Top Presentation Tips

1. Introduce yourself and establish the topic(s) you are going to discuss.
Before you begin, people will want to know who you are and why they should
listen to what you have to say, while pinpointing exactly what you are going to
discuss can help to establish realistic expectations amongst the audience.

2. Provide an overview of the presentation. During this phase, you might want
to briefly explain the format of your presentation and some of the key points. You
may even wish to state some of your conclusions, which you can then expand
upon throughout the remainder of the speech.

3. Make sure you acknowledge when you are changing topics. If you are
giving a presentation that lasts more than a few minutes, it is inevitable that
some people will tune out at certain parts, because people have short attention
spans. Marking a shift in topics is a great way to ‘win back’ those who have tuned
out.

4. Establish early that you will take questions at the end. Giving a
presentation is difficult enough, without constant interruptions. At the same time,
people may have valid questions about your presentation and the facts contained
within it. State early on that you will answer questions after you have finished.

5. Practice your presentation frequently. Even native speakers will practice

giving an important speech ahead of time. One tip is to give your speech in front
of a mirror, so you can practice making gestures at the right time. Try to get
through your entire speech without using too many filler words like ‘erm’ and
‘ahh’.

Useful Vocabulary
Introductory Phrases:
The beginning of your presentation is one of the most important parts, because it sets
the tone for what is to come. During your introduction, you will likely need to explain
who you are, what your position is and what you are going to be discussing. The
following may be helpful as introductory phrases:

“Hello everyone, my name is…”

“Good morning/afternoon/evening, my name is… and I am a…”
“Welcome everybody. Today I am going to talk about…”

Changing Focus:
During your presentation, there may be times where you need to shift the focus, in
order to make all of the points you wish to make. Drawing attention to any changes of
focus can serve to give your presentation a clearer structure and can also help to keep
the attention of listeners. Some examples of phrases you might use include:

“I would like to shift focus now to…”

“Next, we need to consider…”
“This leads me to my next point…”

Drawing Attention to Slides:

In many cases, you presentation will include visual aids, such as slides on a screen, or
handouts. The inclusion of visuals can help to back up the points you are making, while
also making the presentation more interesting or exciting. To introduce your slides or
other visual aids, you may find the following phrases helpful:

“If I could draw your attention to…”

“This chart/graph/table illustrates…”
“If you look up at the screen…”
“I would like to show you this…”
“On your handout, you may see…”

Summarising a Presentation:

At the end of a presentation, it is important to summarise the main points you have
made, so that you can remind listeners of what has been said. This is a chance to point
out which parts of the presentation you think are especially important, and ensure
everybody leaves with the key pieces of information. Useful phrases include:

To summarise…”
“In conclusion…”
“I would like to recap…”
“To sum up what has been said…”
“So, we have covered…”

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Helpful phrases for a presentation

The following is an overview of useful presentation phrases to provide you with the basic
structure of a presentation in English. Feel free to use them in your presentation.

Introduction

On behalf of Company I would like to welcome you here today. My name is Max Mustermann and I
am the CFO of Global Travel.

Hi, I’m Max and I am the head of markteing of Global Travel.

Good morning/afternoon/evening ladies and gentlemen. My name is Max Mustermann and I am

delighted to be here today to talk to you about…

I’d like to introduce my colleague Max Mustermann.

Hi everyone, I’m Max from Accounts and today I’d like to talk to you about…

Introducing the topic

Today I am here to talk to you about…

As you all know, today I am going to talk to you about…

I would like to take this opportunity to talk to you about…

I am delighted to be here today to tell you about…

Today I would like to outline…

Structuring the presentation

My talk is divided into x parts.

I’ll start with / Firstly I will talk about… / I’ll begin with

then I will look at …

next…

and finally…

I will be glad to answer any questions that you may have at the end.

Beginning the presentation

I’ll start with some general information on…

I’d just like to give you some background information about…

Before I start, does anyone know…?

As you are all aware / As you all know…

Changing the topic/speaker

Right, let’s move on to…

This leads me to my next point, which is…

I’d now like to look at / consider…

Now I will pass you over to /hand over to Max Mustermann.

Does anyone have any questions before I move on?

Summary

To sum up…

So to summarise the main points of my talk…

Just a quick recap of my main points…

Inviting questions

Does have anyone have any questions?

I will be happy to answer your questions now

 If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to ask

If you have any further questions, I will be happy to talk to you at the end.

Conclusion

I’d like to conclude by…

That brings me to the end of my presentation, thank for listening / for your attention.

Thank you all for listening, it was a pleasure being here today.

Well that’s it from me. Thanks very much.

Tolingo.com


Enquiries in emails and letters
English letters emails

I am writing to enquire about…

I am writing to request…

Referring
English letters emails
 I am writing in reference to your…

letter dated…

advertisement

enquiry

Further to our telephone conversation / meeting / discussion…

Thanking
English letters emails

Thank you for your letter / email

Thank you for your interest in…

our company / our products / our services.

Email small talk

English letters emails

How are you?

I hope you are well.

It was good to…

see you at… / talk to you on….

I hope you enjoyed…

the conference / our holiday / the party.

Asking for information

English letters emails

I would be grateful if you would send me some information on…

I would be interested to find out more about…

your products / your services / your offers.

Please could you send me…

a brochure / a catalog / your current price list?

Requesting something

English letters emails

I would be grateful if you would…

Would you / Could you please…

It would be great if you would…

Requesting a quote
 English letters emails

Please could you send me a quote for…

I would be grateful if you could send me a quote for the following:

…

Confirming

English letters emails

I am pleased to confirm that…

I just wanted to…

confirm the meeting / our appointment

Referring to attachments / enclosures

English letters emails

Please find attached…

Please find enclosed…

Thanking

English letters emails

I would like to express my sincere thanks for…

I am deeply grateful for…

Thanks very much for…

Congratulating

English letters emails

I would like to wish you a very happy…

birthday / anniversary

I am writing to send you my warmest congratulations on…

your promotion /anniversary / new venture / new job.

I wish you all the best for…

your retirement / new job.

Inviting

English letters emails

You are warmly invited to…

I would be delighted if you would join us / me for…

Would you like to…

Making an appointment

English letters emails

I would welcome the opportunity to meet with you in person.

