Submitted By: Submitted To: Name: Utsav Randev Enrollment No.: 06621401711

Summer Internship Project
On
Common Size & Trend Analysis of Financial Statements
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement of

Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A) General
Of
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
BBA IV Semester
Batch 2011-2014
Submitted by: Submitted to:

Name: Utsav Randev
Enrollment No.: 06621401711
Jagannath International Management School

Vasant Kunj, New Delhi – 110070
Declaration
Title of Project Report

Common Size & Trend Analysis of Financial Statements
I declare
(a)That the work presented for assessment in this Summer Internship Report is my own, that it
has not previously been presented for another assessment and that my debts (for words, data,
arguments and ideas) have been appropriately acknowledged
(b)That the work conforms to the guidelines for presentation and style set out in the relevant
documentation.
Dated: August 20, 2013
Name: Utsav Randev
Roll No: 06621401711
BBA (General), Class of 2014

Certificate
I Dr. Sanjeev Singhal, Vice-President - Finance, Jubilant Life Sciences Limited, certify that
Utsav Randev, student of Bachelor of Business Administration (General) at JIMS VK,
Indraprastha University, New Delhi has completed the Project Report on ‘Common Size &
Trend Analysis of Financial Statements’ under my guidance.
(Dr. Sanjeev Singhal)
Vice President, Finance
Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd.

Acknowledgement
I am deeply indebted to the people at Jubilant Life Sciences who have guided, inspired and
helped me in the successful completion of this project. I owe a debt of gratitude to all of them,
who were so generous with their time and expertise.
I am highly intended and thankful to my industry mentor Dr. Sanjeev Singhal and my
intermediate Miss Savita Gupta for their valuable support and guidance. They have taken pain
to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed. Also I would like
to thank Mr. Gurpreet Singh for his continuous guidance and support.
Name: Utsav Randev
Roll No: 06621401711
BBA (General), Class of 2014

Table of Contents
S. No. Description Page No.
1 Executive Summary
3 Methodology
4 Financial Statements
 Nature
 Objectives
 Types
 Importance of Financial Statements
 Limitations of Financial Statements
5 Analysis of Financial Statements
 Meaning
 Significance of Financial Analysis
 Types of financial Analysis
 Objectives of Financial Analysis
 Tools of Financial Analysis
 Limitations of Financial Analysis
6 Financial Statements of Indian Companies – Legal Framework
7 Findings
8 Recommendations
9 Bibliography
Executive Summary
We know business is mainly concerned with the financial activities. Inorder to ascertain the
financial status of the business every enterprise prepares certain statements, known as financial
statements. Financial statements are mainly prepared for decision making purpose. But the
information as is provided in the financial statements is not adequately helpful in drawing a
meaningful conclusion. Thus, an effective analysis and interpretation of financial statements is
required. Analysis means establishing a meaningful relationship between various items of the
two financial statements with each other in such a way that a conclusion is drawn. By financial
statements we mean two statements:
(i) Profit and loss Account or Income Statement

(ii) Balance Sheet or Position Statement
These are prepared at the end of a given period of time. They are the indicators of profitability
and financial soundness of the business concern. The term financial analysis is also known as
analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It refers to the establishing meaningful
relationship between various items of the two financial statements i.e. Income statement and
position statement. It determines financial strength and weaknesses of the firm. Analysis of
financial statements is an attempt to assess the efficiency and performance of an enterprise. Thus,
the analysis and interpretation of financial statements is very essential to measure the efficiency,
profitability, financial soundness and future prospects of the business units.
Types of financial statement are:
1) Common size statement

2) Trend analysis
In this study financial statements of 10 pharmaceutical companies listed in India are analysed.
Trend analysis and comparison of financial statements is attempted to assess the efficiency and
performance of companies.
Methodology
Purpose of the Study
A mere glance of the financial accounts of a company does not provide useful information,
simply because they are raw in nature. The information provided in the financial statements is
not an end in itself as no meaningful conclusions can be drawn from these statements alone. A
proper analysis and interpretation of financial statement can provide valuable insights into a
firm’s performance. It enables investors and creditors to
 Evaluate past performance and financial position
 Predict future performance
Research Question
The study is to analyse and compare the financial statement of 10 pharmaceutical companies. For
this the information is collected from the annual report of three consecutive years to prepare
common size statements and do a trend analysis to track percentage changes in the balance
sheets and income statements of the companies.
Following 10 companies listed in India were selected and their financial information was
collected for the financial years 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13
1. Biocon Ltd
2. Cipla Ltd
3. Dishman Pharmaceutical. & Chemicals Ltd
4. Dr. Reddy Labs. Ltd
5. Glenmark Pharmaceutical Ltd
6. Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd
7. Lupin Labs
8. Piramal Life Sciences
9. Ranbaxy Labs. Ltd
10. Sun Pharmaceutical. Industries Ltd
Data Collection
The secondary sources of data were used for the study as below:
1) Annual reports of companies

2) Related books and journals
3) Internet.
Financial Statements
Financial statements are the basic and formal annual reports through which the corporate
management communicates financial information to its owners and various other external parties
which include investors, tax authorities, government, employees, etc. These normally refer to (a)
the balance sheet (position statement) as at the end of accounting period, and (b) the profit and
loss account (income statement) of a company. Now days, the cash flow statement is also taken
as an integral component of the financial statements of a company.
Nature of Financial Statements
The chronologically recorded facts about events expressed in monetary terms for a defined
period of time are the basis for the preparation of periodical financial statements which reveal the
financial position as on a date and the financial results obtained during a period. The American
Institute of Certified Public Accountants states the nature of financial statements as, “the
statements prepared for the purpose of presenting a periodical review of report on progress by
the management and deal with the status of investment in the business and the results achieved
during the period under review. They reflect a combination of recorded facts, accounting
principles and personal judgments.”
The following points explain the nature of financial statements:
1. Recorded facts : Financial statements are prepared on the basis of facts in the form of
cost data recorded in accounting books. The original cost or historical cost is the basis of
recording transactions. The figures of various accounts such as cash in hand, cash at
bank, bills receivable, sundry debtors, fixed assets, etc. are taken as per the figures
recorded in the accounting books. The assets purchased at different times and at different
prices are put together and shown at costs. As these are not based on market prices, the
financial statements do not show current financial condition of the concern.
2. Accounting Conventions: Certain accounting conventions are followed while preparing

financial statements. The convention of valuing inventory at cost or market price,
whichever is lower, is followed. The valuing of assets at cost less depreciation principle
for balance sheet purposes is followed. The convention of materiality is followed in
dealing with small items like pencils, pens, postage stamps, etc. These items are treated
as expenditure in the year in which they are purchased even though they are assets in
nature. The stationery is valued at cost and not on the principle of cost or market price,
whichever is less. The use of accounting conventions makes financial statements
comparable, simple and realistic.
3. Postulates: Financial statements are prepared on certain basic assumptions (pre-

requisites) known as postulates such as going concern pos tulate, money measurement
postulate, realisation postulate, etc. Going concern postulate assumes that the enterprise is
treated as a going concern and exists for a longer period of time. So the assets are shown
on historical cost basis. Money measurement postulate assumes that the value of money
will remain the same in different periods. Though there is drastic change in purchasing
power of money, the assets purchased at different times will be shown at the amount paid
for them. While, preparing profit and loss account the revenue is included in the sales of
the year in which the sale was undertaken even though the sale price may be received
over a number of years. The assumption is known as realization postulate.
4. Personal Judgme nts : Under more than one circumstance, facts and figures presented
through financial statements are based on personal opinion, estimates and judgments. The
depreciation is provided taking into consideration the useful economic life of fixed assets.
Provisions for doubtful debts are made on estimates and personal judgments. In valuing
inventory, cost or market value, whichever is less is being followed. While deciding
either cost of inventory or market value of inventory many personal judgments are to be
made based on certain considerations. Personal opinion, judgments and estimates are
made while preparing the financial statements to avoid any possibility of over statement
of assets and liabilities, income and expenditure, keeping in mind the convention of
conservatism.
Thus, financial statements are the summarized reports of recorded facts and are prepared
following the accounting concepts, conventions and requirements of Law.
Objectives of Financial Statements
Financial statements are the basic sources of information to the s hareholders and other external
parties for understanding the profitability and financial position of any concern. They provide
information about the results of the concern during a specified period of time and status of the
concern in terms of assets and liabilities, which provide the basis for taking decisions. Thus, the
primary objective of financial statements is to assist the users in their decision- making. The
specific objectives include the following:
1. To provide information about economic resources and obligations of a business:

They are prepared to provide adequate, reliable and periodical information about
economic resources and obligations of a business firm to investors and other external
parties who have limited authority, ability or resources to obtain information.
2. To provide information about the earning capacity of the business : They are to
provide useful financial information which can gainfully be utilised to predict, compare,
and evaluate the business firm’s earning capacity.
3. To provide information about cash flows : They are to provide information useful to
investors and creditors for predicting, comparing and evaluating, potential cash flows in
terms of amount, timing and related uncertainties.
4. To judge effectiveness of management: They supply information useful for judging

management’s ability to utilise the resources of a business effectively.
5. Information about activities of business affecting the society: They have to report the
activities of the business organisation affecting the society, which can be determined and
described or measured and which are important in its social environment.
6. Disclosing accounting policies: These reports have to provide the significant policies,
concepts followed in the process of accounting and changes taken up in them during the
year to understand these statements in a better way.
Types of Financial Statements
The financial statements generally include two statements known as balance sheet and profit and
loss account which are required for external reporting and also for internal needs of the
management like planning, decision- making and control. These two basic statements are
supported by number schedules, annexures, supplementing the data contained in the balance
sheet and profit and loss account.
 Balance Sheet: The purpose of

balance sheet is to show its
resources and obligations for
acquiring its resources i.e.,
assets and liabilities. According
to American Institute of Public
Accountants, balance sheet is
“a tabular statement of
summary of balances (debits
and credits) carried forward
after an actual and constructive
closing of books of accounts
and kept according to
principles of accounting”.
Balance sheet is the statement
prepared on a particular date
and shows classified properties
and assets on the right hand
side and obligations or
liabilities on the left hand side.
 Profit and Loss Account or Income State ment: The profit and loss account is the
accounting report which summarizes the revenues and expenses and ascertains the
profit/loss for a specified accounting period. It also represents the changes in the owner’s
equity between two successive periods. It is an essential statement for preparation of
balance sheet and hence annexed to it. Income statement is the moving picture of an
organisation and reflects the results of operations for a period. Income statement gives a
quantitative interpretation of policies, expenses, knowledge, foresight and aggressiveness
of the management of a business from the point of view of income, expenses, gross
profit, operating profit and net profit or loss.
As per the accounting concept of income, income (profit) is excess of realised revenues over
related expired cost of the period and loss is known as excess of expired cost of a period over
related realized revenues of the period. Thus, profit or loss is the difference between the realised
revenues of the period and the related expired costs. It may be noted that normally accrual basis
of accounting is followed for measuring the revenues and expenses for the period. In addition,
another statement called Profit and Loss Appropriation Account is prepared to record various
appropriations of profits like transfer to reserve and provision for dividends.
Relationship among Financial Statements
Uses and Importance of Financial Statements
The users of financial statements include management, investors, shareholders, creditors,

government, bankers, employees and public at large. Financial statements provide the necessary
information about the performance of the management to these parties interested in the
organisation and help in taking appropriate economic decisions. It may be noted that the
financial statements constitute an integral part of the Annual Reports of the companies which is
included to are concerned which include in addition, the directors report, auditors report,
corporate governance report, and management discussion and analysis.
The various uses and importance of financial statements are as follows:
1. Report on stewards hip function: Financial statements report the performance of the
management to the shareholders. The gaps between the management performance and
ownership expectations can be understood with the help of financial statements.
2. Basis for fiscal policies: The fiscal policies, particularly taxation policies of the
government, are related with the financial performance of corporate undertakings. The
financial statements provide basic input for industrial, taxation and other economic
policies of the government.
3. Basis for granting of credit: Corporate undertakings have to borrow funds from banks
and other financial institutions for different purposes. Credit granting institutions take
decisions based on the financial performance of the undertakings. Thus, financial
statements form the basis for granting of credit.
4. Basis for prospective investors: The investors include both short-term and long-term
investors. Their prime considerations in their investment decisions are security and
liquidity of their investment with reasonable profitability. Financial statements help the
investors to assess long- term and short-term solvency as well as the profitability of the
concern.
5. Guide to the value of the investment Already Made : Shareholders of companies are
interested in knowing the status, safety and return on their investment. They may also
need information to take decision about continuation or discontinuation of their
investment in the business. Financial statements provide information to the shareholders
in taking such important decisions.
6. Aids trade associations in helping their me mbe rs: Trade associations may analyse the
financial statements for the purpose of providing service and protection to their members.
They may develop standard ratios and design uniform system of accounts.
7. Helps stock exchanges: Financial statements help the stock exchanges to understand the
extent of transparency in reporting on financial performance and enables them to call for
required information to protect the interest of investors. The financial statements enable
the stock brokers to judge the financial position of different concerns and take decisions
about the prices to be quoted.
Limitations of Financial Statements
Though utmost care is taken in the preparation of the financial statements and provide detailed
information to the users, they suffer from the following limitations:
1. Do not reflect current situation: Financial statements are prepared on the basis of
historical cost. Since the purchasing power of money is changing, the values of assets and
liabilities shown in financial statement do not reflect current market situation.
2. Assets may not realise: Accounting is done on the basis of certain conventions. Some of
the assets may not realise the stated values, if the liquidation is forced on the company.
Assets shown in the balance sheet reflect merely unexpired or unamortised cost.
3. Bias: Financial statements are the outcome of recorded facts, accounting concepts and
conventions used and personal judgments made in different situations by the accountants.
Hence, bias may be observed in the results, and the financial position depicted in
financial statements may not be realistic.
4. Aggregate information: Financial statements show aggregate information but not

detailed information. Hence, they may not help the users in decision-making much.
5. Vital Information missing: Balance sheet does not disclose information relating to loss
of markets, and cessation of agreements, which have vital bearing on the enterprise.
6. No Qualitative information: Financial statements contain only monetary information

but not qualitative information like industrial relations, industrial climate, labour
relations, quality of work, etc.
7. They are only interim reports : Profit and loss account discloses the profit/loss for a
specified period. It does not give an idea about the earning capacity over time similarly,
the financial position reflected in balance sheet is true at that point of time, and the likely
change on a future date is not depicted.
Analysis of Financial Statements
Definition
 Metcalf & Titcard – Financial statement analysis is the process of evaluating

relationship between component part of financial statements to obtain better
understanding of firm’s financial position & performance.
 Myers- Financial statement analysis is largely is study of relationship among the various
financial factors in a business as disclosed by a single setup, statements and study of
trend of these factors as shown in a series of statements.
Meaning
The process of critical evaluation of the financial information contained in the financial
statements in order to understand and make decisions regarding the operations of the firm is
called ‘Financial Statement Analysis’. It is basically a study of relationship among various
financial facts and figures as given in a set of financial statements, and the interpretation thereof
to gain an insight into the profitability and operational efficiency of the firm to assess its
financial health and future prospects.
The term financial analysis includes both analysis and interpretation. The term analysis means
simplification of financial data by methodical classification given in the financial statements.
Interpretation means explaining the meaning and significance of the data. These two are
complimentary to each other. Analysis is uselesswithout interpretation, and interpretation
without analysis is difficult or even impossible.
Significance of Financial Analysis
Financial analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm
by properly establishing relationships between the various items of the balance sheet and the
profit and loss account. Financial analysis can be undertaken by management of the firm, or by
parties outside the firm, viz. owners, trade creditors, lenders, investors, labour unions, analysts
and others. The nature of analysis will differ depending on the purpose of the analyst. A
technique frequently used by an analyst need not necessarily serve the purpose of other analysts
because of the difference in the interests of the analysts. Financial analysis is useful and
significant to different users in the following ways:
(a) Finance manager: Financial analysis focusses on the facts and relationships related to
managerial performance, corporate efficiency, financial strengths and weaknesses and
creditworthiness of the company. A finance manager must be well-equipped with the
different tools of analysis to make rational decisions for the firm. The tools for analysis
help in studying accounting data so as to determine the continuity of the operating
policies, investment value of the business, credit ratings and testing the efficiency of
operations. The techniques are equally important in the area of financial control, enabling
the finance manager to make constant reviews of the actual financial operations of the
firm to analyse the causes of major deviations, which may help in corrective action
wherever indicated.
(b) Top management: The importance of financial analysis is not limited to the finance
manager alone. Its scope of importance is quite broad which includes top management in
general and the other functional managers.Management of the firm would be interested
in every aspect of the financial analysis. It is their overall responsibility to see that the
resources of the firm are used most efficiently, and that the firm’s financial condition is
sound. Financial analysis helps the management in measuring the success or otherwise of
the company’s operations, appraising the individual’s performance and evaluating the
system of internal control.
(c) Trade creditors : A trade creditor, through an analysis of financial statements, appraises
not only the urgent ability of the company to meet its obligations, but also judges the
probability of its continued ability to meet all its financial obligations in future. Trade
creditors are particularly interested in the firm’s ability to meet their claims over a very
short period of time. Their analysis will, therefore, confine to the evaluation of the firm’s
liquidity position.
(d) Lenders: Suppliers of long-term debt are concerned with the firm’s long- term solvency
and survival. They analyse the firm’s profitability overtime, its ability to generate cash to
be able to pay interest and repay the principal and the relationship between various
sources of funds (capital structure relationships). Long-term tenders do analyse the
historical financial statements. But they place more emphasis on the firm’s projected
financial statements to make analysis about its future solvency and profitability.
(e) Investors : Investors, who have invested their money in the firm’s shares, are interested
about the firm’s earnings. As such, they concentrate on the analysis of the firm’s present
and future profitability. They are also interested in the firm’s capital structure to ascertain
its influences on firm’s earning and risk. They also evaluate the efficiency of the
management and determine whether a change is needed or not. However, in some large
companies, the shareholders’ interest is limited to decide whether to buy, sell or hold the
shares.
(f) Labour unions : Labour unions analyse the financial statements to assess whether it can
presently afford a wage increase and whether it can absorb a wage increase through
increased productivity or by raising the prices.
(g) Others : The economists, researchers, etc. analyse the financial statements to study the
present business and economic conditions. The government agencies need it for price
regulations, taxation and other similar purposes.
Types of financial Analysis
On the basis of material used
 External analysis– This analysis done by outsiders who do not have access to the
internal a/c of business firm.
 Inte rnal analysis- This analysis done by persons who have access to internal A/c of
business firm.
On the basis of modus operandi
 Horizontal analysis- It refers to comparison of financial data of a company horizontally

over a number of columns for several years.
 Vertical Analysis- Vertical analysis refer to the study of relationship of various item in
the financial statement of one accounting period be selecting a base figure from the same
year statement.
 Parties Interested- Investors, management, trade creditors, lenders, suppliers, stock

exchange, tax authority, researcher, employees, Govt., and their agencies.
Objectives of Financial Analysis
Analysis of financial statements reveals important facts concerning managerial performance and
the efficiency of the firm. Broadly speaking, the objectives of the analysis are to apprehend the
information contained in financial statements with a view to know the weaknesses and strengths
of the firm and to make a forecast about the future prospects of the firm thereby, enabling the
analysts to take decisions regarding the operation of, and further investment in, the firm. To be
more specific, the analysis is undertaken to serve the following purposes (objectives):
• To assess the current profitability and operational efficiency of the firm as a whole as
well as its different departments so as to judge the financial health of the firm.
• To ascertain the relative importance of different components of the financial position of
the firm.
• To identify the reasons for change in the profitability/financial position of the firm.
• To judge the ability of the firm to repay its debt and assessing the short-term as well as
the long-term liquidity position of the firm.
Through the analysis of financial statements of various firms, an economist can judge the extent
of concentration of economic power and pitfalls in the financial policies pursued. The analysis
also provides the basis for many governmental actions relating to licensing, controls, fixing of
prices, ceiling on profits, dividend freeze, tax subsidy and other concessions to the corporate
sector.
It also helps the management in self-appraisal and the shareholders (owners) and others to judge
the performance of the management.
Tools of Financial Analysis
The most commonly used techniques of financial analysis are as follows:
1. Comparative Statements
These are the statements showing the profitability and financial position of a firm for different
periods of time in a comparative form to give an idea about the position of two or more periods.
It usually applies to the two important financial statements, namely, Balance Sheet and Income
Statement prepared in a comparative form. The financial data will be comparative only when
same accounting principles are used in preparing these statements. If this is not the case, the
deviation in the use of accounting principles should be mentioned as a footnote. Comparative
figures indicate the trend and direction of financial position and operating results. This analysis
is also known as horizontal analyses.
There are three types of comparisons to provide decision usefulness of financial information:
 Intracompany basis - Comparisons within a company are often useful to detect

changes in financial relationships and significant trends.
 Intercompany basis - Comparisons with other companies provide insight into a

company's competitive position.
 Industry averages - Comparisons with industry averages provide information about

a company's relative position within the industry.
Importance
The benefits of a comparative statement are varied for acorporation.Because of the uniform
format of the statement, it is a simple process tocompare the gross sales of a given product or all
products of the companywith the gross sales generated in a previous month, quarter, or
year.Comparing generated revenue from one period to a different period canadd another
dimension to analyzing the effectiveness of the sales effort,as the process makes it possible to
identify trends such as a drop inrevenue in spite of an increase in units sold.Along with being an
excellent way to broaden the understanding of thesuccess of the sales effort, a comparative
statement can also help addresschanges in production costs. By comparing line items that
catalogue theexpense for raw materials in one quarter with another quarter where thenumber of
units produced is similar can make it possible to spot trends inexpense increases, and thus help
isolate the origin of those increases. This type of data can prove helpful to allowing the company
to find rawmaterials from another source before the increased price for materialscuts into the
overall profitability of the company.
A comparative statement can be helpful for just about any organizationthat has to deal with
finances in some manner. Even non-profitorganizations can use the comparative statement
method to ascertaintrends in annual fund raising efforts. By making use of the
comparativestatement for the most recent effort and comparing the figures with thoseof the
previous year’s event, it is possible to determine where expensesincreased or decreased, and
provide some insight in how to plan thefollowing year’s event.
Features
 A comparative statement adds meaning to the financial data.

 It is used to effectively measure the conduct of the businessactivities.
 Comparative statement analysis is used for intra firm analysis and inters firm analysis.
 A comparative statement analysis indicates change in amount aswell as change in %.
 A positive change in amount and percentage indicates an increaseand a negative change
in amount and percentage indicates adecrease.
 If the value in the first year is zero then change in percentagecannot be indicated. This is
the limitation of comparative statementanalysis. While interpreting the results qualitative
inferences needto be drawn.
 It is a popular tool useful for analysis by the financial analysts.
 A comparative statement analysis cannot be used to compare more than two years
financial data.
2. Common Size Statements:
These are the statements which indicate the relationship of different items of a financial
statement with some common item by expressing each item as a percentage of the common item.
The percentage thus calculated can be easily compared with the results corresponding
percentages of the previous year or of some other firms, asthe numbers are brought to common
base. Such statements also allow an analyst to compare the operating and financing
characteristics of two companies of different sizes in the same industry. Thus, common-size
statements are useful, both, in intra- firm comparisons over different years and also in making
inter- firm comparisons for the same year or for several years. This analysis is also known as
‘Vertical analyses’.
Comparisons between Companies (Cross-Sectional Analysis)
Common size financial statements can be used to compare multiplecompanies at the same point
in time. A common-size analysis is especiallyuseful when comparing companies of different
sizes. It often is insightful to compare a firm to the best performing firm in its industry
(benchmarking). A firm also can be compared to its industry as a whole. To compare to the
industry, the ratios are calculated for each firm in the industry and an average for the industry is
calculated. Comparative statements then may be constructed with the company of interest in
onecolumn and the industry averages in another. The result is a quick overview of where the firm
stands in the industry with respect to keyitems on the financial statements
Features
1. A common size statement analysis indicates the relation of each component to the whole.
2. In case of a Common Size Income statement analysis Net Sales istaken as 100% and in
case of Common Size Balance Sheet analysistotal funds available/total capital employed
is considered as 100%.
3. It is used for vertical financial analysis and comparison of twobusiness enterprises or two
years financial data.
4. Absolute figures from the financial statement are difficult tocompare but when converted
and expressed as percentage of netsales in case of income statement and in case of
Balance Sheet aspercentage of total net assets or total funds employed it becomes more
meaningful to relate.
5. A common size analysis is a type of ratio analysis where in case of income statement
sales is the denominator (base) and in case of Balance Sheet funds employed or total net
assets is thedenominator (base) and all items are expressed as a relation to it.
6. In case of common size statement analysis the absolute figures areconverted to
proportions for the purpose of inter-firm as well as intra-firm analysis.
Limitations
As with financial statements in general, the interpretation of common sizestatements is subject to

many of the limitations in the accounting dataused to construct them. For example:
1. Different accounting policies may be used by different firms or within the same firm at
different points in time. Adjustments should be made for such differences.
2. Different firms may use different accounting calendars, so theaccounting periods may not
be directly comparable.
3. Trend Analysis:
It is a technique of studying the operational results and financial position over a series of years.
Using the previous year data of a business enterprise, trend analysis can be done to observe the
percentage changes over time in the selected data. The trend percentage is the percentage
relationship, which each item of different years bear to the same item in the base year. Tre nd
analysis is important because, with its long run view, it may point to basic changes in the nature
of the business. By looking at a trend in a particular ratio, one may find whether the ratio is
falling, rising or remaining relatively constant. From this observation, a problem is detected or
the sign of good management is found.
Procedure for Calculating Trend Percentage
To calculate the change over a longer period of time
1. Select the base year.

2. For each line item, divide the amount in each non base year by the amount in the base
year and multiply by 100.
3. Generally, the first year is the base year, so its percentages are all 100.0. The
percentages in the other years are calculated by dividing each amount in a particular year
by the corresponding amount in the base year and multiply by 100.
Trend Percentage = Present year value × 100

Base year value
Features
 In case of a trend analysis all the given years are arranged in an ascending order.
 The first year is termed as the “Base year” and all figures of thebase year are taken as
100%.
 Item in the subsequent years are compared with that of the baseyear.
 If the percentages in the following years is above 100% it indicatesan increase over the
base year and if the percentages are below100% it indicates a decrease over the base year.
 A trend analysis gives a better picture of the overall performance of the business.
 A trend analysis helps in analysing the financial performance over aperiod of time.
 A trend analysis indicates in which direction a business is movingi.e. upward or
downwards.
 A trend analysis facilitates effective comparative study of thefinancial performance over
a period of time.
 For trend analysis at least three years financial data is essential.Broader the base the more
reliable is the data and analysis.
4. Ratio Analysis
It describes the significant relationship which exists between various items of a balance sheet and
a profit and loss account of a firm. As a technique of financial analysis, accounting ratios
measure the comparative significance of the individual items of the income and position
statements. It is possible to assess the profitability, solvency and efficiency of an enterprise
through the technique of ratio analysis.
5. Cash Flow Analysis
It refers to the analysis of actual movement of cash into and out of an organisation. The flow of
cash into the business is called as cash inflow or positive cash flow and the flow of cash out of
the firm is called as cash outflow or a negative cash flow. The difference between the inflow and
outflow of cash is the net cash flow. Cash flow statement is prepared to project the manner in
which the cash has been received and has been utilised during an accounting year as it shows the
sources of cash receipts and also the purposes for which payme nts are made. Thus, it summarises
the causes for the changes in cash position of a business enterprise between dates of two balance
sheets.
Limitations of Financial Analysis
Though financial analysis is quite helpful in determining financial strengths and weaknesses of a
firm, it is based on the information available in financial statements. As such, the financial
analysis also suffers from various limitations of financial statements. Hence, the analyst must be
conscious of the impact of price level changes, window dressing of financial statements, changes
in accounting policies of a firm, accounting concepts and conventions, personal judgment, etc.
Some other limitations of financial analysis are:
1. Financial analysis does not consider price level changes.
2. Financial analysis may be misleading without the knowledge of the changes in

accounting procedure followed by a firm.
3. Financial analysis is just a study of interim reports.
4. Monetary information alone is considered in financial analysis while non-

monetary aspects are ignored.
5. The financial statements are prepared on the basis of on-going concept, as such it
does not reflect the current position.
Financial Statements of Indian Companies – Legal Framework
1. Financial analysis does not consider price level changes.

2. Financial analysis may be misleading without the knowledge of the changes in
accounting procedure followed by a firm.
3. Financial analysis is just a study of interim reports.
4. Monetary information alone is considered in financial analysis while non- monetary
aspects are ignored.
5. The financial statements are prepared on the basis of on-going concept, as such, it does
not reflect the current position.
6. Governed by the Companies Act, 1956
7. SEBI also forms rules under the Listing Agreement
8. Form and Content of Balance Sheet as per the ‘revised Schedule VI’ of the Companies
Act 1956 and to comply with applicable Accounting Standards (under Section 211(3 A) –
(3C) of the Companies Act, 1956) notified under Companies (Accounting Standard)
Rules, 2006
9. Currently, 28 Accounting Standards notified by the Central Government (AS 1 to AS 7 &

AS 9 to AS 29). AS 30, AS 31 & AS 32 are not yet notified and, thus, are
recommendatory
10. In India, the Central Government has also prescribed Indian Accounting Standards (Ind
AS) which are converged with IFRS, however, the date on which these will come into
force is yet to be notified
11. Accounting Standards are called:
 AS in India
 IFRS in case a country adopts IFRS issued by IASB
 US GAAP in USA
Findings
Analysis of the Financial Statement
Analysis of financial statements is attempted to assess the efficiency and performance of

companies. The financial statements here I consider are Profit & Loss A/C and Balance Sheet of
the companies. The analysis and interpretation of financial statements is very essential to
measure the efficiency, profitability, financial soundness and future prospects of the business
units.
Here we consider two different tools for analyzing financial statements of the Pharmaceutical
companies considering three years values.
1. Common Size Analysis:
The common Size statements (Balance Sheet and Income Statement) are shown in analytical
percentages. The figures of these statements are shown as percentages of total assets, total
liabilities and revenue from operations.
 Common Size Balance Sheet:
A statement where balance Sheet items are expressed in the ratio of each asset to total assets and
the ratio of each liability is expressed in the ratio of total liabilities is called Common Size
Balance Sheet.
 Common Size Profit & Loss Account:
The items in P&L A/C can be shown as percentages of Net Revenue on Operations to show the
relations of each item.
Balance Sheet (2012) (Rupees in Crores)
Dishman
Sun Pharma.
Pharma. & Dr. Reddy Glenmark Jubilant Life Piramal Life Ranbaxy
Classification Biocon Ltd. Cipla Ltd.
Chemicals Labs. Ltd. Pharma. Ltd. Sciences Ltd.
Lupin Labs.
Sciences Labs. Ltd.
Industries
Ltd.
Ltd.
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Shareholders’ funds
Share capital 1000 161 1614 848 271 159 893 35 2115 1036
Reserves and surplus 19964 7390 65880 66330 21587 19739 36451 11106 17095 80051
20964 7550 67494 67178 21857 19898 37344 11141 19210 81086
Non-current liabilities
Long Term Borrowings 605 2 30168 5130 2544 24222 1349 217 19568 -
Deferred Tax Liabilities 349 232 3148 200 238 2114 1905 101 - 1423
Long Term Provisions 649 29 443 212 - 1569 256 20 2739 986
Other Long-term Liabilities - - 38690 63 778 - 376 133 10363 20
1603 264 5605 3560 27905 470 32671 2430
Current Liabilities
Short-term Borrowings 868 10 12801 10204 2221 4847 8577 975 28068 403
Trade Payables 2511 600 8493 7334 2705 7067 7154 313 8588 4002
Other Current Liabilities 769 358 15487 9844 644 1868 2503 486 13321 625
Short Term Provisions 1488 211 1335 3241 704 884 2122 360 27831 5155
5636 1180 38115 30623 6274 14666 20357 2134 77808 10185
TOTAL 28203 8994 144299 103406 31691 62469 61587 13744 129699 93701
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 6757 3003 46473 18967 2163 17663 16972 632 19308 9797
Intagible Assets 93 - 559 1 75 738 103 129 627 236
Intangible Assets Under Development - 343 - - 34 1669 - 143 131 -
Capital Work-in-Progress 825 462 25734 6176 656 2521 3573 23 1465 2489
Non-Current Investments 1664 386 18706 22707 10833 19380 6873 6764 31281 32122
Long-term Loans and Advances 5343 0 19899 6318 9552 4178 3805 117 10107 6595
Other Non-Current Assets - - 253 - 1018 720 - 4126 216 28
14682 4194 38857 54169 24330 46869 31326 11933 63135 51268
Current Assets
Current Investments 4906 573 - 2070 - 217 - 347 30 8450
Inventories 3404 1825 11913 13267 1759 5933 11236 267 17318 7862
Trade Receivables 4450 1519 9646 19435 3587 4038 14908 242 14359 8373
Cash and Bank Balances 400 55 645 8490 475 2032 192 13 28348 13277
Short-term Loans and Advances 361 774 10472 5298 670 3203 2715 858 5041 3932
Other Current Assets - 54 32676 677 868 176 1211 84 1467 540
13521 4800 49237 7361 15600 30261 1811 66564 42434
TOTAL 28203 8994 144299 103406 31691 62469 61587 13744 129699 93701
Balance Sheet (2012) (% Values)
Dishman
Sun Pharma.
Biocon Ltd. Cipla Ltd. Lupin Labs. Industries
Classification Chemicals Labs. Ltd. Pharma. Ltd. Sciences Ltd. Sciences Labs. Ltd.
Ltd.
Ltd.
Share capital 3.55 1.79 1.12 0.82 0.85 0.26 1.45 0.25 1.63 1.11
Reserves and surplus 70.79 82.16 45.66 64.15 68.12 31.60 59.19 80.81 13.18 85.43
Long Term Borrowings 2.15 0.02 20.91 4.96 8.03 38.77 2.19 1.58 15.09 0.00
Deferred Tax Liabilities 1.24 2.58 2.18 0.19 0.75 3.38 3.09 0.73 0.00 1.52
Long Term Provisions 2.30 0.32 0.31 0.21 0.00 2.51 0.42 0.15 2.11 1.05
Other Long-term Liabilities 0.00 0.00 26.81 0.06 2.46 0.00 0.61 0.97 7.99 0.02
Current Liabilities
Short-term Borrowings 3.08 0.11 8.87 9.87 7.01 7.76 13.93 7.10 21.64 0.43
Trade Payables 8.90 6.68 5.89 7.09 8.54 11.31 11.62 2.27 6.62 4.27
Other Current Liabilities 2.73 3.98 10.73 9.52 2.03 2.99 4.06 3.53 10.27 0.67
Short Term Provisions 5.28 2.35 0.92 3.13 2.22 1.41 3.45 2.62 21.46 5.50
TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 23.96 33.39 32.21 18.34 6.82 28.27 27.56 4.60 14.89 10.46
Intagible Assets 0.33 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.24 1.18 0.17 0.94 0.48 0.25
Intangible Assets Under Development 0.00 3.82 0.00 0.00 0.11 2.67 0.00 1.04 0.10 0.00
Capital Work-in-Progress 2.93 5.13 17.83 5.97 2.07 4.04 5.80 0.17 1.13 2.66
Non-Current Investments 5.90 4.29 12.96 21.96 34.18 31.02 11.16 49.21 24.12 34.28
Long-term Loans and Advances 18.94 0.00 13.79 6.11 30.14 6.69 6.18 0.85 7.79 7.04
Other Non-Current Assets 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 3.21 1.15 0.00 30.02 0.17 0.03
Current Assets
Current Investments 17.40 6.37 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 2.52 0.02 9.02
Inventories 12.07 20.29 8.26 12.83 5.55 9.50 18.24 1.94 13.35 8.39
Trade Receivables 15.78 16.89 6.68 18.79 11.32 6.46 24.21 1.76 11.07 8.94
Cash and Bank Balances 1.42 0.61 0.45 8.21 1.50 3.25 0.31 0.10 21.86 14.17
Short-term Loans and Advances 1.28 8.60 7.26 5.12 2.12 5.13 4.41 6.24 3.89 4.20
Other Current Assets 0.00 0.60 22.64 0.65 2.74 0.28 1.97 0.61 1.13 0.58
TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Interpretation
Intra-companies:
1. An analysis of pattern of financing of the companies shows that Dishman

