 WHAT IS DISASTER?

Calamitous, distressing, or ruinous effects of a disastrous event (such as drought, flood, fire, hurricane, war)
of such scale that they disrupt (or threaten to disrupt) critical functions of an organization, society or system,
for a period long enough to significantly harm it or cause its failure. It is the consequences of a disastrous
event and the inability of its victims to cope with them that constitute a disaster, not the event itself.
Although there is no universally accepted definition of a disaster, the following observation by the US disaster
relief specialist Frederick C. Cuny (1944-1995) comes close, "A situation resulting from an environmental
phenomenon or armed conflict that produced stress, personal injury, physical damage, and economic
disruption of great magnitude." The definition adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) terms a
disaster as "The result of a vast ecological breakdown in the relations between man and his environment, a
serious and sudden (or slow, as in drought) disruption on such a scale that the stricken community needs
extraordinary efforts to cope with it, often with outside help or international aid." The US Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) describes it as "An occurrence of a natural catastrophe, technological accident,
or human caused event that has resulted in severe property damage, deaths, and/or multiple injuries."

 DISASTER LOSS:

Damage, injury, or loss sustained in an officially designated disaster area. Some jurisdictions allow a disaster
loss to be claimed against the last year's income, thus providing immediate tax benefits to the disaster
victims. See also casualty loss.

 DISASTER MANAGEMENT:

Planned steps taken to minimize the effects of a disaster, and to be able to proceed to business continuity
stage. See also business continuity plan.

 DISASTER MITIGATION

Steps taken to contain or reduce the effects of an anticipated or already occurred disastrous event.

 DISASTER PLAN

Systematic procedures that clearly detail what needs to be done, how, when, and by whom before and after
the time an anticipated disastrous event occurs. The part dealing with the first and immediate response to
the event is called emergency plan

 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Process of ensuring that an organization (1) has complied with the preventive measures, (2) is in a state of
readiness to contain the effects of a forecasted disastrous event to minimize loss of life, injury, and damage
to property, (3) can provide rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and other services in the aftermath of the disaster,
and (4) has the capability and resources to continue to sustain its essential functions without being
overwhelmed by the demand placed on them. Preparedness for the first and immediate response is called
emergency preparedness.

 DISASTER PREVENTION

Measures taken to detect, contain, and forestall events or circumstances which, if left unchecked, could
result in a disaster.
 FOUR PHASES OF DISASTER
The National Governor’s Association designed a phase of disaster model to help emergency managers prepare
for and respond to a disaster, also known as the ‘life cycle’ of comprehensive emergency management. The
four phases of disaster: 1) mitigation; 2) preparedness; 3) response; and 4) recovery.

The model helps frame issues related to disaster preparedness as well as economic and business recovery
after a disaster. Each phase has particular needs, requires distinct tools, strategies, and resources and faces
different challenges. The issues addressed below relate to the resiliency and recovery of the local economy
and business community before and after a major disaster.

MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Efforts Education, Outreach and Training
Business Continuity & Emergency
Management Planning
RESPONSE RECOVERY
Immediate Response to Post-Disaster Economic Recovery
Stakeholders Plan
Establish Business Recovery
Center

Phases of Disaster
Mitigation
Mitigation involves steps to reduce vulnerability to disaster impacts such as injuries and loss of life and
property. This might involve changes in local building codes to fortify buildings; revised zoning and land use
management; strengthening of public infrastructure; and other efforts to make the community more resilient to a
catastrophic event.

Preparedness
Preparedness focuses on understanding how a disaster might impact the community and how education,
outreach and training can build capacity to respond to and recover from a disaster. This may include engaging
the business community, pre-disaster strategic planning, and other logistical readiness activities. The disaster
preparedness activities guide provides more information on how to better prepare an organization and the
business community for a disaster.

Response
Response addresses immediate threats presented by the disaster, including saving lives, meeting humanitarian
needs (food, shelter, clothing, public health and safety), cleanup, damage assessment, and the start of
resource distribution. As the response period progresses, focus shifts from dealing with immediate emergency
issues to conducting repairs, restoring utilities, establishing operations for public services (including permitting),
and finishing the cleanup process.

 Triage efforts assess and deal with the most pressing emergency issues. This period is often marked by
some level of chaos, which can last a month or more, depending on the nature of the disaster and the extent
of damage. Federal resources, such as action from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (in the case
of a major disaster declaration) and non-profit resources such as the Red Cross are deployed immediately
 Business re-entry into the economy begins during this phase. Businesses initially may face issues
with access to their site, preliminary damage assessment, and communications with staff, vendors,
suppliers and customers. Ongoing issues may include access to capital and workers, the repair of
damaged property or inventory, and a diminished customer base. It is in this phase that long-term
future of a region’s business base will be saved or lost.
 Business Recovery Centers are quickly set up in a community to centralize small business recovery
resources (e.g. SBA, SBDC, SCORE, CDFI, etc), local bank officers, technical assistance providers,
and other critical assistance for maintaining business continuity and/or get businesses up and
running.
 Federal resources from SBA, FEMA, HUD, EDA, USDA, etc., as well as state programs, start to arrive;
temporary housing goes up; and the planning for the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure, facilities, and
areas begins. The response phase typically continues through the sixth month, again depending on the nature
of the disaster.

It is not uncommon for disasters to reveal a weakened economic development landscape, with significant gaps
in organizational capacity, staff and resources. Thus, economic development agencies and stakeholders may
need additional staff, capacity building assistance, and training.

Recovery
Recovery is the fourth phase of disaster and is the restoration of all aspects of the disaster’s impact on a
community and the return of the local economy to some sense of normalcy. By this time, the impacted region
has achieved a degree of physical, environmental, economic and social stability.

The recovery phase of disaster can be broken into two periods. The short-term phase typically lasts from six
months to at least one year and involves delivering immediate services to businesses. The long-term phase,
which can range up to decades, requires thoughtful strategic planning and action to address more serious or
permanent impacts of a disaster. Investment in economic development capacity building becomes essential to
foster economic diversification, attain new resources, build new partnerships and implement effective recovery
strategies and tactics. Communities must access and deploy a range of public and private resources to enable
long-term economic recovery.

Prevention/Mitigation
Prevention/Mitigation is defined as “sustained actions that decrease the risk of a hazard
(probability of occurrence) of a hazard, or to reduce the potential negative consequences
suffered by people and/or property.”
It can involve such actions as:
 Laws and regulations restricting deforestation to prevent mudslides
 Relocating or elevating structures to minimize the effects of floods
 Securing shelves and hot water heaters to walls in earthquake zones
 Developing, adopting and enforcing building codes and standards
 Engineering roads and bridges to withstand earthquakes
 Using fire-retardant materials in new construction to reduce the risk of fire
 Preparedness
Preparedness takes the form of plans or procedures designed to minimize physical and
property damage when an event occurs.These activities ensure that when a disaster strikes,
disaster (emergency) managers will be able to provide the best response possible.
The essential elements include:
 Planning
 Training personnel
 Table top disaster drills

Response
Response is defined as the actions taken to decrease mortality and morbidity, and to prevent
further property damage when the hazard occurs. Response is putting preparedness plans into
action. Response activities may include
 search and rescue
 triage
 acute medical care
 fire fighting
 sheltering victims
 relocating medical records

Recovery
Recovery is defined as the actions taken to return to normal following an event.
 Repairing buildings
 Replacing holmes

Types of Disasters
Disasters can take many different forms, and the duration can range from an hourly disruption to days or weeks
of ongoing destruction. Below is a list of the various types of disasters – both natural and man-made or
technological in nature – that can impact a community

Natural Types of Disasters

 Agricultural diseases & pests  Hurricanes and tropical
 Damaging Winds storms
 Drought and water shortage  Landslides & debris flow
 Earthquakes  Thunderstorms and lighting
 Emergency diseases  Tornadoes
(pandemic influenza)  Tsunamis
 Extreme heat  Wildfire
 Floods and flash floods  Winter and ice storms
 Hail  Sinkholes
-
Hurricanes and tropical storms are among the most powerful natural disasters because of their size and
destructive potential. Tornadoes are relatively brief but violent, potentially causing winds in excess of 200 mph.
Both earthquakes and tornadoes strike suddenly without warning.

Flooding is the most common of natural hazards, and requires an understanding of the natural systems of our
environment, including floodplains and the frequency of flooding events. Wildfires are more prevalent in the
event of a drought. Disasters impacting food supply can be extremely costly; American officials say that a food
contamination scare similar to the one that hit the Belgian poultry industry in the 1990’s could jeopardize U.S.
agricultural exports in excess of $140 billion.

Man-Made and Technological Types of Disasters

 Hazardous materials  Chemical threat and
 Power service disruption biological weapons
& blackout  Cyber attacks
 Nuclear power plant and  Explosion
nuclear blast  Civil unrest
 Radiological emergencies

Disasters also can be caused by humans. Hazardous materials emergencies include chemical spills and
groundwater contamination. Workplace fires are more common and can cause significant property damage and
loss of life. Communities are also vulnerable to threats posed by extremist groups who use violence against
both people and property.

High-risk targets include military and civilian government facilities, international airports, large cities and high-
profile landmarks. Cyber-terrorism involves attacks against computers and networks done to intimidate or
coerce a government or its people for political or social objectives.