Would you like to get together for lunch / coffee / dinner to

discuss this in person?

When are you free this week?

It would be great if we could arrange to meet sometime. When are

you available?

Giving bad news

English letters emails

I (deeply) regret to inform you that…

Unfortunately we have no choice but to…

Unfortunately…

Complaining
 English letters emails

Your product / your service regretably did not meet my

expectations.

I am (deeply) disspointed in…

I regret that I must call your attention to…

I would be grateful if you could look into this.

Apologizing

English letters emails

Please accept my sincere apologies for…

the misunderstanding / the mistake.

I apologise for any inconvenience that this may cause / have

caused.

I am very sorry about…

Sorry about…

the mix up / misunderstanding / mistake.

go to Concluding letters and emails

 Asking for further help
English letters emails

If you have any further questions, please don’t hesitate to contact me.

Please feel free to call me on (telephone) or contact by (email), if you require

any further information.

Requesting contact
English letters emails

I would be grateful if you would get in touch with me (as soon as possible). You
can reach me on (…)

Inviting further contact

English letters emails

I very much look forward to hearing from you.

I look forward to working with you in the future.

Welcome to the tolingo´s business english guide.

Practice makes perfect when it comes to

telephoning.
This overview of telephoning phrases can help you to improve your overall telephoning style.

Remember to speak slowly and to take your time. It can also help to write down what you
want to say before you make the call and don’t be afraid to ask the other person to repeat
themsleves or to slow down if you don’t understand something.
 Don’t worry about making mistakes – a slight accent and a few grammar errors can be
charming!

taking a call

tolingo translations, Sarah Martin speaking, how can I help you?

(Company name) (your name) speaking, how can I help you?

tolingo translations, Sarah Martin speaking.

(Company name) (Your name) speaking.

Hello, tolingo translations, Sarah Martin speaking.

Hello / Good morning / Good afternoon (Company name) (your name)

making a call

comment

Hello, this is (your name) from (company). formal

Hello, this is Ross Smith from tolingo translations.

Hi, it’s Sarah Walters from tolingo translations. friendly

very familiar,
more suitable for
Hi, it’s Sarah
personal
conversations

asking for somebody

comment
May I speak to (name) please? formal

Please could I speak to (name)?

I’d like to speak to Mr Green, please.

Is Fred there? very familiar

Can I speak to Fred please?

answering the phone and confirming that you are speaking.

speaking

e.g. Hello is that Fred Barber? yes, speaking.

reasons for calling

I am calling about…

I’m calling to…

could you tell me…

I was wondering if you could tell me…

Could you tell me…

I was wondering if you could help me, I have (a problem) (a question)

I need…
I just wanted to ask…

Just a quick question…

Just a quick word…

Just a quick one…

small talk

Hi Fred, How are you?

It’s nice to hear from you.

How are things?

How did you get on with…?

How are you getting on with…?

How was the…

How are you getting on with…?

Telephoning in english – Part 2

Ask to be called back, leave or take a message

 taking a message

I’m sorry but Fred isn’t at his desk right now, can I take a message?

Mr Green is in a meeting, would you like me to take a message?

I’m afraid Ms Jackson is away this week, would you like to leave a message?

He/She is unavailable at the moment, can I take a message?

asking the caller to call back

I’m afraid she is busy right now, would you mind calling back later?

asking to leave a message

Would you mind taking a message?

I’d like to leave (him/her) a message.

leaving a message

Please tell (name) that…

Please let (name) know that…

(I called) (I need to discuss X with (him/her)

(I’d like to re-arrange x)

Please ask (him/her) to call me back.

Please ask him her/him to contact me about….

My telephone/mobile number is…

passing on the message

I will tell him/her you called

I will pass that on to him/her

I will let him/her know

I’ll make sure he/she gets your message

calling back

Ok I’ll call back later

Ok I’ll try again tomorrow/later

go to Telephoning 3

Telephoning in English – Part 3

Clarifying
 spelling

Could you spell that please?

How do you spell that, please?

repeating

I’m sorry I didn’t catch that.

I’m sorry, could you repeat that please?

I’m sorry, I can’t hear you, could you please speak up a little?

Would you mind speaking a little slower?

asking for the name/company

I’m sorry, I didn’t catch your name.

Could you please repeat you name?

What was the name of the company please?

Can I just check your name? I’ll spell it.

asking when somebody is available

When will he be back/available?

When is a good time to call?

 asking somebody if they can call back later

I’m a little busy at the moment, would you mind calling me back later?

I’m afraid I can’t talk right now, would you please call me back later?

Could I call you back later? I’m a bit tied up right now.

Telephoning in English – Part 4

Connecting the caller and asking to be connected

Asking someone to hold

Wait a moment please.

I’ll just put you on hold for moment.

asking to be connected

Could you please put me through to (Fred Samson) (the sales department)?

Could you please connect me with (the finance department) (Ms Louis)

connecting someone

Just a moment, I’ll put you through

One moment please, I’ll connect you

 saying the line is busy

I’m afraid the line is busy

I’m afraid his phone is engaged.

Telephoning in English – Part 5

Ending a call

Give my regards to…

Thank you very much for your help

Thanks for calling

Thank you for calling

It was great to hear from you

Speak to you soon

Cheers

Take care, bye bye

Thank you for your time

Cheers, then bye

Cheers, then bye

 Bye

Presentation tips

In the following pages you will find some useful phrases to provide you with the basic
skeleton for a presentation in English.

Tips for presenting effectively

 Give yourself plenty of time to prepare the presentation and to familiarise yourself
with the topic. Practice your presentation in front of a live audience, colleagues or friends for
example.

 Structure your presentation logically, and briefly summarise your presentation in the
introduction to make it easier for your audience to understand. Sum up the most important
points in your conclusion and leave a few minutes at the end of your presentation to answer
questions from your audience.

 Use visual aids such as PPT slides to highlight or demonstrate the main points of your
presentation. But don’t overload the slides with information as this will detract the
audience’s attention from what you are saying.

 Involve your audience by asking them questions, or drawing on examples that are
familiar to them.

 Be aware of your body language. If you look relaxed and make eye contact with the
audience you will come across as confident and your audience will feel relaxed too. Use
hand gestures and facial expressions to emphasise your message and don’t forget to smile!