Pharmaceutical & Che micals Ltd is most traditionally financed in fixed assets with
50.43% followed by Cipla Ltd with 42.34%.
2. The percentages show that some companies have high working capital. The percentage of
current liabilities is less than the percentage of current assets in the following companies -
 Cipla Ltd - The percentage of current liabilities is 13.12% whereas the current
assets are 53.37%. The inventories and trade receivables account for 20.9% and
16.89% respectively of total current assets.
 Sun Pharmaceutical. Industries Ltd - The percentage of current liabilities is
10.87% whereas the current assets are 45.29%. The current investments and cash
& bank balances account for 9.02% and 14.17% respectively of total current
assets.
 Biocon Ltd - The percentage of current liabilities is 19.98% whereas the current
assets are 47.94%. The current investments and trade receivables account for
17.40% and 15.78% respectively of total current assets.
 Dishman Pharmaceutical & Chemicals Ltd - The percentage of current
liabilities is 26.41% whereas the current assets are 45.29%. Other current assets
and cash & bank balances account for 22.64% of total current assets.
 Dr. Reddy Labs Ltd - The percentage of current liabilities is 26.41% whereas
the current assets are 45.29%. Other current assets and cash & bank balances
account for 22.64% of total current assets.
 Lupin Labs - The percentage of current liabilities is 33.05% whereas the current
assets are 49.14%. Trade receivables and Inventories account for 22.64% of total
current assets.
3. Piramal Life Sciences and Ranbaxy Labs Ltd higher percentage of current liabilities
than percentage of current assets.
Profit & Loss Account (2012) (Rupees in Crores)
Dishman
Sun Pharma.
Ltd.
Ltd.
INCOME
Revenue from operations (gross) 16,053 7,074 46,903 66,443 15,647 27,332 54,269 1,174 61,404 31,602
Less: Excise duty 495 97 563 -405 256 -921 420 21 279 527
Revenue from operations (net) 15,558 6,978 46,340 66,038 15,391 26,411 53,848 1,153 61,124 31,076
Other income 666 148 1,177 818 551 89 35 534 2,572 1,941
Total (I) 16,224 7,126 47,517 68,215 16,198 26,500 53,883 1,688 65,607 33,017
EXPENDITURE
Cost of raw materials and packing materials 6,971 2,301 17,178 17,386 3,377 12,400 15,922 539 15,287 7,131
Purchases of traded goods 857 556 1,298 3,076 1,049 2,437 5,993 81 8,090 1,767
11 1,048
-414goods and work-in-progress
Increase)/ decrease in inventories of finished goods, traded -1,048 -129 -933 -1,325 -13 -492 71
Employee benefit expenses 1,916 728 4,522 8,661 2,468 2,072 5,812 152 10,196 2,611
Other expenses 2,893 1,800 7,798 15,124 5,771 1,700 15,828.4 0 531 25,526 6,255
Total (II) 12,223 5,704 40,765 55,623 13,357 25,159 43,836 1,567 63,438 18,477
(EBITDA (I - II) ) 4,001 - - - - - - - - -

Depreciation and amortisation 940 282 3,166 3,011 211 1,320 1,320 76 1,611 642
Finance costs 17 27 5,754 636 609 1,544 287 200 2,970 -
Profit before tax 3,044 1,421 6,752 12,592 2,841 -459 10,047 121 63,438 14,540
TAX EXPENSE
Current tax 559 278 2,097 4,275 554 133 2,019 23 -19 570
Less - MAT credit entitlement -23 - - - 375 2 -374 -40 - -
Deferred tax - (47) 20 171 -807 9 215 358 8 - 132
Total tax expense 489 - 2,268 - 188 350 - - - 702
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 2,555 1,124 4,484 9,124 2,653 350 8,044 131 -1,623 13,838
Profit & Loss Account (2012) (% Values)
Dishman
Sun Pharma.
Ltd.
Ltd.
INCOME
Revenue from operations (gross) 103.18 101.39 101.21 9,241.03 101.66 103.49 100.78 101.78 100.46 101.69
Less: Excise duty 3.18 1.39 1.21 -56.33 1.66 -3.49 0.78 1.78 0.46 1.69
Revenue from operations (net) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Other income 4.28 2.13 2.54 113.77 3.58 0.34 0.06 46.33 4.21 6.25
Total (I) 104.28 102.13 102.54 9,487.48 105.24 100.34 100.06 146.33 107.33 106.25
EXPENDITURE
Cost of raw materials and packing materials 44.81 32.98 37.07 2,418.08 21.94 46.95 29.57 46.72 25.01 22.95
Purchases of traded goods 5.51 7.96 2.80 427.82 6.82 9.23 11.13 7.02 13.24 5.69
Increase)/ decrease in inventories of finished goods, traded 2.26
work-in-progress
-2.66goods and0.16 -145.76 -0.84 -3.53 -2.46 -1.08 -0.81 0.23
Employee benefit expenses 12.32 10.44 9.76 1,204.59 16.04 7.85 10.79 13.16 16.68 8.40
Other expenses 18.59 25.79 16.83 2,103.48 37.50 6.44 46.06 41.76 20.13
Total (II) 78.56 81.75 87.97 7,736.16 86.78 95.26 81.41 135.82 103.78 59.46
(EBITDA (I - II) ) 25.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Depreciation and amortisation 6.04 4.04 6.83 418.78 1.37 5.00 2.45 6.62 2.64 2.07
Finance costs 0.11 0.38 12.42 88.46 3.95 5.85 0.53 17.33 4.86 0.00
Profit before tax 19.57 20.37 14.57 1,751.32 18.46 -1.74 18.66 10.51 103.78 46.79
TAX EXPENSE
Current tax 3.59 3.98 4.53 594.58 3.60 0.50 3.75 1.95 -0.03 1.83
Less - MAT credit entitlement -0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 0.01 -0.69 -3.49 0.00 0.00
Deferred tax 0.00 0.29 0.37 -112.24 0.06 0.81 0.67 0.71 0.00 0.42
Total tax expense 3.14 0.00 4.89 0.00 1.22 1.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.26
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 16.42 16.11 9.68 1,268.98 17.24 1.32 14.94 11.33 -2.66 44.53
Interpretation:
Intra-companies:
1. The following companies has high percentage of Profit for the year 2012 –
 Sun Pharmace utical. Industries Ltd has the highest profit of the year among all the
other pharmaceutical companies i.e. 44.53%. Profit before text was 46.79%.
 Glenmark Pharmaceutical Ltd has the profit of 17.24%.
 Biocon Ltd has the profit of 16.42%.
 Cipla Ltd has the profit of 16.11%.
 Lupin Labs has the profit of 14.94%.
2. Following companies has the highest percentage of Expenditure in year 2012 -

 Piramal Life Sciences - 135.82%
 Ranbaxy Labs Ltd - 103.78%
 Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd - 95.26%
 Dishman Pharmaceutical & Chemicals Ltd - 87.97%
3. Following companies has the highest percentage of Income in year 2012 –

