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D. N. Paliwal
Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College,
Allahabad--211004, India
&
R. Gopal
Indo-Gulf Fertilizer and Chemical Corporation, Jagdishpur, UP--227817, India
A BSTRA CT
NOTATION
Normalised constant
/3r Radial strain
~0 Tangential strain
2 Non-dimensional stiffness modulus of a foundation, kR4/D
Non-dimensional shear modulus of a foundation, GRZ/D
v Poisson's ratio
P Specific gravity of liquid
INTRODUCTION
Storage vessels are widely used in petroleum and other chemical industries
for storing petroleum products and other chemicals at atmospheric pressure.
Vertical cylindrical tanks resting on the ground are preferred for this
purpose over horizontal cylindrical tanks and spherical tanks on account of
their low manufacturing cost and higher capacities. The vertical storage
tanks are sometimes also subjected to unexpected dynamic loads, such as
wind and seismic loads. Thus design considerations for such tanks need
greater attention. The use of spherical bottoms slightly reduces the height of
the cylindrical shell exposed to the wind pressure for a given capacity and
adds to the overall stability of the tank against the seismic load. API-650,
BS-2654 and IS-803 are some of the most commonly used codes for storage
vessels. Both the BS-2654 and IS-803 codes do take the effect of wind loads
into account, but the approaches are quite different. IS-803 ensures that the
buckling of the tank does not occur against the expected wind pressures,
while BS-2654 takes care of local buckling caused by compressive axial
bending stresses due to wind loading.
In the present work an alternative design method has been proposed. The
Design of steel storage tanks 385
CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Analysis
The equation for axial membrane stress in a cylindrical shell due to wind
loading as given by Hampe 4 is
12h 2 x 2
1000aX-Efl 5 0 0 ( R ) ( R ) [ - ( 7 ) + 2 ( 1 ) - l ] ~ a " n 2 c ° s n O (1)
where
E ~ = Po(R/h) 3 (2)
Tanniru 2 has shown that the values of lO00ax/Efl at the root of the
generator from membrane theory is about 30% less than that from the
bending theory, obtained by Gopalacharyulu & Johns. 1 Figure 1 shows that
multiplication factor (Ks), representing the bending stress to membrane
1.8
1.6
1.4-
1.2
"-" 1.0
0.8
0.6
h
O.t.
0-2
stress ratio, lies between 1.1 and 1.4. Hence the maximum value o f K I may be
adopted as 1"5.
Design
(1) Assume the first trial thickness, h, for the bottom course of the shell
plate.
(2) For the given capacity of the tank choose an appropriate l/R ratio, as
per IS 803-1976.
(3) Calculate the value of the R/h ratio.
(4) Ascertain the maximum local wind velocity from the wind charts and
determine the corresponding wind pressure, using the equation
Po = 0.613 V 2 (3)
0.2
0.2 41- V ~
0.20
- L = 2.0
R
0.16
uJ
~ 0.12
o
O.OB
0.04
Fig. 2. Relation between axial stress and x*/l ratio from membrane theory.
Design of steel storage tanks 387
°'44I ! 1 1 ! I ! I I !
o.,ol
0"36
0"32
0.2 8
I
-#-=3.0
0-24
0.20
0.16
0.12!
0-04
0.0(
0.0 0-1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0-5 0.6 0-7 0.8 0.9 1.00
I
Fig. 3. Relation between axial stress and x*/l ratio from membrane theory.
ac-~ (4)
388 D. N. Paliwal, R. Gopal
,.2[
1.11
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
JL=4. 0
R
U.I
0,6
~o
o
o
o
0.5,
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Fig. 4. Relation between axial stress and x*/l ratio from membrane theory.
Design o f steel storage tanks 389
Analysis
Allowing for the provision of a ring stiffener at the junction of the shell and
the bottom, the analysis of a clamped shallow spherical b o t t o m 3 yields
w 1
= "~[Q - 2(~R)2(R/Ro)(R/h)]
× F1 -- PzRJI(p2R)Jo(plr) -plRJx(plR)Jo(pzr)]
(5)
L PzRJo(plR) -PlRJo(P2R)JI(plR) ]
"+ frrm
(6)
and
frob + from)
" ~ " = N 3 + N 2 [ +_N1 + ( R / h ) N 4 ] (7)
r=R
where
N2 = [Q - 2(c~R)2(R/h)(R/Ro)](h/R) 2
N3 - (1 - v~ 2 ~ (8)
200 1 t I I
180
160
140
Xmg020,, I.t --190
0=69104, h-~-= 375
120
O
¢.,.