 Your voice is your most important tool. By varying your tone of voice you can engage
your audience. Speaking in a monotone will make the presentation tedious whereas varying
the pitch and speed at which you talk will give your presentation energy.

 Don’t be afraid to be nervous! You will inevitably be nervous the first time you
present in front of a large audience. Remember that this is perfectly natural, and try and try
to channel your nervous energy into an exciting presentation!
Toughness Testing and ASME B31.3 Process Piping
Code

The other day in a conversation with a customer a question arose regarding the Toughness Test 6.
requirements of the B31.3 Process Piping Code as they apply to cryogenic piping. As
Department of Energy National Laboratories respond to the requirements of 10 CFR 851
Appendix A Part 4, we at Meyer Tool are seeing the ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code being
specified as the code governing the design, fabrication, and inspection of pressure piping being
used at National Laboratories. When the pressure piping involves the transport of cryogenic
fluids such as nitrogen and helium, consideration regarding the Code’s requirements for Low
Temperature Toughness Tests must be considered.

Cryogenic temperatures are those defined as -150C (-238F). Cryogenic liquids are defined as
those liquids that have boiling points at atmospheric pressure above this temperature limit.
Common cryogenic liquids are argon (-186F), helium (-452F), hydrogen (-423F), nitrogen (-
321F), oxygen (-297F), and methane (-256F).

The most common materials used in cryogenic pressure piping are austenitic stainless steel
(304/304L and 316/316L) and aluminum. For the most part the application of the Toughness Test
requirements of B31.3 to these metals is straightforward. Only when helium or other liquids
subcooled below –425F are involved does the application of the Code rules become unclear.

Chapter III “Materials” of B31.3 addresses Toughness Test requirements of metals at lower
temperature limits in paragraph 323.2.2 and Table 323.2.2. We will review how these
requirements apply to austenitic stainless steels and aluminum piping at cryogenic
temperatures.

Aluminum:
When deciding the Toughness Test requirements of a material we first follow the instructions of
paragraph 323.2.2 (a) which directs us to review Table A-1 “Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension
for Metals” for the minimum temperature allowed for use without toughness testing. In the case
of aluminum this temperature is –452F. The paragraph then directs us to Table 323.2.2 and for
aluminum to cell A-6 of that table. This cell states that there are no additional Toughness Test
requirements for aluminum. Thus for the aluminum materials listed in Table A-1 used at
cryogenic temperatures no Toughness Tests are required for temperatures at or above –452F.

Austenitic Stainless Steel:

Repeating the above procedure, Table A-1 tells us for austenitic stainless steel (limiting ourselves
to the common grades of 304/304L and 316/316L) that the minimum temperature allowed for
use without toughness testing is –425F. Not bad; that covers all the common cryogenic liquids
 except helium. However Table 323.2.2 has further restrictions to avoid impact tests. These
restrictions are (1) carbon content less than 0.1% and (2) the material must be solution
annealed. Neither of these restrictions are big issues, the first limits us to the low carbon 304L
and 316L grades, while solution annealing is required manufacturing practice for these
materials when ordered to the ASTM specifications listed in Table A-1.

Table 323.2.2 A-4(b) has a further restriction for austenitic stainless steels. This restriction,
however, is modified by paragraph 322.2.2 (f). The final determination of these combined
restrictions is that Toughness Tests are required on a production weld specimen per Table
323.3.1 at design temperatures below –150F. There is one final caveat for manufacturers, such as
Meyer Tool, who have weld procedures qualified per the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section IX. Per Note 2 of Table 322.2.2, if the manufacturer has weld procedure qualifications in
place that meet the requirements of Table 323.2.1 (i.e. procedures qualified at or below the
design temperature) the requirement for a production weld specimen is waived.

To summarize, so far for austenitic stainless steels at minimum design temperatures at or above
–425F.

Toughness Tests are not required if:

1. Low carbon grade materials (304L or 316L commonly) purchased to an ASTM material
specification that specify solution annealing are used.
2. The manufacturer has in place weld procedure qualifications at or below the design
temperature.

What about below –425F?

According to paragraph 323.2.2 (c) we may use austenitic stainless steels below –425F if we
follow the requirements of Table 323.2.2 Column B cell B-4. Unfortunately the requirement of
cell B-4 (after the reading of several notes and other paragraphs) requires us to impact test at
the minimum design temperature. For liquid helium piping this would mean toughness tests
performed at –452F, essentially impossible.

However, the Code does give us some guidance on how to proceed. In Chapter I “Scope and
Definitions” there are several paragraphs giving us direction. These paragraphs are included in
Section 300 (b) “Responsibilities” and 300 (c) “Intent of the Code”. A reading of these
paragraphs, in our opinion, gives the owner, designer and manufacturer some latitude in this
 situation, where the Code doesn’t prohibit the use of these materials but the testing
requirements are not physically possible to perform. In these situations, we have recommended
to the owner that good engineering practice would be to apply the requirements of a more
restrictive Code, namely the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Division I to
this situation. Part UHA “Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy Steel”,
specifically paragraph UHA-51, addresses Impact Tests (e.g. Toughness Tests). The rules for
austenitic stainless steels in this situation are summarized below.
1. For MDMT below –320F (-196C) impact tests are REQUIRED of all raw material, weld
procedure qualifications for both the weld and heat affected zone for each type of weld process,
and production weld test specimens (weld and heat affected zone) for each type of weld process.
2. Impact tests may be Charpy Tests performed at –320F (–196C) only if Type 316L weld
filler metal is used (and measured to have a Ferrite Number no greater than 5). THESE TESTS
ARE PERFORMED AT –320F REGARDLESS OF THE ACTUAL LOWER DESIGN
TEMPERATURE. Otherwise, testing using ASTM E 1820 JIC method at the minimum design
metal temperature must be used.
3. UHA-51(g) exempts the impact test requirements above due to low stress. Where vessels
that have a coincident ratio of design stress in tension to allowable stress of less than 0.35,
impact test of materials and weld procedures and production welds is NOT required.

