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Biology 132

Homework, Chapters 29 & 30

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers
the question.
1)
In plants,
which of
the
following
are
produced
by
meiosis?
1) _______ diploid spores
A) B)
haploid sporophyte
D)
haploid spores
E)
haploid gametes

2)
Arrange
the
following
in the
correct
sequence,
from
earliest to
most
recent, in
which
these
plant
traits
originated
:
1.
sporophyt
e
dominanc
e,
gametoph
yte
independ
ence
2.
sporophyt
e
dominanc
e,
gametoph
yte
dependen
ce
3.
gametoph
yte
dominanc
e,
sporophyt
e
dependen
ce
2) _______ 3→2→1
A) B)
3→1→2
D)
2→3→1
E)
2→1→3

3)
A botanist
was
visiting a
tropical
region for
the
purpose
of
discoverin
g plants
with
medicinal
properties
. All of the
following
might be
ways of
identifyin
g
potentiall
y useful
plants
except
3) _______ collecting plant
A) B)
asking local people which plants they use as medicine.
D)
observing which plants sick animals seek out.
E)
observing which plants animals do not eat.

4)
Plants
with a
dominant
sporophyt
e are
successful
on land
partly
because
4) _______ diploid plants expe
A) B)
they all disperse by means of seeds.
D)
having no stomata, they lose less water.
E)
their gametophytes are completely enclosed within sporophyte tissue.

5)
A botanist
discovers
a new
species of
land plant
with a
dominant
sporophyt
e,
chlorophyl
ls a and
b, and cell
walls
made of
cellulose.
In
assigning
this plant
to a
phylum,
which of
the
following,
if present,
would be
least
useful?
5) _______ seeds
A) B)
spores
D)
endosperm
E)
sperm that lack flagella

6)
Which
trait(s) is
(are)
shared by
many
modern
gymnospe
rms and
angiosper
ms?
1. pollen
transporte
d by wind
2. lignified
xylem
3.
microscop
ic
gametoph
ytes
4. sterile
sporophyll
s,
modified
to attract
pollinators
5.
endosper
m
6) _______ 1 only
A) B)
1, 3, and 5
D)
2, 4, and 5
E)
1, 2, and 3

The following questions refer to the description below.

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were
dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are
pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls.
Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones
and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that
are effective against most animals, including humans.

7)
Which
feature of
cycads
makes
them
similar to
many
angiosper
ms?
1. They
have
exposed
ovules.
2. They
have
flagellate
d sperm.
3. They
are
pollinated
by
animals.
7) _______ 3 only
A) B)
2 only
D)
2 and 3
E)
1 only

8)
Which
feature of
honeybee
s probably
arose
under the
mutual
evolutiona
ry
influence
of insect-
pollinated
flowering
plants?
8) _______ possessing a meta
A) B)
possessing an exoskeleton made of chitin
D)
possessing an abdomen that is densely covered with short bristles
E)
possessing an ovipositor modified as a non-reusable stinger

9)
Many
mammals
have
skins and
mucous
membran
es that
are
sensitive
to
phenolic
secretions
of plants
like
poison
oak
(Rhus).
These
secondary
compoun
ds are
primarily
adaptatio
ns that
9) _______ favor pollin
A) B)
inhibit herbivory.
D)
decrease competition.
E)
foster seed dispersal.

The following questions refer to the description below.

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were
dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are
pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls.
Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones
and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that
are effective against most animals, including humans.

10)
If the
beetles
survive by
consumin
g cycad
pollen,
then
whether
the
beetles
should be
considere
d
mutualists
with, or
parasites
of, the
cycads
depends
upon
10) ______ the extent to which
A) B)
the distance the beetles must travel between cycad microsporophylls and cycad megasporophylls.
D)
the extent to which the beetles damage the cycad flowers.

11)
If one
were to
erect a
new taxon
of plants
that
included
all plants
that are
pollinated
by
animals,
and only
plants
that are
pollinated
by
animals,
then this
new taxon
would be
11) ______ monophyletic.
A) B)
paraphyletic.
D)
identical in composition to the phylum Cycadophyta.
E)
polyphyletic.

12)
The main
way that
pine trees
disperse
their
offspring
is by
using
12) ______ squirrels to bury
A) B)
flagellated sperm swimming through water.
D)
fruits that are eaten by animals.
E)
spores.

For the following questions, match the adaptations of the various fruits below with the most likely means
used by the fruit to disperse the seeds contained within the fruit (A-E).

13)
The fruit
has a
heavy
weight
and
spheroidal
shape.
13) ______ air currents
A) B)
water currents
D)
gravity and terrain
E)
animal digestive tract

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number
of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below.

14)
How
many
chromoso
mes
should be
in an
embryo
nucleus?
14) ______
A)
8
B)
4
C)
16
D)
24
E) 3 2

15)
Carpels
and
stamens
are
15) ______ modified sporo
A) B)
gametes.
D)
spores.
E)
sporophyte plants in their own right.