 Piramal Life Sciences - 146.33%
 Ranbaxy Labs Ltd - 107.33%
 Sun Pharmaceutical. Industries Ltd. – 106.25
 Glenmark Pharmaceutical Ltd - 105.24
2. Trend Analysis:
Trend analysis is a technique of studying several financial statements (Balance Sheet & Income
Statement) over a series of years. In this analysis the trend percentages are calculated for each
item by taking the figure of that item for the base year taken as 100. Generally, the first year is
taken as a base year. This analysis is done to see the upward or downward trend of the financial
statements throughout three different years.
 Trend Analysis of Balance Sheet:
The different periods of balance sheet is compared with base year in order to know the
fluctuation of the items based on one year.
 Trend Analysis of Profit & Loss Account:
The trend analysis of P&L A/C shows the analysis on the different periods of Profit & Loss
statement assuming one year as base. The trend of increasing or decreasing in the items of P&L
statement is analyzed.
Biocon Ltd
Balance Sheet (Rupees in Crores)
Classification 2013 2012 2011

Share capital 1,000 100 1,000 100 1,000 100
Reserves and surplus 21,068 114 19,964 108 18,468 100
Long Term Borrowings 400 61 605 92 658 100
Deferred Tax Liabilities 302 76 349 88 396 100
Long Term Provisions 1,083 156 649 93 695 100
Other Long-term Liabilities - - - - - -
Current Liabilities
Short-term Borrowings 773 80 868 90 963 100
Trade Payables 2,650 133 2,511 126 1,997 100
Other Current Liabilities 679 119 769 135 571 100
Short Term Provisions 2,177 169 1,488 116 1,287 100
6,279 130 5,636 117 4,818 100
TOTAL 30,132 116 28,203 108 26,035 100
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 8,455 127 6,757 101 6,662 100
Intagible Assets 59 - 93 - 134 100
Intangible Assets Under Development - - - - - -
Capital Work-in-Progress 512 50 825 80 1,027 100
Non-Current Investments 1,660 180 1,664 181 920 100
Long-term Loans and Advances 4,713 113 5,343 128 4,162 100
Other Non-Current Assets - - - - - 100
Current Assets
Current Investments 4,530 92 4,906 125 3,939 100
Inventories 3,589 131 3,404 124 2,747 100
Trade Receivables 4,270 102 4,450 106 4,181 100
Cash and Bank Balances 1,792 85 400 19 2,103 100
Short-term Loans and Advances 510 319 302 189 160 100
Other Current Assets 42 71 59 100 - 100
14,733 109 13,521 103 13,130 100
TOTAL 30,132 116 28,203 108 26,035 100
 The trend analysis of Biocon reveals that the percentage increase in current liabilities is
more than percentage increase in current assets during all three years. There is a huge
increase in the current liabilities during financial year 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 due to
increase in the large value of short term provisions.
 The share capital of the company doesn’t change. This shows that the company is not
issuing its share.
 The working capital is sufficient to finance investment of the company due to exceed of
current assets over current liabilities.
Profit & Loss A/c (Rupees in Crores)

INCOME
Revenue from operations (gross) 19,833 124 16,053 100 16,005 100
Less: Excise duty 453 92 495 126 394 100
Revenue from operations (net) 19,380 125 15,558 100 15,611 100
Other income 515 77 666 116 572 100
Total (I) 19,895 123 16,224 100 16,183 100
EXPENDITURE
Cost of raw materials and packing materials 8,300 119 6,971 113 6,173 100
Purchases of traded goods 857 100 857 170 503 100
Increase)/ decrease in inventories of finished goods, traded-179
goods and work-in-progress
43 -414 149 -278 100
Employee benefit expenses 2,276 119 1,916 132 1,456 100
Other expenses 4,069 141 2,893 129 2,245 100
Total (II) 15,323 125 12,223 121 10,099 100
(EBITDA (I - II) ) 4,572 114 4,001 66 6,084 100

Depreciation and amortisation 951 101 940 104 902 100
Finance costs 12 71 17 170 10 100
Profit before tax 3,470 114 3,044 59 5,172 100
TAX EXPENSE
Current tax 760 136 559 94 594 100
Less - MAT credit entitlement - -23 - - 100
Deferred tax -47 100 -47 313 -15 100
Total tax expense 713 146 489 84 579 100
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 2,757 108 2,555 56 4,593 100
 Income of Biocon is in increasing trend due to increase in the net revenue from operations. A
significant increase in the net revenue from operations is seen in financial year 2013.
 The percentage increase in the income is more than percentage increase in expenditure.
 The deferred tax is negative after which negatively affects the company in generating profit.
Cipla Ltd

Share capital 161 100 161 100 161 100
Long Term Provisions 47 163 29 139 21 100
Other Long-term Liabilities 30 100 30 - - 100
Current Liabilities
Short-term Borrowings 965 9,653 10 2 438 100
Trade Payables 827 121 686 104 662 100
Short Term Provisions 230 104 221 111 199 100
2,265 197 1,149 72 1,599 100
TOTAL 11,493 128 8,994 106 8,448 100
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 3,418 114 3,003 105 2,868 100
Intagible Assets - - - - 100
Intangible Assets Under Development 340 99 343 136 253 100
Capital Work-in-Progress 10 - - - 347 100
Non-Current Investments 514 111 462 106 436 100
Long-term Loans and Advances 374 95 394 - - 100
Other Non-Current Assets 0 129 0 - - 100
Current Assets
Current Investments 2,087 364 573 256 224 100
Inventories 2,343 128 1,825 97 1,883 100
Cash and Bank Balances 105 191 55 66 84 100
Other Current Assets 2 4 54 63 85 100
2,405 100 2,394 98 2,438 100
TOTAL 11,493 128 8,994 106 8,448 100
 The trend analysis of Cipla reveals that the percentage increase in current liabilities is more
than percentage increase in current assets during all three years. There is a huge increase in
the current liabilities during financial year 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 due to increase in the
large value of trade payables.
issuing its share.

INCOME
Less: Excise duty 92 95 97 144 68 100
Other income 229.13 155 148.3 162 91.64 100
Total (I) 8,432 118 7,126 111 6,423 100
EXPENDITURE
Purchases of traded goods 707 127 555.55 83 671 100
-2,587 11 -8 -139 100
Employee benefit expenses 969 133 728 135 540 100
Other expenses 2,051 114 1,800 114 1,582 100
Total (II) 6,420 113 5,704 108 5,271 100
(EBITDA (I - II) ) - - - - - -
Finance costs 33 125 27 206 13 100
Tax expenses
Current tax 386 139 278 122 228 100
Less - MAT credit entitlement 70 - - - 70 100
Deferred tax 48.75 244 20 60 33.3 100
Total tax expense - - - - - -
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 1,507 134 1,124 117 960 100
 Income of Cipla is in increasing trend due to increase in the net revenue from operations. An
increase in the net revenue from operations is seen in financial year 2013.
 The deferred tax has increased in 2013 which adds up the net profit value. It is an asset to the
company.
Dishman Pharmaceutical & Chemicals Ltd

Share capital 1,614 100 1,614 100 1,614 100
Long Term Borrowings 27,453 91 30,168 98 30,891 100
Deferred Tax Liabilities 4,381 139 3,148 106 2,977 100
Other Long-term Liabilities 4,685 95 4,930 141 3,500 100
Current Liabilities
Short-term Borrowings 18,048 141 12,801 71 17,965 100
Trade Payables 9,443 111 8,493 71 11,901 100
Other Current Liabilities 10,683 69 15,487 168 9,228 100
39,967 105 38,115 95 40,322 100
TOTAL 149,501 104 144,299 101 142,299 100
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 67,881 146 46,473 97 48,050 100
Intagible Assets 373 67 559 89 627 100
Capital Work-in-Progress 4,879 19 25,734 129 19,896 100
Non-Current Investments 18,706 100 18,706 100 18,714 100
Other Non-Current Assets 122 100 122 50 243 100
Current Assets
Current Investments - - - - - -
Inventories 12,776 107 11,913 96 12,425 100
Short-term Loans and Advances 22,475 200 11,254 190 5,922 100
Other Current Assets - - 32,676 104 31,474 100
42,216 78 54,221 107 50,524 100
TOTAL 149,501 104 144,168 101 142,299 100
 The trend analysis of Dishman Pharmaceutical & Chemicals Ltd reveals that the percentage
increase in current assets is much more than percentage increase in current liabilities during
all three years. The current liabilities decreased in year 2011-12 and then increased in year
2012-13.
issuing its share.

INCOME
Less: Excise duty 555 99 563 104 539 100
Other income 1359.15 115 1177.17 81 1458.64 100
Total (I) 49,823 105 47,517 109 43,540 100
EXPENDITURE
Purchases of traded goods 238 18 1298.31 20 6,584 100
Increase)/ decrease in inventories of finished goods, traded331
32 1,048 -59 -1,781 100
Other expenses 7,968 102 7,798 129 6,065 100
Total (II) 40,353 99 40,765 105 38,686 100
(EBITDA (I - II) ) - - - - - -
Depreciation and amortisation 3,534 112 3,166 - - 100
Finance costs 5,110 89 5,754 - - 100
Tax expenses
Current tax 2,100 100 2,097 212 987 100
Less - MAT credit entitlement 181.7 - - - 408.55 100
Deferred tax 1234.19 720 171.4 65 262.8 100
Total tax expense 3,152 139 2268.2 392 579 100
 Income of Dishman Pharmaceutical & Chemicals Ltd is in increasing trend despite a

decreasing trend in net revenue of operations
 The deferred tax has increased significantly in 2013 which adds up the net profit value. It is
an asset to the company.
Dr. Reddy Labs Ltd

Share capital 849 100 848 100 846 100
Long Term Borrowings 63 1 5,130 100 5,130 100
Deferred Tax Liabilities 937 469 200 20 1,008 100
Other Long-term Liabilities 28 44 63 105 60 100
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables 7,678 105 7,334 91 8,069 100
40,731 133 30,623 118 26,037 100
TOTAL 119,891 116 103,406 112 92,634 100
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 23,355 123 18,967 112 16,893 100
Intagible Assets 515 51,500 1 6 17 100
Other Non-Current Assets 209 - 100 - 100
Current Assets
Current Investments 1,966 95 2,070 100 - 100
Inventories 15,265 115 13,267 125 10,632 100
Cash and Bank Balances 9,191 108 8,490 1,282 662 100
Other Current Assets 1,307 193 677 39 1,750 100
49,022 145 33,900 131 25,895 100
TOTAL 119,891 116 103,406 112 92,634 100
• The trend analysis of Dr. Reddy Labs Ltd reveals that the percentage increase in current
liabilities is more than percentage increase in current assets during all three years. There is a
huge increase in the current liabilities during financial year 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 due to
increase in the large value of other current liabilities.
• The share capital of the company doesn’t change. This shows that the company is not issuing
its share.
• The working capital is not sufficient to finance investment of the company due to less margin
of difference between current assets and current liabilities.

INCOME
Less: Excise duty -718 177 -405 114 -356 100
Revenue from operations (net) 1,893 263 719 130 554 100
Other income 1417 173 818 68 1196 100
Total (I) 85,757 126 68,215 126 54,241 100
EXPENDITURE
Purchases of traded goods 3,931 128 3076 93 3,310 100
Increase)/ decrease in inventories of finished goods, traded goods and work-in-progress
-1,006 96 -1,048 133 -790 100
Other expenses 19,444 129 15,124 295 5,128 100
Total (II) 68,225 123 55,623 127 43,722 100
(EBITDA (I - II) ) - - - - - -
Depreciation and amortisation 3,128 104 3,011 121 2,479 100
Finance costs 614 97 636 1,200 53 100
Tax expenses
Current tax 4,140 97 4,275 322 1,328 100
Less - MAT credit entitlement - - - - - -
Deferred tax 737 -91 -807 314 -257 100
 Trend analysis of Dr. Reddy Labs Ltd reveals that the absolute change in income is constant.
The revenue from operations increased by 130% from 2010-11 to 2011-12 and by 263%
from 2011-12 to 2012-13.
 There is a percentage decrease in expenditure in FY 2012-13 due to a decrease in the
inventories of finished goods.
 The deferred tax is decreasing significantly through the years, which negatively affects the
company in generating profit.
Glenmark Pharmaceutical Ltd

Share capital 271 100 271 100 270 100
Long Term Borrowings - 2,544 93 2,746 100
Long Term Provisions - - - -
Other Long-term Liabilities 849 109 778 2,493 31 100
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables 4,262 158 2,705 154 1,759 100
Other Current Liabilities 4,427 687 644 64 1,008 100
12,488 199 6,274 57 10,938 100
TOTAL 38,855 123 31,691 94 33,742 100
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 2,671 124 2,163 100 2,160 100
Intangible Assets Under Development 35 105 34 144 23 100
Capital Work-in-Progress 1,689 258 656 210 313 100
Other Non-Current Assets 1,809 178 1,018 192 531 100
Current Assets
Current Investments - - - -
Inventories 1,902 108 1,759 112 1,570 100
Cash and Bank Balances 1,678 353 475 154 309 100
Other Current Assets 1,294 149 868 107 814 100
8,493 152 5,601 172 3,254 100
TOTAL 38,855 123 31,691 94 33,742 100
• The trend analysis of Glenmark Pharmaceutical Ltd reveals that the percentage increase in
current liabilities is more than percentage increase in current assets during all three years. There
is a huge increase in the current liabilities during financial year 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 due to
increase in the large value of other current liabilities.
• The share capital of the company doesn’t change. This shows that the company is not issuing
its share.
• The working capital is insufficient to finance investment of the company due to exceed of
current liabilities over current assets.

INCOME
Less: Excise duty - - - - - -
Revenue from operations (net) - - - - - -
Other income 1162.45 211 551.04 77 717.52 100
Total (I) 20,655 128 16,198 131 12,347 100
EXPENDITURE
Purchases of traded goods 1,411 134 1049.47 120 872 100
29 -129 -92 140 100
Other expenses 7,607 132 5,771 59 9,839 100
Total (II) 16,856 126 13,357 - - 100
(EBITDA (I - II) ) - - - - - -
Finance costs 437 72 609 71 858 100
Tax expenses
Current tax 657 119 554 82 674 100
Less - MAT credit entitlement -109.34 25 -436 152 -286.15 100
Deferred tax 47.81 549 8.71 -518 -1.68 100
Total tax expense -62 -33 187.98 49 386 100
 Income of Glenmark Pharmaceutical Ltd is in decreasing trend despite an increase in the net
revenue of operations in financial year 2012-13.
 The percentage increase in the expenditure is more than percentage increase in income.
 The deferred tax has increased significantly in 2012-13 which adds up the net profit value. It
is an asset to the company.
Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd

Share capital 159 100 159 100 159 100
Reserves and surplus - - 19,739 93 21,247 100
Long Term Borrowings 20,084 83 24,222 108 22,391 100
Long Term Provisions 2,274 145 1,569 508 309 100
Other Long-term Liabilities - - - - - -
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables 9,348 132 7,067 170 4,159 100
Short Term Provisions 1,136 129 884 23 3,843 100
21,522 147 14,666 87 16,847 100
TOTAL 64,917 105 61,742 98 62,851 100
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 20,901 118 17,663 118 14,917 100
Intangible Assets Under Development 1,876 112 1,669 113 1,475 100
Capital Work-in-Progress 258 10 2,521 94 2,695 100
Other Non-Current Assets 2 59 4 100 - 100
Current Assets
Current Investments - - 217 185 118 100
Inventories 6,112 103 5,933 147 4,047 100
Cash and Bank Balances 2,559 126 2,028 21 9,853 100
Other Current Assets 593 351 169 402 42 100
10,497 117 8,985 54 16,556 100
TOTAL 64,917 105 61,742 98 62,851 100
 The trend analysis of Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd re veals that the percentage increase in
current liabilities is more than percentage increase in current assets during all three years.
There is a huge increase in the current liabilities during financial year 2011-2012 and 2012-
2013 due to increase in the large value of short term provisions.
issuing its share.
 The working capital is insufficient to finance investment of the company due to exceed of
current liabilities over current assets.

INCOME
Less: Excise duty -1,201 130 -921 120 -768 100
Other income 89.16 100 89.41 174 51.45 100
Total (I) 31,552 119 26,500 120 22,136 100
EXPENDITURE
Purchases of traded goods 1,917 79 2436.79 108 2,248 100
26 -933 298 -313 100
Other expenses 2,028 119 1,700 117 1,450 100
Total (II) 30,155 120 25,159 132 19,091 100
(EBITDA (I - II) ) - - - - - 100

Depreciation and amortisation 1,522 115 1,320 132 999 100
Finance costs 1,712 111 1,544 331 467 100
Profit before tax -128 28 -459 -15 2,999 100
Tax expenses
Current tax - - 133 15 885 100
Less - MAT credit entitlement - - 2 0 -603.38 100
Deferred tax 305.14 142 215.11 -276 -78.07 100
Total tax expense 305 87 349.69 172 203 100
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 305 87 350 13 2,796 100
 Income of Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd is in decreasing trend while the net revenue of
operations remains constant through the years.
 The deferred tax has increased significantly in 2012-13 which adds up the net profit value. It
is an asset to the company.
Lupin Labs

Share capital 895 100 893 100 892 100
Long Term Borrowings 292 22 1,349 4 31,527 100
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables 8,694 124 6,984 119 5,876 100
Other Current Liabilities 2,189 87 2,503 320 783 100
18,572 92 20,267 127 15,949 100
TOTAL 70,457 114 61,587 118 52,118 100
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 20,006 118 16,972 127 13,396 100
Other Non-Current Assets - - - - - -
Current Assets
Current Investments - - - - - -
Inventories 13,308 118 11,236 134 8,411 100
Other Current Assets 2,327 192 1,211 107 1,128 100
24,111 127 18,995 120 15,815 100
TOTAL 70,457 114 61,587 118 52,118 100
 The trend analysis of Lupin Labs reveals that the percentage increase in current assets is
much more than percentage increase in current liabilities during all three years. Decrease
in current liabilities is due to a decrease in the short term borrowings in year 2011-12 and
2012-13.
issuing its share.

INCOME
Less: Excise duty 619 147 420 119 354 100
Other income 233.1 668 34.9 21 165.8 100
Total (I) 71,458 133 53,883 119 45,115 100
EXPENDITURE
Purchases of traded goods 7,760 129 5992.7 156 3,842 100
Increase)/ decrease in inventories of finished goods, traded goods and 138
-1,824 work-in-progress
-1,325 25,986 -5 100
Other expenses 20,047 - 15,828.4 0 - 12,786 100
Total (II) - - 43,836 120 36,678 100
(EBITDA (I - II) ) - - - - - -
Depreciation and amortisation 1,501 114 1,320 127 1,043 100
Finance costs 333 116 287 104 276 100
Tax expenses
Current tax 4,182 207 2,019 120 1,686 100
Less - MAT credit entitlement - - -374 25 -1473.8 100
Deferred tax 264.1 74 358.3 265 135.4 100
 Income of Lupin Labs is in increasing trend due to increasing net revenue of operations over
the years.
 The deferred tax has decreased significantly in 2012-13 which negatively affects the
company in generating profits.
Piramal Life Sciences

Share capital 35 100 35 103 34 100
Deferred Tax Liabilities - - 101 109 92 100
Current Liabilities
Short-term Borrowings 3,729 382 975 2,072 47 100
Trade Payables 332 106 313 113 276 100
4,957 232 2,134 234 911 100
TOTAL 16,342 119 13,744 105 13,146 100
ASSETS
Non-current Assets
Fixed Assets
Tangible Assets 654 104 632 119 533 100
Intangible Assets Under Development 120 84 143 24,319 1 100
Capital Work-in-Progress 45 197 23 79 29 100
Non-Current Investments 8,821 130 6,764 1,402 483 100
Long-term Loans and Advances 432 369 117 196 60 100
Other Non-Current Assets 2,174 53 4,126 71 5,785 100
Current Assets
Current Investments 802 231 347 31 1,101 100
Inventories 262 98 267 116 230 100
Trade Receivables 243 100 242 116 209 100
Cash and Bank Balances 24 183 13 1 1,754 100
Short-term Loans and Advances 1,411 164 858 94 917 100
Other Current Assets 1,234 1,466 84 4 1,911 100
2,912 243 1,198 25 4,791 100
TOTAL 16,342 119 13,744 105 13,146 100
 The trend analysis of Piramal Life Sciences Labs reveals that the percentage increase in
current assets is much more than percentage increase in current liabilities in financial
year 2012-13.
 The share capital of the company is in increasing trend. This shows that the company is
issuing its share.

INCOME
Revenue from operations (gross) 1,432 122 1,174 142 827 100
Less: Excise duty 29 140 21 163 13 100
Revenue from operations (net) 1,403 122 1,153 142 814 100
Other income 376.01 70 534.43 113 472.29 100
Total (I) 1,779 105 1,688 131 1,287 100
EXPENDITURE
Cost of raw materials and packing materials 633 118 539 152 355 100
Purchases of traded goods 79 98 80.96 100 81 100
Increase)/ decrease in inventories of finished goods, traded goods
-2 and work-in-progress
16 -13 33 -38 100
Employee benefit expenses 159 105 152 105 145 100
Other expenses 659 124 531 133 399 100
Total (II) 2,027 129 1,567 145 1,080 100
(EBITDA (I - II) ) - - - - - -
Finance costs 420 210 200 250 80 100
Profit before tax -248 -204 121 1 16,416 100
Tax expenses
Current tax 84 374 23 1 3,683 100
Less - MAT credit entitlement - - -40 - - 100
Deferred tax -100.53 -1,226 8.2 -65 -12.52 100
Total tax expense -16 172 -9.5 100 - 100
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR -232 -177 131 1 12,746 100
 Trend analysis of Piramal Life Sciences reveals that the percentage change in income is
decreasing. The revenue from operations increased by 20% from 2011-12 to 2012-13.
 There is a percentage decrease in expenditure in FY 2012-13 due to a decrease in the
inventories of finished goods and cost of raw materials and packing materials.
 The deferred tax is decreasing significantly through the years, which negatively affects the
company in generating profit.
Inter-companies:
In year 2011
2012
2013
Recommendations
Conclusion
 If properly analyzed and interpreted, financial statements can provide valuable insight
into a firm’s performance.
 Analysis of financial statements is of interest to lenders (short term as well as long term)
investors, security analysts, managers and others.
 Financial statement analysis may be done for a variety of purpose, which may range from
a simple analysis of the short term liquidity position of the firm to a comprehensive
assessment of the strength and weakness of the firm in various areas.
 It is helpful in assessing corporate excellence, judging credit worthiness, forecasting bond
ratings, predicting bankruptcy and assessing market risk.
 The financial Statements are the responsibility of the company’s management the
analysis and interpretation of financial statements is essential to bring out the mystery
behind the figure in financial statements.
 The balance sheet and profit and loss account are in agreement with the books of account.
Limitations
 Time period was limited to study such a vast topic.
 The authenticity of the suggestions and recommendations depend upon the rationality of
the data provided.
 Information beyond a limit was not made available by the company.
 Data available was not sufficient enough for conducting the study.
Bibliography
Websites
1. www.investopedia.com
2. http://wiki.answers.com
3. http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com
4. http://www.rushabhinfosoft.com/Webpages/BHTML/CH-36.HTM
5. www.moneycontrol.com/
6. www.money.msn.com/
7. http://www.slideshare.net/
8. http://www.scribd.com/
Books
1. R.P. Rustagi “Financial Management theory, concepts and problems”, Taxmann Publishing Pvt
Ltd, 2005
2. T.S Grewal “Analysis of Financial Statements” , Sultan Chand & Sons, 2006
3. I.M. Pandey, Financial management, Vikas Publication, 2011
4. Dr. J. B. Gupta, Financial Management, Taxmann Publication Pvt Ltd, 2004
5. Ravi M. Kishore, Financial Management, Taxmann Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2007

Submitted By: Submitted To: Name: Utsav Randev Enrollment No.: 06621401711

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Submitted By: Submitted To: Name: Utsav Randev Enrollment No.: 06621401711

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Summer Internship Project

Common Size & Trend Analysis of Financial Statements

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement of

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Jagannath International Management School

Title of Project Report

Dated: August 20, 2013

Name: Utsav Randev

Roll No: 06621401711

BBA (General), Class of 2014

Utsav Randev, student of Bachelor of Business Administration (General) at JIMS VK,

Trend Analysis of Financial Statements’ under my guidance.

Dated: August 20, 2013

(Dr. Sanjeev Singhal)

Vice President, Finance

Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd.

Dated: August 23, 2013

Name: Utsav Randev

Roll No: 06621401711

BBA (General), Class of 2014

S. No. Description Page No.

 Importance of Financial Statements

 Limitations of Financial Statements

5 Analysis of Financial Statements

 Significance of Financial Analysis

 Types of financial Analysis

 Objectives of Financial Analysis

 Tools of Financial Analysis

 Limitations of Financial Analysis

6 Financial Statements of Indian Companies – Legal Framework

(i) Profit and loss Account or Income Statement

Types of financial statement are:

1) Common size statement

Purpose of the Study

1) Annual reports of companies

Nature of Financial Statements

The following points explain the nature of financial statements:

2. Accounting Conventions: Certain accounting conventions are followed while preparing

3. Postulates: Financial statements are prepared on certain basic assumptions (pre-

1. To provide information about economic resources and obligations of a business:

4. To judge effectiveness of management: They supply information useful for judging

 Balance Sheet: The purpose of

Uses and Importance of Financial Statements

The users of financial statements include management, investors, shareholders, creditors,

The various uses and importance of financial statements are as follows:

4. Aggregate information: Financial statements show aggregate information but not

6. No Qualitative information: Financial statements contain only monetary information

 Metcalf & Titcard – Financial statement analysis is the process of evaluating

On the basis of material used

On the basis of modus operandi

 Horizontal analysis- It refers to comparison of financial data of a company horizontally

 Parties Interested- Investors, management, trade creditors, lenders, suppliers, stock

• To ascertain the relative importance of different components of the financial position of

the long-term liquidity position of the firm.

The most commonly used techniques of financial analysis are as follows:

 Intracompany basis - Comparisons within a company are often useful to detect

 Intercompany basis - Comparisons with other companies provide insight into a

 Industry averages - Comparisons with industry averages provide information about

 A comparative statement adds meaning to the financial data.

Comparisons between Companies (Cross-Sectional Analysis)

As with financial statements in general, the interpretation of common sizestatements is subject to

Procedure for Calculating Trend Percentage

To calculate the change over a longer period of time