Thus Meyer Tool’s recommendation to the owner in this situation is to:

1. Write an engineering note justifying the use of the ASME B&PV Code requirements.
2. Utilize Type 316L weld filler metal meeting the acceptance criteria for Ferrite Number.
3. Charpy Impact test base metal and production weld samples at –320F.
4. Unless the ratio of allowable to design stress is less than 0.35, in which case Impact Test
(Toughness Test) is not required.
5. The Owner must review and accept the validity of this approach for the application.
If a component or weld is determined to be in serve cyclic conditions, the
following additional requirements apply.

• The rules prohibit the use of less fatigue resistant components and joints for
use with severe cyclic conditions

• There are some fabrication requirements, such as 328.5.6 which states that “A
welding procedure shall be employed which provides a smooth, regular, fully
penetrated inner surface.”

• 100% visual examination of fabrication is required

• 100% volumetric examination of butt and miter groove welds

• Socket welds and other branch connections welds examined by magnetic

particle or liquid penetrant examination

• The acceptance criteria for welds is more stringent, for example, prohibiting
any undercutting

Definitions. It states that it is severe cyclic conditions are:

• Conditions applying to specific piping components or joints in which SE

computed in accordance with para. 319.4.4 exceeds 0.8SA (as defined in para.
302.3.5), and

• the equivalent number of cycles (N in para. 302.3.5) exceeds 7000;

• or other conditions that the designer determines will produce an equivalent

effect.

Definitions. It states that it is severe cyclic conditions are:

• Conditions applying to specific piping components or joints in which SE

computed in accordance with para. 319.4.4 exceeds 0.8SA (as defined in para.
302.3.5), and

• the equivalent number of cycles (N in para. 302.3.5) exceeds 7000;

• or other conditions that the designer determines will produce an equivalent

effect

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

When Should Category M Fluid Service be

Selected for ASME B31.3 Piping Systems
ASME B31.3 provides rules for Category M Fluid Service in Chapter VIII of the
Code. These rules are designed to provide additional measures of leak tightness.
For example, special precautions to prevent leakage past valve stems are
included and a sensitive leak test designed to find even very small leaks in the
system is required.

The Code requires that the owner decide if a piping system is in Category M
Fluid Service. Note that it is Category M Fluid Service and not Category M fluids,
as it is not simply the fluid, but also the conditions of installation that are
considered in making the designation. The owner is guided in the classification
for the piping system by the definition of Category M Fluid Service in Chapter I
of ASME B31.3. Further, a guide to the application of these rules is provided in
ASME B31.3, Appendix M, which contains a flow chart to assist the owner in
classifying fluid services.

The definition of Category M Fluid Service is as follows. Note that for purposes of
emphasis, it has been broken into subparts, all of which must be satisfied for the
service to meet the definition of Category M (ASME B31.3, para. 300.2):

 "A fluid service

 in which the potential for personnel exposure is judged to be significant
and
 in which a single exposure of a very small quantity
 of a toxic fluid,
 caused by leakage,
 can produce serious irreversible harm to persons on breathing or bodily
contact,
 even when prompt restorative measures are taken."
Note that toxic means, by its dictionary definition, poisonous.

There has been activity in the B31.3 committee over the last five or ten years
trying to revise the definition, without much progress to date. I have recently
suggested the following, which perhaps makes the intent more clear.

 The fluid is so highly toxic that a leakage of a very small quantity can
produce serious irreversible harm to persons on breathing or bodily contact,
even when prompt restorative measures are taken, and
 The potential for personnel exposure in the event of a leakage is judged to
be significant, and
 The rules for Normal Fluid Service are judged by the owner to be
insufficient to lower the probability of such very small leaks to an acceptable
level.
Examples of highly toxic fluids include phosgene (nerve gas) and methyl
isocyanate (the Bhopal chemical). Very small leaks of these chemicals would
generally be considered to be very dangerous. The owner could provide means
to protect personnel from such leaks, such as providing secondary containment,
and design the system using the base Code rules for Normal Fluid Service.
Alternatively, the owner could elect to have the system designed using the
Chapter VIII rules to achieve a higher degree of leak tightness.
Fluids that are merely dangerous, as many fluids contained in process piping
are, are not normally designed using the Chapter VIII rules. An example is
hydrofluoric acid. However, most owners specify additional measures above the
base Code rules for systems such as those containing HF acid, such as requiring
100% radiographic examination of girth weld joints (the base Code requires 5%
random examination and Chapter VIII requires 20% random examination).

Hydrogen sulfide gas is a fluid where there has been controversy. Some
chemical plant companies have designated piping systems containing H S to be 2

in Category M fluid service. However, to my knowledge none of the extensive

network of piping systems containing H S that can be found in oil refineries is so
2

designated. A small leak of H2S results in the rotten egg smell, and would not
result in serious irreversible harm. The confinement of such systems in an
enclosed space may, however, be considered by the owner to create such
additional hazard that they decide to make the Category M designation

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Checklist for Chapter VIII of ASME B31.3 Piping for Category M

Fluid Service
0

GENERAL NOTES

1. This checklist shall be used only when CLIENT/COMPANY has designated Category M fluid service for any
piping class.

2. Following points are applicable for metallic piping components only. Please note that the checklist shall be
filled in preferably by Lead Engineer.

3. The check points listed below are not comprehensive, for detailed description please refer cross-
referenced paras of Chapter VIII of ASME B31.3

SL DESCRIPTION
NO.

1.00
DESIGN:
1.01 Consideration shall be given to the possible need for engineering safeguards (see Appendix G
para. G300.3) in addition to the safeguards already provided (paras. G300.1 and G300.2) [M300
(d)]

1.02 Piping system designed for Category M service fluid preferably shall not go under severe cyclic
conditions [M300 (e)]

1.03 Design temperature considered same as the fluid temperature [M301.3]

1.04 Design, layout and operation of piping shall be conducted so as to minimize impact and shock
loads (including changes in flow rate, hydraulic shock, liquid or solid slugging, flashing, and
geysering) [M301.5.1]

1.05 Dynamic stress analysis carried out, to avoid or minimize conditions which lead to detrimental
vibration, pulsation, or resonance effects in the piping [M301.5.4]

1.06 Design temperature and pressure based on coincident pressure–temperature conditions

requiring the greatest wall thickness or the highest component rating [M302.2.4]

1.07 No variations in design pressure and/or design temperatures shall be considered even in
occasional cases [M302.2.4]

1.08 When two services that operate at different pressure–temperature conditions are connected,
the valve segregating the services shall be rated for the more severe service condition
[M302.2.5]

1.09 Allowable stress considerd in the design as per stress tables in Appendix-A [M302.3.2]

1.10 Fitting conforming to MSS SP-43 and MSS SP-119 and propietary “Type C” lap-joint stub-end butt
welding fittings shall note be used [M306.1.3]

1.11 Creased or Corrugate type of bends shall not be used [M306.2]

1.12 Miter bends shall not make a change in direction at a single joint greater than 22.5 deg [M306.3]

1.13 Flared laps shall meet the requirement of para306.4.2. In addition, [M306.4.2]

a) pipe size shall be less than or equal to DN 100 with wall thickness before flaring great than or
equal to the value of T for schedule 10S.

b) P-T rating shall be less than or equal to ASME B16.5 Class 150, Group 1.1 flange

c) service tempertaure shall be less than 204 deg C

1.14 Fabricated Branch Connections design shall consider the following [M306.5]

i) para 304.3.1(a), subpara. (3) may be used only if (1) and (2) are unavailable.

– para 304.3.1(a)(1) – states that fittings (tees, extruded outlets, branch outlet fittings in
accordance with MSS SP-97, laterals, crosses)

– para 304.3.1(a) (2)- unlisted cast or forged branch connection fittings (see para. 300.2), and
couplings not over DN 80 (NPS 3), attached to the run pipe by welding

ii) 304.3.2 (b) and (c), those having threaded outlets are permitted only in accordance with para
M314 and those having socket welding outlets are permitted only in accordance with para
M311.2

1.15 Metallic Valves having threaded bonnet joints (other than union joints) shall not be used
[M307.2 (a)]

1.16 Special consideration shall be given to valve design to prevent stem leakage to environment
[M307.2 (b) (1)]

1.17 The following shall be considered for Metallic Valves [M307.2 (b) (2)]

Bonnet / cover plates shall be flanged, secured by atleast four bolts and gaskets conforming to
M308.4 or

– properiety or attached by bolts, lugs or other substantial means and having a gasket design
that increases gasket compression as fluid pressure increases or

– secured with a full penetration weld made in accordance with para M311 or

– secured by a straight thread sufficient for mechanical strength, a metal to metal seat and a
seal weld made in accordance with para M311, all acting in series

3) Body joints, other than bonnet/cover plate joints, shall conform to para M307.2 (b)(2) [M307.2
(b) (3)]

1.18 Single-welded slip-on flanges, Expansion-joint flanges shall not be used [M308.2 (a) (b)]

1.19 Slip-on flanges used as lapped flanges shall not be used unless the requirements in para 308.2.1
( c) are met [M308.2 (c)]

1.20 Threaded metallic flanges shall not be used, except those employing lens rings or similar
gaskets and those used in lined pipe where the liner extends over the gasket face [M308.2 (d)]
1.21 All blanks shall be marked with material, rating and size [M308.5]

1.22 Welded joints may be made in any metal for which it is possible to qualify welding procedures,
welders, and welding operators in accordance with para. M328 [M311]

1.23 Split backing rings shall not be used [M311.1 (a)]

1.24 Socket welded joints greater than DN 50 (NPS 2) are not permitted [M311.1 (b)]

1.25 For Taper-Threaded Joints the following shall be considered [M314.2.1] para 314.2.2 applies
except that components suitable for Normal fluid service in sizes DN 8 to equal to or < DN 25
can be use. Sizes smaller than DN 20 shall be safeguarded

1.26 Calked Joints shall not be used [M316]

1.27 Soldered, brazed and braze welded joints shall not be used [M317]

1.28 Adhesive joints and bell type joints shall not be used [M318]

1.29 Simplified rules related to piping flexibility studies in para 319.4.1 are not applicable [M319]

1.30 Supporting element shall be of listed material [M321]

1.31 Instrument piping in which signal lines are in contact with process fluids and process
temperature-pressure conditions the following shall be considered [M322.3]

a) tubing shall not be larger than 16mm (5/8 in) OD and shall be suitable for the service.

b) an accessible block valve shall be provided to isolate the tubing from the pipeline.

c) joining methods shall confirm to the requirements of paras 315.1 and 315.2

1.32 Design Pressure shall not exceed more than 10% during operation of a pressure relieving
system [M322.6.3]

2.00
MATERIALS:

2.01 Pipes made of ASTM A134 made from ASTM A285 plate and ASTM A139, API 5L, Furnace Butt-
Welded ASTM A53, Type F should not be used in Category M [M305.2.2]

2.02 Unknown material shall not be used [M323.1.3]

2.03 Reclaimed Materials can be used when material certification records are available for the
specific materials employed and the designer is assured that the material is sound and free
 from harmful defects [M323.1.4]

2.04 The low-stress exemption from impact testing is not permitted i.e following is not applicable.
Impact testing is not required if the design minimum temperature is below −29°C (−20°F) but at
or above −104°C (−155°F) and the stress ratio defined in Fig. 323.2.2B does not exceed 0.3.””
[M323.2]“

2.05 Cast Iron other than ductile iron shall not be used for pressure containing parts and lead and tin
shall be used only as lining[M323.4.2]

2.06 Metallic Cladding and Lining Materials shall comply with para 323.4.3 requirements, in addition
to that wherever other material listed in 323.4.2( c) and 323.4.3 are used as lining or cladding
which serves as a gasket or as a part of flange, the design of the flange joint shall be such as to
prevent leakage to the environment [M323.4.3]

3.00
FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION

3.01 While welding of materials split backing rings shall not be used, and removable backing rings
and consumable inserts may be used only where their suitability has been demonstrated by
procedure qualification [M328.3]

3.02 No requirements less stringent than those of Table 331.1.1 shall be specified for heat treatment
of metals [M331]

3.03 Any bending or forming required for alignment and fit-up shall be heat treated if required by
para. 332.4 [M335.1.1]

4.00
INSPECTION AND TESTING

4.01 All fabrication shall be visually examined (100%) [M341.4 (a)(1)]

4.02 All threaded, bolted and other mechanical joints shall be visually examined [M341.4 (a)(2)]

4.03 Min. 20% of circumferential butt and miter welds and of fabricated lap and branch connections
welds comparable to those shown in fig 328.5E and 328.5.5 sketches (d) and (e) shall be
examined [M341.4 (b)(1)]

4.04 The in-process examination alternative in para 341.4.1 (b) (1) may be specified on weld-for-weld
basis in the engineering design or by the inspector but it shall be supplemented by appropriate
nondestructive examination [M341.4 (b)(2)]

4.05 A sensitive leak test in accordance with para 345.8 shall be included in the required leak test
 along with hydrostatic leak test [M345 (a)]

4.06 Initial service leak test (para 345.7) shall not be considered [M345 (b)]

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Acceptance Criteria.
The defect acceptance level shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3, Chapter VI,
Normal Fluid Service and Chapter IX, High Pressure Service, for pipe classes with
rating above 2500psi.