16)
Where in
an
angiosper
m would
you find a
megaspor
angium?
16) ______ packed into polle
A) B)
within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
D)
enclosed in the stigma of a flower
E)
inside the tip of a pollen tube

17)
A major
change
that
occurred
during the
evolution
of plants
from their
algal
ancestors
was the
origin of a
branched
sporophyt
e. What
advantag
e would
branched
sporophyt
es provide
in this
stage of
the life
cycle?
17) ______ increased spore
A) B)
increased fertilization rate
D)
increased gamete production
E)
increased size of the diploid stage

18)
Which of
the
following
was not a
challenge
for
survival of
the first
land
plants?
18) ______ absorbing enou
A) B)
sperm transfer
D)
animal predation
E)
sources of water

19)
Which of
the
following
is a land
plant that
produces
flagellate
d sperm
and has a
sporophyt
e-
dominate
d life
cycle?
19) ______ fern
A) B)
liverwort
D)
hornwort
E)
charophyte

20)
Suppose a
moss
evolved
an
efficient
conductin
g system
that could
transport
water and
other
materials
as far as a
tree is
tall. Four
of the
following
five
statement
s about
"trees" of
such a
species
are
correct.
Select the
exception.
20) ______ Females could only
A) B)
Spore dispersal distances might increase but probably would not decrease.
D)
Fertilization would probably be more difficult.
E)
Unless its body parts were strengthened, such a "tree" might flop over.

21)
Whereas
the
zygotes of
charophyt
es may
remain
within
maternal
tissues
during
their
initial
developm
ent, one
should
not
expect to
observe
21) ______ mitochondria in the m
A) B)
any nutrients from maternal tissues being used by the zygotes.
D)
the zygotes undergoing nuclear division.
E)
specialized placental transfer cells surrounding the zygotes.

22)
If a fern
gametoph
yte is a
hermaphr
odite (that
is, has
both male
and
female
gametang
ia on the
same
plant),
then it
22) ______ has lost the need
A) B)
is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female.
D)
must be diploid.
E)
belongs to a species that is homosporous.

23)
The 2-m
height
attainable
by
Polytrichu
m moss is
at the
upper end
of the size
range
reached
by
mosses.
What
accounts
for the
relative
tallness of
Polytrichu
m?
23) ______ the cuticle that is fou
A) B)
reduced size, mass, and persistence of the sporophytes allows gametophores to grow taller
D)
"leaves" that are more than one-cell-layer thick
E)
high humidity of surrounding air provides support against gravity

24)
Each of
the
following
is a
general
characteri
stic of
bryophyte
s except
24) ______ a cellulose cell wall.
A) B)
being photosynthetic autotrophs.
D)
being eukaryotic.
E)
chlorophylls a and b.

25)
On a field definitively identify this organism as a land plant?
trip, a
student in
a marine
biology
class
collects
an
organism
that has
differentia
ted
organs,
cell walls
of
cellulose,
and
chloroplas
ts with
chlorophyl
l a. Based
on this
descriptio
n, the
organism
could be a
brown
alga, a
red alga,
a green
alga, a
charophyt
e recently
washed
into the
ocean
from a
freshwate
r or
brackish
water
source, or
a land
plant
washed
into the
ocean.
The
presence
of which
of the
following
features
would
25) ______ sporopollenin
A) B)
flagellated sperm
D)
embryos
E)
alternation of generations

26)
Among
bryophyte
s, only the
sporophyt
es of
mosses
and
hornworts
have
stomata,
whereas
stomata
are
missing
from
liverwort
sporophyt
es. If the
common
ancestor
of all
bryophyte
s had
sporophyt
es that
bore
stomata,
then
which of
these
might
account
for their
absence
from
liverwort
sporophyt
es? If, in
contrast
to early
mosses
and
hornworts
, early
liverwort
sporophyt
es had
26) ______ more-effective trans
A) B)
increased nutritional independence from the gametophyte.
D)
increased robustness (i.e., thicker, more massive tissues).

27)
During
glacial
periods in
the early
evolution
of land
plants,
which of
these is a
beneficial
adaptatio
n
regarding
the
number of
stomata
per unit
surface
area, and
what
accounts
for it?
27) ______ increased stom
A) numbers of CO2
B)
decreased stomata, to maximize absorption of ever-decreasing levels of atmospheric CO2
numbers of
D)
decreased numbers of stomata, to retain CO2 produced by the chloroplasts

28)
A
researche
r wants to
develop a
test that
will
distinguis
h
charophyt
es and
land
plants
from
green
algae.
Which of
the
following
chemicals
would be
the best
subject
for such
an assay?
28) ______ flavonoidsa phen
A) class of
B)
glycolate oxidasean peroxisomal enzyme that is associated with photorespiration
D)
chlorophylla photosynthetic pigment
E)
starcha food storage material

Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land.

29)
transport
of water,
minerals,
and
nutrients
29) ______
A)
cuticle
B) trache ids and phloem
alternation of
generations
D) secon dary compounds

3 0)
Which of
these
should
have had
gene
sequence
s most
similar to
the
charophyt
e that was
the
common
ancestor
of the
land
plants?
30) ______ early gymn
A) B)
early pterophytes
D)
early bryophytes
E)
early lycophytes
1)
D
2)
C
3)
B
4)
E
5)
C
6)
E
7)
A
8)
D
9)
C
10)
A
11)
E
12)
B
13)
D
14)
C
15)
A
16)
C
17)
A
18)
D
19)
A
20)
A
21)
E
22)
E
23)
B
24)
B
25)
D
26)
A
27)
C
28)
C
29)
B
30)
D

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