雅思写作303

目录
第一单元破除迷雾-从评分标准来解决雅思写作的理解误区 ............................................................................... 2

（误区一）Task Response – 题目要求不重要 ................................................................................................................... 3
（误区二）Coherence and Cohesion – 文章结构有一定 ................................................................................................. 6
（误区三）Lexical Resources – 词汇必须要复杂少见 ...................................................................................................11
（误区四）Grammatical Range and Accuracy – 句子越长句式越复杂越好 .............................................................12
第二单元 Task Response 抢分攻略 - 大作文破题和观点扩充技巧 ................................................................. 17
1．问题原因解决方法类（Problem-Reason-Recommendation） ................................................................................22
2．同意不同意类....................................................................................................................................................................25
3．观点比较选择类 ...............................................................................................................................................................31
4．说明描述类 ........................................................................................................................................................................35
5．复合类 ................................................................................................................................................................................37
第三单元 Coherence and Cohesion 抢分攻略 – 段落内行文技巧 ................................................................... 40
五大类题目对应树状结构 .....................................................................................................................................................42
如何举例例证 ..........................................................................................................................................................................46
五大类题目的开头与结尾 (Introduction & conclusion) .................................................................................................47
第四单元 Lexical Resource & Grammatical Range and Accuracy .................................................................... 51
学术类大作文范文解析 .........................................................................................................................................................52
第五章雅思写作小作文 ................................................................................................................................................ 68

2017 年学术类大作文真题 ..................................................................................................................................................75
IELTS Writing Task 1: checklist ........................................................................................................................................79
1
第一单元破除迷雾-从评分标准来解决雅思写作的理解误区
本单元我们将会一起来从最根本着手来看一看雅思写作 Task 2 的要求。我们将会从评分标准出发，逐一
分析破解对雅思写作所存在的一些理解上的误区。并且通过对历年真题官方范文的解析让大家能够更加
生动的掌握评分标准并且能进行针对性的写作。我们要把自己放在考官的角度上，围绕评分标准来看怎
么样才能扬长避短，抢到更多的分数。
雅思写作考试是一项英语写作能力的测试。Task 2 的要求为在时间范围内写出一篇 250 字以上的论述性

或说明性文章。从评分的角度来说，下面是四项评分的标准。
１．对于任务的回应２．连贯与衔接３．词汇资源４．语法结构的范围和准确性

Task Response Coherence & Cohesion Lexical Resources Grammatical Range & Accuracy
雅思写作的评分是定性评估(Qualitative Evaluation)，也就是说不是以对错的数量多少来评分而是根据文
章整体内容的质量来评分。那文章的质量如何评估呢？在大作文来看，就是要根据考生对于任务的回应
程度，文章的连贯度与衔接性，考生所体现出的词汇量和使用的灵活性，以及学生所能够运用的语法结
构的多样性和准确度这样几个方面来分别评估最后得到一个综合的成绩。简单来讲，就是上述４个评分
标准的单项单独评分，然后综合起来算平均分数从而得到大作文的最后分数。现阶段的评分比重上来说，
Task Response 和 Coherence & Cohesion 两个单项占了总分的 50%，剩下的一半依靠 Lexical Resources 和
Grammatical Range & Accuracy 的表现。所以，如果考生析提清晰，立意新颖，但是词汇语法方面捉襟见
肘，那么 Task 2 的总分很难漂亮。同理，如果考生的词汇和语法能力很好，但是题目要求没有分析清楚，
或者文章没有什么逻辑性，造成考官的理解困难，那么分数依然不会很高。曾经有一位英语基础也相当
不错的同学考移民类的写作题目与 “Unhealthy Diet”相关，结果由于自己的马虎大意，将题目错看成了
“Unhealthy Die”了，而且还匪夷所思得洋洋洒洒写了近３００字．结果只能看着自己其他几个单项成绩
纷纷过线，而写作只得了个４分。同样，曾经有个程度不错的同学的写作分数总是不好，百思不得其解。
后来他跟我说自己经常写中文的散文，所以雅思作文也就写成散文了。结果纵然析题清楚，但多了不完
整的句式，词汇又过于随意，分数还是不乐观。仔细研究评分标准后我们不难发现，在四项评分标准中，
第一和第二项都是考察的学生的“写作”能力，分别强调的是审题和论述内容的安排，以及文章段落思路
是否连贯而且有逻辑性。作为对写作能力的考察，这两项的评分标准与英语可是说是没有什么直接的关
系关系，反而跟大家的写作能力有关。接下来我们再来看一下剩下的第三和第四项评分标准。不难发现，
这两个单项更加偏重的是考察大家的“英语”能力。这两个单项要求考生体现出足够的词汇量和操作复杂
语法结构的准确度。从某个角度来说，语法和词汇的知识与能力也可以说是与“写作”没有关系的。例如，
2
下表中是 Task 2 的 8 分的官方评分标准：
任务完成(TR) 连贯流利(CC) 词汇资源(LR) 语法多样准确度

(GRA)
8 • sufficiently addresses all • sequences • uses a wide range of vocabulary • uses a wide range of
parts of the task information and fluently and flexibly to convey structures
• presents a well-developed ideas logically precise meanings • the majority of
response to the question with • manages all • skilfully uses uncommon sentences are error-free
relevant, extended and aspects of cohesion lexical items but there may be • makes only very
supported ideas. well occasional inaccuracies in word occasional errors or
• uses paragraphing choice and collocation inappropriacies
sufficiently and • produces rare errors in spelling
appropriately and/or word formation
由上我们可以很明显的发现，要追求写作的高分的话就要从两个方面分别入手：提高自身的写作能力，
同时提高自身的英语表达能力。基于这个原则和评分标准的重点，我们不难发现自己对于写作考试要求
所存在的种种误区。
（误区一）Task Response – 题目要求不重要

整体来讲，大家都倾向于讲大作文分为两种，也就是说明类问题(Descriptive Writing)和论证类问题
（Argumentative Writing）。例如， 2005 年 12 月的题目：
What are some of the essential qualities that a good journalist should have?
这就是典型的说明类的题目，要描述一个好的新闻记者的必备素质并例证支持。再有如 09 年 3 月的下
面这个题目：
Many people think music is an important role in society, others, however others believe music is just simply a
form of entertainment
for individuals. What's your opinion?
这就是典型的论证类问题，要求大家针对题干中的论点进行论证表态。但是，如果大家单纯从这两个角
度来分析题目要求的话，难免就会出现偏题离题的现象。让我们归根溯源，再来看一下雅思写作大作文
就究竟要求大家干什么：
“For Writing Task 2, candidates are presented with an opinion, problem or issue which they must discuss.
They may be asked to present the solution to a problem, present and justify an opinion, compare and contrast
evidence or opinions, or evaluate and challenge an argument or idea.”-www.ielts.org
“The input to Task 2 consists of a statement of a point of view, argument or problem about a specific topic.
This is followed by instructions asking candidates to discuss the topic by providing general factual
information, outlining and/or presenting a solution, justifying an opinion, or evaluating ideas and evidence”
-www.ielts.org
3
上面分别是雅思写作学术类和移民类 Task 2 的官方描述。对比分析后我们不难发现，Task 2 要求我们做
的事情不外乎以下五点：
1. 提供关于题目的事实信息(Factual Information)
2. 提出解决方法
3. 给出并且证明一个观点
4. 比较并且对比论据和观点
5. 评价并驳斥一个观点或论点
作为一个标准化考试，雅思写作 Task 2 的出题要求决定了任何一篇 Task 2 的题目必须围绕考察考生的上

述一种或几种能力。所以，写作开篇的当务之急便是要明确题目要求考生做哪几个动作。如果这点不明
确，那就很有可能踩空失误。例如，大作文的题库中曾经有两道极为相似的真题:
题一： Some people prefer to live in a house while others feel that there are more advantages to living in an
apartment. Are there more advantages than disadvantages living in a house compared with living in an apartment?
题二： Some people prefer to live in a house while others feel that there are more advantages to living in an
apartment. In your opinion, which do you prefer and why do you think so?
这两个题目看起来很相似，很多同学大概会冲动使然，写出住房子的好处和柱公寓的坏处，或反之亦然。
但实际上第一个题目问“与住公寓相比，住房子的优点是是否大于缺点呢？”，这要求我们比较两者各自
的优缺点，然后表态孰好孰坏。而第二个题目的要求我就稍微单纯一些，“在你的观点来看，你更青睐哪
一种？为什么？”，这里，我们只需要比较两种选项：住房子 vs 住公寓，并且表态孰好孰坏即可。题一
是剑桥雅思 7 中的一篇官方评分 7 的范文。让我们接这篇范文来看一下审题的重要性。首先我们一起来
看一下文章的结构，然后我们交叉参考一下考官给出的评语。
Cambridge IELTS 7, General Training Test A, Writing Task 2

In big business cities there are two options available for the type of accommodation: houses and apartments.（描
述问题的普及性，引出话题）Some people prefer to live in apartments and some like to live in houses.（引出
要比较的两个观点：公寓/房子）
4
In big business cities, where almost everyone is going out daily for work or study, apartments provide a much
more comfortable and safe way of living.（给出观点一：公寓可以提供更多的舒适与安全。从句的使用对给
语法有加分的作用）The advantages include the fact that there is one key and lock they have to take care of, and
also the sense of being a part of a big family. (将上述观点展开并具体化。体现住公寓的安全与舒适。从句
的使用和连词 and also 的使用加强了文章的连贯流行性）Usually a guard sits at the main gate, so children
can play around in the compound with their next door friends.（用例证来支持“安全”这一个点。词汇方面，
compound-住宅的使用不错) In addition, not much daily cleaning is required in apartments as no staircase have
to be clean, which is a difficult task-all house wives know it very well.（用递进的方式来例证舒适，不用打扫。
clean 的被动语态使用错误，连词 in addition 用得有些机械，非限定状语从句的使用满足了语法的要求）
But a key advantage is that it is safe to go on voccation for a long trip.（用递进的方式来例证安全。转折连词
用得过于机械。vacation 拼写错误）
On the other hand, houses have their own attraction for its inhabitants.（转折，描述房子的好处。词汇方面，
inhabitants 的选词不错）Garden lovers usually prefere houses as they can have their own garden.（房子的优
势之一：针对园艺爱好者。prefer 的拼写错误）It is also easy to keep a pet, especially a dog in a house because
dog can play around the garden.（例证上面论点）If someone is interested in maintaing cars himself, it can only
be possible in houses where one can have his own garage.（假设例证继续论证上面论点。虚拟语气的使用。
maintaining 拼写错误）
Where people are sometimes much more concerned about their privacy, living in apartments can be a very difficult
for them. （转向描述公寓的缺点。地点状语从句。can be a very difficult 词性错误。改为 can be very difficult
略好）It may also be the case that someone is not able to deal with other people, for instance next door
neighboures, and than house can be a best choice for such people.（假设例证反证房子的私密性好。neighbours,
then 拼写错误）
However, sometimes houses can be a bad choice for low income people.（转折描述房子的缺点：贵！) Maintaing
a big house and running it properly can be a problem for such cases（例证支持上述观点。动名次作主语，
maintaining 拼写错误）
At the end I must say both options can be good or bad, depending on the personal considerations.（总结表示两
5
者都各有利弊，因人而异）But from my point of view, I must say apartments seem a gift of modern way of life
which is not common in my home town.（给出个人观点，seems to be 会好一些。which 应该改为 that）
从结构方面，我们不难发现，这篇文章首先分别写了住房子和公寓的好处，然后又回笔写了两者的坏处。
而写坏处的段落笔墨明显的比些好处的要少一些。这可能从侧面体现了这位考生写到最后时，在尽量写
坏处来满足题目要求，而不是开始的时候就已经计划好了写好些坏的段落比重。而恰恰是这种小心谨慎
使得这篇文章的 Task Response 完成的非常之好。让我们来看一下考官针对本篇文章 TA 这一项的评语：
The response looks at the advantages of living in apartments and houses then briefly considers some disadvantages
before giving the candidate’s own opinion. Fuller development of the disadvantages would raise the candidate’s
score here.
当然，这篇文章的句法和词汇都谈不上十分之精彩。但这样的文章依然可以得到 7 分更能够反映出正确
析题对分数的影响有多大。由上可见，这个题目对四个点（住房子好处，住房子坏处，住公寓好处，住
公寓坏处）的全面描述的要求是必然的。若是考生在这个题目的处理上缺省了任一个点的话，那分数上
就一定会受很大的影响。
同理，让我们来看一下下面的一对写作真题：
In many countries, children are sent to school at the age of seven, while in others, children go to school at the age
of four. Some believe the earlier children receive school education the better it is. What is your opinion?
In many countries, children are sent to school at the age of seven, while in others, children go to school at the
age of four. In your opinion, which one is better?
（误区二）Coherence and Cohesion – 文章结构有一定

根据雅思考试委员会的答疑上来看，的确，没有任何的规定说某一种结构会更加得到评分考官的青睐。
然而，对于文章的结构，雅思培训业界的老师依然有着很多不同的看法。一般来讲，我们可以从文章重
心上分文一边倒或平衡式；从段落数量上可以分为四段式或五段式；而从论述方法来分，可以分为论证
类或驳斥类。各种结构方法的确给了广大考生全面的参考，但同时，也不免给大家造成了选择上的一些
疑惑。那么，既然考试没有规定一定的必备结构，我们就应该尝试寻找一种通用的，高效的结构来“以不
变应万变”。这种结构是确实存在的，本书通过仔细梳理写作题目的汇总和高分范文的梳理找到了一套标
准化流程来定位文章结构，从而真正的做到不变应万变。要掌握这套流程，首先大家就一定要明确在雅
思写作中是观点服务于写作能力，而不是写作服务于观点。既：写自己能写的观点，不要认同自己写不
6
出来的观点
评分标准中有很明确的关于文章表态要清晰的描述。有的时候考生们太过专注于写文章而没有掌握好时
间，自己也忘了表明自己的的态度。为了避免这种情况，很多雅思培训界的老师都会建议大家在写文章
的时候第一段就应该把自己同意或者不同意的态度摆明，这样即使没写完考官也明白你的立场。但是是
不是首先表态就一定会得高分呢？其实不然。评分标准中没有任何字眼提到表态在开始就会比在文章结
束的时候表态分数要高。况且，在结尾的时候表态也是一种常见的英文写作方式。所以大家不必执着于
开头必须要表态。与其相反的是，如果考生在刚开始写的时候就已经定下自己的态度，就有可能思路偏
向一边从而变得很难组织足够的观点。而且因为一开始态度就已经表明了，所以后面的每一段都应该要
很好的论证自己的态度。这就形成了写作能力服务于观点的局面。如果考生在写作的过程中突然发现自
己的观点好像很难论证便会陷入尴尬的局面。笔者的建议是我们可以先进性对文章的讨论，在结尾的时
候再进行表态。这样考生在组织思路的时候就可以思路通畅而且不会出现上述的尴尬局面。剑桥雅思系
列 7 中就附了一篇结尾段表态的满分范文，让我们一起来分析一下：
Cambridge IELTS 7, Academic Test 1, Writing Task 2

It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, and others
are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to
explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music.（开头段落描述题干所讨论问题的普遍
性。开头句式简短，不冗赘，一个复合句搞定。插入语的使用避免了题干的机械性重复，同时保证了句
子的连续性）
Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire
different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. （－ly 副词开头主题段落一肯定第一个观
点，表示作者本身的态度。宾语补足语和被动语态的使用保持了句式的多样性） So from our own school
experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continued
teaching and guided practice.（模糊例证，支持上一句中的观点。使用了定语从句）
However, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play
a sport or an instrument, from those who become good players. （转折词 however,承接上文，引出第二个观
7
点的支持论证。词汇方面使用了 innate 内在的 adj, differentiate 区分 verb.语法方面继续使用复杂句式）In
other words, there is more to the skill than a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter
how good the teacher or how frequently a child practices.（对于观点二的展开解释，使用了 in other words 来
保持了上下文的连接性）
I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes. （表达自己
对观点一的部分支持。句式上使用了定语从句和强调语气；词汇方面使用了 inherit,继承，verb）Such talents
can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-working students never
manage to reach a comparable level.（解释论证上述观点。用 while 连接前后反差论证。使用了 such 连接
上文，词汇方面出现了 excel 表现杰出 verb, comparable level 相仿的水准.语法上依然是定语从句）But,
as with all questions of nature versus nurture, they are not mutually exclusive. （转折词 but 引出作者的观点：
兼收并取;词汇方面，nature versus nurture 先天对后天; mutually exclusive 互相排斥， adj）Good musicians
or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent.
（用例证进一步解释“兼收并取”;词汇上使用了 exceptional, 杰出的,adj ）Without the natural talent,
continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn
how to exploit and develop their talent（假设例证支持自己观点。排比双重否定句强调肯定效果;词汇方面
使用了 continuous 持续的，adj; exploit，开发，verb）
In conclusion, I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in areas such as
music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required. （最后一段表态，支持两个观点的结合）
这个题目是个非常典型的两个观点比较选其一类的类型。题干中提出了两个观点，前者曰“先天才能有
别”，后者曰“后天努力成才”。作者在这篇文章中没有直接在开头就说自己所赞同的观点，而是经过了全
片的双面分析之后，在最后一段给出了自己的选择。这篇范文就可以侧面告诉我们从评分上来讲，末端
表态也是可以的。而且，末端表态可以给大家从分的空间来写作，而不至于将自己逼到角落里。让我们
接着上面所提到的议论文表态问题继续延伸。既然我们已经将“先表态然后写文章来拼命支持”的写作方
式简化成了“先写文章，根据自己能够写出来的篇幅来确定自己的态度”，那我们可不可以继续简化呢？
答案是肯定的。既然评分标准中没有说表态的不同会有分数上的不同，那么我们就应该尽量减少花在确
8
定观点上，尽量让表态成为一个机械化的动作而已。通过分析大作文历年的题目，笔者发现雅思写作大
作文有 70%以上都是议论性文体。而议论性的问题又包括同不同意类，如：
2007 年 2 月 10 日
Maintaining public libraries is a waste of money since the computer technology is so advanced that the Internet
and computer can replace them. To what extend do you agree or disagree?
以及观点比较选择类，如：
2009 年 9 月 17 日
Many believe that criminals should be sent to prison. While others think they can better serve the society if
made to work for the society. Discuss the two opinions and present your own opinion.
当大家写到同意不同意类的题目的时候，很多朋友都会发愁到底选择正反那一面才好些。有些题目很明
显的是一边倒的题目，例如 “是否应该在公共场合全面禁烟？” 那是不是就一定要写个人同意呢？实际
上，如果大家仔细研究一下同意不同意类问题的逻辑结构，就不难发现所有的同意不同意类题目的命题
都是在逻辑上有漏洞的，不是太过片面就是太过绝对，无一幸免。由此我们就可以得到一个万用的个人
观点：所有的同意不同意类的表态都是 “我不敢同意题干是完全正确的”。为什么这么说呢？因为大
家都知道，每一个议论性的题目到头来都一定会写正反两面，即有同意的道理，也有不同意的道理。从
逻辑上来讲，既然这件事情有好也有坏，那就不能够简单的说它是好的。因为如果简单定性的话，就无
视了问题的另外一面。例如：
20070203
Some people believe that individuals cannot improve environment, but only governments and big companies can
make a difference. To what extend do you agree or disagree?
的确政府大公司可以拯救环境，但是，个人努力的效果也是不能被忽视的。所以，不敢同意题中观点是
正确的。
20070210
and computer can replace them. To what extend do you agree or disagree?
的确，电脑网络可以取代图书馆的一些功能，但是，图书馆的不可替代性也是不能够被忽视的。所以，
不敢同意题中观点是正确的。
20070414
9
Do you think advertisements should be banned from public media such as TV?
的确，有很多人认为应该禁止媒体广告，但是，也有人认为广告的功效是不能够被忽视的。所以，不敢
同意题中观点是正确的。
20070512
Some people believe that unpaid community works (eg. working in a charity organization; teaching sports to
children) should become a compulsory part of high school curriculum. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
的确，高中生作义工是有好处的，但是，也不能够忽视它可能会带来的坏处。所以，不敢同意题中观点
是正确的。
上面的题目实际上都犯了同一个逻辑上的错误，即太过片面，所以，从逻辑的角度，纵然观点上有合理
之处，但是依然不能够被认为是正确的。有的同学可能说，那我写两个支持的观点，写一个反对的观
点，这不就是 2>1，表示我支持多于反对，所以表态应该就是同意题干观点吗？其实不然，题干命题
的正确与错误从逻辑上来讲并不能取决于支持或反对的观点的多少。我们并不能说我写了两个正确的观
点，但是我只能写出一个错误的观点，所以我认为题干的观点是正确的。严谨的思路应该是，的确有很
多观点来支持题干的论断，但是我们依然也可以听到反对的观点。不管反对的观点有多少，只要有反对
者对题干命题的担心和顾虑，我们就不能够莽撞的认为题干的命题是完全正确的。
例如上述的禁烟问题：
的确，不吸烟的人认为禁烟是必然的。但是，烟民会担心自己承受不了戒烟所打来的心理生理的压
力。同时，国家也有可能担心由禁烟造成的税收减少影响国家财政。所以，即便禁烟的提议看起来是
十分之应该的，但是综合考量各方的顾虑，我依然不敢说“我同意公共场合全面禁烟是一个好主意”。
通过这个方法，我们就一步到位的简化了同意不同意类题目的“表态问题”。如果考试的时候遇到此类题
目的话，大家的态度都是“我不敢完全同意题干的观点”。
10
（误区三）Lexical Resources – 词汇必须要复杂少见
词汇这个评分标准很多考生来讲是最难提高的。一来词汇的背诵和记忆本来就不是件容易的事情，二来
很多同学自己也无法判断词汇的难易程度，不知道哪些该背，那些不用。尤其是学术类的考生，常会背
诵很多非常学术性的词汇来充门面。这些词汇生僻复杂，但都多少带有一些通用性，例如 proliferation
(增长) 。仿佛几乎所有的文章中都会用到“增长”这个词，因此看起来这类词汇就成了所谓的万用词
汇，好像可以通用在所有的写作中。然而实际上这个词并不是可以简单通用的。Proliferation 是一个专
用词汇，常被用来专指生物的增殖，后延伸出表示数量增长的意思，但多用于指杀伤性武器的增多，
如“proliferation of nuclear weapon”。因此如果考生将 “普通家庭越来越多的养宠物已经没有什么不寻常
的了”翻译成“The proliferation of pet in common family is not an uncommon thing”就会给人毛骨悚然的感
觉。的确，写作的评分标准中有提到如果考生能够使用一些 uncommon word 的话分数会有提高。但是
这要求还提到要“准确灵活得使用”这些不常见单词。从这个角度来讲，暂且撇开这些生僻词汇能不能背
下来不说，生僻词汇背下来但是用的不恰当只是画蛇添足而已。其次，关于评分标准中”uncommon
word”这个描述如果简单得等同于生僻复杂词汇的话有欠妥当。常见还是不常见不应该以单词得长短来
定，而是应该以词汇得使用的巧妙程度来定。用的巧的词汇当然就会给评分考官一种“不常见”的感觉，
分数也就自然有了保证。例如如果让大家翻译“澳大利亚严重缺水。”的话，想必大部分的同学会翻译成
“Australia is suffering from serious water shortage.”或者类似的句式。为了显示词汇的复杂程度，可能还有
同学写成 “Australia is being tormented by grave drought.” 上述两个表达都没有任何错误，然而表达效果
可能都没有下面这个简单的句子来得巧妙：
AUSTRALIA IS THIRSTY.
Thirsty 这个词非常生动形象的用拟人的手法表达出了澳洲缺水的紧迫局面.而且这个句子短促有力，像
新闻标题一样，非常适合做主题句。且，torment, grave, drought 这些词不一定所有的同学都会使用，但
是 thirsty 这个词想必大家是都很熟悉的。
上述的例子说明大家与其背诵生僻难记且容易用错的词汇，不如从修辞的角度上来发掘一下一些熟悉词
汇的巧用妙用。单词方面最重要的是大家要使用正确而不在于其生僻度。剑桥雅思 6 里面就有一篇 7.5

11
分的学术类大作文范文。全文都没有出现什么生僻词汇，但是简单词汇的使用却恰到好处。例如其中有
一句写“人们不会轻易受广告的影响”，就巧妙的用了 sway (摇摆) 这个词，“People would not easily be
swayed”.
本书贯彻了巧用词汇的宗旨。文章中的词汇都是笔者收集到了比较灵动的使用方法。同时笔者也鼓励大
家能够多读原汁原味的英文文章并从中吸取词汇的巧用方法。最方便的素材就是雅思阅读的文章。在做
完题目之后细细品味文章就可以从中汲取不少的词汇养分。
（误区四）Grammatical Range and Accuracy – 句子越长句式越复杂越好
2.句子要写的长才能得高分。
纵观下来，要写作的到不错的分数首先要能够写对题目，其次要写够字数，第三要思路流畅，然后词汇
语法要准确少错，最后才是复杂词汇和复合句式的使用。这样才是一个合理的复习备考的顺序。如果连
题目要求都不能准确掌握的话，如果拿中文都写不出一篇作文的话，纵然语法词汇再强，写作也是不
能成事的。况且，对于中国学生来讲，语言能力的薄弱，也就是词汇和语法的短缺是一大硬伤。短期的
辅导很难将大家的语言能力提高一定的水平。然而对于题目的分析和思路整理部分实际上是依靠的大家
本身的思维分析能力，也就是说是大家的“写作能力”而不是“英语能力”。自然而然，写作能力短时期内
的提高相对背单词背语法来讲是显得更加现实。
大部分的考生都觉得词汇不足、语法不精是自己的最大的问题，同时对自己的这两个方面也给出了相当
多的心血来弥补自己的不足。很多同学背诵了大量的生僻词汇和复杂长句来“装点自己的门面”。结果就
会出现本身没有什么逻辑性的文章中偶尔蹦出尴尬的高难度词汇；或者简单句都不能够正确使用的文章
中突然出现无误的复杂长句。例如：
“On the contrary, some speeches had stand for computers has it’s advantages in broaden young people’s
horizons, enrich young people’s knowledge and cultivate young people’s temperament by the wide information
that young people can easy got on net.”

12
上面这句话中虽然有不错的排比句子（划横线处）但是句子的剩余部分错误百出，相比之下很明显排比
句有可能不是考生所写，而是背诵的范文。其次，句子中的三个排比句子实际意思相近，只不过是内容
的重复，没有逻辑上的递进，空添了几个单词充字数而已。象这样的句子在大家的作文中屡见不鲜。对
于评分的考官来讲，这也是低分的主要原因之一。根据写作评分要求，考生写背诵的模板句子是要适当
扣分的，这也是为什么很多考生的分数不仅人意。
一味地延长句子是很多考生的弊病。句子的使用要合理。如大家所了解的那样，英文的思维方式是直线
性的而中文的思维方式是螺旋形的。这种思维方式的差别常常使得我们写出一些迂回式的、自我重复的
句子。例如：
With the development of society and economy, computer has brought our life more and more convenience that
saves us a lot of time and money.
这句话没有什么语法上的错误，但是实际上却在来来回回得讲同样的一点：
Computer has brought us convenience.
在我改过的学生作文中经常见到动不动就三到四行的长句。虽然有时候这些句子也没有什么严重的语法
错误，但是却或多或少的让我不知道其重点在哪里。那究竟雅思写作要求我们具备怎样的语法能力才能
得到一个好的成绩呢？要回答这个问题我们还是要回到评分标准上进行分析比较。下面是雅思考试委员
会所公布的官方评分标准中关于语法单项（Grammatical Range and Accuracy）单项 5 分至 7 分的描述，
请大家进行纵向比较。
• uses a wide range of structures

8
• the majority of sentences are error-free
• makes only very occasional errors or inappropriacies
• uses a variety of complex structures
7
• produces frequent error-free sentences
• has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few errors
• uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms
6
• makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they rarely reduce communication
• uses only a limited range of structures
5
• attempts complex sentences but these tend to be less accurate than simple sentences
13
• may make frequent grammatical errors and punctuation may be faulty; errors can cause
some difficulty for the reader
大家仔细研究一下写作的评分标准的话不难发现对句子结构的要求体现在两个地方：首先，句子的语法
应该要正确。7 分和 8 分的描述中很明确地指出了文章都是基本上没有语法错误地句子，而 6 分和 5 分
的描述中明显得体现出错误的数量从 some errors（一些错误）上升到了 frequent errors （频繁的出
错）；错误的程度从 rarely reduce communication（很少影响沟通理解）加剧成为 cause difficulty for the
reader（给读者造成理解困难）。所以如果文章中每句话都很句式复杂，但是充满了错误的话那么根本没
有可能得到高分。所以要保证高分的第一要义是要写正确地句子，不管长短，无论难易。其次，文章中
要能够正确使用多种复杂句式。这里并没有要求大家每一句话都要写复合句，而且也没有说复合句要越
多越好。我们可以发现，随着分数的上升，对于句式多样性的要求经历了从 a limited range（有限的几
种句式）到 a mix of simple and complex sentence forms（复杂句和简单句的混合），再到 a variety of
complex structures（多种复杂句式），8 分时上升到 a wide range of structure（较广泛的句式结构）。我们
可以看出一个三层递进的得分要点：
复杂句的使用-单种复杂句的正确使用-多种复杂句的正确使用
简单的说，如果我们使用复杂句，但是常出错，那就只能符合第一阶段，也就是 5-6 分。如果我们能够
保证正确使用一种复杂句，纳闷就可以满足第二阶段，也就可以确保达到 6 分的要求。若我们正确使用
两种以上的复杂句，根据种类的多少和句中错误的多少，就可以满足第三阶段 7-8 分的要求。这里要求
的并不是复杂句的数量，而是复杂句的种类与质量。从这个角度来看，我们可以看做是实际上只要文章
中出现几个不同种类地复合句就已经足以向考官证明你有驾驭复杂句式地能力。那这时候有同学可能就
会闻到，“那得用具体多少种复杂句才算较广泛的句式结构啊？”让我们通过具体的评分范文来分析。
剑桥雅思 6 中有一篇得分 7.5 分的大作文范文，且根据考官评语，这篇范文的语法表现几近 8 分。让我
们一起来分析一下，
Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and not the real needs of the
society in which they are sold. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
14
Nowadays, there are lots of advertisements on television or on the streets（使用简单句铺垫出这个题目的背
景）. Some people think that the advertsing boosts the sales of goods and it encourages people to buy things
unnecessarily （宾语从句，点出观点的一面）. This arguments may be true in my country, many advertising
companies produce advertisements with famous and popular actors or singers（使用简单句拓展这个观点）.
People, especially youngsters, buy goods that their favourite singer advertise, although they do not really need
the products （使用了定语从句和插入语结构；这一句用例子来支持上述观点）.
Also, on the television screen, a product may look gorgeous and good quality （使用简单句引出第二个支持
论点）. As a result of it, people often buy goods without enough consideration（使用因果关系简单句展开论
点）. Consumers may not actually need it but they buy goods impulsively soon after they watch the advertising
（使用简单转折句用假设例证支持上述观点）. Furthermore, as many customers buy a particular product
due to its advertising campaign, the other people may be affected by the trend, even if the product is not of the
real needs of the society （使用让步状语从句.引出第三个支持论点）
On the other hand, there are various aspects against these arguments（使用简单句转折引出反面观点）.
Moreover, it is people's choice to make a decision to buy goods（使用简单句引出反面论点一）. Advertising
may be not a cause of customers' buying habits（使用简单句再次强调反面论点一）. Individuals have their
own spending habits（使用简单句解释支持反面论点一）. If they have got enough disposable income, then
the right to make a decision is given to them (使用虚拟语气进一步支持). No one actually can judge whether
the goods sold are the real needs of the society or not（使用同位语从句支持论点）.
In addition, as there should be a limited amount of disposable income consumers are able to spend, people try to
allocate their budgets (使用原因状语从句引出反面论点二). They cannot be simply swayed by those
advertisements（使用简单句例证反面观点二）.
In conclusion, as customers have their own strong opinions and standard of good quality goods, it is better to
leave them to make their own decision in buy goods（使用原因状语从句总结自己的观点）. It is fairly
difficult to say everyone is swayed by advertising and buy good impulsively（使用形式主语 it, 并使用宾语
15
从句支持自己的观点）. However, in sensitive area of businesses such as toy industries, it may be necessary to
band advertising to those children as children have not got enough ability to control themselves or to know what
they need （使用后置原因状语从句提出建议）.
这是一篇颇受争议的范文。其中所用的句法简单，短句频出，连词使用也出现了一些错误，在词汇的使
用上也是表现平平，没有什么华丽的词藻。但依然，这篇文章得到了 7.5 分的高分。这篇文章共 19 句
话，其中 9 句话是简单句，剩下的 10 句话中共使用了 6 种复杂句式。让我们看考官针对语法这一评
分点的评语如何：
Similarly, a sophisticated range of structures is used but there are too many minor errors and omissions (such as
in the use of prepositions and basic subjedct/verb agreement) to reach Band 8. Nevertheless these mistakes do
not reduce the clarity of the answer and overall a wide range of language is used with a high level of
proficiency.
如上所见，这篇文章所使用的句法结构已经满足了 8 分的描述（a wide range of structures）；但是小的错
误出现的较多，所以得不了 8 分。所以，我们是不是可以说只要文章中有一半左右是复杂句式，且能够
正确使用 5 到 6 种复杂句结构的话，从语法这个评分角度讲就可以达到 8 分的水准？我的答案是肯定
的。如此我们就可以逆向得得到一套语法得高分的标准化流程：
保证简单句的正确使用保持简单句的比例在一半左右使用 5 种左右复杂句式保证这些复杂句的正
确率。
词汇语法一定要补，但不是“愚公移山”地补，而应该是策略性地补。预期尝试在短暂的备考过程中熟练
掌握大量复杂局势的使用规则，不如我们来掌握少数一些在任何一篇文章中都可以使用地复杂句式。考
生们要明白，有的时候 “Less Is More”。考官在读文章的时候非常注意句子的可读性。如果可以简单
说明白的内容却要讲的很繁琐，根本体现不出考生的语言能力，反而显得考生在刻意为了凑够字数而把
句子写长。英语写作，尤其是学术类写作，应该直截了当而且论证严谨。冗长的句子会让读者觉得乏
16
味，而且难以保证句子的正确度。言简意赅、言之有物才应该是从考官那里博得高分得秘笈。古龙不需
要长句也可以让无数人着迷，马克吐温用口语写作也能开创一个时代。
第二单元 Task Response 抢分攻略 - 大作文破题和观点扩充技巧

在上一个单元中，我们从评分标准的每一个点上剖析了对雅思写作大作文所存在的一些误区。同时，这
对这些我们也尝试着去寻找一套符合评分要求的标准化写作流程。在接下来的单元中，我们依然要紧扣
评分标准的各项，将固化并活化这个标准化流程，使之可以灵活应对雅思写作大作文各种题目。首先，
本单元会针对 Task Response 这个点入手，来探讨一下如何能够灵活破题并能够快速组织论证观点。这第
一步走的走的准我们下面的写作才有意义，如果切题切错了，或思路阻塞而写不出观点，那枉多少语法
词汇都无济于事；这第一步走的快我们才能有更多的时间来组织我们的词汇和语法，从而使得语言能力
的表现更上一层楼。
雅思写作的评分标准第一项为 Task Response。这一项要求考生的写作能够尽量涵盖到题目中所提到的所
有信息点。例如题目中要求考生讨论利弊，结果考生全篇只分析了利或弊一个方面，那么这个单项的分
数就会大受影响。同理，如果题目要求大家比较两种观点并且作出选择，结果考生只是一味的写其中一
种观点的好处而对另外一个避而不谈，分数也不会乐观。所以我们首先要明确雅思写作的题目到底要求
的是什么，并且对症下药。这样才能首先保证 Task Response 的单项分数。那雅思写作的题目要求到底是
什么呢？题目与题目之间有什么不同呢？
只要大家仔细观察不难发现，雅思写作大作的题目由三部分内容组成。下面我们借剑桥雅斯 6 中的一个
题目为例子来说明：
Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions（题
目相关背景介绍）. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair (需要讨论的观点).
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. （题目的要求）
如上所示，大作文的题目首先会介绍与题目相关的背景来帮助大家更好的了解题目，接下来题目会给出
需要考生讨论分析的命题观点，最后给出的是题目的要求，不管是要求考生比较两个观点也好，还是让
考生表示同意否定也罢。作为一个标准化的考试，雅思写作的题目结构也是一定的。上述三个部分在任
17
何一个题目中都可以找到，只是有的时候如上个题目中一样，每一个部分是一句话，而另一些时候可能
三个部分会揉在一起出现，又或者省略了背景介绍的一句。例如下面的这个题目是剑桥雅斯 6 中的第二
篇文章：
Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods （题目相关背景介绍）reflect the power of advertising and
not the real needs of the society （题目需要讨论的观点）in which they are sold.
To what extent do you agree or disagree? （题目要求）
当考生手里拿到写作的题目之后，大部分的考生都会讲题目由始至终得看完，然后开始构思。然而实际
上，这种读题的方法并没有非常高效。考生往往会由于对题目开头部分的背景介绍不熟悉而慌了阵脚，
结果在分析题目剩下的内容的时候把握不住方向。例如在第一单元我们所见过的这个题目就曾经让很多
考生栽了跟头：
In some countries children start their school as early as 4 years old while in other countries children start school
at the age of 7. Some people say that the earlier children start their school the better.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
很多同学在处理这个题目的时候由于对到底 4 岁上学还是 7 岁上学没什么概念，结果情急之下处理成了
比较到底该 4 岁上学还是该 7 岁上学。然后就一段写 4 岁上学的好处，另外一段写 7 岁上学的好处。这
样子的话这篇文章实际就已经是走题了。如果我们利用刚才讲的结构性从下往上来分析这个题目的话，
就可以很好地避免走题的问题：
首先，题目的要求是 To What extent do you agree or disagree?
所以写作中不仅要写出你对题目同意的方面，也要写你对题目不同意的方面。
那到底同意不同意什么内容呢？我们再来看倒数第二句:
Some people say that the earlier children start their school the better.
这样子我们就明白了要讨论的内容是“儿童越早上学越好”。文章就要围绕这个命题来写同意的理由和不
同意的理由。
那么到底“儿童越早上学越好”指的是什么呢？为了更好的理解这个命题，让我们最后来看看第一句的描
述：
In some countries children start their school as early as 4 years old while in other countries children start school
at the age of 7.
经过上面的分析，大家就可以非常清楚地掌握这个题目的要求了。
让我们一起从雅思真题中来印证这个结构规律的一贯性。下面我将剑桥雅思系列 5 到 7 册中所有的大作
文题目罗列分析了一下。之所以选择剑桥系列是因为里面的题目是来自于标准化的题库。相比之下，写
作几经中大家回忆的就有可能会出现些少的偏差。
18
Cambridge IELTS 5 Test 1
Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. 论点
To what extent do you agree r disagree? 题目要求
In some countries, young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and
starting university studies. 背景描述
Discussion the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this. 题目要求和论点
Some people think that a sense of competition in children should be encouraged. Others believe that children who
are taught to co-operate rather than compete become more useful adults. 题目论点
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 题目要求
Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and
development than any experiences we may have in our life. 背景描述
Which do you consider to be the major influence? 题目要求
Cambridge IELTS 5 General Training Test A
Some people believe that children are given too much free time. They feel that this time should be used to do
more schoolwork. 题目论点
How do you think children should spend their free time? 题目要求
Cambridge IELTS 5 General Training Test B
Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. 背景描述
Why do you think this is happening? 题目要求
What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced? 题目要求
Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and not the real needs of the
society in which they are sold. 题目论点
To what extent do you agree or disagree? 题目要求
Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. 背
景描述
Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. 题目论点
19
Some people believe that visitors to other countries should follow local customs and behaviour. 题目论点
Others disagree and think that the host country should welcome cultural differences. 题目论点
Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. 题目论点
Others, however, think that change is always a good thing. 题目论点
Some people think it would be a good idea for schools to teach every young person how to be a good parent. 题
目论点
Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? 题目要求
Describe the skills a person needs to be a good parent. 题目要求
Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children. 题目论点
Do you agree or disagree? 题目要求
It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, and others
are not. 题目论点
However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician. 题
目论点
Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. 题目论点
Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should
always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment. 题目论点
As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual
wellbeing. 背景描述
What factors contribute to job satisfaction? 题目要求
20
How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? 题目要求
Some people think that universities should provide graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the
workplace. 题目论点
Others think that the true function of a university should be to give access to knowledge for its own sake,
regardless of whether the course is useful to an employee. 题目论点
What, in your opinion, should be the main function of a university? 题目要求
Some people prefer to live in a house, while others feel that there are more advantages to living in an apartment.
题目论点
Are there more advantages than disadvantages of living in a house compared with living in an apartment?
题目要求
Some people feel that entertainers (e.g. film stars, pop musicians or sports stars) are paid too much money. 题目
论点
Do you agree or disagree? 题目要求
Which other types of job should be highly paid? 题目要求
通过纵向分析比较上述所有的题目，结构上基本都包括上述的三点：
背景描述－题目论点－题目要求
而且，纵观一下所有这些题目要求的形式，不难发现很多的相似之处，例如 “To what extent do you agree
or disagree?／Do you agree or disagree?”的问法， “Discuss both views and give your own opinion”的要求，
以及使用 What, why 提问的方式，都反复出现在多个题目当中。正如上面所述，雅思考试是一项标准化
的英语能力考试，只所谓标准化，就意味着每一套题目都要符合统一的标准。也正是这种标准，造成了
听力和阅读中同类型题目的题目要求是一样的：选择题总是 “choose the correct letter A, B, C or D”, 填空
题总是“complete the sentence below”；同理，写作当中，同类题型的题目要求也是一致的。
所以大家可以发现，如果从下往上看题目的话首先可以非常清楚地掌握题目的要求，其次能够不受干扰
的理解题干中的命题到底是什么，最后，即便题目中第一部分看不明白也不会对文章的整体写作有太大
的影响。所以请大家注意：
在看雅思写作大作文的题目的时候，请从下往上看！！
在明确了大作文题目的结构之后，我们就能够从众多标准化的题目要求中寻找共性和规律，更好地掌握
不同题型的要求。根据笔者所收集的历年雅思写作题目和雅思考试官方介绍，本书中将雅思写作大作文
21
分成五个大类。针对不同类型的题目，标准化的题目要求各有不同，考官所期待的答案内容（Task Response）
也是不一样的。在本单元中我们将会针对各大题型一一解析。首先让我们来看一下第一大类的写作题目：
1．问题原因解决方法类（Problem-Reason-Recommendation）
此类题目考察的是学生分析问题背后的原因并且给出解决方法的能力。在雅思考试中，多出现在移民类
的考试当中。此类题型的标志词为 cause, solution, suggestion, why 等。按照官方描述来解释，这类的题目
考察的是大家讨论既定话题，提供基本性的事实信息，并且给出解决方案的能力。“to discuss the topic by
providing general factual information, outlining and/or presenting a solution”。
那么如何来辨认这种题目要求呢？只要大家掌握了上述的逆序读题法，只要留意题目的最后一个部分的
特征规律就应该能够很容易辨认这种类型的题目。这类题目的问法一般多为：
“ What are some of the reasons behind this problem and can you recommend some suggestion?”
或者
“Why do you think has caused this problem and what should be done to solve this?”等。统一特征就是题目要
求中（问号句）会出现 why, what caused, what factor, reason,suggestion,solution,recommendation,how 等表
因果关系的标志词。例如下面列出的是 07 年此类的题目汇总，请大家留意每个题目的问号句的特征：
2007 年问题原因解决方法类(PRR 类)真题汇总：
2007 年 1 月 6 日
The frequent change of the world has often resulted in the change of people’s jobs and work life. Discuss what
has caused this and give your suggestions on preparing people who are going to work in the future.
2007 年 8 月 16 日
The resources on the earth are above a dangerous level. What might be the causes of this problem? How to solve
this problem?
2007 年 1 月 13 日
The gap between the rich and the poor is widening, as the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer. What
are the causes of this and can you suggest some solutions?
2007 年 3 月 3 日 (悉尼考点移民类)
More and more children are putting on more weight than ever before. Why do you think this is happening and
can you give any suggestions?
2007 年 3 月 10 日 (移民类)
The level of noise in our day-to-day life is increasing. What are some of the reasons behind this problem how
can we reduce the damage of this phenomenon?
我们把上述这类的题目统称为“问题原因解决方法类”。顾名思义，这种题型对大家写作的要求也非常的
单纯，也就是要求大家针对题干中所说的问题进行分析，给出原因并且建议一些解决的方法。所以为了
满足 Task Response 这个评分标准，我们就将文章中安排一个主体部分专门服务于分析表达问题本后的
相关的原因，然后另外一个主体部分专门分析表达所建议的解决方法。图示如下：
22
题干中所需要分析的问题
主体第一部分：这个问题背后的原因（给出并展开）主体第二部分：解决这个问题的建议（给出并展开）
好的，既然题目的要求我们已经明白了，下一步我们就要看一下如何能够在短时间内找到可以写的原因
和解决方法。传统意义上的雅思写作会从写作题目的题材范围上下手。如，同是环境保护类的题目，我
们都可以从经济发展对环境的污染以及对自然资源的过渡消耗两个角度上来写原因。这种方法固然很好，
但是由于雅思写作大作文的题材范围较大，变化较多，这个方法不免间接地增加了广大雅思考生备考时
地记忆压力。本书尝试着取寻找更加简单通用的几个原因和解决方法。希望能够突破众多题材的困扰与
限制，做到不便应万变。笔者的建议是“梦里寻她千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处”
针对任何此类题目，世间万物的起因都有二：主观原因＋客观原因(Sujective reason+obective reason)。
解决方法也有二：短期速效＋治标治本(quick fix+silver bullet)。
主观原因既与人本身的思想相关的，与人的个人情况相关的因素；客观原因既外部原因，是客观环境现
实所存在的因素。从辩证法的角度来讲，所有的矛盾中都存在着主观因素和客观因素，这无形间给了我
们一个万用的卡尺来整理此类题目的原因思路。同理，在讨论矛盾的缓和与解决上，辩证法也一直强调
短期手段和长期方法相结合，也就是说要看如何能够短期内减少损害，同时也要看如何能够从长期角度
来讲根治问题或转换矛盾。例如戒烟贴片就只是短期速效的戒烟方法，对烟民的教育才能达到真正戒烟
的目的；类比过来，要解决交通问题，罚款就是短期速效(Quick Fix)，而教育才是治标治本的“银子弹”
（Silver Bullet）如下述所有 08 年的此类题目题目都可以通过这个方法来轻松找出原因和解决方法各一
二。
2008 年 8 月 21 日 8.21 学术类
Some people think that international travel makes them prejudiced rather than broad-minded. Why do you think
people may fail to benefit from international travel? How can people benefit from this kind of travel?
主观原因（subjective reason）：
不能深入了解当地文化特性 Subjectively, tourists might lack essential awareness of local culturual identity.
客观原因(objective reason)：
文化差异较大 The aftermath of severer cultural shock might be the objectivce reason causing unecessary
prejudice.
短期速效(quick fix):
找当地的导游 One quick fix for such a problem could be as simple as hiring a professional local guide.
治标治本(silver bullet):
学习关于相关知识 A deeper understanding of and respect for the cultural difference could be a silver bullet to
kill the prejudice.
2008 年 9 月 13 日 9.13 学术类
Many people believe that it's important to protect the environment but they make no efforts on it. Why is this
case? What’s your advice for individual to protect it.
个人意识淡薄 Subjectively, they might lack the awareness to start saving the planet from every single citizen.
缺乏实际能力知识. Deficient knowledge in environmental management might be a exisiting dilemma that holds
back those who are willing to do so.
23
生活垃圾再造 A few more mintues to recycle your household garbage could be worthwhile.
学习环保知识 To unroot the problem, however, one needs to grasp more practical knowledge on protecting the
eco-system
2008 年 5 月 22 日移民类
Doctors say that in many countries people do not have enough physical exercise. What are the causes for this
problem? What can be done to solve it?
缺乏重要性的认识 Subjectively, some, if not many, might not have seen the importance of regular physical
exercise.
没有时间或条件 Tightly packed daily schedule might be another reason, or excuse, for some to run away from
physical exercise.
走路上下班 One quick fix for such a problem could be as simple as walk to work, if possible, and walk off a
few pounds every day.
制定健身计划 To maintain a healthy lifestyle, however, might still need scientifically customized workout plan.
2008 年 6 月 28 日移民类
In many places of tour such as lakes，mountains and beaches，the environment is polluted because of the
rubbish and litters produced by tourists. Why is this? How can we solve the problem?
个人环保意识的单薄 Subjectively, they might lack the awareness to start saving the planet from every single
citizen.
环境卫生设施的缺乏 Crippled sanitation facilities could be an akwardness indirectly resulting in this problem.
配备相关设施和规定 One quick fix to such a problem could be providing more rubbish bins around these
densely populated area.
教育大家的环保意识 Awakening public awareness of environmental protection and its role might be the silver
bullet to kill this problem.
2008 年 7 月 26 日移民类
Nowadays，many people have to work longer time and they feel more stressed than before. What are the
reasons? What can the employers do to make the workers’ life easier?
个人不擅长调和工作和减压 Subjectively, some, if not many, felt powerless in balancing work pressure.
客观原因(objective reason) ：
竞争压力激烈 The ever growing competition no doubt is an objective reason behind this phenomenon.
短期速效(quick fix) :
参加减压项目 One quick fix to such a problem could be as simple as attending several stress relief programs.
治标治本(silver bullet) :
合理安排工作和生活 To know how to switch seamlessly between work and life and stick to it, however, still
remains to be the silver bullet to kill this pain.
可见，只要大家能够针对 “主观原因+客观原因，短期速效+治标治本”两条主线的话，这一类题目的观
点整理将会变得非常简单。大家发现人类主体相关意识的缺乏是很多社会问题产生的主观原因。况且，
24
在真正写作的时候，一片文章并不需要有 2 个原因 2 个解决方法这么多。考生完全可以根据临场的发挥
写成 1 个原因 2 个解决方法，或 2 个原因 1 个解决方法。
注意：
在这里我们避免了用“段落”这个概念来划分文章结构。因为纵然同是原因解决方法类的题目，我们依然
不能够肯定大家每篇文章都能够写出同样数量的段落。文章的段落结构要取决于题目的熟悉程度，考生
临考时能够想到的论点论据以及最终决定于考生本身的表达能力。所以在这里我们只是提出，文章应该
分成两个主体部分，分别对应题目的两个要求：分析原因＋给出建议。对于各种题型的段落安排我们将
会在第三单元具体讨论。
2．同意不同意类
接下来让我们一起来看一下雅思写作中最常见的一类题目。这里我们简称之为同意不同意类。此类题目
考察考生是否能够针对题目中所给出的观点进行合理性分析并且表明自己支持或反对的态度。按照官方
描述来解释，这类的题目考察的是大家论证一个观点，评价论点和论据。 “Justifying an opinion, evaluating
ideas and evidence”。
根据逆向读题的原理，这类题目的问法一般多为：
“ Do you agree or disagree?”
或者
“To What extent do you agree?”等。
问法多样，但其统一特征就是题目要求中（问号句）为一般疑问句 (Do you agree or disagree?/Do you think
sb should do sth/ Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantage? 等)或带有如下标志词的特殊疑问句：
Opinion, think, attitude 等。请大家仔细观察下面的此类考题，分析总结题目要求的特征规律性：
2007 年部分同意不同意类真题
A 2007 年 2 月 3 日 (Australia) (G)
Some schools have special courses for sports while other schools do not provide any of the kind.
Do you think schools should have sports lessons and why do you think so?
2007 年 3 月 31 日(G)
Some people suggest building more roads to reduce traffic problem. What is your opinion?
2007 年 4 月 14 日
B 2007 年 2 月 3 日
Some people believe that individuals cannot improve environment, but only governments and big
companies can make a difference. To what extend do you agree or disagree?
2007 年 7 月 14 日
Lectures have been used to teach large number of students. Now as the advanced technologies are
available for education, some people believe that technologies can replace lectures as the main
way to teach large number of students. Do you agree or disagree?
2007 年 10 月 6 日
Today’s children are living under more pressure from the society than children in the past. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
C 2007 年 2 月 10 日
Maintaining public libraries is a waste of money since the computer technology is so advanced
that the Internet and computer can replace their function. To what extend do you agree or disagree?
2007 年 6 月 9 日
25
Some people claim that public museums and art galleries will not be needed because people can
see historical objects and works by using computer. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
2007 年 5 月 19(G)
Nowadays many young people do not like their majors. Therefore some people say students
studying majors that don't like is a waste of time. Do you agree or disagree?
这类题目的重点是在表达考生一定要表达自己的态度,无论支持反对或者两者皆非,并且自己的写作能够
解释支持自己的立场。并且能够用例证让读者更好的理解你所同意或者反对的原因。根据第一单元我们
所讨论的此类题目的命题漏洞，我们知道所有的题目都要针对题干中的观点写出支持反对两面的论点。
同时，我们也了解了考生的个人观点表态都可以写为“我不敢同意题目的绝对正确性”。根据这两点，再
结合问题原因解决类题干的分支结构，我们可以得到下面的文章结构图：
题干中给出的观点
主体第一部分：支持这个观点的论点（给出并展开）主体第二部分：反对这个观点的论点（给出并展开）
细心的同学可以发现上面 07 年同类的题目要求问法不出上述种类。同时，通过分析同意不同意类题型的
题干, 根据所需要论证的题干的逻辑性不同,我们将其再细分为三小类:
第一大类我们称之为应该不应该类（上表内 A 部分）。基本逻辑结构为：某人应该／不应该干某事。
你同意吗？
题干中的标志词大都为 should, do you think, positive, negative, outweigh。描述的是简单的是否问题，“好
或不好”，“该做或是不该做”，“会或者不会”。包括我们常见的问法 “Do you think its advantages outweigh
disadvantages?”或者“Do you think this is positive or negative?”，都在问某一件事是应该做还是不应该做。
如 2007 年 2 月 3 日 (Australia) (G) 的题目：
Some schools have special courses for sports while other schools do not provide any of the kind. Do you think
schools should have sports lessons and why do you think so?
这个题目的要求本质就是“是否认为学校应该有体育课”。又或者下面这个题目：
2008 年 11 月 20 日学术类
International travel is becoming cheaper, and more and more countries open their door and with more and more
tourists. Do the advantages of the increased tourism outweigh its disadvantages?
这个题目的虽然问的是“国际旅游越来越频繁是否好处大于坏处？”但剖析逻辑，实际上一件事的好处大
于坏处不就是这件事是好事吗？
从这个角度来切，上面的这一类题目就等于“你是否认为国际旅游越来越频繁是个好事？”。如若是好事，
那不就是应该做的事情吗？所以，我们还是把这一类的题目归进同意不同意之应该不应该类。
这种题目看似困难实际简单。这类命题存在一个共通的逻辑漏洞，既在于没有考虑“物极必反”的适度原
则。大作文的题干都是利弊矛盾的统一体，可以说大作文中说的任何的事情都可以做，但不注意“度”的
话就可能产生坏的影响。所以分析整个这件事的利弊，全都写清摆明，就可以很容易表示态度：做可以，
但要注意适度。秉着这个原则，我们就可以调整得出这类题目的结构图：
26
题干内容：某人应该做某事
主体第一部分：该做的道理（展开并支持）主体第二部分：不该做的道理（展开并支持）
第二大类我们称之为因果关系类（上表内 C 部分）。顾名思义，此类题目的基本逻辑结构为：有人

认为因为某个原因，所以某个结果一定成立。你同意不同意？题干一般包括前因后果两个部分，标志词
多为因果关系词，如 because, since, therefore 等。下面是此类的几个题目：
2007 年 2 月 10 日
and computer can replace their function. To what extend do you agree or disagree?
因为电脑科技如此发达，可以取代公共图书馆的功能，因此，花钱维护公共图书馆就是浪费。你同意吗？
前因：电脑科技如此发达可以取代公共图书馆的功能
后果：花钱维护公共图书馆是浪费钱
2007 年 6 月 9 日
Some people claim that public museums and art galleries will not be needed because people can see historical
objects and works by using computer. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
有些人声称公共博物馆和艺术画廊是不被需要的，因为人们可以通过使用电脑来欣赏历史物件和作品。
你同意吗？
前因：因为人们可以通过使用电脑来欣赏历史物件和作品
后果：所以我们不需要公共博物馆和艺术画廊
2007 年 5 月 19(G)
Nowadays many young people do not like their majors. Therefore some people say students studying majors
that don't like is a waste of time. Do you agree or disagree?
当时当日，很多年轻人不喜欢自己的专业。因此一些人说学生学习他们不喜欢的专业是浪费时间。你同
意吗？
前因：因为很多年轻人不喜欢自己所学的专业
后果：所以他们学习不喜欢的专业就是在浪费时间
从上面的题目分析当中我们不难发现，此类题目的逻辑漏洞在于盲目的相信因果关系的必然性。既：前
因部分成立，但后果的必然性不成立。也就是说，前因的存在是可以得到肯定的，但是未必就一定会导
致题目中所讲的结果。如上面三个题目的拆题主线就应该是：
的确电脑科技的发达可以取代图书馆的一些功能，但是公共图书馆的存在还是必要的。
的确电脑科技可以让我们足不出户欣赏历史文物和作品，但是公共博物馆和画廊的存在还是必须的。
的确有很多年轻人不喜欢自己所学的专业，但是不能说他们的学习就是浪费时间。
总结上述内容，我们就可以得到下面的结构图：
27
题干内容：由于前因，后果必然
主体第一部分：的确，前因是有道理的（展开并支持）主体第二部分：但是，后果不是必然的（展开并支持）
第三大类的同意不同意题型我们称之为 A>B 类（上表内 B 部分）。此类题目的题干基本逻辑结构为：有

人认为 A 观点比 B 观点更好/更坏。你同意吗？这个题干结构中表示的是一个比较完后的结果。出题人
认为前者比后者一定更好或者一定更坏。题干的标志词当然就是形容词的比较级形式了，如 more 或者
better 等。此类题干的另外一种形式就是在同一题干中否定一种观点（B）并且肯定另外一种观点（A）。
否定 B 观点但是肯定 A 观点，从逻辑上也可以看做是认为 A>B。例如下面的题目：
2007 年 2 月 3 日
一些人相信个人不能够改善环境。只有政府和大财团能够做出改变。你同意不同意？
政府和大财团（A 观点）比个人（B 观点）更能够改善环境。你同意不同意？
2007 年 7 月 14 日
Lectures have been used to teach large number of students. Now as the advanced technologies are available for
education, some people believe that technologies can replace lectures as the main way to teach large number of
students. Do you agree or disagree?
人们一直在教授大量学生的时候使用讲座这种形式。现在由于科技运用于教育的发展，有些人相信科技
可以取代讲座，在教授大量学生的时候成为主要的教学手段。你同意不同意？
运用科技（A 观点）比使用传统的讲座授课（B 观点）更适合用于教授大量的学生。你同意吗？
2007 年 10 月 6 日
Today’s children are living under more pressure from the society than children in the past. To what extent do you
agree or disagree with this opinion?
今天的儿童比以前的儿童生活在更大的社会压力之下。你同意吗？
今天的儿童（A 观点）比以前的儿童(B 观点)有更多的压力。你同意吗？
这种题目的逻辑漏洞就在于不可能就单纯的比较两个观点或者事物孰好孰坏。所以无论是比好还是比坏，
我们都统一标准描述清楚，最后表态说很难比较孰好孰坏即可。A 比 B 好就是各自描述 A 和 B 的好处，
A 比 B 坏就是各自描述 A 和 B 的坏处。所以上述题目就可以分析结构为：
2007 年 2 月 3 日
28
的确大财团和政府能够有效地改善环境，但是个人也是可以为改善环境出一己之力。
2007 年 7 月 14 日
Lectures have been used to teach large number of students. Now as the advanced technologies are available for
education, some people believe that technologies can replace lectures as the main way to teach large number of
students. Do you agree or disagree?
的确在教授大量学生的时候运用科技可以有不错的效果，但是传统的讲座授课形式也是很有可取之处的。
2007 年 10 月 6 日
Today’s children are living under more pressure from the society than children in the past. To what extent do you
agree or disagree with this opinion?
的确今天的儿童承受着很大的社会压力，但是实际上过去的儿童的生活压力也很大。
总结上述内容，我们就可以得到下面的结构图：
题干内容：A 大于 B，你同意吗？
主体第一部分：的确 A 观点是有道理的（展开并支持）主体第二部分：但是 B 观点也是有一定道理的（展开并支持）
基本上来讲同意不同意类中的题干逻辑结构都可以归纳到上述的三种。当大家通过问号所在句判断了题
干属于同意不同意类，通过分析观点句的逻辑结构就可以很快的决定文章的结构。接下来，我们同样要
找出此类题目的组织拓展观点的通用方法。这里我们可以借用商科中的工具 SWOT 分析法来拓展论据。
SWOT 中的四个字母分别指的是 Strengths（优势）、Weaknesses（劣势）、Opportunities(机会)、Threats（威
胁）。 SWOT 分析法经常被用来分析企业策略的一种工具。它可以帮助我们通过整合分析事前
（ Strengths/Weakness ）和事后（ Opportunities/Threat ），从主体内部（ Strengths/Weakness ）和外部
（Opportunities/Threat）来分析策略的可行性。结合到此类题目中，整个这一类题目都是在讨论“某人认
为应该做某事。你同意吗？”，也就是某一件事是否应该做。大家在整理思路的时候常常会惯性的只从事
情的结果好与不好来判断，而忽略了有没有能力和义务去做某件事。使用 SWOT 分析进行论据整理不仅
可以结构性的剖析题目，并且可以帮助大家从事前事后平衡的考虑，扩大论点的来源。使用的时候，S 和
O 就可以看做是支持做某事的论点（既，为什么能做，为什么该做，以及做的话会有什么好的结果），而
W 和 T 就可以看做是不支持做某事的论点，
（既，为什么做不了以及做的话会有什么不好的结果）。请注
意，这里不支持做某事不代表彻底的反对，而是有自己的顾虑或观点，所以不能够彻底的支持）。让我们
用下面的几个题目来做例子：
29
2007 年 4 月 14 日应该不应该
广告是否应该从公共媒体（如电视）上被禁止？
Strengths Weakness
政府有责任净化媒体内容没有能力在所有媒体上禁播广告
Undoubtedly, government should and have to Unfortunately, with such responsibility,
keep pulic media a clean resort for all. government might not possess the ability required
to execute such initiatives.
Opportunities Threats
人们免受不良广告的危害电视可能要收费
Some may also say this could shield the public To many, if not all, such proposal might sacrifice
from unwanted harm from illy produced their priviledge for free TV program.
commercial.
热点词汇: undoubtedly， adv. 毫无疑问得

Sb should and have to do sth, 某人应该，并且必须做某事
Resort, noun. 圣地，常去的地方
Unfortunately，adv. 很不幸得
Execute, verb. 执行
Shield, noun, 盾牌，verb，保护
Illy, adv. 不好得，坏得
Sacrifice, verb 牺牲
Priviledge, noun 特权
2007 年 2 月 10 日因果关系
and computer can replace their function. To what extend do you agree or disagree?
Strengths Weakness
高存储能力节省空间科技的发展依然有局限
Indeed, mega computers nowadays do have the Unfortunately, despite the miracle of computer
power to hold books from libaries all over the technology, still it is not possible to replace public
world onto one console. library completely.
Opportunities Threats
网络功能让你足不出户技术性的要求使图书馆成为了特权
Some sing, with such progress, everyone can have Some are also concerned that forcing people to
access to library content on their laptop or Ipod. switch from paper-base to electronic-base might
deprive reading from those technologically
disadvantaged people.
热点词汇：mega computer， noun, 超级电脑
Console， noun, 主机
Have access to.., 获取，得到，使用
Miracle, noun, 奇迹
Switch from A to B, 从 A 换到 B
Paper-base/electronic-base, 以纸为基础/以电子为基础
Deprive, verb, 剥夺
Technologically disadvantaged people, 科技上上的弱势群体
30
2007 年 2 月 3 日 A>B 请注意：此类题目因为要写两个观点（A 和 B）的合理之处，所以只需要分析
支持观点 S 和 O，反对观点 W 和 T 就不用了
政府财团执行环保从每个人开始保护环境
Strengths Strengths
政府和财团有较大的财力优势。个人的力量结合起来是很大的。
Admittedly, government and business Individual deed, though might seem tiny, can
organization have advantaged financial resource. accumulate to enormous dynamics if properly
directed.
Opportunities Opportunities
全球环保进程加快。减少环保的成本。
If cooperated on a worldwide level, such initiative Starting from every single citizen might be the
could dramatically speed up the progress of most cost-effective approach toward saving our
environement improvement. planet.
热点词汇： admittedly , adv, 不可否认得

Accumulate, verb, 累计
Dynamics, noun, 力量，动量
Initiative, noun, 动案
Dramatically, adv, 戏剧化得
Cost-effective, adj, 性价比高的，划算的
可能还是有同学觉得这样的方法依然有些难度，但在实际写作的时候，我们并不需要写到四个观点。传
统意义上来讲，同意不同意类的题目有平衡式或一边倒式两种写法。如上所述，两种结构本质上并没有
优劣之分。但是单从实战的角度来讲，我认为哪一种方法需要耗费的脑资源最少、花的时间最少最容易
就是最好的结构。所以，实际写作的时候我们只要想到三个观点就可以写文章了。即使大家想到了四个
观点，我依然建议大家衡量难易，挑其中的三个比较容易组织语言，词汇比较丰富的观点来写。切忌不
要硬扛。SWOT 提供给大家的是四个快速切入问题的通道。没有人能够知道考试的时候到底哪一条通道
会带给大家思路。就算大家想到了两个 strength 一个 threat，但是一个 opportunity 也想不到也无妨。文章
的结构所需的三个观点已经可以满足了。灵活使用我们就可以得出很多的可能性：
SST,SOT,SSW,SOW,OOW,OOT,TWO,TTO,WWO,TWS,TTS,WWS
3．观点比较选择类
第三大类题目依然是议论性问题，与同意不同意类十分相似。但同时，正是因为这份相似，才使得观点
比较选择类的题目成为风险度很大的一类题目。此类题目考察的是学生通过比较两个不同观点（或相异
或相反）给出自己的选择态度。在 08 年以后的写作考试中，此类题目的出现频率有着很明显的提高。此
类题型的标志词为 Both opinion, prefer, others, while,compare 等。按照官方描述来解释，这类的题目考察
的是大家比较观点和论据的能力（Compare evidence or opinions）.
这类题目的问法一般多为：
“ Which do you prefer?”
或者
“Discuss both views and give your own opinion.”等。统一特征就是题目要求中（问号句）会出现让大家进
31
行比较选择的字眼，并且题干中有两个观点。例如下面列出的是 07 年部分此类的真题回顾，请大家留意
每个题目的问号句的特征：
2007 年 1 月 13 日 0113
Some people think universities should provide knowledge and skills related to students' future career; others
think the true function of university is to give access to knowledge for its own sake. What's your opinion of the
main function of university?
2007 年 1 月 20 日
Some people say that governments should pay for the public health care and education, while others say that it
is not the government's responsibility. Please discuss both views and give your own opinion.
2007 年 3 月 3 日
Some people think that school should put students in different classes according to their academic ability, while
some others believe that students of different abilities should be educated together. Please discuss both views
and then present your own opinion.
2007 年 3 月 22 日
Some people think that government should provide assistance to all kinds of artists (eg. painters, musicians, poets)
while some others think it is a waste of money. What is your opinion?
这类题目很容易和应该不应该类的题目混淆。因为同为议论性文体，观点比较选择好类的题目的题干里
面有着两个或者两个以上的观点，而应该不应该类虽然只有一个观点，但是由于写作重要讨论这个题干
的正反面，所以很容易被看做是相反的两个观点。逻辑上来讲，两个观点的确是可以相异或者相反。这
一类题干的特点就是会出现“while others do not think so”或“However, some people disagree”一类的否定陈
述。但在这里为了避免不必要的混淆，我们就将讨论一个观点的正反面这类的题目归于同意不同意类-应
该不应该。例如下面的这几个例子：
2007 年 6 月 16 日(G)
There is a number of people think that watching TV would be good for children's development while others
disagree. What is your opinion?
2007 年 7 月 21 日(G)
Air travel become a much cheaper form of transportation than in the past. Some people say that is positive
development, some people disagree. What is your opinion?
在实际写作的时候大家并不需要担心这种混淆。因为就算大家把应不应该写成了观点比较选择了，从段
落的角度来看是没有什大的出入的。等到下个单元我们看到段落结构大家就会清楚。
观点比较选择类的题目要求重在比较二字。那么比较的本质自然是两个观点的支持论点放在一起，看哪
一个更有力有利。此类题目也有命题逻辑上的漏洞。既比较的本质必须要是标准的统一。若我们比较两
家餐厅孰好孰坏，那么一定是这一家的口味比那一家好，但是那一家的环境比这一家强。同理，当我们
比较两个观点的时候，这个观点可能在某一方面有优势，但是那个观点又会在另一个方面更合理。凡是
逻辑上的两者比较便不会有简单的 A 比 B 更好这样的结果。所以，从逻辑角度上来讲，这一类的题目最
后的表态都可以是“两个观点都有可取之处，需有效整合，合理采用。”
此类题目看似简单，其实不然。很多同学一不小心就会在此类题目要求下摔跟头。因为大家习惯了先自
己定下观点，然后通过写作来支持自己的观点，同时，大家又过于熟悉正反面论证的写法，结果很有可
能就写几个论点来支持自己所选的观点，然后写一个自己所反对观点的缺点作为让步段。但是题目要求
大家比较后给自己的观点，那么就需要同质比较然后表态。试问，拿一个东西的优点和另一个的缺点进
行比较还能叫做比较吗？例如在第一阶段我们见过的两个极为相似的题目让我们再来分析一下：
In many countries, children are sent to school at the age of seven, while in others, children go to school at the age
32
of four. Some believe the earlier children receive school education the better it is. What is your opinion?
In many countries, children are sent to school at the age of seven, while in others, children go to school at the
age of four. In your opinion, which one is better?
上述两个题目都是历年出现过的真题。根据我们的逆向读题法，大家应该能够掌握到第一题是同意不同
意类（同不同意“越早上学越好”），而第二题是观点比较选择类（七岁上学 VS 四岁上学）
。按照上述的
两种题型的差别，两篇文章的要求是完全不一样的。第一题的文章结构就应该如下：
越早上学越好
早上学的确有一定的道理但其反对者也有一些道理
而第二题的文章结构就应该如下:
四岁还是七岁上学好
四岁上学有道理七岁上学也有一定道理
由上可见,观点比较选择类的题目要求大家比较两个观点的合理处,然后选其优。若第二个题目写成四岁
上学的好处和七岁上学的坏处或反之，那么就没有完全按照题目要求来写，则 Task Response 单项分数会
遭受很大的影响。所以，观点比较选择类的题目文章结构我们就可以得到下图：
有人认同观点 A 但有人认同观点 B
主体第一部分：观点 A 有一定的道理（给出并展开）主体第二部分：但观点 B 也有一定的道理（给出并展开）
那这一类题目如何能够快速准确的拓展观点论据呢？我们掌握下面的 3W 三字方针便可以轻松解决这个
问题：Who, What, Why
三字方针实际上是 SWOT 方法的延伸，并不仅限于观点比较选择类题目。各种题型都可以使用。这个方
法也是非常简单的。顾名思义，既在组织观点的时候问自己下面的三个问题：
Who will support/oppose such opinion? 这个观点会对谁带来好处，会对谁带来危害？
What positive/negative outcome this will bring? 这个观点会带来什么好的或坏的结果？
Why people proposed to/not to carry out such initiative? 为什么人们提出或反对这个观点？
SWOT 方法的使用让大家注意到了从往往被忽略的该不该做某事的优势和劣势来切观点。而 3W 带着大
33
家在此基础上又着眼于另外一个新的观点高产地：Who。这个 Who 引导我们注意针对一个观点，什么样
的人会支持，什么样的人会反对，又有什么样的人虽然也想支持，但同时有着自己的苦衷和顾虑所以犹
豫不定。雅思写作大作文的议论性题目往往都是给出一个矛盾命题让大家来表态支持或反对。当然，没
有任何一个矛盾会得到所有人的绝对支持。矛盾涉及的主体有很多方。一件事情既有支持者也会有反对
者，同时也会有想支持又不敢支持的担忧者。即便是面上一边倒的题目也是如此。例如下面的两个题目
有着明显的正向偏向性，但我们依然可以很轻松的找到反面观点。
Some believe smoking should be banned at all public areas. Do you agree or disagree?
（公共场合禁止吸烟一直是我国政府提倡倡导的事情，怎么有可能有反对意见呢？）
可能没有人反对，但是吸烟者一定会觉得尴尬。他们也知道抽烟不好，但是戒烟对他们来讲将是生理上
和心理上都是非常残酷的(physically and mentally cruel)。那么既然他们有如此的顾虑，我们就不能够无视
这个人群的感受一味推广全面禁烟。
再有如下面的这个题目
With the development of medical sicence and technology, people nowadays can live much longer than ever before.
Do you think this is a good thing or bad thing?
（老人长寿能有什么不好的啊？哪有人敢有反对意见啊?）
的确不会有人反对老年人变得长寿，但是人们变的越来越长寿对于某些主体来讲会带来一些无奈的压力。
例如医疗系统就会觉得工作压力越来越大。照顾人们的健康是医疗系统当之不让的职责。但是医疗系统
毕竟能力有限，且要照看各个年龄层的人群的健康。如果灰发族 (The grey population)的健康医疗要求增
加过快，医疗系统就可能会不堪重负( overwhelmed)。那么既然医疗系统有着合理的顾虑，那么我们就应
该注意到并且设法解除他们的顾虑，而不是无视这种压力而一味的歌颂这个现象。
Some companies nowadays provide employees with high salary and good welfare so as to help them work
wholeheartedly at their position. Do you think this is a good idea?
（老板加薪有什么不好的啊？谁敢说反对？！）
的确谁都会想要一个好工作，俗话说 “钱多事少离家近，老板人好有假期”，这样的观点那有人不欢喜。
但是，我们也不能够否认，雇主要完成雇员的这个心愿要承受很大的财务压力和心理压力。既然雇主承
担着这样的压力，那么我们就不能说加薪是最好的让员工努力工作的方法。应该寻找更好的方法来团结
激励（incentive）每个员工。
由上面的例子我们可以发现， Who 这个切题角度是非常实用的。结合上 What 和 Why, 我们就可以对于
矛盾中的不同主体分析事前事后的条件影响，快速得出丰富的论点。下面是 2008 年真题中，部分观点选
择类题目和 3W 切题点，仅供大家参考。
1.19
34
Old generations often hold some traditional ideas on the correct way of life, thinking and behavior. However,
some people think that it is not helpful for the young generations to prepare for modern life in the future. What’s
your opinion?
传统观点对正确的生活方式有好处传统观点不利于年轻一代将来融入生活
Who Grandparents might be the first group to support such Teenagers, however, might still hold their view against some, but
opinion. not all, old doctrine.
What Traditional ideas can pass on the essence of family, It might be providing perspective that can not fit into their spectrum
loyalty and justice.
Why They hope such ideas can be a source of reference for Modern life if the future challenges young people with new scenerio
the younger generation in their life. that the traditional ideas might not be able to prepare them for.
1.26
Unemployment is getting increasingly serious in many countries. Some people think students only need to get
primary education, while others think secondary education is necessary. What’s your opinion?
初级教育就可以了中级教育是必须的
Who Some family business owner mgith prone to have their Educators,however, argue that secondary education is
children receive merely primary education. indispensible, no matter what line you are in.
What The most obvious benefit is saving time. Secondary education can equip students with the critical thinking
they need to really tackle with life and work.
Why They think instead of spending years and dollars at Students have the right to receive better education, to have a better
school, childern should meet the real world earlier and change while facing crisis and to live a better life.
primary education is far enough for them to be prepared.
3.8
The number of cars keeps increasing, so road systems should be expanded. Some people think the government
should pay for it, while others think the car owners should pay for it. What is your opinion?
政府应该为道路建设买单车主应该为道路建设买单
Who Most taxpayers might vote for government to pay that Government believe car owners have the responsibility to pay for
bill. better road system.
What Government paying this money might achieve the most Accumulating public funds, first of all, can relieve government
effect with the least time. from heavy financial burden.
Why Government, first of all, has the financial ability to pay As the major users of road systems, car owners should pay for better
for this. service.
与上一种题型同理，观点比较选择类的题目也是三个观点就可以写了。上面的切题和观点只是给大家一
个参考的素材。真正考试的时候大家灵活使用，不需要每个 W 都必须要想到才写。观点比较选择类题目
共两个观点，两个观点的支持论点能够凑够三个，我们就可以开开心心的放手写了。
4．说明描述类
与上述四种题目不同，这类题目是更倾向于说明文文体(descriptive)。说明描述类的题目不需要考生来表
示支持还是反对，而是要针对题目的要求进行描述，所以相对来讲不需要非常严谨的逻辑性，自然会简
单一些。但是，由于这一类的题目不常考，而且很多同学会觉得题目太过简单所以无话可说。同时，习
惯了正反论证的同学常常会因为没有论证的环节而一时不知如何分段。这里题目的一般问法如下：
“What are the advantages and disadvantages?”
35
“What are the essential qualities?” 或者
“What is the situation in your country?”
此类题目的标志词是 what,或者是 discuss，问号所在句常出现 effects, advantages, disadvantages, impacts,
factors, situation, qualities 等名词，且多为复数形式。按照官方描述，此类题目考察的是考生提供一般性
的事实信息（provide general factual information）。下面是 2007 年全年的说明描述类题目，请大家仔细
观察题目要求的特征规律性：
2007 年 3 月 31 日
It is now possible to perform everyday tasks, such as bank transaction, shopping or even office works, without
meeting people face to face. What are the effects it may have on individuals and the society as a whole?
2007 年 5 月 19 日
In which areas of education do you think computers are more important and in which areas do you think teachers
are more important? Discuss and explain why.
2007 年 8 月 11 日
The range and quality of the food have been improved by the advancement of science and technology. Discuss
the advantages and disadvantages about this and present your view.
2007 年 1 月 20 日(G)
Nowadays people are living longer hence in some countries there are more old people than young people. What
are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this issue?
2007 年 2 月 24 日(G)
Some people believe that practical skills such as maintaining of a car, or managing a bank account should be
taught at school as well as traditional academic subjects. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this
opinion.
这类题目或问优点和缺点，或问效果影响，或问相关因素，或问现实情况。问法之多样很难像上述三种
题型一样找到统一的切题突破点。然而，为了简化雅思写作的方法，以不变应万变，我们还是追求能够
把文章主体分成两个部分。我们要思考一下想要描述的内容有哪些，然后将所有的内容进行分类。尽量
的找出两个大类，然后每类成一大块即可。例如如果题目简单的要求某一事物的好处和坏处的话，就用
一段写其好处，另一段写其坏处。如果描写以为好记者的必备素质的话，就一段写专业素质，另一段写
人格特质。有的时候，题目要求会直接给我们提示如何切题。让我们直接切一个题目来看一下。例如 2007
年 3 月 31 日的考题：
20070331
It is now possible to perform everyday tasks, such as bank transaction, shopping or even office works, without
meeting people face to face. What are the effects it may have on individuals and the society as a whole?
像这个题目的要求就已经明确提示了我们要从个人(individual)和社会（society）两个方面来切，那么此题
的文章结构就可以简单的定出来：
36
网络取代面对面的影响
主体第一部分：对个人的影响（给出并展开）主体第二部分：对社会的影响（给出并展开）
此类的题目变化较多，所以不能够找到一个统一的观点拓展方法。但是好处是这种题目考的很少。本书
会给出几个具体实例供大家参考。下面是 2008 年全年的说明描述类题目和结构图：
4.19[新话题:小年龄化问题]
Figures show that some countries have an ever-increasing proportion of the population who are aged 15 or younger.
What do you think are the current and future effects of this may be for those countries? 说明类
15 岁及以下人口比例增加
主体第一部分：现阶段的影响（给出并展开）主体第二部分：将来的影响（给出并展开）
8.9 [社会与科技发展话题]
In some countries, governments are encouraging industries and businesses to move out of cities into regional
areas. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this new development? 说明类
政府鼓励工业和商业从从城市搬到边远地区
主体第一部分：优点（给出并展开）主体第二部分：缺点（给出并展开）
08.06.14
Nowadays many old cities are rebuilt and redesigned in order to make them look modern. Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of this practice. 说明类
旧城翻新
主体第一部分：优点（给出并展开）主体第二部分：缺点（给出并展开）
5．复合类
复合类的题目顾名思义就是有多个题目要求的题目。这类题目实际上不算新的一类题目而是上述五种题
37
目中任意两种的结合体。其标志就是题目中有两个问号，或者用 and 连接的两个题目要求。经常出现的
组合是：
原因 reason+同意不同意 agree or disagree （RA）
描述说明 describe+同意不同意 agree or disagree (DA)
同意不同意 agree or disagree +建议 recommendation (AR)
同意不同意 agree or disagree+描述说明 describe （AD）
下面是 2007 年部分的说明描述类题目，请大家仔细观察题目要求的特征规律性：
复合类
20070310
With the increasing use of mobile phones and computers, less people tend to write letters. Some people even think
the skill of writing letters will disappear completely. To what extent do you agree or disagree? How important
do you think letter writing is?
20070421
To what extent do you think consumers are influenced by advertisements? What measures do you think can
protect them?
20070602
An increasing number of developing countries are expanding their tourist industry. Why do you think it is the
case? And do you think it is positive?
20070628
Development of countries leads to increasing demand for energy fuel, such as petrol and coal. What dangers
might this lead to? Are there any solutions to deal with this problem?
20070908
Cars cause many problems. What are some of these problems? Should we discourage people to use cars?
20071013
Nowadays, some employers think the academic qualities are more important than the life experiences and personal
qualities when they choose the employees. Why this phenomenon exists? Is this a negative or a positive
development?
20070428(G)
Some countries encourage teenagers to take up part-time jobs. What is the situation in your country? What
are the advantages and disadvantages of teenagers taking up part-time jobs?
20070602(G)
In many countries, people eat with their family or parents less frequently. What is the situation in your country?
Do you think it is necessary to have meals with family and friends regularly?
正是因为问号多了，所以实际上更容易些。针对这种题目我们只要将每一个问号按照其原属的类型进行
处理，然后从全文中进行谋篇布局即可。例如
20070602 的题目是 RA 结构
An increasing number of developing countries are expanding their tourist industry. Why do you think it is the
case? And do you think it is positive?
第一个问号给出一个原因，自成一段。第二个问号涉及到论证，好处坏处各成一段，我们就可以得到下
面的结构图：
38
发展中国家在发展自己的旅游业
主体第一部分：原因之一主体第二部分：的确有好处主体第三部分：但也不可忽略其坏处
20070908 的题目结构是 DA，

Cars cause many problems. What are some of these problems? Should we discourage people to use cars?
第一个问号描述其中一个问题。第二个问号应该和不应该各一段，我们就可以得到下面的结构图：
汽车造成很多问题
主体第一部分：主要问题一个主体第二部分：的确有人支持主体第三部分：但不可忽略这个观点的弊端
20070908(G) 的题目结构是 AR
Some people claim that cartoon program contains violence therefore it is not good for children to watch. Do you
agree or disagree? Can you give some recommendation?
第一个问号同意和不同意各成一段，第二个问号建议写一段，我们就可以得到下面的结构图：
卡通充满暴力对儿童不好
主体第一部分：的确暴力卡通不好主体第二部分：但教育意义的卡通还主体第三部分：政府通过检审机制可以更好

是好的的控制卡通内容
20070310 的题目结构式 AD
With the increasing use of mobile phones and computers, less people tend to write letters. Some people even think
the skill of writing letters will disappear completely. To what extent do you agree or disagree? How important
do you think letter writing is?
第一个问号同意和不同意各成一段，第二个问号描述重要行自成一段，我们就可以得到下面的结构图：
人们更多依赖科技，很少写信。有人认为写信的技能会消失
主体第一部分：人们越来越多的依赖主体第二部分：但写信的技能是不会主体第三部分：写信技能的重要性体现在其

科技，越来越少地写信消失的正式性
上面的四个例子从复合类的各种组合可能性演示了如何利用问号的特征巧妙的分段。只要大家熟练掌握
了前四种题型的切题方法，复合类便不是什么新鲜的题型了。去年下半年到现在，复合类的题目逐渐多
了起来，在我们备考的时候也一定要注意收集积累，这样就不至于在考试的时候被多个问号吓到。下面
是 2008 年部分的复合类题目和结构图，供大家参考。
39
2.14[社会与科技发展话题:城市发展问题]
An increasing number of people choose to live in big cities. What problems will this bring about? Should the
government encourage people to live in small towns? 复合类（说明+应该不应该）
越来越多的人口涌入城市
主体第一部分：造成的最大问题主体第二部分：鼓励人口迁移到小城主体第三部分：鼓励人口迁移到小城镇的弊

镇的好处端
4.12[社会与科技发展话题:家庭关系问题]
More working people are busy with work and have no enough time to spend with their family and friends. Why
does this happen? What are the effects on family life and society as a whole? 复合类（原因+说明类）
越来越多的人忙于工作无暇陪伴家人朋友
主体第一部分：主要的原因主体第二部分：对家庭的影响主体第三部分：对社会的影响
6.28 [社会与科技发展话题:老年人与科技问题（新）]
Mobile phones and the internet are very useful. However, it is rare for the old people to use them. In what ways
can mobile phones and the internet be useful to the old people? What could be done to encourage the old people
to use mobile phones and the internet? 复合类（说明+解决方法）
手机和网络十分发达，但老年人很少使用
主体第一部分：手机网络可以帮助老主体第二部分：手机网络可以帮助老主体第三部分：开设免费课程帮助老年人使

年人照顾健康年人解除孤寂用科技
10.25 [社会与科技发展话题]
Economic progress is one way to measure the success of one country, while some people think there are other
factors. What other factors should be considered? Within these factors, do you think anyone is more important
than the others? 复合类（说明+观点比较选择）
经济发展是标志国家成功的因素之一
主体第一部分：科技发展为因素之二主体第二部分：文化发展为因素之三主体第三部分：各种因素都同等重要
第三单元 Coherence and Cohesion 抢分攻略 – 段落内行文技巧

在前面的几个单元，我们以此认识了雅思大作文的评分标准，命题特点，切题方法，观点拓展方法以及
万用段落结构。在接下来的这个单元中，我们依然要一起来探索一种万用的段落内行文结构。这样子我
们就可以把雅思写作真正的做成科学流程，步骤精准到每一句话。那这个目标的可行性在哪里呢？实际
40
上评分标准当中已经给了我们提示：
通过分析雅思写作大作文的评分标准我们不难发现，有三个动词一直出现在 Task Response 评分栏中的

高分段落，请看下面引用的 Task 2 6-9 分 Task Response 栏的评分标准：
比较之下不难发现，Present ideas, extend/develop ideas and support ideas 一直是被着重比较的点。6 分的描
6 7 8 9
述指
• addresses all parts of the task • addresses all parts of the task •sufficiently addresses all parts of the •fully addresses all parts of the task
出“给 although some parts may be more •presents a clear position throughout task • presents a fully developed position
fully covered than others the response • presents a well-developed response in answer to the question with
出相 • presents a relevant position although • presents, extends and supports to the question with relevant, relevant, fully extended and well
the conclusions may become unclear main ideas, but there may be a extended and supported ideas supported ideas
关主 or repetitive tendency to over-generalise and/or
• presents relevant main ideas but supporting ideas may lack focus
要观 some may be inadequately
developed/unclear
点，但
是有些有可能展开不够或不清楚”；到 7 分的时候，描述变成了“给出，展开并支持主要观点，但是有可
能存在过分泛化的趋势或者支持论点缺少中心”。而 8 分和 9 分的描述中都强调了 Present ideas,
extend/develop ideas and support ideas，差别只是程度问题而已。由上所知，我们不妨大胆的假设：只要我
们的文章顺利完成了给出观点-展开观点-支持观点这三步，那么在 Task Response 这一栏下的得分就应
该能够在至少 7 分以上。
也就是说只要我们的写作可以服务并完成上述三件事的话，那么我们的写作就是直接有效的。反之，如
果我们的写作没有服务于上述三件事的话，那么写的就可能是废话。按照这样的思路继续整理，笔者就
得出了下面的论证结构：
论点句+解释论点句+引用例子句+例子回证论点句
图示如下：
观点给出
观点论点解释展开
回证论点例子细节
这是一个完整的四句论证的逻辑结构。按照评分标准的要求一句不多一句不少。不仅仅能够完成上述的
三件事，同时也可以没有任何一句的废话。如果结合上个单元的万用三段结构的话，那么每个段落因为
41
只论证一个论点，所以就有四句话。三段加起来就共 12 句话。从考试的字数要求上来讲，也足够完成。
五大类题目对应树状结构
当然，为了文章的完整性和流畅性，我们还是要加上总起句，过渡句以及小结句。这样一来，我们的三
段 15 句话的万用结构就成型了。根据我们上述的几大类题型，笔者做出了下面的结构图：
同意不同意类 (argumentative writing)
观点比较选择类 (argumentative writing)
问题原因解决方法类 (Report Writing)
42
说明描述类 (argumentative writing)
复合类题目 (Report and argumentative Writing)的题目只是上述四类的组合，不再冗赘。
当然，根据考试的时候考生能够想到的双边观点的数量，我们还可以把上述的这种 1 个观点对两个观点
（1：2）的结构变成 2 个观点对 1 个观点（2：1）的结构，如同意不同意类的题目。如果考试的时候只
能想到一个反对观点，但是能够想到两个支持的观点，那么我们就可以灵活调整结构得到下图：
43
按照上图，我们每一篇文章都可以写成三段，每一段都可以写成 5 句话。如下面的这个例子：
Do you think advantages of the Internet outweigh its disadvantages?
我们按照两个支持观点一个反对观点来处理这篇文章的话就可以得到下面的三个段落:
１．Indeed, the Internet brings a lot of benefits to our daily life. (Agree）
２．The first advantage that attracts people can be its rich information.（Pro point 1）
３．Because the Internet links up computers all over the world, it therefore can provide people information from every corner
of the earth. (Explain)
４．For example, when you want to map a place anywhere in the world, Google Map can give you a detailed location in seconds.
(Example)
５．All this information at the tip of your finger shall thank to nothing but the Internet. (Support)
1. Another advantage that the Internet has might be its low cost. (Pro point 2)
2. Due to the fact that the Internet provides us with plenty of free resources and service, thus it helps to cut expense in our
daily life. (Explain)
3. When you call overseas via Skype, it cost you almost nothing.(Example)
4. However, if you call via mobile or landline, it might cost you quite a fortune. (Support)
5. This is why many people believe that the Internet, indeed, has brought us a lot of bonus. (Summary)
1. In spite of the fact that, as mentioned above, the Internet has been benefiting us for a long time, others worry about its
negative impact on us. (Disagree)
2. One of people’s biggest worries might be the security problem online. (Con point 1)
3. The Internet technology is not flawless, as a result of that, online security could not be always assured. (Explain)
4. One example can be that Trojan software can steal your bank details easily, and consequently you might lose everything
you have in your account. (Example)
5. Such risk factors have halted many people from believing in it.(Support)
让我们再来看一个观点比较选择类题目的套用例子。
Some believe that those who are not talented in language learning should not be required to learn a foreign
language. Others think school should require all students to learn a foreign language. Discuss both views
and give your own opinion.
44
1. It is not strange why many, if not all, educators embrace foreign language acquisition as a essential part of education.
(Opinion A)
2. Their first argument is that language learning can introduce students into an exciting exotic culture. (Pro Point 1)
3. Since language is the carrier of culture beneath, therefore mastering a second language could better promote cultural
understanding and hence students can indulge themselves in a different culture.(Explain)
4. Without knowing a foreign language, one might not be able to appreciate the essence of cultural event overseas. (Example)
5. Using a foreign language, one could not only grasp a deeper understanding, but participating joyfully as well.(Support)
1. Better employment opportunity could be another reason why many are supporting languange learning as a compulsory part
in school. (Pro Point 2)
2. With language skills becoming an important column on resume, parents believe by mastering a foreign language their
children can have a better chance to find a job in the future. (Explain)
3. In international trade business, for example, almost all employees are required to be fluent in at least one foreign language.
(Example)
4. For young students, thus, a second tongue could bring them a better chance. (Support)
5. These mentioned above could be the two major reasons why many support foreign language acquisition as an compulsory
course for all students.(Summary)
1. In spite of the fact that, mastering a foreign language can, indeed, bring students many benefits, to name but two, those
who believe only the gifted should be compelled also have their ground.（Opinion B）
2. They believe that talent could be the source of motivation. (Pro Point 1)
3. Due to the fact that motivation is the key in learning of all kinds, without talent students might feel frustrated and lose
motivation in learing, consequently the language learning process could be time-wasting and exhausting. (Explain)
4. Literatures in language learning have indicated that without motivation it could be extremely difficult to learn a foreign
language. (Example)
5. This is why some believe, to save children from heavy burden of learning a foreign language, only the gifted children should
be required to learn a foreign language. (Support)
如果是复合类的题目的话，我们可以根据问号的类型分别安排。如果其中有一个问号是议论性的话，那
么这个问号自己就会占用正反论证各一段，剩下的问号自成一段即可。例如下面这篇文章：
Many young people today are too worried about the way they look and this causes them problems. Do you
agree or disagree? What is the situation in your country?
这是 2009 年的真题。其中第一个问号是同意不同意类，它自己就需要两段分别进行正反描述。第二个问
号是说明描述类，自成一段即可。
1. It might be fair to say that many youngsters in my country are overwhelmingly concerned about their appearance.(Agree)
2. They argue that in an era of individuality, they have the right to identify themselves through their appearance. (Pro Point
1)
3. Since first impression is critical in promoting oneself, therefore, a few bucks more on fashion and fad are worthwhile as
long as it delivers a unique impression to others. (Explain)
4. One good example of this is the fact that many teenagers are strongly repelling against wearing uniforms at school.
(Example)
5. To them, this is suffocating their individuality and uniqueness. (Support)
1. No sensible person will either deny the pinch brought by such phenomenon. (Disagree)
2. Besides financial concern, distraction from work or study might be people's biggest fear. (Con point 1)
3. Due to the fact that some young people are willing to sacrifice tremendous amount of time on taking care of their appearance,
thus little time might there be left for their study or work and consequently their performance in study or at work could not
be secured. (Explain)
4. One rationale behind requiring uniform at schools is to partially avoid such disaster. (Example)
5. By doing so, people hope students can shift more concentration from appearance to attendance. (Support)
45
1. In spite of the concerns raised by many as mentioned above, many young people in my country have voiced out their
opinion at variance. (Category 1)
2. They believe the attention on appearance can benefits the development of their social skills.(Factor 1)
3. With appearance becoming common topic during daily conversation, not discussing it might seclude one from social
communication among peers. (Explain)
4. If they well attend their appearance, it can not only provide them an ice-breaking topic, but enhance their self-confidence
as well. (Example)
5. If not, however, they might feel isolated from the mainstream. (Support)
由上可见，我们的确可以以不变的结构应对多变的题目。并且我们可以保证在任务完成度（TR）这个评
分点上，这样的写法是完全符合 7 分以上的标准的。用四句一组的逻辑论证展开三个观点，再加上一句
“段首总起句”，一句“承上启下句”和一句“段落小结句”。总共 15 句话，干净利落的完成了题目的要求，
没有废话。
哪有的同学可能说了，这算不算是模板啊？笔者认为不然。因为模板的本质之所以危险是因为考生背诵
了句子，然后在考试的时候使用不当被拆穿为背诵而不是自己的写作，然后就会被扣分。而我们的结构
实际上并没有让考生背诵任何的东西，我们重复出现的只是逻辑论证的结构，每一句话都完成了一项任
务，每一句话都是应该存在的。所以，既没有使用错误的可能，也没有被拆穿的危险。
的确，我们的方法很好的规避了套句被拆穿的风险。同时，这个结构依然可以让大家在上考场前就知道
哪些句子哪些词自己必然要写，也就有和套句填空异曲同工之妙。而帮助我们达到这种效果的还是我们
的标准化逻辑结构。因为我们一定会写三套逻辑论证，所以势必会用到三组论点，三组解释，三组举例
和三组回证。根据这个规律性，我们只要提前准备好给出论点的并列结构，解释的因果结构，举例的结
构和回证的结构各三组，一来我们一定会用得到所有这些表达；二来因为没有了重复，我们还体现了自
己表达能力的多样性；三来，这些结构由于会重复出现，所以好好利用的话可以很好的服务于字数。上
面两篇范文中斜体字部分就是很好的例子。请大家再回去仔细看一下，就会很容易的发现这种套用。
当然，套用并不仅仅限于逻辑关系的结构词上。因为我们每一个位置上的句子任务是一定的，在练习的
过程中我们就可以在每一句的熟练度上进行微操作。其结果就是我们在每个位置上都会积累很丰富的套
用素材。更重要的是，这些套用因为都是正确有用的，所以并不会被认为是牵强附会，而被判为背诵而
扣分。在本书附上的所有范文，都是按照这样的结构特意书写的。请大家在参考范文的时候注意横向比
较多篇文章之间同一位置的句子的相似性。这种横向比较可以帮助大家快速积累出适合自己的套用素材。
如何举例例证
有同学曾反应在进行举例的时候有时会捉襟见肘。作者认为，在雅思写作中建议使用大家熟悉的例子，
而不要用自己编的例子或者地方性太强的例子。这样子才能更好的达到沟通的效果。下面的三种举例方
46
式可以帮助大家整理思路。因为写作的时候只有三个柱体论证段落，所以也只需要写三个例证即可，这
里的三种方法也就刚好够用了。
1.具体事例。具体事例就是发生过的，考生和读者都熟悉的事例。例如下面的范文中大家会见到 Bill Gates,
Princess Diana 等众所周知的事例。这种例证的成色最好，最容易引起考官的共鸣。但此类的事例多来源
于平日的阅读，不能强求，所以大家在考试的时候尽量用即可。作者在写 09 年范文的时候也通过查阅磁
疗使用了很多具体事例。通过细读这些范文也可以帮大家积累一部分这样的例证方式。
2.模糊事例。顾名思义模糊事例就是自己用语言描述一个例子，并不存在是不是真的发生过的要求。例
如在写电脑是否对儿童有害这个题目，我就可以使用下面的这个例子：
It is reported that a boy has lost his life in front of computer screen after having played computer games for over
48 hours consecutively.
Such tragic example can show the damage computer could do to our children.
这个例子没有具体的时间地点人物，只是强调的一个现象，这里我们就把此类的事例叫做模糊事例。相
比前者，模糊事例可能更加容易掌握。
3.假设论证：假设例证实际算不上是真正的“例证”，而更多的像是逻辑论证。假设例证就是针对论点假设
成立所会产生的后果，然后通过反面假设论点不成立的后果来进行反差,或者反之依然。例如同样是上面
的这个题目，如果操作成假设论证就会是：
If a child spend adequate amount of time on computer then they might still have time for regular physical exercise.
If not, however, they might easily put on too much weight without enough outdoor activities.
由上可见，假设例证并没有描述现象而是描述了逻辑关系。同时，因为假设例证都需要通过反差来体现
回证，所以这个方法都是两句一组（如果…则…。反之，如果不…则不会…）出现。
笔者的范文中都是三种例证的应用，希望大家可以通过仔细解读每篇文章的例子回证句来体会并积累例
子的写法。
五大类题目的开头与结尾 (Introduction & conclusion)

通过上面的内容，我们现在应该可以迅速准确的将任何一个大作文的题目的主干部分 15 句话要写的内
容都确定了、在开始遣词造句之前，我们先来看一下各大类题目的开头段 (Introduction)和结尾段
(Conclusion)要写些什么。这样我们文章的结构就真正完整了。
让我们首先来看开头 introduction.应为写作中的 Introduction 是非常重要的一个部分。一个好的 introduction
会注意下面的一些 Do’s and Don’ts：
Do’s Don’ts
抓住读者的眼睛开头太长
让读者了解题目的范畴引用字典定义开头
让读者知道你接下来要干什么泛用滥用背景描述，如“Throughout human history…”,
47
“Since the beginning of time…” 或者 “with the
development of human race…”等。
结合不同题型的题目要求和上述的 Do’s and Don’ts，秉着不写废话的原则，我们很容易可以得到开头段
的公式：
PRR 类
题目要求：给出问题产生的原因；给出解决的方法和建议
句子位置句子应该完成的任务
第1句通过实例，数字，现象等描述抓住读者的眼睛，拉近与考官距离，引起兴趣
第2句概略点出文章接下来要描述的一个或两个原因
第3句概略点出文章接下来要描述的一个或两个解决方法或说明文章接下来要分析原因给出建议
例子：
Most parts of the world, the volume of traffic is growing at an alarming rate. In the form of an assignment,
discuss about the main traffic problems in your country, their causes and possible solutions.
第1句 According to statistics in Beijing 2002 only, thousands died in traffic accident.
第2句 Both subjective and objective reasons causing such tragedy can be easily identified.
第3句 This essay is going to look at some of the causes of traffic problem and suggest possible solutions.
同意不同意类（Agree or Disagree)
题目要求：通过正反论证给出自己的观点
第2句概括引出针对题干的正反两个观点
第3句概括表达自己的观点态度或说明文章接下来要通过论证正反面最后给出自己的观点
例子：
Major airlines worldwide are increasing their airfare. In your opinion, do you think they should or should
not raise the airfare?
第1句 Economy class with Japan Airline used to cost you $1,200 from Brisbane to Shanghai and now costs you no less than
$1,500.
第2句 Many believe the air fair is going up outrageously, while others claim that it is, unfortunately, necessary.
第3句 Personally, I think though reasons do exist to raise airfare, it could bring people too many pressure rather than
convenience.
Or
This essay is going to look at the both sides of this topic and furthermore to present my own view.
观点比较选择类（Compare A and B)
题目要求：通过比较两个观点各自的合理之处，最后给出自己的倾向选择
第2句概括引出针对题干的两个不同观点
第3句概括表达自己的观点态度或说明文章接下来要通过比较两个观点，最后给出自己的观点
例子：
48
Many people think music is an important role in society, others, however others believe music is just simply
a form of entertainment for individuals. What is your opinion?
第1句 After the first sellout, Pink is holding another concert here in Brisbane this year.
第2句 Some say music is shaping our society while others claim that it is just another form of entertainment.
第3句 Personally, I think music can well adopt and adapt being informative as well as being entertaining.
Or
This essay is going to compare the two opinions and furthermore to give my personal view.
说明描述类 (Description)
第2句概括引出针对题干的两个不同的分类标准（一般题目会给出提示词）
第3句说明文章接下来要分类进行描述
例子：
As most people spend a majority part of their adult life in work. Job satisfaction is an important part of
individual well-being. What are the factors contribute to the job satisfaction?
第1句 According to a survey, a sound percentage of people interviewed expressed that they are not satisfied with their job.
第2句 Factors that contribute to job satisfaction include financial incentive as well as psychological one.
第3句 This essay is going to describe some of the factors under these two catagories.
复合类（Combination)
题目要求：根据不同问号的要求相应作答
第2句针对第一个问号进行概括总起
第3句针对第二个问号进行概括总起或说明文章接下来要分别完成两个问号的要求
例子
Media are having more and more interest in celebrities and their life. Why are they so interested about
celebrities? What is your opinion about on this focus?
第1句 Princess Diana's tragedy is still striking us after a decade.
第2句 Despite that, media argues that their focus on celebrities is satisfying people’s desire.
第3句 Personally, I think such focus can bring advantages as well as disadvantages.
Or
This essay is going to analyze the reasons behind this focus and present my opinion regarding it.
由上面的分类我们可以发现开头的三句话可以正好完成所有的 Do’s 并且避免所有的 Don’t。

同样，结尾段也有着自己的 Do’s & Don’t：
根据上述 Do’s Don’ts 的结尾的特

点，我们总结上文中的论点重复开头也可以得到
相应的五强调自己的观点加入新的论点大类作文的
结尾公提出建议意见给出消极观点式：
49
PRR 类
题目要求：给出问题产生的原因；给出解决的方法和建议
第1句总结上述的问题产生原因
第2句总结上述的问题解决方法
第3句提出意见建议
例子：
Most parts of the world, the volume of traffic is growing at an alarming rate. In the form of an assignment,
discuss about the main traffic problems in your country, their causes and possible solutions.
第1句 In conclusion, accident and traffic congestion might be the two major traffic problems in my country.
第2句 Severe fine and education could be some of the approaches to solving it.
第3句 Only through integrating such methods can we efficiently solve traffic problem.
同意不同意类（Agree or Disagree)
题目要求：通过正反论证给出自己的观点
第1句让步肯定题干观点合理的部分
第2句反差表达自己的观点
第3句针对题目提出意见建议
例子：
Major airlines worldwide are increasing their airfare. In your opinion, do you think they should or should
not raise the airfare?
第1句 In conclusion, major airlines do seems to have their groud for charging higher airfare.
第2句 However, I believe they should take into consideration the concerns of passengers.
第3句 Only if a balance between the two parties can be achieved, can such proposal bring us more pleasure rather than
pressure.
观点比较选择类（Compare A and B)
题目要求：通过比较两个观点各自的合理之处，最后给出自己的倾向选择
第1句肯定两个观点都有可取之处
第2句给出自己的观点
例子：
Many people think music is an important role in society, others, however others believe music is just simply
a form of entertainment for individuals. What is your opinion?
第1句 To sum up, although it is evident that music serves importance social role, those who believe it should stay pure
entertainment could also be supported.
第2句 Personally, I think music can well balance between being informative as well as being entertaining.
第3句 Only through integrating the two idea can music bring us more pleasure rather than pressure.
说明描述类 (Description)
50
第1句总结第一大类的描述
第2句总结第二大类的描述
第3句提出自己的意见建议
例子：
As most people spend a majority part of their adult life in work. Job satisfaction is an important part of
individual well-being. What are the factors contribute to the job satisfaction?
第1句 To sum up, unfortunately there are indeed many people work to feed their hunger for money.
第2句 Still we can see many others are working towards a sense of achievement and fulfillment of interest.
第3句 Only through analyzing individual case can we identify the key factors contributing to one’s job satisfaction.
复合类（Combination)
题目要求：根据不同问号的要求相应作答
第1句总结第一个问号
第2句总结第二个问号
例子
Media are having more and more interest in celebrities and their life. Why are they so interested about
celebrities? What is your opinion about on this focus?
第1句 In conclusion, people's thirst for news about celebrities is the major reason why media is interested in them.
第2句 Personally, I think media should not go too deep into lives of celebrities.
第3句 Only if celebrities' human right is protected can they better play their role in society.
到现在为止，我们已经将一个雅思写作大作文的题目剥丝抽茧，从题干的划分，到观点的整理，然后到
段落的成型，再到段内观点的论述，最后是开头和结尾一一切开。更重要的是，这 21 句话的结构可适应
于所有的大作文题目。只要大家能够将下面的层叠结构熟练掌握就可以快速进入遣词造句。
题干
针对切入点一分为二
根据拓展出的观点分成三段
每段一个观点：观点－解释－例子－回顾
第四单元 Lexical Resource & Grammatical Range and Accuracy

本单元我们着手来给文章的骨架填上血肉。因为有了上面的万用 21 句结构，所以我们可以把词汇和句子
的整理积累工作细化到每一句该用什么样的词汇和什么样的句式。这样的词汇和句式在以后的写作中可
51
以通用到几乎任何一篇文章的 21 句结构所对应的句子位置。在这个单元里，笔者附上了 09 年全年学术
类大作文的范文和讲解。每一篇范文都是按照 21 句，3-5-5-5-3 的结构来谋篇布局。通过精读本单元里的
范文，希望大家能够完成下面的几个目的：
1.熟练结构：希望大家能够画出每一篇范文的结构图。通过这个练习大家不尽能够更好的掌握每篇文章
的结构思路，同时也可以提高自己写作时谋篇布局的速度和准确度。大作文速度的提高实际到了最后就
取决于大家是否能够灵活的将这些树状结构图进行相互组合，挪用套用。
2.词汇语法：笔者将每篇范文中所用的妙词妙句都做有详细的批注。并且为了提高大家对这写高频词汇
句型的熟悉程度，笔者将这批词汇句型套用传承在尽量多的范文当中。通过阅读范文，大家就不难发现
一些表达形式和句式的重复出现。希望大家能够通过累计这些重复出现迅速提高自己对这些表达形式的
熟练程度。
3.套句使用：因为有了既定的结构，所以原则上来讲同一种题型的同一个位置的两句话其功能性是相同
的，那么这两句话的表达形式也就可以是相通的。希望大家能够在阅读范文的时候进行“横读练习”，既
比对阅读几篇同类型文章同一位置的几句话，通过比照其相似点直观的掌握“套用”的原理和过程。从而
能够在自己的写作过程中，“套用”出自己的文章。
Commented [汤1]: It is no doubt that..常用套句
学术类大作文范文解析 Commented [汤2]: 背景句开头引入题目
Task 2：Some people believe that a range of technology increased gaps between rich people and poor people, Commented [汤3]: Lighter and cheaper，简单地道的表述
来描述科技的发展方向，间接切入科技对贫富差距的影
but other people believed it has opposite effects. Please discuss both views and give out you opinions. 响。
这是典型的观点比较选择类的题目： Commented [汤4]: Despite 为介词，直接接名词做介词

短语使用，直译为尽管.......。适用于观点比较选择类或
观点 A：科技增加了贫富差距同意不同意类开头段第二句话，用来让步引出两个相反
观点或者不同观点。如 Despite A, B. 或者 Despite of the
观点 B：科技缩小了贫富差距 fact that A, B 等
Commented [汤5]: Fanatic, 狂热者

范文如下：
Commented [汤6]: 插入语，就算不是很多人，也有一些
It is no doubt that technology is developing rapidly towards lighter and cheaper. 人
毫无疑问科技正迅速地朝着更轻便更便宜的方向发展。 Commented [汤7]: 科技带来的魔法
Despite technology fanatics, some, if not many, believe the magic promised by certain technology is actually Commented [汤8]: 直译为撕开，此译为扩大，形象动词
短语替代 enlarge, extend 等，为词汇妙用
tearing up the gap between the financially advantaged and the disadvantaged.
Commented [汤9]: 直译为财力上占优势或劣势的人群，
尽管有着一些科技狂热者，也有一些人（如果不是很多人）相信科技带来的魔法实际上是在拉大贫富之既富人或者穷人。为词汇妙用，替换老套的 the rich or
the poor.
间的差距。 Commented [汤10]: 强调文章严格遵守题目要求进行了
比较
Through comparison, I believe with enough caution and awareness we could all better enjoy modern technology.
Commented [汤11]: 有了足够的认识和谨慎
通过比较，我相信有了足够地谨慎和意识，我们都可以更好地享受现代科技。
Commented [汤12]: Enjoy 在这里的使用替代了 benefit
from，后者过于常见，不能体现作者写作时的心情。
52
Indeed, in the short term certain technology could, unfortunately, draw a deeper line between the rich and poor. Commented [汤13]: Unfortunately, 副词，译为，很不幸
的确，从短期来说，很不幸得的是，一些科技确可以加大富裕国家和贫穷国家之间的差距。
Commented [汤14]: 主题句，体现观点 A 的确有合理之
This can be particularly obvious on a worldwide level. 处。强调从短期效果来看
这在世界范围层面上尤其明显。 Commented [汤15]: Draw a line between A and B, 习语，

译为区别 A 和 B,这里改写使用，用形容词比较级 deeper
Less technologically advanced countries needs to buy patterns and intellectual properties from the more advanced 来体现题目中贫富差距“变大”的概念。使用 the rich and
poor 防止表达的重复，同时作为主题句不宜过长冗赘，
ones, these could easily add up to a monstrous bill that widens the gap. 短小有力为上。
科技欠发达的国家需要从较发达国家购买专利和知识产权，这些加起来很容易就会变成一张骇人的账单， Commented [汤16]: 简单句做论点句，并且将论点引到

世界层面具体讨论。 ...
加大贫富差距。
Commented [汤17]: 科技上欠发达的国家
The well-know anti-HIV ‘cocktail’ therapy could be an appalling example.
Commented [汤18]: Patterns,专利，intellectual properties,
...
众所周知的抗艾滋病鸡尾酒疗法就是可以是一个令人震惊的例子。 Commented [汤19]: monstrous，怪物般的，吓人的
Greedy drug companies have been making filthy money by ripping or killing poor countries cursed by the terrible Commented [汤20]: bill,账单，词汇妙用，喻费用成本，
...
disease. Commented [汤21]: 解释上述第一个论点，因为要买专...
贪婪的制药公司一直在赚着肮脏的钱, 他们在敲诈着那些被这可怕的疾病诅咒的国家，或是把他们杀掉。 Commented [汤22]: Anti-HIV，抗艾滋病;cocktail therapy

...
Commented [汤23]: Appalling，吓人的，令人震惊的
Commented [汤24]: 简单句引出大家都较了解的例子，...

For those countries with abundant natural resources but crippled technology this could also be a nightmare of the
Commented [汤25]: Greedy,贪婪的
same kind
Commented [汤26]: drug company,可以替换为 ...
对于那些有着丰富自然资源但是科技上欠发达的国家，这也有可能成为一个同样的噩梦。
Commented [汤27]: filthy money,肮脏的钱
As these countries might not have the proper technology to exploit their own natural resources, they might have
Commented [汤28]: 敲诈或者杀掉
to surrender a significant part of their own treasure of nature to those who come to exploit them.
Commented [汤29]: Curse，诅咒，cursed by，动词被动
...
由于这些国家可能没有适当的科技去开发他们自己的自然资源，他们有可能必须要将自己的自然宝藏中 Commented [汤30]: Abundant,丰富的
的很大一部分献给那些来开发这些资源的人。 Commented [汤31]: crippled，跛脚的，这里指欠发展的
The black gold should serve those underserved African people. Commented [汤32]: nightmare,噩梦;Of the same kind, 同
...
那些黑色的金子应该造福于那些没有得到服务的非洲人民 Commented [汤33]: surrender 投降，surrender sth to sb,给

...
Commented [汤34]: 自然的宝藏，喻自然资源。
Ironically, this oil has been used to help those wealthy westerners become even wealthier.
Commented [汤35]: 一语双关，因为 exploit 可以取义开
...
讽刺的是，这些油一直被用来帮助那些富裕的西方人变得更加富裕。
Commented [汤36]: The black gold，喻石油
For those who hate technology, as mentioned above, their feelings should be supported.
Commented [汤37]: 造福于那些没有被服务到的人
如上所述，对于那些痛恨科技的人，他们的感受应该得到支持。
Commented [汤38]: Ironically，有讽刺意义得
Commented [汤39]: wealthy,富裕的，避免 rich 的重复，

...
In spite of the fact that the early stage of technology development might seems dark, let not forget it also be able Commented [汤40]: 段落小结
to help shrink the gap. Commented [汤41]: In spite of the fact that 的使用替换了
...
尽管科技发展的早期阶段看起来有些黑暗，不要忘记它也有能力帮助缩小这种差距。 Commented [汤42]: Shrink，直译缩水，此译缩小。定...
The development of transportation technology has already benefited many developing countries. Commented [汤43]: 转折句引出观点 B 也是有道理
Commented [汤44]: 支持观点 B 的论点

53
交通运输科技的发展已经造福了很多发展中国家 Commented [汤45]: Defeat,直译战胜，此译克服
With advanced methods of transportation, some developing countries could defeat being geographically isolated Commented [汤46]: geographically isolated，地理位置上
被孤立的
and have a better taste the perk of global economy.
Commented [汤47]: perk,额外的好处，同 tips
有了发达的交通运输方式，一些发展中国家可以不再畏惧地理上的孤立化并且可以更好的体验全球经济 Commented [汤48]: 解释上述论点
的好处。 Commented [汤49]: could be a fine example of this, 避免
了使用字数少，机械化，重复性强的 for example, for
Certain tourism countries could be a fine example of this. instance 等
一些旅游国家就可以个是很好的例子。 Commented [汤50]: 使用熟知的例子来证明论点
Low-cost and reliable modern transportation methods have brought them many tourists as well as foreign currency. Commented [汤51]: 外汇，喻财富或经济的发展
低成本又可靠的现代交通运输方式给他们带来了很多游客和外汇。 Commented [汤52]: 例子回证
Commented [汤53]: fairly distributed,合理分配
Commented [汤54]: Gulf,海湾，例如波斯湾（the Persian

To sum up, technology, if not fairly distributed, could turn the gap into the gulf. Gulf）
，在这里使用谐音前面的 gap,体现差距扩大，从沟
壑变成了海湾
综上所述，如果不能够公平分配，科技会使得这沟壑变成海湾。
Commented [汤55]: 总结句可定观点 A 的合理之处
While myself still believe technology itself could greatly help the poor if well adopted and adapted.
Commented [汤56]: Adopt and adapt,采用并且改良，实
但我自己依然相信如果能够被很好的采用并改良的话，科技本身可以大大地帮助贫困人口。际等于 use，取之好好使用的意思。谐音押韵，为词汇的
妙用。
To bridge the economic gap, we have the ability as well as the responsibility to make use of technology for the
sake of all. Commented [汤57]: 表达自己的观点，支持更加积极向
上的观点 B.
要缩小经济上的差异，我们有能力且有责任让科技服务于所有的人。
Commented [汤58]: Bridge the gap between A and B，缩
小 A 和 B 之间的差距
Task 2: Students at school and university learn far more from lessons with their teachers than other sources (for
Commented [汤59]: Have the ability as well as the
example, internet and television). To what extent do you agree or disagree? responsibility，有能力且有责任
典型的同意不同意类题目-A>B 型 Commented [汤60]: 提出倡议，升华文章主旨
既：是否同意学生在学校从老师上课学的比从其他来源（如网络或电视）学的多得多。 Commented [汤61]: Make use of sth for the sake of all,让...
服务于所有人。
A:从老师上课来学习 B:从其他媒体来学习
切题标准：A/B 都很有效，不能简单说一个就比另一个好，所以不同意。 Commented [汤62]: Online access，线上使用
Till 2009, MIT Open Courseware has published nearly 2,000 courses for online access all over the world. Commented [汤63]: 具体实例开头，更加生动的引入话
题，吸引读者。
到 2009 年为止，麻省理工学院开放式课件总共发表了近两千个课程让大家可以在全球范围内免费通过
Commented [汤64]: Despite 的使用同上一篇文章，用来
互联网获得。引出一方观点
Commented [汤65]: Many, if not most, still believe 就算不

Despite this, many, if not most, still believe the traditional chalking and talking still have unchallenged advantages 是大多数人，也有很多人相信，这里使用了插入语体现
over other media sources in education. 主体的程度。同上一篇中的 some, if not many, believe
Commented [汤66]: Chalking and talking,习语表达，

尽管如此，还是有很多人（如果不是大多数人的话 ) 相信在教育中，传统的老师教学方式与比其他媒 chalk 直译为粉笔，这里指传统的老师一边用粉笔写字一
边讲课的授课方式。可泛用指传统教学方式。为词汇妙 ...
介来源相比，有着不可挑战的优势。
Commented [汤67]: Hold its ground，立场站的住
I believe such argument might not be able to hold its ground.
Commented [汤68]: 因所有此类的题目表态都是无法同...
54
我个人相信此种论断可能无法站得住。
Commented [汤69]: 不可否认得，常用本位置的开头方
式，直接形成复合句
It is undeniable that lectures have been and are still going to be an important part in education. Commented [汤70]: Have been and are still going to be 曾
经一直是并依然将会是，后接名词搭配做宾语或形容词
不可否认，讲座式授课一直以来都是，并且也依然将会是教育的一个重要部分。搭配作表语
Compared with other sources, teachers can achieve better simultaneous interaction with students in a classroom. Commented [汤71]: 主题句引出观点 A 的合理之处
Commented [汤72]: Achieve，得到，达到

与其他来源相比，老师在教室里可以更好的达到和学生的即时互动。
Commented [汤73]: Simultaneous,即时的，同时的；
With strong interpersonal skills, teachers could comprehend students more efficiently and therefore could better Interaction，互动
adopt and adapt their teaching accordingly. Commented [汤74]: 使用简单的论点句引出论点
由于老师有很强的人际交往能力，他们可以更有效的了解学生并因此可以得更好的采用并改良相应的教 Commented [汤75]: Interpersonal skill,人际能力
学方法。 Commented [汤76]: Comprehend，理解，了解，等于

understand,属于高分词汇
Excellent lecturers can always maintain pleasant rapport with students while delivering contents.
Commented [汤77]: Adopt and adapt 的又一次使用，依
优秀的讲师总是能够在传递内容的同时和学生保持令人愉快的融洽关系。
然是表示更好的使用，同 use
Such rapport, in return, could help students to achieve higher learning effectiveness.
Commented [汤78]: Accordingly,相应得
作为交换，这种融洽关系可以帮助学生达到更好的学习效果。
Commented [汤79]: 因果关系展开解释上述论点
In spite of the fact that teachers have been proven an irreplaceable source in educating our younger, other sources Commented [汤80]: Maintain 保持
Pleasant 令人愉快的 ...
could also become a powerful teaching tool.
Commented [汤81]: 模糊例证来支持上述论点
尽管老师已经被证明是教育我们的年轻人所不可取代的源头，其他的源头也可以成为强大的教学工具。
Commented [汤82]: 使用了 such,有效地连接了上下文，
...
Multimedia can be the first advantage of media sources, such as TV, in education. Commented [汤83]: In return, 作为交换，体现与上述例
...
多媒体可以成为媒体源头在教育中（例如电视）的第一个优势。 Commented [汤84]: Higher 更高的，在这里替换重复出...
It can turn tedious teaching content into vivid and interesting material therefore better draw students' attention. Commented [汤85]: Learning effectiveness 学习效果，专
...
它可以将乏味的教学内容变成生动有趣的材料，因此可以更好的吸引学生注意力。 Commented [汤86]: 进一步解释例子如何能够回证到上...
For example, there are plenty of educational TV programs that are popular among schools, which is because they Commented [汤87]: Irreplaceable，不可取代的
have fully taken advantages of multimedia technology. Commented [汤88]: 转折句承上启下，将话题引入对观...
例如，有很多教学软件受到学校的欢迎。这正是因为他们全面利用了多媒体技术。 Commented [汤89]: 给出论点。使用了 AAA can be the...
Commented [汤90]: Tedious，乏味的
The Internet has also innovated the way teaching can be in modern life. Commented [汤91]: Turn sth into, 把某物变成某物
互联网也创新了现代生活中的教学方式。 Commented [汤92]: 因果关系解释上述观点
With the Internet, students could share teaching resources over the world freely. Commented [汤93]: 例证支持上述观点,模糊例证。
有了互联网，学生可以自由分享全世界的教学资源。 Commented [汤94]: 语法上使用了非限定性状语从句，...
Students can listen to lectures from Harvard or read articles from Cambridge and all of this shall thank to the Commented [汤95]: 并列结构，紧扣题干中的（for ...
Internet technology. Commented [汤96]: 进一步拓展解释上述论点 ...
学生可以听哈佛的讲座读剑桥的文章，所有这些都要感谢互联网科技。
Commented [汤97]: 所有这些都要感谢，常用套句，表...
Commented [汤98]: 使用具体事例例证上述论点。使用...

55
To sum up, I agree students can learn a lot from teachers in classroom. Commented [汤99]: 总结观点 A 的合理的地方。
综上所述，我同意学生能够在课堂上从老师那里学到很多。
Nevertheless, I found it far fetched to say this is simply the best source of education. Commented [汤100]: I found it far fetched to say that...我
觉得...的说法有些牵强。常用套句，可以在同类题干中
然而我觉得，简单的说这是最好的教育之源的说法有些牵强。通用
Other sources, as suggested here, could also bear significant educational value and shall not be understated. Commented [汤101]: 给出自己的观点：简单的论断 A>B
是牵强的
如这里所讲，其他的来源也可以有着重要的教育价值并且不应该被轻描淡写。
Commented [汤102]: As suggested here,如这里所讲，总
结性地呼应上文
Commented [汤103]: Bear，拥有
Commented [汤104]: Shall not be understated，不应该被

淡视。Understate,淡化，淡视，反义词为 overstate,夸
大，夸张
Task 2: People nowadays can choose any countries and anywhere to live and work, because of the improved
technology of communication and transport. Do advantages of this outweigh disadvantages?
这是典型的同意不同意，问号所在句直译为“其优点是否大于缺点？”。A>B 型。
由于通讯和交通运输科技的发展，人们现在刻意选择去任何国家或者任何地方生活和工作。其优点是否
大于缺点？
Commented [汤105]: Be used to doing sth/sth, 习惯于做
切题点为优缺点兼备，不能够简单的说优点就一定大于缺点，所以不同意。某事/某事
Commented [汤106]: 具体实例开头，生活形象化

Most oversea Chinese are already used to staying in contact with their families and friends in China via Skype or
Commented [汤107]: While 的使用将会非常常见，在后
MSN. 面的范文中会经常被用来引出一方观点
大部分的海外华人早已习惯了通过 Skype 或 MSN 与他们在中国的亲人朋友保持联系。 Commented [汤108]: 让步句子引出问题的两面性
While technology is making oversea living and working possible, this modern form of life sometimes could also Commented [汤109]: Dare not say，此译不敢说，属于间
接否定
cause small troubles.
Commented [汤110]: Optimal，最好的，最优的，可以用
当科技使得海外生活和工作成为了可能，这种现代的生活方式有时也会造成一些小麻烦。来替换 the best
Personally, I dare not say living or working overseas is always the optimal choice for all. Commented [汤111]: 使用 such 巧妙的连接上文中所描述
的出国工作和生活的趋势，同时又避免了重复
个人来讲，我不敢说海外生活或工作总是所有人的最好选择。
Commented [汤112]: 使用 no doubt 强调肯定语气
Commented [汤113]: 使用 exciting 使写作更生动，更容

易吸引考官。比起使用 beneficial 或者 advantage 等都有
For working professionals, such development no doubt could be exciting.
更好的效果
56
对于工作的专业人士来说，这种发展无疑是令人兴奋的。 Commented [汤114]: 使用 suggest 提现可能性而不是绝
对性
The possibilities of working overseas suggest more opportunities and better income.
Commented [汤115]: Domestic，国内的，室内的
海外工作的可能性意味着更多的机会和更好的收入。
Commented [汤116]: 使用，especially….可以做灵活的插
Compared to the limited domestic job market, especially in certain industries, a global view can match them with 入语，一来具体化范围，二来可以凑字数
more satisfactory position. Commented [汤117]: Headhunters，人力资源猎头
与有限的国内市场相比（尤其是某些行业），一个全球化的视野可以将他们找到更加令人满意的职位。 Commented [汤118]: Games，本意为游戏，这里随着前

面的 headhunters 一词取其另外一个意思为猎物
One good example of this is that headhunters are already looking for their games all over the world. Commented [汤119]: 使用 so 来衔接上文且避免重复
这方面的一个非常好的例子就是猎头们已经在全世界寻找他们的猎物。 Commented [汤120]: 使用 boost 的名词形式，取其意为
启动，推动
In doing so, they have helped many to achieve another boost in their career.
Commented [汤121]: Promising，有前途的有前景的
通过这么做，他们帮助很多人得到了事业上的又一次助燃。
Commented [汤122]: 依然使用虽然但是结构来承上启
下，引出另外的人群有另外的看法
In spite of the fact that for some this could mean better opportunities, for others, this might not seem to be so Commented [汤123]: 使用 headache 来替换 problem，使
写作更生动化、个性化，避免和其他考生的词汇撞车
promising.
Commented [汤124]: Tackle，处理，解决
尽管如上所述对于一些人这可以意味着更好的机会，对另外一些人来说，这可能不见得是有前景的。
Commented [汤125]: Overseas recruitment，海外招聘
Unemployment might be the first headache that many need to tackle. Commented [汤126]: Talents，人才，才能
失业有可能第一个很多人要面对的头疼的问题。 Commented [汤127]: Brutal，残忍的，不人道的，为词
汇妙用，避免词汇撞车
Due to overseas recruitment could also bring foreign talents to local job market and therefore the job competition
Commented [汤128]: 又一种替换 for example 的方式。
locally might become even more brutal. 且这种方式将套句部分放到了句子后部，避免了和 one
good example of this is that 形式上的重复。同时，使用
由于海外招聘也可能把外国人才带到本地就业市场，因此，本地的工作竞争也有可能变得更加残酷。 simplest 来形容例子，增加举例的生动性和个性。
Simplest 可以按照例子内容灵活换为其他形容词，如
Foreigner language teachers working in China could be the simplest example. fortunate，sad，fine，interesting 等
在中国工作的外国语言老师就可以是最简单的例子。 Commented [汤129]: ESL， English as a Second ...
The ever-increasing need for foreigner ESL teachers mirrors the fading away of Chinese ESL tutors in some Commented [汤130]: Mirror，本译为镜子（名词）
，此译
...
markets. Commented [汤131]: Fade away，慢慢的褪色淡去,凋 ...
对外籍英语教师的需求不断增加，这恰恰反映了中国籍英语老师在一些市场中的淡出。 Commented [汤132]: 用 on the other hand 替换 also，引...
Commented [汤133]: Seek，寻找，追寻
Commented [汤134]: Dilemma，进退两难的窘迫局面，

...
On the other hand, for those seeking living abroad, this could also be a dilemma.
Commented [汤135]: Evolve，进化，这里使用的是其形
...
从另外一个方面，对于那些追求在海外生活的人，这也可能是一个窘迫的局面。
Commented [汤136]: Conquer，攻克，征服 ...
Though the evolving technology has effectively conquered geographical barrier, cultural difference still persiss.
Commented [汤137]: Geographical barrier，地理障碍，...
虽然不断进化的科技已经有效得战胜了地理障碍，但文化差异依然存在。
Commented [汤138]: Persistent，持续的，长期存在的
Due to persistent difference between alien and local cultures, for many migrants it is not easy to blend into the Commented [汤139]: Alien，译为外来的，
（也是大家所...
mainstream. Commented [汤140]: Migrant，移民
由于长期存在的外来文化和本地文化之间的差异，对于很多移民来说要溶入主流并不容易。 Commented [汤141]: Blend into，溶入，blend 有搅拌的...
Commented [汤142]: Mainstream，主流

57
Recently it is not uncommon to see overseas Chinese returning homeland to live and work. Commented [汤143]: It is not uncommon to see 是比较通
用的双重否定表达肯定的方法，推荐使用。既体现写作
最近海外华人归国居住和工作的情况并不少见。技巧又凑字数
Besides the recent global recession, national identity is also an important reason calling them back. Commented [汤144]: Global recession，全球经济萧条，
引用时事，博取考官好感
除了最近的全球经济萧条之外，民族性也是一个呼唤着他们回来的非常重要的原因。
Commented [汤145]: National identity，民族学专业词
汇，直译为民族认同，值得是用来区别一个民族的独有
特征和归属感。可以简单的等同于民族特征
In conclusion, for some, being able to work or live anywhere could be a bless.
Commented [汤146]: Call them back，呼唤他们回来，写
综上所述，对于一些人来说，能够去任何地方工作或生活可以是一种祝福。作更加生动个性，加强与读者的沟通
But for others, this could bring them more unexpected concerns. Commented [汤147]: Bless，祝福，幸福，可做动词或名
词使用，反义词对应 curse(诅咒)
但对于其他人来说，这也会给他们带来意想不到的担忧。
Commented [汤148]: 总结对于某个人群，题中观点有可
Only through considering a certain case can we say whether the advantages can triumph over the disadvantages. 能是好的。
只有考虑某一个具体事例的时候我们才能够说优点是否胜过缺点。 Commented [汤149]: Concerns，担忧，顾虑
Commented [汤150]: 总结个人看法，对于另外某个人

群，题中观点则有可能是坏的
Commented [汤151]: Triumph，胜利，这里用作动词，

triumph over 译作胜过，替换 outweigh，为高分词汇。
Commented [汤152]: 提出需要具体情况具体分析才能够

得出结论
Task 2 Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does not solve the poverty, so rich countries
should give other types of help to the poor countries rather than the financial aid. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
富裕国家经常给贫穷国家提供资助，但这没有解决贫穷问题。因此，富裕国家应该给予贫穷国家其他类
型的帮助而不是资助。你同意吗？
题干描述为典型的同意不同意类题目
秉承“让进来，打回去”的思路，这个题目的切题点为： Commented [汤153]: It is not uncommon to see,使用双重
否定强调肯定。强有力的开头
的确，其他的帮助方式应该鼓励，但是资助还是可以作为一种保留的方式。
Commented [汤154]: 背景句通过使用 from...to....体现问
题的广泛性，引出题干的主题
Commented [汤155]: 使用 nonetheless 替换 however，或

From Africa to the Middle East, it is not uncommon to see the work of international financial aid.
者不 but。体现词汇的复杂程度
从非洲到中东，我们不难发现国际资助的成就。 Commented [汤156]: 使用 curse（诅咒）
，生动描写所阐
述的问题，可以用来替换 problem,用来形容长期存在的
Nonetheless, poverty still remains a heavy curse on many of those being helped.
严重社会问题
然而，对于那些被帮助的很多国家，贫穷依然是一个沉重的诅咒。 Commented [汤157]: 表态同意，但是是有条件的同意。
既在保存资助的基础之上整合其他援助方式，而不是像
Personally I agree that other forms of aids should be integrated as well to better help them. 题目中所说完全否定资助。如前所述，此类题目的通病
就是过于绝对否定。这里的表态形式一语中的点破了题
个人来讲，我同意也应该整合其他形式的援助来更好的帮助他们。
目的逻辑漏洞，且表现的积极向上，有大局观。这里我
们没有简单的表达自己的认同与否，而是从发展的角度
来看如何去弊存利，如何去 agree to disagree(留同存疑)
integrate，整合，似 combine，但更强调优势结合
58
There is no doubt that diverse forms of aids are needed to combat poverty. Commented [汤158]: There is no doubt that,毫无疑问，等
于 undoubtedly，但是既多了字数又成了复合句。表强调
毫无疑问，要与贫困做斗争需要多样性的援助。肯定态度，为常用套句，推荐
Sharing development-friendly technology could be the first step to take. Commented [汤159]: …-friendly 本译为亲…型，如
environment-friendly（亲环境型）,water-friendly（亲水...
共享有利于发展的科技可以成为应该迈出的第一步。
Commented [汤160]: …could be the first step to take.替换
...
With the potential to convert effectively into productivity, such technology can trigger economic growth in a short
Commented [汤161]: Potential，潜力，潜在的，可做名
...
term.
Commented [汤162]: Convert into，转化成为
此类技术有着可以有效的转化成生产力的潜力，可以在短期内触发经济的增长。
Commented [汤163]: Productivity，生产力
Only if those least developed countries can healthily raise their own industries can they escape from relying on Commented [汤164]: Trigger，本译枪的扳机，此译为触
...
others. Commented [汤165]: Economic growth，经济增长
只有当那些最不发达国家能够健康地建立起自己的产业的时候，他们才能够脱离对其他国家的依赖。 Commented [汤166]: 专用搭配，简称 LDC
If not, however, they might be caught in the poverty trap where slow growth limits further investment and vice Commented [汤167]: 副词的使用可以让写作更加个性化
versa. Commented [汤168]: Only if… can sb do…典型的倒装句
Commented [汤169]: Escape，译为逃脱，写作更为生动

如若不然，他们便有可能被困在贫困陷阱中，增长的缓慢限制了进一步的投资，受限制的投资又放慢了
Commented [汤170]: 利用假设情况来例证，使用了条件
...
增长速度。
Commented [汤171]: The poverty trap,专用词汇，贫困陷
...
Commented [汤172]: Vice versa 直译为反之亦然，描述...
Another practical aids can be as simple as opening labor market to citizens of these countries.
Commented [汤173]: 利用反面假设来进一步例证，继续
...
另外一个可以采取的援助方式可以是很简单的，只要对这些国家得公民开放劳动市场就可以。 Commented [汤174]: 使用 another 来替换 secondly，
With them working overseas, their income level could be lifted and they might also become a major source of Commented [汤175]: 如。
。。般简单。可以替换之前的 ...
foreign currency for their countries. Commented [汤176]: 劳动力市场
但他们在海外工作的时候，他们的收入水平便能有所提高，并且他们也会成为他们国家的一个主要外汇 Commented [汤177]: 引出并列的第二种援助方法
来源。 Commented [汤178]: with sb doing sth, sb can do sth.可以

...
Commented [汤179]: foreign currency,外汇
Mexico could be used as an example of this type.
Commented [汤180]: 可以是一个很好的例子，用来替换
...
墨西哥就是一个很好的这样的例子。
Commented [汤181]: 使用大家熟悉的具体实例
With huge amount of Mexican working in the states, legally or illegally, they are sending back quite a stunning
Commented [汤182]: 使用插入语，体现文章的严谨性，
...
number of dollars back to homeland each year.
Commented [汤183]: stunning,令人惊奇的
随着大量的墨西哥人在美国合法或非法的打工，他们每年都在寄回惊人数量的美金到他们的祖国。 Commented [汤184]: 描述例子如何很好的回证观点
If labor market can be opened to these countries, not only the case of illegal immigrants could be ceased, Commented [汤185]: 使用 not only..but also…，可以
...
developed countries could also get bargain labor force. Commented [汤186]: Illegal immigrants,非法移民
如果劳力市场可以对这些国家开放的话，不仅仅非法移民的问题可以得到抑制，发达国家也可以得到廉 Commented [汤187]: Bargain 价廉物美的
价的劳动力。 Commented [汤188]: 反差回证和条件状物从句 ...
Commented [汤189]: 替换 although,可以用来凑字数，

...
In spite of the fact that international financial aids did not seem to be the miracle pill, it is still an indispensable Commented [汤190]: miracle pill,直译为奇迹药丸，喻可...
Commented [汤191]: indispensable，不可缺少的。系雅...

59
part in this war against poverty. Commented [汤192]: this war against poverty,这场对贫穷
的战争，是写作更生动
尽管国际资助看来并不能成为起死回生的灵丹妙药，但它依然是这场对抗贫穷的战争中不可缺少的一个
部分。
It prepares the social and economic infrastructure for future economic growth. Commented [汤193]: infrastructure，基本设施，同
foundation，basic facilities 等。常用词汇。
它为将来的经济增长做好社会和经济基础上的准备
Commented [汤194]: 使用简单扼要的主题句引起读者的
With this money, hospitals and schools could be built and the starved could be fed for the moment, subsequently, 兴趣和疑问，然后在下一句的解释拓展中答疑解惑。一
收一放，上下呼应。切忌观点句写的太过详细，导致解
they can have the possibility to develop local industry or to work overseas. 释拓展句无话可说
有了这笔钱，就可以建造医院和学校，并且暂时喂饱饥饿的人，然后，他们才能有可能去发展本地产业 Commented [汤195]: 依然是 with 表似乎因果关系的用
法
或者去海外工作。
Commented [汤196]: the starved,饥饿的人
UN has been urging donating countries all over the world to increase the ratio of their financial aids in the last
Commented [汤197]: 为了保持 and 前后的一致性，前后
few years. 都用了被动语态
在过去的几年，联合国一直在督促世界上的捐赠国增加他们资助的比例。 Commented [汤198]: for the moment,暂时的
Commented [汤199]: subsequently,随之，然后，可以替

This could well support the fact that financial aids are not to be replaced. 换 then，后者过于简单
这就可以很好的证明，资金援助助是不能够被取代的。 Commented [汤200]: urge sb to do sth，督促某人作某
事，高分词汇，替换 ask sb to do sth
Commented [汤201]: donate,捐赠，

In conclusion, multidimensional aids are needed to help a country fight against poverty
Commented [汤202]: ratio,比率
综上所述，要帮助一个国家与贫穷战斗，需要多面的援助方式。
Commented [汤203]: 使用指示代词避免重复上述例子，
Personally I cannot agree to the idea that financial aids are useless. 并且引出例子如何回证观点
个人来讲我不能够同意“资金援助是毫无用处”这种想法。 Commented [汤204]: multidimensional,多层的，多面

的，常用高分词汇，可以灵活使用来替换 different，
On the contrary, financial aids should be and have to be called for to better boost the effectiveness of other forms diverse，complex 或 complicated 等
of aids. Commented [汤205]: personally I cannot agree to the idea

that,常用搭配用来表态。既成复合句，又帮助凑字数
反之，资助应该并且必须要被号召鼓励，从而更好的提高其他援助形式的有效性。
Commented [汤206]: on the contrary, 反而言之。用
来提出高于题目的建议，强调资助的重要性，重申自己
的反对观点。
Commented [汤207]: Should and have to，应该而且必

须，常用表达形式用来强调应该作某事的必须性。
Commented [汤208]: Boost,推动，可作动词或名词使用
Commented [汤209]: Effectiveness，有效性，效果
60
TASK 2 Development in technology is causing environmental problems. Some people think that the solution is
for everyone to accept a simpler way of life, while others say that technology can solve these problems. Discuss
both views and give your opinion.
科技的发展造成了环境问题。一些人认为解决之道是要每一个人接受一种更简单的生活方式，然而其他
人说科技可以解决这些问题。讨论一下两个看法并且给出你的观点。
这个是科技与环保的题目，属于观点比较选择类的题目要求。观点 A 是回归简单来环保，观点 B 是使用
科技来环保。范文如下：
A carbon-neutral life has become not just a fashion but also a trend in many countries lately. Commented [汤210]: 炭中性生活，不产生炭排放
最近，在世界上炭中性的生活方式不仅仅是一种时尚，而是已经成为了一种趋势。 Commented [汤211]: 常用套句
While many regards a simpler way of life like this could save the planet, technology fanatic still believe science Commented [汤212]: 背景描述开头
and technology is the panacea in this. Commented [汤213]: technology fanatic,科技热衷者
Commented [汤214]: panacea,解决方法，万灵药

当很多人认为像这样的简单一点的生活方式可以拯救我们的星球的时候，科技的热衷者依然相信科技是
解决这个问题的万灵药。
Personally, I do not see the two options as mutually exclusive. Commented [汤215]: 常用表态套句
个人来讲，我不认为两个观点是互相排斥的。
There is no doubt that environmental salvation beckons for a simpler lifestyle. Commented [汤216]: 拯救环境
毫无疑问，拯救环境呼唤着更简单的生活方式。 Commented [汤217]: beckon for,呼唤，号召
On top of the list, such a lifestyle could dramatically relieve green house effect. Commented [汤218]: dramatically,戏剧化的，大大的
首先，这样的生活方式可以大大的减轻温室效应。 Commented [汤219]: relieve sth,减轻，舒缓
A modern lifestyle is featured with machines that generate high carbon emission, while a simpler lifestyle could Commented [汤220]: be featured with,
以。。为特点
avoid overreliance on machines and therefore, curtailing such emission.
Commented [汤221]: carbon emission,炭排放
一个现代的生活方式的标志就是产生高炭排放的机器，而更简单的生活方式可以避免对机器的过于依赖，
Commented [汤222]: overreliance,过度依靠
并因此减少此类排放。
Commented [汤223]: curtail,减少，缩减
One simple example can be avoiding unnecessary driving on a daily basis. Commented [汤224]: 常用举例套句
一个简单的例子就是避免日常的不必要的开车。 Commented [汤225]: on a daily basis,日常基础
Excessive driving emits redundant green house gases and walking could easily halve that problem or even lower. Commented [汤226]: excessive,过度的，过量的
过度的开车排放过剩的温室气体，而走路可以简单的将这个问题减半或甚至降到更低。 Commented [汤227]: redundant,多余的
Commented [汤228]: 常用套句
A simpler lifestyle could also directly truncate pollution on environment. Commented [汤229]: truncate,截断
一个更简单的生活方式也可以直接截断对环境的污染。
Commented [汤230]: eradicate,根除
To simplify one’s life is to eradicate rampant consumption and wastefulness, hence we could reduce what ends
Commented [汤231]: 疯狂的消耗和浪费
61
up in landfills. Commented [汤232]: landfill,垃圾堆，垃圾填埋处
要简化一个人的生活就是要根除疯狂的消耗和浪费，因此就可以减少被扔到垃圾堆里面的东西。
Consumers are brainwashed by media to constantly replace electrical appliances with the latest models. Commented [汤233]: be brainwashed by,被。
。洗脑
消费者被媒体洗了脑，不停地要把家里的电器更新换代。 Commented [汤234]: electrical appliances,家用电器
The old ones are then abandoned somewhere and they might need hundreds of years to degrade. Commented [汤235]: abandon,抛弃
旧的电器然后就被抛弃到某个地方，要花费数百年的时间让他们降解。 Commented [汤236]: degrade,降解
These reasons above are all supporting the pursuit of simplicity in life. Commented [汤237]: 对简单的追求
上述这些原因都在支持对简约生活的追求。
Despite the fact that a simpler lifestyle can indeed solve environmental problems, let not deny that technology Commented [汤238]: 不要否认；常用套句
could also be utilized to facilitate the progress. Commented [汤239]: be utilized to facilitate,被用来帮助
尽管一个更加简单的生活方式的确可以解决环境问题，我们也不该否认科技也可以被用来来协助这个过 Commented [汤240]: 承上启下引出另一个观点
程。
Technology promised human race more powerful tools in tackling such problems.
在处理这类问题上，科技允诺了人类以更多强大的工具。
The advancement of technology extend the boundary of our ability hence we can make more impossible possible. Commented [汤241]: 延伸了我们能力的界限
科技的进步延伸了人类能力的界限，因此我们可以让更多的不可能变成可能。 Commented [汤242]: 将很多不可能变成了可能
The development in alternative energy could be an optimistic example. Commented [汤243]: 可以是个令人乐观的例子
可替换能源的发展就是一个让人乐观的例子。
Through promoting clean and sustainable energy, a simpler lifestyle could also enjoy the convenience of Commented [汤244]: 清洁的可持续的能源
technology and automation while not damaging the environment. Commented [汤245]: 科技和自动化
通过推广清洁的可持续的能源，简单的生活方式中也可以享受科技和自动化带来的便捷而不伤害环境。
To sum up, I do agree returning to simplicity in life could be the simplest and most effective way for every single
person to save the planet.
综上所述，我的确同意，对每一个人来说，生活中回归简单可以是最简单而且最有效的拯救我们星球的
方法。
Commented [汤246]: weapon,武器
However, technology could also be our powerful weapon in fighting dreadful environment problems.
Commented [汤247]: be our weapon in fighting…成为我们
然而，科技也可以成为我们与可怕的环境问题作斗争的强大的武器。与。。。作斗争的武器；常用套句
Only through integrating the two, instead of alienating them, could we achieve the victory sooner. Commented [汤248]: dreadful,可怕的
只有通过整合两者，而不是分化两者，我们才能更早得到胜利。 Commented [汤249]: 两段表态
Commented [汤250]: instead of,而不是
Commented [汤251]: victory,胜利

62
TASK 2 Some think that these environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve, while others think
that individuals can take some action. What is your opinion?
一些人认为这些环境问题对于个人来说太大，无法解决；其他人说个人是可以采取一些行动的。你的观
点是什么？
Commented [汤252]: Carbon neutral life,专用词汇，无炭
典型的观点比较选择类的题目，为旧体变形。旧题为生活，既生活中尽量不要产生炭基的污染物。
Some people believe that it should be the government and business organization to be responsible for Commented [汤253]: 不仅是时尚而是一种趋势，常用搭
配，体现现象的普遍性和时效性
environmental protection and individuals cannot do much about it. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Commented [汤254]: 背景描述开头来引出话题
此类题目的切题点通用，既观点 A（环境问题对于个人来说太大）和观点 B（个人还是能够采取一些行
Commented [汤255]: despite that, 尽管那样，常用在此
动）都有一定道理。范文如下：位置让步引出另外一个观点。推荐套句，以后会经常见
到，注意积累。
Living a carbon neutral life is becoming not only a fashion but also a trend for modern people in some countries.
Commented [汤256]: Concerns,顾虑，担忧，常用词汇。
对于某些国家的现代人来说，过无炭生活已经不再仅仅是一种时尚，而是正在成为一种趋势。很多人之所以持反对意见只是因为有自己的顾虑，且其
顾虑是有道理的，所以应该被考率在内。
Despite that, many people still see environmental problem too big for individuals to handle.
Commented [汤257]: 拯救我们的星球，使用生动表达的
尽管如此，很多人依然认为环境问题过于庞大，个人无法应付。方法来避免一直重复 protect environment
Though their concerns could be understood, I still believe individuals are the key to saving our planet. Commented [汤258]: 让步描述并且表态
Commented [汤259]: pessimist, 悲观主义者

虽然他们的顾虑可以理解，我依然相信个体是拯救我们星球的关键。
Commented [汤260]: easily,使用副词增加写作的个性。
Commented [汤261]: Scare them away,把他们吓走，生动

For those pessimists, the scale of environmental problems could easily scare them away. 的表达有些人不敢支持。
对于那些悲观者，环境问题的程度会很容易把他们吓跑。 Commented [汤262]: 通过界定人群来引出一方观点
Their first concern might be that they do not have the money to make a change. Commented [汤263]: 第一个顾虑有可能是,常用套句用
来引出反对观点。因有顾虑所以反对。
他们的第一个顾虑有可能是觉得他们没有足够的钱去改变什么。
Commented [汤264]: Make a change=make a
Since media inputs are suggesting, unintentionally, to build an environment-saving program might need millions difference,译为做出改变，喻产生影响
Commented [汤265]: Unintentionally,无意得

of dollars, they simply feel that their donation seems to be powerless.
Commented [汤266]: Simply,使用副词体现个性，此译为
因为媒体的灌输无意中在暗示着建造一个拯救环境的项目需要数百万元，他们实在感觉他们的捐赠是毫 “实在是”
无用处的。 Commented [汤267]: Celebrity,名流，名人，替换 famous

person
When seeing those celebrities writing checks to environment organization, they might subconsciously feel that
Commented [汤268]: Write check to sb,开支票给某人，
this is not their business. 此喻捐钱给某人
当看到那些名流名士给环境组织捐钱的时候，他们有可能下意识的感觉这不关他们的事。 Commented [汤269]: Subconsciously,潜意识上得
Feeling so powerless, they might consequently choose to step down and watch. Commented [汤270]: Consequently, 最终
Commented [汤271]: Step down 走下来，让位,此喻退

感到如此的无力，他们有可能最终选择退出，并且观望。
出。
Commented [汤272]: 为了避免与上一段观点句结构重

复，这里用物做主语，而不是以人做主语。并列两段的
Time might be another perspective that they looked at when deciding no to do anything.
观点句都应尽量做这种处理。
当他们决定什么也不做的时候，时间有可能是他们所考量的另外一个方面。 Commented [汤273]: Perspective=aspect，译为方面，层
面
63
Subjectively, they might think only after a long period of time can environment really be improved. Commented [汤274]: Subjectively,主管来说，常用在 PRR
类的题目。
主观来说，他们有可能认为只有在很长一段时间之后环境才能真正得被改善。
Commented [汤275]: 使用倒装句
Compared with their own short but heavily packed life on earth, they might feel pointless in trying to make any
Commented [汤276]: 直译为严重塞满的人生，此喻忙碌
change. 的人生
与他们自己在世上那短暂且忙碌的生命相比，他们可能觉得尝试做出改变是没有任何意义的。
They could have planted a tree in their backyard and watched it grow. Commented [汤277]: could have done sth，表示本可
以作某事但是没有做，为虚拟语气
他们本可以在自己的后院里种一棵树并看着它长大。
Commented [汤278]: 假设例证
However, they might feel it is too long to wait or one single tree could make no difference then why bother do it.
然而，他们有可能觉得时间太久而无法等待，或者一个树本身也改变不了什么，那么干嘛还要这么麻烦 Commented [汤279]: why bother do it 何必费心去做
呢。
In spite of the fact that such pessimistic feelings could be understood, let this not be the excuse to surrender our Commented [汤280]: 转折套句再现，替换 although
responsibilities. Commented [汤281]: let this not be，让这不要成为.
尽管这种悲观想法可以被理解，不要让这成为逃避我们责任的借口。 Commented [汤282]: surrender,直译投降，此译放弃，

替换 give up。高分词汇，推荐使用。
Every single person has the abilities as well as the responsibilities to save the environment.
Commented [汤283]: 有责任且有义务去作某事，等于
每一个人都有责任且有义务去拯救环境。 could and should do sth,英文经典搭配，常用高分词
汇，推荐！
With everyone on the same line to protect the green in our life, this power could easily build up stunning dynamic.
Commented [汤284]: On the same line,直译在同一条线
当每一个人都在一起去保护我们生活中的绿色的时候，很容易这股力量就能汇聚成令人震惊的动力。上，此译在一起
Commented [汤285]: The green,绿色，此喻环境

If everyone started to donate even a single cent to environment program, it can still add up to millions.
Commented [汤286]: Stunning,惊人的，前面出现过
如果每个人开始捐助给环境项目即使只是一分钱，它也可以累积到数百万。
Commented [汤287]: Dynamic,动态，动力，可作名词或
If we do not start today, then it would be our children to suffer the consequence. 形容词，可以用来替换 power。推荐使用
如果我们不从今天开始，那么承受后果的将会是我们的孩子。 Commented [汤288]: 使用 Even a single 来强调一分钱的

渺小，体现写作技巧。
Commented [汤289]: 假设例证，条件状语从句

To sum up, we have pessimists as well as optimists along the cause of saving the environment.
Commented [汤290]: Suffer the consequence,承受后果。
综上所述，在拯救环境的事业上我们有悲观的人也有乐观的人。常用表达形式，推荐。
Personally, I believe every one can start doing so from their daily life. Commented [汤291]: 反差回证，条件状语从句
Commented [汤292]: Pessimist,悲观人士，optimist，乐

个人来说，我相信每一个人可以从他们的日常生活开始这么做。观人士
Only through this can environment problems be solved efficiently. Commented [汤293]: Cause,此译为目标，理想,事业
只有通过这样，环境问题才可以被有效的解决。 Commented [汤294]: Only through this, can sb do sth，只

有通过这个，某人才能做某事。常用倒装句套句。
64
TASK 2 Some people believe that improve public health should increase the number of sports facilities, others
believe that it has little effects and need other measures to improve it. Discuss both opinions and present your
own.
一些人认为改善公共健康应该增加体育运动设施的数量，其他人认为这没有什么效果，需要其他的方法
来改善公共健康。讨论两个观点并且给出自己的看法。
典型的观点比较选择类的题目。切题方法同上。观点 A（增加体育运动设施）和观点 B（采取其他方法）
都可以改善公共健康。让进来，打回去，我们可以得范文如下：
Lately, President Obama has just passed his new health care plan. Commented [汤295]: 使用时事为例，拉近考官距离
最近，奥巴马总统刚刚通过了他的新的医疗保障计划。
Regarding how to improve public health, infrastructure, such as hospitals or sports facilities, no longer remains Commented [汤296]: 从举例中点出题目
the sole area to be discussed. Commented [汤297]: no longer,不再是，体现问题的发展
变化
关于如何改善公众健康，基础设施（例如医院或运动设施）不再是被讨论的唯一领域。
Commented [汤298]: sole,唯一的
Personally, I believe new measures should be adopted and adapted to better secure public health.
Commented [汤299]: adopt and adapt,采纳并且改良，这
个人来说，我相信新的措施应该被采纳并改良，从而更好的确保公众健康。里是其被动语态的用法
Commented [汤300]: secure,确保
For those who are against building more sports facilities, they do have some even delicious idea. Commented [汤301]: 指出了单一人群，有利于进一步的
论证
对于那些反对建造更多运动设施的人，他们的确有些更诱人的想法。
Commented [汤302]: 用 delicious 来形容想法，充分体
They believe education could be a more crucial link in securing public health. 现词汇妙用，增加个性
他们相信教育可以成为确保公众健康的一个更加关键的环节。 Commented [汤303]: crucial link,关键的环节
Due to the fact that students could be better educated on healthy lifestyle, therefore, this could fundamentally Commented [汤304]: 等于 because。很多同学怀疑是否
可以用 because 之类的做句子开头，实际上是可以的。
improve public health from every single person. 如 Emily Dickinson 的著名诗句 "Because I could not
stop for Death—He kindly stopped for me."
由于学生可以得到关于健康生活方式的更好的教育，因此，这可以从基础上从每个人开始改善公众健康。
Commented [汤305]: 使用从句表示因果关系开头虽然有
During the latest H1N1/swine flu pandemic, schools at all levels are required to provide students knowledge about 些非正式，但依然是正确的形式。
how to avoid infection. Commented [汤306]: Fundamentally,基本上
在最近的猪流感疫情期间，各级学校都被要求提供学生关于如何避免感染的知识。 Commented [汤307]: H1N1/swine flu 猪流感,pandemic

本为流行病，此译为疫情。继续使用时事为例
Thanks to this, we can now control the monster to a certain extent.
Commented [汤308]: At all levels,各级或各层
正是受益于此，我们现在可以某种程度上控制这个怪物。
Commented [汤309]: Thanks to sth,受益于某物。常用表
达形式，多用于回证或者解释句
Environment protection also wins the hearts of those looking for another straw. Commented [汤310]: Trigger,同上，译为触发
环境保护也赢得了那些另寻希望的人的芳心。 Commented [汤311]: Severer,严重的
Since many diseases can be triggered by severer environmental pollution, hence, improving the environment can Commented [汤312]: Hence,因此，同 therefore,
thus,so 等
directly reduce the number of pollution-related diseases and improve public health as a whole.
Commented [汤313]: As a whole,从整体上，发音的时候
要小心，避免太快读错
65
因为严重环境污染可以触发很多疾病，因此，改善环境可以直接减少污染引起的疾病并且从整体上改善
公众健康。
It is not uncommon to see many cities over the world are moving heavy industries out and place them where has Commented [汤314]: 常用双种否定表肯定的形式，之前
的范文中多有出现
a lower population density.
Commented [汤315]: 使用地点状语从句
世界上的很多城市里都很常见将重工业搬出去到人口密度小的地方。
Commented [汤316]: population density,人口密度，
In doing so living environment would be greatly improved and public health would be better assured.
通过这么做，生活环境可以被大大改善并且公众健康可以被更好的确保。
With proposals like these, people are turning away from believing in building sports facilities. Commented [汤317]: proposal,提议，提案
有了像这样的提议，人们在逐渐离弃建造更多的运动设施的想法。 Commented [汤318]: turn away from,离开，这里指不再

相信
In spite of the fact that all the concepts suggested above no doubt needs to be taken, maintaining sports Commented [汤319]: 又见凑字句式
infrastructure is either something that shall be forgot. Commented [汤320]: 也不应能该被忘记，常用套句，推
荐。
尽管上面所建议的想法无疑是需要被采纳的，维护体育运动基础设施也不应该是被忘记的。
Its value weighs far more than providing people equipment when they want to exercise. Commented [汤321]: 某事的价值远远大于。
。。
它的价值远大于当人们想锻炼的时候给他们提供设备。
Commented [汤322]: …的迅速成长，常用套词，前面有
The mushrooming of sports facilities can well publicize the notion of regular physical exercise, which is a crucial 出现过
element of a healthy lifestyle. Commented [汤323]: publicize,宣传
Commented [汤324]: notion=idea,观点，想法

体育设施的迅速成长可以很好地宣传保持有规律的体育运动的观点，而这正是健康生活方式的一个关
Commented [汤325]: regular,有规律的，
键元素。
Commented [汤326]: 使用非限定性状语从句
For those who feel too busy to exercise, putting sports facilities at the tip of people’s hands can help them escape
Commented [汤327]: 固定到具体人群，使用模糊例证
no more and take up regular sports actively.
Commented [汤328]: put sth at the tip of sb’s hand,把某
对于那些觉得太忙而不能锻炼的人，提供运动设施到他们触手可得的地方可以帮助他们不再逃避并主动物放到某人触手可得的地方。常用套词，可以用来表达
让某人容易得到的意思。
开始规律性的运动。 Commented [汤329]: Escape,逃离，逃脱，此为词汇妙
用，体现写作的生动性
One good example of this can be that gym studios spring up in every major city worldwide and they are amazingly
Commented [汤330]: Do sth actively,主动作某事
welcomed.
Commented [汤331]: “举例常用从句套句”再现！
一个此类的好例子就是在世界上的每个主要城市，健身房不断涌现并且受到令人惊讶的欢迎。再次推荐！！
Commented [汤332]: Spring up,涌现
In conclusion, a multidimensional approach needs to be taken to improve public health. Commented [汤333]: Multidimensional,多面的，多维
的，常用高分词汇，前有见
综上所述，要改善公众健康需要采取一个多层面的方法。
Commented [汤334]: Cause, 这里取其“事业，目标”
Personally, I think building sports facilities are still essential in this cause. 的意思
个人来说，我认为建造运动设施在这个事业中依然是重要的。
Commented [汤335]: In the long run,从长期来说
In the long run, all measures needs to be integrated to achieve the most efficiency. Commented [汤336]: To achieve the most efficiency,从而
取得最大的效率
66
从长期角度来说，所有的方法都需要被整合从而才能得到最大的效率。
67
第五章雅思写作小作文
图表类作文的介绍和切题
与移民类相比，学术类小作文更加的多种多样.图表作文另外一种应用型文体，也是有着其规律性的.首
先，在雅思考试中常出现的图表作文共 8 大类，而各类图表的功能侧重也略有不同.这其中有描述数据
的：
1.线状图（单线，多线）：擅长表现变化趋势，横坐标是连续的时间项
2.柱状图（单柱，多柱）：擅长表现数值间的次序和不同
3.饼图（单图，多图）：擅长表示数值间的大小比例差异，以及局部数据和整体之间的关系
4.表格（单表，多表）：擅长表述多组数据，基本与柱状图类似
也有描述空间关系，前后顺序的：
5.比较图（地图，布局）：擅长表述空间上的变化
6.结构图：表述物体构成部分以及相互间的位置关系
7.流程图：表述过程的前后步骤顺序
当然，也有上述各种图表放在一起出现的时候：
8.组合图（多种图一起出现）：多图之间的比较
在 Task 1 中，考生被要求在短时间内通过筛选，将图表中最重要的点表达出来，而次要的信息点则可以
一笔带过或者忽略不写.对于广大考生来讲，图表作文的难点不在于词汇语法，因为区区 150 字的要
求，以及图表词汇的专业性使得词汇语法的准备变得并不困难.难的是，对于图表中这“重要信息点”的
界定和描述.
实际上所谓的重要信息点就是在图表中最明显最容易被辨认的图像数据特征.对于用来描述数据的图
表，“重要信息点”包括：
整体趋势(Overall trend)：多出现于线图，柱状图和表格，饼图不能够表到趋势，柱状图和表格若有连续
时间轴的话才可以观察趋势
相似相异(Similarities & Differences)：包括数值和趋势的相似相异；存在于线图（如曲线的交叉），柱状
图，表格和饼图.
最大最小(Maximum & Minimum)：数值上的极值，峰顶谷底.
趋势相反(Contrast)：当描述多线图的时候，各曲线之间的相反变化趋势
如果大家在分析一幅图的时候能够将上面的点抓出来进行描述的话，就可以满足数据描述的任务要求.
那是不是就把上述的数据罗列出来就可以了呢？根据官方评分标准，这种写法是非常之不可取的.
其实数据的写作和大作文的写作是一样的道理，需要首先用主题句给出自己的观点，然后用例子来支持
自己的观点.只不过，在图表作文种，主题句变成了上述“重要信息点”中的一点，而例子就是用来描述
这个点的数据.例如下面的这个来自剑 6 学术类第二套题目的例子：
The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England  between 1985 and 2000.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting  the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.
68
在上面的这个表格中，“重要信息点”包括：
整体趋势：平均每人每年走过的英里总数明显增多
相似相异：走路和骑自行车的数值变化不大.其他的交通方式所对应的数值变化较为明显
最大最小：开车在两年里都是对应最大的数值，1985 年出租车对应的数值和 2000 年自行车对应的数值
是最小的
趋势相反：步行，自行车和本地公车对应的数值变小了，其他的交通方式对应的数值都变大了.
根据上述的这些点，我们采取主题＋数据的形式进行两步走的描述，就可以得到下面的部分:
The overall distance traveled per person per year mirrored an obvious increase by all means of transportation.
(主题)
With 4740 miles in 1985, the number shot up to 6475 in 2000. (数据)
Comparing the data from two year, except the distance traveled by walking and bicycle showed no apparent
difference, other forms of transportation have all experienced dramatic change. (主题)
While other data changed significantly, the miles covered by walking and bicycle hovered around 250 and 40-
50 respectively.（数据）
In both years, car was apparently the most popular form of transportation. (主题)
People drove 3199 miles in 1985 and that number easily rocketed to 4806 miles in 2000. (数据)
The least favored form of transportation in 1985 was Taxi and that has title shifted to bicycle in 2000. (主题)
In 1985, distance per person per year covered by taxi only counted to 13 miles and averagely people only
traveled 41 miles by bicycle in 2000, the lowest in that year. (数据)
In contrast, it is interesting to see despite all other forms of transportation have been gaining popularity,
people traveled less by bicycle, walking and local bus. (主题)
The miles covered by these three forms of transportation dropped correspondingly from 55 to 41, 255 to 237,
and from 429 to 274.（数据）
“1＋1”结构：四种必备趋势表达形式：
1. ………., rising from …. to……(趋势＋动词 ing）
2. ………. It started with….and rose to（趋势＋另起一句）
3. ………, which rocketed from …. To…..（趋势＋which 从句）
4. ………..( from….to….). （趋势＋括号内数据）
如果我们在分析一下更多的图表范文的话，我们会发现更多类似的组成.归纳起来我们就可以得到下面的
开头结尾公式：
图表类小作文的开头：
总共有几个图，什么类型的图，图的特点，图的主题
图表类小作文的结尾：
图表体现的整体趋势和特征
综上所述，数据类图表的全文结构就应该是：
第一段：总共有几个图，什么类型的图，图的特点，图的主题
第二段：图中的趋势最值，相似相异和相反；如果有多图的话可以按照图的数量或其分组
分段.
结尾段：总结图表体现的整体趋势和特征
69
Sample
线状图：
The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.
Summarize the information by selecting ad reporting the main features, and make comparison where relevant.
There is a line chart/graph describing/depicting/illustrating the change of people’s preference for different kinds of meat
(chicken, beef, lamb and fish) in a European country over the period between 1979 and 2004.
In general, the consumption of lamb fell dramatically during the period (from 150 grams per person per week to barely over
50). Similarly, the consumption of beef also experienced steep drop during the same period, plunging from approximately 220
grams per person per week to just a little over 100. On the contrary/In contrast, people showed more favor for chicken between
1979 and 2004. In 1979, averagely one person consumed 150 grams of chicken per week and in 2004, that number easily spiraled
up to 250 grams per person per week. In comparison, however, it is interesting to see the consumption of fish remained rather
stable during this time, which hovered around 50 grams per person per week, despite a slight decrease. In 1979, fish remained
the least popular food for people in this country while beef ranked the most favored. In 2004, fish managed to hold its position
at the bottom, however, chicken has overtaken beef and become the most popular meat.
In overview, after decades of drastic change, chicken has become increasingly popular in this country.
饼图
The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
70
There are four pie charts describing proportion of units of electricity produced with different/varied/diverse fuels (coal, oil,
natural gas, hydro power and nuclear) in Australia and France in two years (1980 and 2000 respectively).
In general, the total production of electricity in Australia almost doubled from 1980 to 2000 (from 100 units to 170 units).
Similarly, electricity produced by coal also experienced sharp increase. Occupying half of the total production in 1980 (50 units),
its percentage rocketed to more than 3 quarters in 2000 (130 units). In contrast, however, the importance of natural gas and oil
in electricity production has dramatically diminished, felling from 20 units and 10 units respectively to merely/only 2 units in
2000.
In comparison, the total production in France also doubled over the two decades (from 90 units to 180). The most
significant/remarkable/obvious increase resided/resident with the proportion of nuclear power. It started with only 15 units in
1980 and the number soared up to 126 units in 2000, ranking the most important source of energy in France. Differently/It is
interesting to see that the proportion of electricity produced by coal and oil almost stayed unchanged over this period,
nonetheless, hydro power and natural gas both fell to be less significant/vital (from 5 and 25 respectively to 2)
In overview, remarkable increase in total production and changes of major energy source could be easily identified in both
countries.
柱状图
The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000.  You should
write at least 150 words.  You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
There is a bar chart describing the difference of people’s preference for diverse forms of transportation in an European
country in three years accordingly (1960, 1980 and 2000).
In 1960, bus was the most favored form of transportation for daily commuters, occupying approximately 38%. In sheer
constrast, car was the least popular one among people (around 6%). Similarly, car remained the least preferred form of
transportation/vehicle in 1980, despite a dramatic increase from consisting 7% to 21%. The percentage of commuters travelling
on tube recorded a similar percentage in this year (barely over 21%). The most popular forms of transportation went to public
transportation as train and bus (around 25%). In 2000, however, car has grown to be the most favored way to travel among
people. The percentage of people choosing cars consisted barely under 40%. On the contrary, few people were willing to
commute by bus (15%).
In overview, while private way to travel has become increasingly popular, fewer people would like to commute by public
transportation in 2000
The graphs below show the types of music albums purchased by people in Britain according  to sex and age. Write a report
for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
You should write at least 150 words. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
71
There are three bar charts showing the different percentage of purchase of three types of music (Pop, Rock and Classical music) by people of
different age groups and gender.
In general, it is obvious classical music is the least popular type of music among people, except for people aging above 45, who showed the
most interest in it on the contrary (20%). In contrast, people aged over 45 consist the smallest group purchasing Pop (10%) and Rock music (9%). For
the age group of 16-24,25-34 and 35-44, their percentage shows similarities regarding both type of music, which is around 28-30%. (With age group
25-34 occupying slightly higher percentage than the others)
Under all three music categories, males showed a stronger purchasing power than female, ranking around 30% in Pop and Rock and 10% in classical
music while the percentage of female purchasers reaches only 20% and 8% correspondingly.
Overall, as age climbs up, Pop and Rock music sells best among people between 16 and 34. However, people’s interest in these two categories
starts to fall after 35.Interest in classical music grows with time, despite being least favored by the age group 35-44.
表格
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the table below.
You should write at least 150 words.  You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
There is a table offering data on time spent on 6 forms of leisure activities (……) among different age groups( ).
In general, along people age, they tend not to participate in socializing with 4 peopl or more. Teenagers and 20 somethings
averagely spend 350 hours on socializing with a larger group. When they reached their 34s and 40s, that numbered
easily/dramatically dropped to only 50 hours and it halved to 25 hours when they get older (50s and 60s and 70+). Similarly,
group exercise and sports are also loosing their popularity as people get older (from 450 hours among teens to 50 hours among
50s). According to this table, when people aged over 60, they do not spend any time on such activities. In contrast, solitary
activities are gaining popularity as people age. Teens spend 150 hour per year on socializing with 4 or less people and when they
reach their 60s they spend averagely 200 hours on such activities. Among these 6 activities, people at all age groups spend most
time on watching TV/videos/watching Tv/video is always the most popular forms of preference. Teenagers and those over 70s
spend more than a thousand hours on this per year. For people at other age groups, watching tv/video also takes them around
600 hours per year. On the contrary, going to cinema is the least favored activity among all people. Even for teenagers, they only
72
spend 100 hours on going to cinema per year.
In overview, people at different age level tend to spend diverse amount of time on these activities.
结构图
There is a diagram illustrating the components of a device to obtain water from wilderness and how it works.
The device consists of two parts in general. On the top there is a pane and a plastic film. The plastic film is fixed onto the
plane by using four stones on each corner. The bottom part consist of a small container just beneath the plastic film , and some
plants around it. A larger container encompasses/holds these plants and supports the plane on top as well.
The whole process to get water can be described into 3 stages. To start with, the device is put under the sun so plants can emit
water in the form of gas. This gas goes up through the plastic film since it weighs lighter than air. In the second stage, this gas is
cooled down when it touches the plastic film and then it can be turned back into liquid. Finally, this water/liquid can drip down
through a slight opening in the center of the plastic film and directly into the container beneath it.
In overview, this is a simple but effective device to obtain water from nature.
流程图
There is a diagram illustrating the process to manufacture bricks for building purpose.
In general the whole process can be described as 3 stages. In the first stage, a disproportionate amount of clay is dug out
from earth by diggers. This clay is then broken into smaller chunks through a metal grid and then carried away by a roller. Sand
and water is added to enhance strength. By using a wire cutter or a mould, either solid bricks or hollow ones can be produced
accordingly. In the second stage, these bricks are put in a drying oven to dehydrate. The heating process after that starts from
200-980 c in a kiln to 870-1300 c, which is followed by 48- 72 hours of cooling down in a cooling chamber. The whole process
73
easily wraps up/finishes with packaging and delivering. These bricks would be readily packed and transported by trucks or lorries
to divers construction sites.
In overview, this is a simple but efficient process to produce bricks.
地图题
There are three diagrams illustrating the development of a town called Kelsby in 1760, 1980 and 2000 respectively.
In general, local population has experienced significant increase/boost during this period. Started from only 100 homes in
1760, local population easily doubled to 200 homes in 1980 and in 2000, the number soared up to 500 homes. Alongside the
booming of population, local road/transport system has also developed remarkably. In 1760, there was neither a bridge nor any
road in Kelsby. In 1980, a bridge was built/erected across the river to the west of this town and a road was also built/established
to connet the town to the bridge. Another new road was built/is expected to be built reaching to the south of Kelsby. In stark
contrast, the size of farm and forest shrinked drastically in this small town. In 1980, the size of farm and forest has already havled
their original/former/previous size and in 2000 none of them existed anymore. Interestingly, in 2000, more new facilities was
brought to Kelsby. New schools and sports fields were built to the south of Kelsby. A large area of wetlands for birds emerged to
the bottom left of school areas, sitting/locating/residing just near the river. A string of shops were also launched along the
riverside/right bank of the river.
In overview, Kelsby has developed dramatically into a more populated town.
74
2017 年学术类大作文真题
Art classes, like painting and drawing are as important as other subject, should be
compulsory subject in high school. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some cities have vehicle-free days, when private cars, trucks, motorcycles are banned in
the city center. Public transportations like buses, taxis and metros are advised. To what extent do you
think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
Somebody thinks job satisfaction is more important than job security, while others hold
the opposite view: job permanent is much more important. Discuss both views and give your own
opinion.
The best way for the government to solve traffic congestion is to provide free public
transport 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. Do you agree or disagree?
In modern society, ambition is more and more important. How important is ambition for
being successful in life? Is ambition a positive or negative characteristic?
Some people think that "vertical "City is the best, where people live and work in tall
buildings. Others think that "horizontal" City is better, where there is few tall buildings. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
Some people think the technology makes life complex, so we should make life simpler
without using the technology. Agree or disagree?
Some people want the government to spend more money looking for life on other
planets, while others think it is a waste of public money and there are many problems on the earth.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Most young people leave school with a negative attitude toward learning. Why do you
think this is happening? What can be done to encourage them to have a positive Attitude?
Children can learn effectively through watching TV. Therefore children should be
encouraged to watch TV regularly both at home and at school.
Some said teachers’ main role is to transmit the information. Nowadays students are
exposed to many kinds of information, so the role of the teacher will not work in modern education.
Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
In the past, knowledge were stored in books, now knowledge are stored in Internet, do
you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages
In many countries, people decide to have children at a later age than in the past? Why?
Do advantages of this development outweigh disadvantages?
75
In the past, people lived in the same place in their life. However, it is common that now
people change their place where they live several times during their life. What are the reasons for this?
Is it a positive or negative development?
17-4-22 Some people think advertising may have positive economic effects. Others t
hink it has negative social effects because individuals are not satisfied with w ho they are and what
they have. Discuss both views and give your own opini on.
17-4-29 Children find it difficult to concentrate on or pay attention to their study in

school. What are the reasons? How can we solve this problem?
17-5-6 Some people think that young people who commit serious crime should be
punished in the same way as adults. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
17-5-13 In some countries, it is possible for people to have a variety of food imported
from all over the world. To what extent do you think its benefits outweigh the drawbacks?
17-5-20 The government should control the amount of violence in films and on
television in order to decrease the level of violent crime in society. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
17-5-25 Detailed description of crimes on newspaper and TV can have bad

consequences on society, so this kind of information should be restricted on media. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this statement?
17-6-3 Living in big cities is bad for people’s health. To what extent do you agree or
disagree.
17-6-8 Some people think that all university students should study whatever they like.
Others believe that they should only be allowed to study subjects that will be useful in the future, such
as those related to science and technology.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
17-6-17 Some people think a country benefits a large proportion of young people
university educated. others think sending young people to universities lead to graduate
unemployment, discuss both views and your opinion.
17-6-24 government funding for universities should only be provided for top students.
all other fees should be collected from student fees and private sponsors, agree or not?
17-7-8 In parts of world, children have more freedom than they used have. Do you
think it is a positive or negative development?
17-7-15 Some people think parents should read or tell stories to children. Others think
parents needn’t do that as children can read books or watch TV, movies by themselves. Discuss both
views and give your own opinion.
76
17-7-20 More attention is paid to being “responsible tourists” in order to preserve the
cultural and environmental aspects of tourist places. However, some people think it is impossible to be
a “responsible tourist” in the society. To what extant do you agree or disagree?
17-7-29 In many cities, planners build shops, schools, offices and homes in specific
areas which may be separated from each other, do you think the advantages outweigh the
disadvantages?
17-8-3 Students in university education should develop specialist in one subject area
rather than develop a wider range of different subjects. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
17-8-12 Some groups of people are beneficial from modern communication

technology, but some of them think they are not beneficial from these. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
17-8-19 In recent years pressure on school and university students has been increasing
and they are pushed to work very hard from a young age. Do you think this is a positive or negative
development?
17-8-26 Full-time university students should spend a lot of time in studying, but it is
essential to be involved in other activities.To what extend do you agree or disagree?
17-9-9 Some people think that any money spent by the government in supporting
artist (such as painters, musicians and writers) should be spent on more important things.To what
extant do you agree or disagree?
17-9-16 An increasing number of people change their career and place of residence
several times in their lives.Is it a positive or negative development?
17-9-21 Some people think that governments should do more to make their citizens
have a healthy diet. Others, however, believe that individuals should be responsible for their own diet
and health.Discuss both views and give your own opinions.
17-9-30 In some countries, the widespread use of the Internet has given people more
freedom to work or study at home, instead of travelling to work or college. Do the advantages
outweigh disadvantages?
17-10-5 It is not necessary to travel to other places to learn about other cultures. We
can learn from books, films and internet. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
17-10-14 Some people believe the purpose of education is to prepare people to be useful
members for society. Others say that the purpose of education is to achieve personal ambitions.
77
17-10-21 Some people think young people are not suitable for important positions in the
government, while other people think it is a good idea for young people to take on these positions.
17-10-28 Nowadays, people can choose the place they live and work because of the
development of communication technology and transport. Do advantages outweigh disadvantages?
17-11-2 Some people believe that it is a good idea to continue to work at their old age.
Do you agree or disagree?
17-11-4 Some people say that the government should spend money on measures to save
languages that are used by few speakers, while others believe that it is a waste of financial resources.
17-11-11 Online shopping is now replacing shopping in store. Do you think it is a

negative or positive development?
17-11-25 As major cities around the world are growing fast and many problems occur.
What are the problems that young people live in cities are caused by continued growth? What
solutions do you suggest?
17-12-2 Too much money is spent in maintaining and repairing old buildings, some
people think that them should be knocked down and give way to the modern buildings. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
17-12-9 A rise in the standard of living in a country seems to only benefit cities than
rural areas. What problems might this difference cause? How might the problems be reduced?
17-12-14 In many countries, more and more men are staying at home to look after their
children when women work full-time.What are the reasons?Is it a positive or negative development?
17-12-16 Some people think that social networking sites have a huge negative impact on
both individual and society. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
78
IELTS Writing Task 1: checklist
Here's my preparation checklist for writing task 1.
 Know what the six types of question are (e.g. line graph...).
 Try several real test examples of each type.
 Practise paraphrasing the question to write introductions.
 Understand why we don't write a conclusion for task 1.
 Know how to write an 'overview', and what to include in this paragraph.
 Practise selecting key information, rather than describing everything.
 Be able to write good 'comparing' sentences.
 Be able to describe changes and trends (e.g. increase, decrease).
 Be able to use the passive to describe steps in a process.
IELTS Writing Task 1: the overview

A current examiner recently told me that the most common mistake in students' task 1
answers is that there is no overview.
So what makes a good overview? Here are a few tips:
 An overview is simply a summary of the main things you can see.
 Because the overview is so important, I recommend putting it at the beginning of
your report, just after the introduction sentence.
 I write two overview sentences. A one-sentence overview I
sn't really enough.
 Try not to include specific numbers in the overview. Save the specifics for later
paragraphs.
 Look at the 'big picture' e.g. the overall change from the first year to the last year (if
years are shown on the chart), the differences between whole categories rather than
single numbers, or the total number of stages in a process.
IELTS Writing Task 1: where to put the 'overview'

People often ask me why I put the overview (summary) after the introduction instead of
at the end of my task 1 reports.
I tell my students that they can choose where to put the overview. It's fine to put it after
the introduction, and it's fine to put it at the end - your score will be the same either way.
However, there are 2 reasons why I personally prefer to put the overview after
the introduction, rather than at the end:
1. I find it easier and more logical to begin with the general information and main features
before I describe specific details.
2. The overview is very important, so I think we should prioritise it. If you want a high score,
your overview / summary needs to be good, not something that you write in a hurry when
your time is running out.
79
IELTS Writing Task 1: how to write the 'overview'
The overview / summary is a very important part of your task 1 report. Many people have
no trouble describing specific details, but they find it difficult to describe the general
features of a graph, chart or diagram. So here are my tips on how to write a good
overview:
1. Always try to write two sentences. This forces you to describe two main or general features
of the graph, chart or diagram.
2. Don't put any numbers in your overview. Save specific numbers for the 'details' paragraphs.
3. If the graph or chart shows a time period (e.g. years), look for the overall change from the
beginning to the end of the period (e.g. from the first year to the last year).
4. Look for overall trends, and ignore individual figures that don't fit the trend. For example, if
a graph shows a rising trend overall, you can ignore a specific year when the figures
decreased - save that year for your 'details' paragraphs.
5. If no time period is shown, you can't look for trends. Instead, look for differences and
similarities between items.
6. Don't look for individual 'highest' or 'lowest' figures such as a 'peak' on a line graph. Instead,
describe the highest and lowest items overall (e.g. which line on the graph was the highest
for the whole or most of the period?).
7. Start your overview with a simple phrase that clearly shows the examiner that this is your
summary paragraph e.g. It is clear that... , It is noticeable that... , Overall we can see that...
8. If there are two different charts, write one overview sentence about each chart.
9. If there are more than two charts, they must be connected in some way, so look for two
main features overall.
10.If the task is to describe a diagram or map that compares things, you can mention the main
differences and maybe the number of differences and / or similarities between the two
diagrams.
11.If the task is to describe a process diagram, you can mention the total number of stages in
the process and say where or how the process begins and ends.
Typical writing task 1 collocations:

 amount of time
 the time spent on
 in terms of
 throughout the period
 the period shown
 a dramatic increase in
 increased steadily
 reached a peak
 the figure for
 the rise in
80
IELTS Writing Task 1: avoid common mistakes
Here's some advice to help you avoid common mistakes in IELTS writing task 1:
1. Don't copy the question for your introduction. You should paraphrase the question (i.e.
rewrite it using some different words).
2. Don't forget to separate your paragraphs clearly.
3. Don't forget to write a good summary/overview of the information. A quick one-sentence
conclusion is not good enough. I prefer to put the overview straight after the introduction,
and I try to write 2 sentences describing the information in general. You won't get a high
score if you don't write a good overview.
4. Don't describe items separately (e.g. 2 lines on a graph). You should always try
to compare things if it is possible to do so. Instead of describing 2 lines separately, compare
the 2 lines at key points.
5. Don't try to describe every number on a chart or graph (unless there are only a few
numbers). A key skill in task 1 is being able to select the key information and describe or
compare it well. I usually mention around 6 or 7 numbers in my main paragraphs.
6. Don't spend longer than 20 minutes on task 1. Practise spending 5 minutes on each of your
4 paragraphs. Stop yourself after 20 minutes; remember that task 2 is worth more marks.
IELTS Writing Task 1: timing and introduction

20 minutes is a very short amount of time, so you need to be very organised. I suggest
breaking the 20 minutes into four parts, each lasting 5 minutes.
Part 1
First five minutes: read the question, understand it, underline key figures or
trends, and write your one-sentence introduction.
Parts 2, 3 and 4
Five minutes for each paragraph: overview, details, details.
IELTS Writing Task 1: different word forms

A good way to vary the language you use is by learning different word forms.
For example:
Verbs and nouns
- the number increased
- there was an increase in the number
- UK house prices fell
- the UK saw a fall in house prices
Adverbs and adjectives
- sales rose dramatically
- there was a dramatic rise in sales
- with sales reaching €3 million and €15 million respectively
- with sales of the two respective products reaching €3 million and €15 million
81
IELTS Writing Task 1: general to specific
Write 4 paragraphs, and use a "general to specific" essay structure.
 The introduction is the most general part of the report; it tells the reader what the
chart is about.
 Then write a short paragraph about the main / general points.
 Finally, write 2 paragraphs describing specific facts or figures.
 Don't write a conclusion because you have already summarised the information in
paragraph 2.
One reason why it is preferable to put the overview / summary near the beginning (rather
than at the end) is because it's easier to describe general things first, then specific things
later.
IELTS Writing Task 1: line graph 'details' tips

After writing your introduction and overview paragraphs, you need to describe the
information in detail. Here are my tips for describing line graph details:
1. Try to write two paragraphs. This isn't a 'rule', but it's a good idea because it forces
you to group the information, and this should improve the organisation and
coherence of your report. One big paragraph full of numbers can look messy, whereas
two separate paragraphs will look neater and be easier to read.
2. Aim for just two or three sentences in each 'details' paragraph. Some of your
sentences will be quite long, because you'll be comparing several numbers, so two
sentences can sometimes be enough.
3. Always compare the lines; never describe each line separately.
4. Select key numbers only. You won't have time to describe every number in every
year.
5. Start at the beginning, with the first year on the left of the x axis. Compare the
numbers (i.e. all lines) in that year.
6. Then choose an interesting point towards the middle of the graph, and compare the
figures at that point.
7. OR: Summarise the line trends over the first half of the period (to somewhere around
the middle of the graph).
8. Then start a new paragraph for the second half of the time period.
9. Compare the figures for all of the lines at any key points. Or summarise the line
trends over the second half of the period.
10. Finish at the end, with the last year shown. Compare the numbers (i.e. all lines)
in that year.
Here's a short version of the advice above:
Paragraph 3
Compare the lines (giving numbers) in the first year shown, then describe any significant
numbers or overall trends in the first half of the time period.
Paragraph 4
Describe any significant numbers or overall trends in the second half of the time period,
then compare the lines (giving numbers) in the last year shown.
82
IELTS Writing Task 1: charts showing countries
A few things to remember when the graph or chart shows countries:
1. If the question doesn't name the countries (e.g. "in three countries"), you could name
them in your introduction (e.g. "in Britain, France and Germany"). You could even
write "in three countries, namely Britain, France and Germany".
2. Don't forget the word "the" when writing about "the USA" and "the UK".
3. Always compare the countries; never describe the figures for each country in
separate paragraphs.
Finally, try to vary the way you write about countries. For example:
 The number of elderly people in the USA rose.
 The USA saw a rise in the number of elderly people.
 The figure for the USA rose.
IELTS Writing Task 1: where to put the figure

Let's compare some sentences with figures in different positions.
1) Figures at the beginning of sentences:
 10 million people voted in the election.
 A quarter of the population voted.
 25% of people voted in the election.
2) Figures at the end of sentences:
 The number of people who voted in the election was 10 million.
 The proportion of the population that voted was a quarter.
 The figure for people who voted in the election was 25%.
For me, the sentences in the first group (with figures at the beginning) seem clearer and
more natural. While it's good to vary your sentence structure, it's probably best to have
the "figure at the beginning" structure as your first choice.
IELTS Advice: stop using 'given'

I've noticed that a lot of people use the word "given" in their writing task 1 introductions.
For example:
 Given is a chart showing...
 The given chart shows...
 The chart given shows...
Although it isn't grammatically wrong, I don't like this use of "given". It's completely
unnecessary, and it seems forced (like you're trying too hard).
Don't try to do anything 'less common' in the first few words of your task 1 introduction.
Just keep it simple and clear: The chart shows... (or compares or illustrates).
83
IELTS Writing Task 1: first, came first, first place
Don't describe items on a graph or chart in terms of coming first, second or last. This
makes it seem like you're describing a competition!
For example, don't write:
 Theme parks were first.
 Theme parks came first, and museums were in second place.
 In last place were wildlife parks and zoos.
Instead, you should write:

 Theme parks were the most popular type of tourist attraction.
 Theme parks attracted the highest proportion of visitors, and museums were the second most
visited attraction.
 Wildlife parks and zoos were the least popular of the four types of tourist attraction.
IELTS Writing Task 1: good vocabulary

Here are some good words and phrases:
 The line graph compares..... in terms of.....
 waste output / waste produced / amount of waste / waste material / waste production
 there were significant changes in
 company A produced....., while companies B and C produced..... and..... respectively
 the respective amounts of waste from companies A and B
 around / approximately / roughly
 saw + noun + noun: saw an increase in waste production
 saw + noun + verb: saw waste output fall
 past perfect after "by": By 2015..... had risen / had dropped
 cut waste production
 reduced its waste production
 over the following 5 years
 over the same 10-year period
84
The graph below shows the amounts of waste produced by three companies over a
period of 15 years.
The line graph compares three companies in terms of their waste output between the years 2000 and
2015.
It is clear that there were significant changes in the amounts of waste produced by all three companies
shown on the graph. While companies A and B saw waste output fall over the 15-year period, the
amount of waste produced by company C increased considerably.
In 2000, company A produced 12 tonnes of waste, while companies B and C produced around 8 tonnes
and 4 tonnes of waste material respectively. Over the following 5 years, the waste output of companies
B and C rose by around 2 tonnes, but the figure for company A fell by approximately 1 tonne.
From 2005 to 2015, company A cut waste production by roughly 3 tonnes, and company B reduced its
waste by around 7 tonnes. By contrast, company C saw an increase in waste production of
approximately 4 tonnes over the same 10-year period. By 2015, company C’s waste output had risen
to 10 tonnes, while the respective amounts of waste from companies A and B had dropped to 8 tonnes
and only 3 tonnes.
(192 words, band 9)
85
The chart below shows the amount of time that 10 to 15-year-olds spend chatting on the Internet
and playing on games consoles on an average school day in the UK.
The bar chart compares the time spent by 10 to 15-year-olds in the UK on two activities, namely chatting
online and playing computer games.
Overall, we can see that playing computer games is marginally more popular than chatting on the
Internet. However, completely different trends can be seen if we look at the specific figures for boys
and girls.
Boys aged between 10 and 15 clearly favour playing on games consoles over chatting online. According
to the chart, while 85% of boys play computer games every day, only 55% chat online daily.
Furthermore, the majority of boys play on their consoles for more than one hour each day, and 10% do
this activity for four hours or more.
By contrast, girls prefer chatting online. Close to 70% of 10 to 15-year-old girls engage in online
conversation each day, compared to about 50% of this cohort who play computer games. Of the girls
who do play on consoles, most of them play for less than an hour, whereas most girls who chat online
do so for more than one hour, and nearly 10% chat for four hours or more.
PARAPHRASING
 the amount of time = the time spent COMPARISON
 10 to 15-year-olds = aged between 10 and 15
 ...is more popular than...
 chatting on the Internet = chatting online = chat
online = engage in online conversation  Boys favour... / By contrast, girls prefer...
 playing on games consoles = playing computer  while 85% of boys..., only 55%...
games = play on their consoles  close to 70% of girls..., compared to about 50%
 more popular = boys favour = girls prefer of this cohort who...
 the majority of = most of them = most girls  most of them..., whereas most..
86
87

雅思写作303

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

雅思写作303

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

目 录

第一单元 破除迷雾-从评分标准来解决雅思写作的理解误区 ............................................................................... 2

第五章 雅思写作小作文 ................................................................................................................................................ 68

雅思写作考试是一项英语写作能力的测试。Task 2 的要求为在时间范围内写出一篇 250 字以上的论述性

１．对于任务的回应 ２．连贯与衔接 ３．词汇资源 ４．语法结构的范围和准确性

任务完成(TR) 连贯流利(CC) 词汇资源(LR) 语 法 多 样 准 确 度

（误区一）Task Response – 题目要求不重要

作为一个标准化考试，雅思写作 Task 2 的出题要求决定了任何一篇 Task 2 的题目必须围绕考察考生的上

Cambridge IELTS 7, General Training Test A, Writing Task 2

（误区二）Coherence and Cohesion – 文章结构有一定

Cambridge IELTS 7, Academic Test 1, Writing Task 2

点，表示作者本身的态度。宾语补足语和被动语态的使用保持了句式的多样性） So from our own school

teaching and guided practice.（模糊例证，支持上一句中的观点。使用了定语从句）

对观点一的部分支持。句式上使用了定语从句和强调语气；词汇方面使用了 inherit,继承，verb）Such talents

manage to reach a comparable level.（解释论证上述观点。用 while 连接前后反差论证。使用了 such 连接

上文，词汇方面出现了 excel 表现杰出 verb, comparable level 相仿的水准.语法上依然是定语从句）But,

兼收并取;词汇方面，nature versus nurture 先天对后天; mutually exclusive 互相排斥， adj）Good musicians

（用例证进一步解释“兼收并取”;词汇上使用了 exceptional, 杰出的,adj ）Without the natural talent,

how to exploit and develop their talent（假设例证支持自己观点。排比双重否定句强调肯定效果;词汇方面

使用了 continuous 持续的，adj; exploit，开发，verb）

music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required. （最后一段表态，支持两个观点的结合）

点，这不就是 2>1，表示我支持多于反对，所以表态应该就是同意题干观点吗？ 其实不然， 题干命题

如“proliferation of nuclear weapon”。因此如果考生将 “普通家庭越来越多的养宠物已经没有什么不寻常

的了”翻译成“The proliferation of pet in common family is not an uncommon thing”就会给人毛骨悚然的感

觉。的确，写作的评分标准中有提到如果考生能够使用一些 uncommon word 的话分数会有提高。但是

“Australia is suffering from serious water shortage.”或者类似的句式。为了显示词汇的复杂程度，可能还有

同学写成 “Australia is being tormented by grave drought.” 上述两个表达都没有任何错误，然而表达效果

新闻标题一样，非常适合做主题句。且，torment, grave, drought 这些词不一定所有的同学都会使用，但

汇的巧用妙用。单词方面最重要的是大家要使用正确而不在于其生僻度。剑桥雅思 6 里面就有一篇 7.5

一句写“人们不会轻易受广告的影响”，就巧妙的用了 sway (摇摆) 这个词，“People would not easily be

（误区四）Grammatical Range and Accuracy – 句子越长句式越复杂越好

that young people can easy got on net.”

saves us a lot of time and money.

Computer has brought us convenience.

会所公布的官方评分标准中关于语法单项（Grammatical Range and Accuracy）单项 5 分至 7 分的描述，

• uses a wide range of structures

的描述中明显得体现出错误的数量从 some errors（一些错误）上升到了 frequent errors （频繁的出

错）；错误的程度从 rarely reduce communication（很少影响沟通理解）加剧成为 cause difficulty for the

多越好。我们可以发现，随着分数的上升，对于句式多样性的要求经历了从 a limited range（有限的几

种句式）到 a mix of simple and complex sentence forms（复杂句和简单句的混合），再到 a variety of

complex structures（多种复杂句式），8 分时上升到 a wide range of structure（较广泛的句式结构）。我们

简单的说，如果我们使用复杂句，但是常出错，那就只能符合第一阶段，也就是 5-6 分。如果我们能够

两种以上的复杂句，根据种类的多少和句中错误的多少，就可以满足第三阶段 7-8 分的要求。这里要求

剑桥雅思 6 中有一篇得分 7.5 分的大作文范文，且根据考官评语，这篇范文的语法表现几近 8 分。让我

unnecessarily （宾语从句，点出观点的一面）. This arguments may be true in my country, many advertising

companies produce advertisements with famous and popular actors or singers（使用简单句拓展这个观点）.

the products （使用了定语从句和插入语结构；这一句用例子来支持上述观点）.

（使用简单转折句用假设例证支持上述观点）. Furthermore, as many customers buy a particular product

real needs of the society （使用让步状语从句.引出第三个支持论点）

Moreover, it is people's choice to make a decision to buy goods（使用简单句引出反面论点一）. Advertising

may be not a cause of customers' buying habits（使用简单句再次强调反面论点一）. Individuals have their

allocate their budgets (使用原因状语从句引出反面论点二). They cannot be simply swayed by those

leave them to make their own decision in buy goods（使用原因状语从句总结自己的观点）. It is fairly

they need （使用后置原因状语从句提出建议）.

用上也是表现平平，没有什么华丽的词藻。但依然，这篇文章得到了 7.5 分的高分。这篇文章共 19 句

话， 其中 9 句话是简单句，剩下的 10 句话中共使用了 6 种复杂句式。让我们看考官针对语法这一评

如上所见，这篇文章所使用的句法结构已经满足了 8 分的描述（a wide range of structures）；但是小的错

正确使用 5 到 6 种复杂句结构的话，从语法这个评分角度讲就可以达到 8 分的水准？我的答案是肯定

生们要明白， 有的时候 “Less Is More”。考官在读文章的时候非常注意句子的可读性。如果可以简单

第二单元 Task Response 抢分攻略 - 大作文破题和观点扩充技巧

第二大类我们称之为因果关系类（上表内 C 部分）。 顾名思义，此类题目的基本逻辑结构为：有人

第三大类的同意不同意题型我们称之为 A>B 类（上表内 B 部分）。此类题目的题干基本逻辑结构为：有

主体第一部分：的确 A 观点是有道理的（展开并支持） 主体第二部分：但是 B 观点也是有一定道理的（展开并支持）

热点词汇: undoubtedly， adv. 毫无疑问得

目录

第一单元破除迷雾-从评分标准来解决雅思写作的理解误区 ............................................................................... 2

第五章雅思写作小作文 ................................................................................................................................................ 68

１．对于任务的回应２．连贯与衔接３．词汇资源４．语法结构的范围和准确性

任务完成(TR) 连贯流利(CC) 词汇资源(LR) 语法多样准确度

点，这不就是 2>1，表示我支持多于反对，所以表态应该就是同意题干观点吗？其实不然，题干命题

话，其中 9 句话是简单句，剩下的 10 句话中共使用了 6 种复杂句式。让我们看考官针对语法这一评

生们要明白，有的时候 “Less Is More”。考官在读文章的时候非常注意句子的可读性。如果可以简单

第二大类我们称之为因果关系类（上表内 C 部分）。顾名思义，此类题目的基本逻辑结构为：有人

主体第一部分：的确 A 观点是有道理的（展开并支持）主体第二部分：但是 B 观点也是有一定道理的（展开并支持）

主体第一部分：观点 A 有一定的道理（给出并展开）主体第二部分：但观点 B 也有一定的道理（给出并展开）

主体第一部分：原因之一主体第二部分：的确有好处主体第三部分：但也不可忽略其坏处

主体第一部分：主要问题一个主体第二部分：的确有人支持主体第三部分：但不可忽略这个观点的弊端

主体第一部分：的确暴力卡通不好主体第二部分：但教育意义的卡通还主体第三部分：政府通过检审机制可以更好

主体第一部分：人们越来越多的依赖主体第二部分：但写信的技能是不会主体第三部分：写信技能的重要性体现在其

主体第一部分：造成的最大问题主体第二部分：鼓励人口迁移到小城主体第三部分：鼓励人口迁移到小城镇的弊

主体第一部分：主要的原因主体第二部分：对家庭的影响主体第三部分：对社会的影响

主体第一部分：手机网络可以帮助老主体第二部分：手机网络可以帮助老主体第三部分：开设免费课程帮助老年人使

主体第一部分：科技发展为因素之二主体第二部分：文化发展为因素之三主体第三部分：各种因素都同等重要

贪婪的制药公司一直在赚着肮脏的钱, 他们在敲诈着那些被这可怕的疾病诅咒的国家，或是把他们杀掉。 Commented [汤22]: Anti-HIV，抗艾滋病;cocktail therapy