1. 1. * Introduction Prepared by: Eng. Mahmoud Elsayed E-mail:

Onemahmoud_1988@yahoo.com
2. 2. Storage vessels containing organic and non organic liquids and vapors can be
found in many industries, including; (1) petroleum producing and refining, (2)
petrochemical and chemical manufacturing, (3) bulk storage and transfer operations,
and (4) other industries consuming or producing liquids and vapors.  Liquids and
vapors in the petroleum industry, usually called petroleum liquids Example :jet fuel,
diesel, gasoline and crude oil.  Liquids and vapors in the chemical industry, usually
called volatile organic Example : benzene, styrene, and alcohols Design and safety
concern has come to a great concern as reported case of fires and explosion for the
storage tank has been increasing over the years and these accident cause injuries
and fatalities.
3. 3. TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS
4. 4. Seven types of vessels are used to store volatile organic liquids: 1. Fixed-roof
tanks 2. External floating roof tanks 3. Internal floating roof tanks 4. Domed external
floating roof tanks 5. Horizontal tanks 6. Pressure tanks 7.Variable vapor space tanks
Variable vapor space tanks can be cylindrical or spherical in shape. Pressure tanks
often are horizontally oriented and "bullet" or spherically shaped to maintain
structural integrity at high pressures. The first four tank types are cylindrical in shape
with the axis oriented perpendicular to the foundation.
5. 5. 1. Fixed-RoofTanks
6. 6. * A breather valve (pressure-vacuum valve), which is commonly installed on
many fixed-roof tanks, allows the tank to operate at a slight internal pressure or
vacuum * Breather vents are typically set at 0.19 kPa * Breather vents may be called
conservation vents * Generally, the term conservation vent is used to describe a
pressure setting of 17 kPa or less,Vents with settings greater than 17 kPa are
commonly called `pressure' vents. * consists of a cylindrical steel shell with a cone-
or dome-shaped roof that is permanently affixed to the tank shell * the nominal
capacity is the geometric volume from the bottom of the tank up to the curb angle,
 which is a metallic angle that is welded along the periphery at the top of the
cylindrical portion of the tank. *The fixed-roof tank is the least expensive to
construct. * generally considered the minimum acceptable equipment for
storingVOL's (volatile organic liquids).
7. 7. 2. External Floating RoofTanks
8. 8. j consists of an open-topped cylindrical steel shell equipped with a roof that
floats on the surface of the stored liquid, rising and falling with the liquid level.
External floating roof tanks are equipped with a rim seal system, which is attached to
the roof perimeter and contacts the tank wall. The external floating roof design is
such that evaporative losses from the stored liquid are limited to losses from the rim
seal system and deck fittings (standing storage loss) and any exposed liquid on the
tank walls (withdrawal loss). They are preferred for storage of petroleum products
with a true vapor pressure of 10.3 to 76.5 kPa absolute
9. 9. The two most common types of the external floating roof :
10. 10. Typical List of Floating Roof Fittings
11. 11. 3. Internal Floating Roof Tanks
12. 12. * An internal floating roof tank has both a permanent fixed roof and a floating
roof inside. *There are two basic types of internal floating roof tanks: - tanks in which
the fixed roof is supported by vertical columns within the tank - tanks with a self
supporting fixed roof and no internal support columns. * Contact-type decks include
(1) aluminum sandwich panels (2) resin-coated, fiberglass-reinforced polyester (FRP)
(3) pan-type buoyant panels floating in contact with the liquid steel roofs Deck seams
in the noncontact internal floating roof design are a source of emissions. The design
may include bulkheads or open compartments around the perimeter of the deck so
that any liquid that may leak or spill onto the deck is contained
13. 13. • Circulation vents and an open vent at the top of the fixed roof are generally
provided to minimize  the accumulation of hydrocarbon vapors in concentrations
approaching the flammable range. Flame arresters are an option that can be used to
protect the vessel from fire or explosion.When these are used, circulation vents are
not provided.  Tank venting occurs through a pressure-vacuum vent and flame
arrestor. Noncontact-type decks are the most common type of deck currently in use,
and typically consist of an aluminum deck laid on an aluminum grid framework
supported above the liquid surface by tubular aluminum pontoons. The majority of
contact internal floating decks currently inVOL service are pan-type steel or
aluminum sandwich panel type. When the tank is completely full, the floating roof
touches or nearly touches the fixed roof. Consequently, the effective height of the
tank decreases, thus limiting the storage capacity.The reduction in the effective
height varies from about 0.15 to 0.6 m
14. 14. u
15. 15. 4. Domed External Floating RoofTanks
16. 16. • Domed external floating roof tanks have the heavier type of deck used in
external floating roof tanks as well as a fixed roof at the top of the shell like internal
floating roof tanks. * the function of the fixed roof is not to act as a vapor barrier, but
to block the wind. * The type of fixed roof most commonly used is a self supporting
aluminum dome roof, which is of bolted construction. * these tanks are freely vented
by circulation vents at the top of the fixed roof. • Floating roof and seal maintenance
are drastically reduced due to the lack of Rainwater
17. 17. h
18. 18. 5. Horizontal Tanks
19. 19. • Horizontal tanks are constructed for both above-ground and underground
service. • Horizontal tanks are usually constructed of steel, steel with a fiberglass
overlay, or fiberglass-reinforced polyester. • Horizontal tanks are generally small
storage tanks with capacities of less than 75,710 L (20,000 gallons). • Horizontal
tanks are constructed such that the length of the tank is not greater than six times
the diameter to ensure structural integrity.  Cathodic protection used for the under
ground types .
20. 20. j
21. 21. 6. Pressure Tanks
22. 22. * Two classes of pressure tanks are in general use: - low pressure (2.5 to 15
psig) - high pressure (higher than 15 psig)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Pressure
tanks generally are used for storing organic liquids and gases with high vapor
pressures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *
Pressure tanks are equipped with a pressure/vacuum vent that is set to prevent
venting loss from boiling and breathing loss from daily temperature or barometric
pressure changes.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • The pressure
tank allows the pump to run occasionally instead of every time a faucet is opened.
23. 23. g
24. 24. 7. Variable Vapor Space Tanks
25. 25. Variable vapor space tanks are equipped with expandable vapor reservoirs to
accommodate vapor volume fluctuations attributable to temperature and barometric
pressure changes.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The two most
common types of variable vapor space tanks are : - lifter roof tanks - flexible
 diaphragm tanks.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26. 26. Types of Floating Roof Perimeter Seals
27. 27. Floating roof requires a device to seal the gap between the tank wall and the
deck perimeter.A rim seal, or in the case of a two-seal system, the lower (primary)
rim seal and the upper part seal (Secondary). The sealing system will divided into :
External and Domed External Floating Roof Rim Seals  Secondary Seals on External
Floating Roofs  Internal Floating Roof Rim Seals  Secondary Seals for Internal
Floating RoofTanks
28. 28. First : External and Domed External Floating Roof Rim Seals
29. 29. The basic designs available for external floating roof rim seals are : (1)
mechanical (metallic) shoe seals, (2) (vapor or liquid mounted) liquid-filled seals, (3)
(vapor or liquid mounted) resilient foam-filled seals. • One major difference in seal
system design is the way in which the seal is mounted with respect to the liquid
surface. • the emission rate of a mechanical shoe seal is closer to that of a liquid-
mounted rim seal than that of a vapor-mounted rim seal.
30. 30. Mechanical Shoe Seal: * Also known as a "metallic shoe seal“, is
characterized by a metallic sheet (the "shoe") that is held against the vertical tank
wall. * shoe heights typically range from 75 to 130 centimeters (cm) * The shoe is
connected by braces to the floating deck and is held tightly against the wall by
springs or weighted levers. Liquid-Filled Seal : * consist of a tough fabric band or
envelope filled with a liquid, or it may consist of a flexible polymeric tube 20 to 25
cm. * The liquid is commonly a petroleum distillate or other liquid that will not
contaminate the stored product if the tube ruptures. * no vapor space below the seal.
31. 31. Resilient Foam-Filled Seal : The resiliency of the foam log permits the seal to
adapt itself to minor imperfections in tank dimensions and in the tank shell. The foam
log may be mounted above the liquid surface (vapor-mounted) or on the liquid
surface (liquid-mounted). Weather Shield : installed over the primary seal to protect it
from deterioration caused by debris and exposure to the elements. Typically, a
weather shield is an arrangement of overlapping thin metal sheets pivoted from the
floating roof to ride against the tank wall. The weather shield, by the nature of its
design, is not an effective vapor barrier. For this reason, it differs from the secondary
seal.
32. 32. Wiper Seals : * Wiper seals are commonly used as primary rim seals for
internal floating roof tanks. * generally consist of a continuous annular blade of
flexible material fastened to a mounting bracket on the deck perimeter that spans
the annular rim space and contacts the tank shell.
33. 33. Second: Secondary Seals on External Floating Roofs :
34. 34. * consists of a continuous seal mounted on the rim of the floating roof and
extending to the tank wall, covering the entire primary seal. * A rim-mounted
secondary seal installed over a primary seal provides a barrier for volatile organic
compound (VOC) emissions that escape from the small vapor space between the
primary seal and the wall and through any openings or tears in the seal envelope of a
metallic shoe seal.
35. 35. Third: Internal Floating Roof Rim Seals
36. 36. Internal floating roofs typically incorporate one of two types of flexible,
product resistant rim seals: resilient foam-filled seals or wiper seals. They are
designed to compensate for small irregularities in the tank shell and allow the roof to
freely move up and down in the tank without binding.
37. 37. Fourth : Secondary Seals for Internal Floating RoofTanks
38. 38. Secondary seals may be used to provide some additional evaporative loss
control over that achieved by the primary seal. The secondary seal is mounted to an
extended vertical rim plate, above the primary seal Secondary seals can be either a
resilient foam-filled seal or an elastomeric wiper seal.
39. 39. TYPES OF FLOATING ROOF DECK FITTINGS
40. 40. Access Hatch:  consists of an opening in the deck with a peripheral vertical
well attached to the deck and a removable cover to close the opening and is typically
sized to allow workers and materials to pass through the deck for construction or
servicing.
41. 41. Gauge Float Wells : used to indicate the level of stock within the tank. 
consist of a float residing within a well that passes through the floating deck,The float
is connected to an indicator on the exterior of the tank via a tape passing through a
guide system.
42. 42. Gauge Hatch/Sample Ports : provide access for hand gauging the level of
stock in the tank and for taking samples of the tank contents. provide access for
hand gauging the level of stock in the tank and for taking samples of the tank
contents.
43. 43. RimVents : Rim vents are found on tanks equipped with a rim seal system
that creates a vapor pocket, such as a mechanical shoe seal or double wiper seal
system. The rim vent is connected to the rim vapor space by a pipe and releases any
excess pressure or vacuum that is present.
44. 44. Deck Drains : permit removal of rainwater from the surface of floating decks.
Two types of floating roof drainage systems are currently used: - closed - open Closed
drainage systems : carry rainwater from the surface of the deck to the outside of the
tank through a flexible or articulated piping system or through a flexible hose system
located below the deck in the product space. Open drainage systems: consisting of
 an open pipe that extends a short distance below the bottom of the deck, permit
rainwater to drain from the surface of the deck into the product
45. 45. open drainage system : Two types of roof drains are commonly Used : - - flush
drains - overflow drains have a drain opening that is flush with the top surface of the
double deck. They permit rainwater to drain into the product. consist of a drain
opening that is elevated above the top surface of the deck, thereby limiting the
maximum amount of rainwater that can accumulate on the deck and providing
emergency drainage of rainwater. They are normally used in conjunction with a
closed drainage system.
46. 46. Deck Legs : Deck legs prevent damage to fittings underneath the deck and
allow for tank cleaning or repair by holding the deck at a predetermined distance
from the tank bottom.
47. 47. Slotted and Un slotted Guide Poles and Wells : Anti-rotation devices are used
to prevent floating roofs from rotating and potentially damaging roof equipment and
rim seal systems. Rollers attached to the top of the well ride on the outside surface of
the guide pole to prevent the floating roof from rotating. The guide pole well has a
sliding cover to accommodate limited radial movement of the roof. Openings at the
top and bottom of the guide pole provide a means of hand-gauging the tank level
and of taking bottom samples. A commonly used anti rotation device is a guide pole
that is fixed at the top and bottom of the tank
48. 48. In the slotted guide pole/sample well application : the well of the guide pole is
constructed with a series of drilled holes or slots that allow the product to mix freely
in the guide pole and thus have the same composition and liquid level as the product
in the tank.
49. 49. Vacuum Breakers : * The purpose of a vacuum breaker is to allow for the
exchange of vapor and air through the floating roof during filling and emptying. *
Vacuum breakers are designed to be activated by changes in pressure or liquid level.
* Mechanical vacuum breakers are activated when the deck is either being landed on
its legs or floated off its legs to equalize the pressure of the vapor space across the
deck.
50. 50. ColumnWells : • are normally supported from inside the tank by means of
vertical columns, which necessarily penetrate the floating deck. • Columns are made
of pipe with circular cross sections or of structural shapes with irregular cross
sections (built-up). • The number of columns varies with tank diameter from a
minimum of 1 to over 50 for very large tanks.
51. 51. Ladder Wells : Some tanks are equipped with internal ladders that extend
from a manhole in the fixed roof to the tank bottom.The deck opening through which
 the ladder passes is constructed with similar design details and considerations to
those for column wells.
52. 52. DEFINITIONS
53. 53. Auto ignition Temperature – The temperature to which a flammable mixture
of vapor and air in the explosive range must be heated for ignition to occur
spontaneously without external source of ignition. API Gravity (Relative Density) – A
means used by the petroleum industry to express the density of petroleum liquids.
API gravity is measured by a hydrometer instrument having a scale graduated in
degrees API. API Gravity at 60 Deg. F. = ( 141.5 / Relative Density 60F/60F ) - 131.5
Ballast Water - Oil contaminated water contained in the cargo compartments of
marine vessels. Ballast water is taken aboard empty or near empty vessels to provide
a safe level of stability for the vessel. Tankers arriving at a shipping dock to take on
product, discharge ballast water into a shore side storage tanks for subsequent
wastewater treatment. This operation is known as de-ballasting. Barrel (BBL) - A unit
of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons or 9702.0 cubic inches.
54. 54. BS&W (Bottom sediment and water) – The sludge and water which settles to
the bottom of storage tanks Coalescer – A device used to cause the separation and
removal of one liquid from another such as water from a petroleum liquid. Cone
Bottom Up – A tank bottom configuration that slopes up from the side to the
center.This configuration is usually limited to locations with poor soil conditions, small
diameter tanks . Cone Bottom Down – A tank bottom configuration that slopes down
from the side to the center. The apex for either cone bottom up or down is generally
but not necessarily located at the center of the tank. Critical Zone – A term used to
define the liquid level in a floating roof type storage tank from the point where
floating of the roof begins to the point where the roof is fully floating. Sometimes
known as the “inaccurate zone” or “partially floating region
55. 55. Absolute Density – The mass of a substance per unit volume at a specified
temperature. Relative Density – The ratio of the mass of a given volume of fluid to
the mass of an equal volume of pure water at the same temperature and pressure.
Dike – A dike is an earthen or concrete wall providing a specified liquid retention forb
the enclosed vessel(s). Dome Roof – A fixed truss roof design that is in the shape of a
dome.The dome roof can be designed to carry small internal pressures of 1 to 1.5
psig. Flash Point – The lowest temperature of a petroleum liquid at which sufficient
vapors are produced to form a mixture with air that will ignite in the presence of an
ignition source .
56. 56. Flush Nozzle – A rectangular tank nozzle which enters the side of the tank
and has the underside flush with the tank bottom.. Frangible Roof – A frangible roof is
basically a weak roof-to-shell seam which will rupture before any other part of the
 tank fails if over pressurized. Gauging Equipment – Equipment that indicates the level
of a liquid inside the tank relative to the tank base line. Alternate Innage Gauge – The
innage obtained by subtracting the measured distance between the surface of the
liquid in the tank and the reference point from the official reference height of the
tank. Alternate Ullage Gauge – The ullage obtained by subtracting the measured
height of the liquid in the tank from the official reference height of the tank.
57. 57. ReidVapor Pressure (RVP) - It is a measure of the vapor pressure of a sample
at 100°F (38°C), in the presence of air. Pyrophoric Material – A material which forms
under oxygen deficient conditions, which when exposed to air, will oxidize and slowly
build up in temperature until glowing red particles can ignite flammable mixtures.
58. 58. Gross TankVolume – The total geometric tank volume below the shell height.
Net TankVolume – The total usable volume inside a tank. Gross ObservedVolume
(GOV) – The total volume of all petroleum liquids and sediment and water, excluding
free water. Gross StandardVolume (GSV) – The total volume of all petroleum liquids
and sediment and water, excluding free water, corrected by the appropriate volume
correction factor (Ctl) and the applicable pressure correction factor (Cpl) and meter
factor. Net StandardVolume (NSV) – The total volume of all petroleum liquids,
excluding sediment and water and free water corrected by the appropriate volume
correction factor (Ctl) and the applicable pressure correction factor (Cpl) and meter
factor.
59. 59. On Board Quantity (OBQ) – The material remaining in vessel tanks, void
spaces, and/or pipelines prior to loading. Remaining On Board (ROB) – The material
remaining in vessel tanks, void spaces, and / or pipelines after discharge. Total
CalculatedVolume (TCV) – The total volume of all petroleum liquids and sediment and
water, corrected by the appropriate volume correction factor (Ctl) and the applicable
pressure correction factor (Cpl) and meter factor. Total ObservedVolume (TOV) – The
total measured volume of all petroleum liquids, sediment and water