death.
- Disease : Acute leukemia
- Syndrome:
- Causes of death: hemorrhage & infection