~ t u 100
80
60
40
20
0
0.0 0.20 O.L,0 0.60 0'80 1.00
R
Fig. 5. Relation between radial bending stress and r/R ratio.
Design of steel storage tanks 391
The variation of membrane and bending stresses versus the radial distance is
shown in Figs 5-9.
Design
(1) Adopt a suitable R / R o ratio for the spherical bottom within the range
0-15-0"4.
(2) Assume the bottom thickness, h, for the zone to be between 0.75R and
R.
(3) For given foundation parameters 2 and #, and the assumed values of
R / R o and R/h, read the corresponding values of the terms N~, N 2, N3
and N4 from Figs 10-15.
(4) Using eqn (6), calculate the total normal radial stress at the clamped
edge. This should be less than the allowable stress for the tank
material.
(5) The thickness of the bottom, in the zone ranging from 0 < r < 0"75R,
can be taken as half of the thickness in the outer zone, but in no case
less than 5 mm.
600
500
300
200
100
00.0 , I ,
0~2 O.Z, 0-6 0.8 1"0
r
R
Fig. 6. Relation between tangential bending stress and r/R ratio.
392 D. N. Paliwal, R. Gopal
200
180
140
120
'i
~' IO0
80
60
Z.0
20
0 .I I l [ J
0.0 0'2 0/, 0.6 O.B 1.0
r
R
Fig. 7. Relation between radial membrane stress and r/R ratio.
Design of steel storage tanks 393
+20 , .... ~ , ,
0
~ O~Z, 0.6
l,
0-8
1
1<
-20
-40
-60
-80
tt~
~w -100
I X=9020, IJ=190
69104, kR----=375
-120
-140
i
-~60 i
i
-180
-200 J i , i
360 -
320 -
280-
h=9020,
Ck69104 9
160-
120-
80-
40-
0’ 1 I 1 1
R
Fig. 9. Relation between net radial stress and r/R ratio.
Design of steel storage tanks 395
0-034 [ , , , , ,
o.o~o~
I
~o=O.~
0.018
4,=~00
0 014l 4=~,~
0.110[ i50 60
I
"70
I
80
I
gO 100
I , I
110 120
U
Fig. 10. Relation between term N 1 and/~.
396 D. N. Paliwal, R. Gopal
20 • ~:~
18
16 X = 50, ~= 100
12
2 10
R~_= 200
h
~ - :300 l
O I
I t 8 I t 1 ]
0 I Xl06
Q
8x, 9 ,o6
I 1 ! I / I
~.=50, I~=100
z
4
0 I , 1 I I I 1 I
0 1,1o8 2,4
Q
Fig. 12. Relation between term N 2 and Q.
398 D. N. Paliwal, R. Gopal
220
200
180
160
~.= 50,1J =100
140
120
100
SO
40
20
I I | I I I I
0-
0 1xlOIB 2 xl# 3x10~ 4x108 5x1~ 6x108 7x1# 8~o 8
Q
220
200
leo
X = 5 0 , I1= 100
160
lJlO
120
100
80
60
40 ~_-.300
20
RIh=5O0
On
0 ~,,lo9 2,18 3,~ 4,~o9 s,,~ oxd 7xI~ 8x1(~
o
Fig. 14. Relation between term N 3 and Q.
400 D. N. Paliwal, R. Gopal
-0-5
-0.7
X =~OOq,~.O
I
f
I
-0,9 J
-1.1
-I.3
,,,x -1-5
Z
-1.7
--1.9
-2"1
-2.3
-2-5
I I I I I
-2-7~ 60 70 8O 9O IO0 110
P
Fig. 15. Relation between term N4 and/~.
Design of steel storage tanks 401
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES