CAREER TECHNICAL MAINTENANCE PLANT

EQUIPMENT

MONOGRAFICO TOPIC:
renewable energy in Peru.
TEACHER:
Orlando Murillo Wilfredo Vilchez
STUDENT:
Marco Antonio Jorge Sosa
AREQUIPA, PERU
2017
SUMMARY
Peru in energy issues is mainly supplied from non-renewable natural resources such as oil,
which is also highly polluting, both in its use and production.

In this government it is necessary and society must consider in a planned manner to meet the
energy demand resulting from economic growth. One of the viable options is the rational use
of bioenergy.

The advantages of use are obvious because they can build to lower pollution levels and reduce
the depletion of non-renewable resources in Peru. This situation contributes to higher
production costs, it is then necessary to make a joint effort to its growth is gradual.

INDEX
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Content
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................. 4
RENEWABLE ENERGY .................................................................................................................... 4
1. Wind Potential ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Main studies: ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 EXPERCIENCIAS PERFORMED: ............................................................................................ 6
2. SOLAR ENERGY...................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC: ................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 THERMAL ENERGY SOLOR PHOTO: .................................................................................... 7
2.3 Main studies: ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 EXPERIENCES ....................................................................................................................... 8
3. BIOMASS ............................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 POTENTIAL BIOMASS.......................................................................................................... 9
3.2EXPERIENCIAS: ..................................................................................................................... 9
Four. ...........................................................................................................GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
10
4.1 Main studies ..................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 result set ........................................................................................................................... 10
5. HYDROELECTRIC POWER .................................................................................................... 10
5.1Principales studies: ............................................................................................................ 11
6. USE OF SOLID WASTE AND LIQUIDS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION ..................................... 13
6.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE FUTURE .............................................................................. 13
7. USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION ......................................... 13
8. RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL ...................................................................................... 13
BIBLIOGRAPHY: ....................................................................................................................... 14

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INTRODUCTION
For many millions of years the Earth's climate has remained at a relatively stable average
temperature, which has allowed the development of life. Greenhouse gases have retained
their balance thanks mainly to the action of rain and trees, regulating the amounts of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere. However, in the last 50 years, concentrations of greenhouse gases
are growing rapidly as a result of human action. The widespread use of fossil fuels, the
weakening of the ozone layer and the destruction of forests are favoring the increase in
temperature of the Earth, causing drastic changes in the global climate and making it
increasingly unpredictable. In this perspective, governments agreed in 1997 to the Kyoto
Protocol of the Framework Convention on Climate Change UN (UNFCCC), which sets legally
binding targets that during the period 2008-2012, industrialized countries-above 5.2% we
reduce levels 1990- emissions of the main greenhouse gases. And each of us can contribute to
achieve this goal, using renewable energy and promoting energy savings.

RENEWABLE ENERGY
The energy we use in greater proportion comes from non-renewable resources which are said
to be stored and whose reserves are depleted as they are used. The opposite happens with

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renewable energies which come from resources that are related to the natural cycles of our
planet, making it possible that we have the resource permanently.

The target state defined for the five 5% of the national electrical power demand must be
covered with unconventional sources of renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal and small
hydro with a smaller capacity than 20MW)

Each involves different types of energy technologies with which energy is obtained in the form
of electricity, power, heat or fuel the following scheme gives us an overview of how renewable
energy can help us meet our energy needs.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES:

 BIOMASS
 WIND
 SOLAR
 GEOTHERMAL
 TIDAL
 HIDROS TO (20MW)
 USE OF SOLID WASTE AND LIQUIDS PRODUCTION FOR ENERGY
 USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION.

1. Wind Potential
Wind power is which is present in the form of kinetic energy in the air currents and wind. The
wind energy can be transformed mainly into electrical energy by means of wind turbines, or
driving force used windmills.

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1.1 Main studies:
 OLADE, 1983: Preliminary Wind Map Peru, with a record of 48 stations
 INTENTEC, 1987: National Assessment Study Aero pumps.
 ELECTROPERU, 1980: Assessment of wind resources in Marcona
 MEN-DEP.1998: Report Wind Potential of Peru, issued a preliminary wind map.
 MEN, 2001: Atlas of Mining and Energy in Peru.

It can be deduced, in general terms, that the most significant wind energy potential is located
on the coast. And there was developed in the last 20 years some pilot projects such as wind
power project ELECTROPERU in Yacila turbines Peruvian company WAIRA, and interconnected
wind project Mal Abrigo and Marcona.

1.2 EXPERCIENCIAS PERFORMED:

1.2.1 Wind turbines in Yacila:

ELECTROPERU 1986 installed on piurana project Yacila cove with support and funding from
Italian technical cooperation. The system worked with successive interruptions until 1991.

1.2.2Aerogeneradores in WAIRA:

They were used for lighting radio and TV in agritourism hotels, etc. Mostly they were
individually sold to private individuals. These require good maintenance service in fact most of
them probably are no longer working.

1.2.3 The interconnected Malabrigo and Marcona wind project:

In 1996 it began operating wind turbine to the network in Peru. The turbine has an output 250
KW one bladed rotor diameter 27.8m, on a tower 30m.

Marcona subsequently entered into operation the second wind turbine 450KW also operated
by ADINELSA. Therefore both malabrigo and Marcona it is considered that these locations are
suitable for wind 30MW and 100MW forests

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines.

2. SOLAR ENERGY

Peru is a privileged country in relation to the availability of solar energy: Solar energy in most
of the country is high and very constant throughout the year, with typical values of monthly
averages of 4-6 kWh / m2 day, and fluctuations less than ± 20% throughout the year.
Moreover, a large part of the energy required is in the form of heat at relatively low

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temperatures, often less than 30 - 50 ° C above ambient temperature and this energy can be
obtained with simple technologies solar . However, there is still little use in Peru of solar
energy.
In urban areas there is some limited use of solar energy "solar thermal" water heating.
Arequipa exists a tradition of over 50 years and is now estimated that more than 30,000 solar
water heaters, most manufactured locally in one of about 20 small businesses / workshops. In
addition, in other parts of the country, the use of solar thermal is still very small: there are
some solar thermal hotels in Puno, Cusco, etc., very few compared to the great potential and
high demand for water heaters, which now day are mostly liquefied gas or electric.

Solar energy is the energy source most widely available in most of the Peruvian territory, in the
vast majority of localities availability of solar energy is quite large and uniform throughout the
year, making it more attractive to use compared to other countries .

Solar radiation varies with latitude, height above sea level, the terrain and cloudiness. Solar
energy can be used in various ways to dry (clothing, fruits) and to produce electricity.

2.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC:

Converting solar energy into electricity

using photovoltaics modules

2.2 THERMAL ENERGY SOLOR PHOTO:

Conversion of solar energy into heat using solar dryers, greenhouses, solar thermal.

Conversion of solar energy into heat

using solar dryers, greenhouses, solar
thermal.

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In the vast majority of towns in Peru, the availability of solar energy is fairly uniform
throughout the year, being almost always within a margin of 20% of the annual average. It is
high enough and even to be considered a usable energy source to promote the development
of communities.

2.3 Main studies:

Under the rural electrification project, the DEP-MEN has developed with the participation of
SENAMHI the "solar energy atlas Peru - 2013". While these data are not always the most
accurate, available information is sufficient to design and dimension different applications.

2.4 EXPERIENCES
In Peru there is a great experience in photovoltaic projects aimed at rural electrification:
atomised both applications.

Mainly in the south of the country it has developed a solar market with its own technology
issues; also in northern areas like Chiclayo, there are heated pools. There are also small
applications such as greenhouses solar dryers, etc.

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines.

3. BIOMASS

The traditional way of use of biomass in Peru is limited almost to its use as fuel for cooking in
rural areas. Used mainly firewood and dung and yareta lesser scale. Being a mostly non-
commercial use, there are no precise data that allows to quantify and one depends on survey-
based estimates. These estimates indicate that 20% of Peru's total energy consumption
(primary energy) corresponds to this area. This represents a very high, similar to the use of
hidrogenaría to generate electricity percentage. However, very little attention deserved this
energy source by public bodies, explicable by its non-commercial nature.

As in many developing countries, fuelwood accounts for an important part in the energy
balance of Peru more than 20% of primary energy corresponds to firewood and dung, used
mainly for cooking. Firewood ranked third in total final consumption.

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Cooking is done in mostly rural areas with rudimentary stoves open ( "hearth 3 stones"), in an
environment ( "kitchen") separated from the house-room with combustion smoke seeping
through openings in the roof. This inefficient use of wood contributes significantly to
deforestation of vast areas especially in the mountains. The same problem is observed in many
developing country and if not as a solution, at least to mitigate the problem, have developed
various forms of "improved stoves", adapted in each case to the idiosyncrasies of each region.
In the case of the Andean regions "improved stoves" are made of adobe and self-construction
as the NGO models CECADE in Cusco, has developed and is spreading / 6 /. There are small
models with a burner, with two burners, oven (for bread, etc.) and models "semi-industrial" to
community centers, schools, etc. Similar experiences have acquired other groups, particularly
the universities UNC in Cajamarca, PUCP in Lima and UNJBG in Tacna.

The technical use of biomass as energy source is given in different ways:

 Biomass for heat production.

 Digesters for gas production.
 Biofuels.

3.1 POTENTIAL BIOMASS

Basically the current projects have emerged identification mainly by industry, the potential of
biomass from production processes, especially for heat production. Its development is spread
by using biodigesters.

3.1.1Principales studies:

Work done at universities, studying the potential of different plants and different available
technologies and projects with edible oils, pressed in cold, sunflower on the coast, directly
used in diesel engines modified for transport and electricity generation .

3.2 EXPERIENCES:

 BIODIGESTERS

They are mainly used for generating gas which is combusted to generate heat

 BIOMASS:

Is used as fuel burning bagasse obtained cane sugar production process, the heat generated is
used to produce steam which provides motive power for generating electricity through a
steam turbine.

 BIOFUELS:

Cane agroindustrial project Brava where sugar cane is grown for ethanol production.

Fulfilled projects:

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 Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines

4. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Since the 70s there have been several studies in Peru exploration of geothermal potential,
identified several potentially interesting areas, especially in the south (Moquegua and Tacna).

4.1 Main studies:

 INGEMMET, 1978: compiled an inventory and defining geographic clustering

geothermal regions.
 INGEMMET And AQUATER Italy, 1980: study identified areas of interest.
 ELECTROPERU and the International Atomic Energy Organization, 1986: Geochemical
researchers in religion between Tacna and Moquegua.

4.2 result set

By searching for information in the literature and in the energy and mining sector it has been
established that there has been a superficial evaluation of the geothermal scenario Peru.
Financing studies and exploration have been made by a Japanese mission, having been
established, until 2007 a geothermal potential of about 3000 MW, which is considered quite
important for the country.
With studies by experts have determined that the southern part of Peru is the most feasible,
such as geothermal resource to generate electricity due to the existing volcanic chain in the
department of Tacna, Moquegua and Arequipa, as well as part of Ayacucho also is of interest
for companies to invest.
Subsequently, they should be deeper and more detailed studies in order to locate more
specific locations, to install power plants use for other purposes.

CONCLUSIONS:

1. It has been proven that our potential reserves of geothermal energy reaches 3000MW
proven and that tends to increase with further research.
2. Geothermal power plants can now compete with hydroelectric plants, besides being a
renewable resource.
3. Research conducted lead to clarify that the area most favorable for the installation of
geothermal plants is in the area of southern Peru.

5. HYDROELECTRIC POWER
Hydropower is a proven source used mainly for electricity generation.

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 5.1 Major Studies:

The magnitude of Peruvian hydropower potential was established by the study undertaken in
the early years of the 80s by the MEN, Elecctroperu and the German Technical Cooperation
Mission, which calculated a potential 58GW.

On the basis of this study it conducted ELECTROPERU plan to expand the country's
hydroelectric generation also this document serves as a catalog of hydroelectric generation
projects.

We can say that renewable energy will become increasingly more important in the national
energy market, because this one of the objectives of the Energy Policy Long-term government
approved by DS 064-2010-EM provides mission count a diversified energy matrix, with
emphasis on renewable sources and energy efficiency, for it projects and investments based
on conventional and non-conventional renewable energy, which will contribute to ensuring
energy security and sustainable development of the country will be promoted.

The hydroelectric potential in Peru was in 1979 to 59,000MW

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines

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The main objective of the study was to have a
preliminary evaluation of the theoretical
hydroelectric potential of Peru, for the range of
1 to 100MW. Atlas hydroelectric potential of
Peru: As part of the study was developed.

Source: Hydroelectric Potential

A hydroelectric plant is a facility that takes advantages of moving water masses circulating
through the rivers to transform into electric energy using turbines coupled to alternators.

As the installed power, hydroelectric plants may be:

 hydro large power: 10 MW of electrical power.

 Mini hydraulic power from 1MW and 10MW.
 Micro hydro least 1MW power.

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines

Being the exploitable potential value excluding restricted areas and concessions already
granted, the technical potential exploitable turns out to be 69,445 MW.

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 6. USE OF SOLID WASTE AND LIQUIDS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

In most populous Peru, solid and liquid waste are treated as completely inadequate,
contributing to significant environmental degradation form. Furthermore, existing in other
countries many examples of rational use of waste, urban and rural, including for energy, either
via combustion or (biogas) anaerobic digestion. In Peru, it is worth noting the work of the ODS
NGO (Organization for Sustainable Development, www.ods.org.pe) to improve landfills) and
testing and specific uses of biogas generation carried out by several institutions (pioneering
work by ITINTEC, digesters in chicken farms, pilot plant CER-UNI, etc.)

6.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE FUTURE

 2025 projection of the energy matrix of Peru by MINEM and Energy Performance
Index.

 Institutions in the Energy and State Capture Sector.

7. USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Peru is one of Latin American countries less electrification: About 7 million Peruvians, 25% of
the population still do not have electricity at home. Most live in rural areas, often far removed
from existing power grids and in very dispersed form.
For many regions the only way to provide them with electricity in an economically feasible way
is by local generation based on renewable energy, preferably hydraulic or wind energy, if there
are these resources locally, but in most cases the only solution are photovoltaic panels. This is
also recognized in the Electrification Master Plan renewable energy produced in 2008 by a JICA
/ 10 / project, which considers that 280 000 households should be electrified with every basic
SFD consists of a photovoltaic panel, typically with a power of 50 - 70 W, a battery of 12 V, 100
Ah, a charge controller (to protect the battery against overload and too deep discharges) and
as fillers has mostly fluorescent lamps 12 V DC and some telecommunications equipment.

In Peru, compared to other countries in the region, there are still few PV installations. The first
projects were in Puno, initiated 20 years ago by GDC / 11 /, then the CER-UNI project in Taquile
and the most significant is a recent GEF project, SFD 4500 mostly in jungle regions. Besides
there are some activities of private institutions, the most important being the installation of
more than 1000 SFD in Chota and Bambarén in Cajamarca, funded by the Spanish NGO "Action
Aid".

8. RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL

Renewable energy is called the energy obtained from virtually inexhaustible natural sources by
a vast amount of energy they contain and others because they are able to regenerate by
natural means. Renewable energy is the best option to stop using oil, a pollutant resource,
increasingly limited, expensive and exhaustible, whose employment in varying degrees causes
greenhouse gases that accelerate climate change on the planet. Only in Peru, according to
figures from the National Energy Balance, released about 2,550 tons / hour of CO2 per energy
consumption of fossil fuels.

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Renewable energy cheaper in Peru is hydropower. His technical potential is about 8 times the
current installed capacity, which for 2008 stood at 7,158 MW, with generation costs
competitive with thermal generation. Another source is appreciated very competitive wind
energy in our country has an exploitable potential of about 3 times the current installed
capacity. We also have geothermal, solar photovoltaic and photothermal, and bioenergy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

FONAM, 2007 Study on the current situation of renewable energy in the country and its
development perspective in the national energy market (study by the CER-UNI)

) M.Horn, 2001 Experiences of photovoltaic electrification in Peru; in

http://fc.uni.edu.pe/mhorn

ITINTEC. 1987. Wind Map. National Assessment Study windpumps. Lime.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINES OF PERU. 1979. Evaluation of the national hydroelectric
potential. MINEM, Directorate General of Electricity. Paper made with the support of the
German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and Lahmeyer Consortium. Salzgitter.

1995. Map available wind energy potential in Peru. Atlas mining and energy in Peru. Lima:
Minem.

Ministry of Energy and Mines (Minem). (2010). Directorate General of Hydrocarbons. Statistics.

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