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Alignment And Collimation Of

Submarine Periscope Optics

Bruce H. Walker

Bruce H. Walker, "Alignment And Collimation Of Submarine Periscope

Optics," Proc. SPIE 0483, Optical Alignment II, (13 August 1984); doi:
10.1117/12.943131

Event: 1984 Technical Symposium East, 1984, Arlington, United States

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 optics
periscope optics
Alignment and collimation of submarine periscope
H. Walker
Bruce H.
Corporation, Electro-
Kollmorgen Corporation, Optical Division
Electro-Optical Division
01060
Northampton, MA 01060
Northampton,

Abstract
Over the
Over the years,
years, the optical system of the
system of periscope has
submarine periscope
the submarine increasingly
become increasingly
has become
more complex. Earliest systems
systems consisted of two
consisted of telescopes arranged
simple telescopes
two simple arranged such that one
such that one
the other.
could view the output of the
could The visual
other. The thus the
mode, thus
visual mode was the only mode, degree
the degree
of precision
of precision called for in the alignment and collimation of
called for optical components
the optical
of the was
components was
not great.
Today's systems
Today's systems may contain from
may contain two to
from two four choices
to four of magnification
choices of in addition
and, in
magnification and, addition
to the
to the basic of operation,
mode of
visual mode
basic visual system may contain
operation, the system varied array
contain aa varied subsystems
of subsystems
array of
including; television, night viewing and
photographic, television,
including; photographic, rangefinder. Obviously, the
laser rangefinder.
and laser the
procedures and degree
procedures and precision to
of precision
degree of encountered have
be encountered
to be proportionately more
become proportionately
have become more
This paper
sophisticated. This present aa brief
will present
paper will of this
review of
brief review and aa detailed
history and
this history detailed
discussion of contemporary
discussion of and the
systems and
contemporary systems procedures being
alignment procedures
the alignment employed to
being employed to assure
assure
their satisfactory performance.
their
Basic
Basic limitations
Because of
Because of its
its unusual configuration (see 1), the
Figure 1),
(see Figure system of
optical system
the optical submarine
the submarine
of the
periscope several unusual
presents several
periscope presents problems. The
unusual and challenging alignment problems. The periscope
consists of
consists major optical
two major
of two parts; the mast,
optical parts; the eyepiece
mast, and the parame-
box. Basic design parame-
eyepiece box.
ters dictate
ters dictate that
that the
the mast be some 30 30 to 40 feet
to 40 long and
feet long inches in
to 88 inches
and 77 to diameter. As
in diameter.
is the
is for any
case for
the case confines of
any hardware located within the crowded confines submarine, the
of aa submarine, the
box volume
eyepiece box
eyepiece minimum. Of
be kept to a minimum.
must be
volume must constraints; the
these constraints;
Of course each of these the
considerable length, the
considerable length, the small the reduced
diameter, and the
small diameter, contrary to
are contrary
volume, are
reduced volume, the
to the
of aa high performance optical
design of system.
optical system.

Mast
/ Mast

30-40 FT.
30-40 FT.

Diam.
7-8" Diam.
7-8" --

Eyepiece Box
Eyepiece

1.
Figure 1. The submarine periscope

Optical arrangement
Optical
The earliest
The periscope designs
earliest periscope executed and
designs in this country were executed by Dr.
patented by
and patented Fred-
Dr. Fred-
erick Kollmorgen inin 1911 (see Figure
1911 (see 2). Since
Figure 2). three major
Since that time there have been three
generations of
generations of periscopes, unique optical
its own unique
periscopes, each with its (see Figure
arrangement (see
optical arrangement 3).
Figure 3).
The first
The periscope, in
first generation periscope, the period
in place during the 1916 to
from 1916
period from consisted
1939, consisted
to 1939,

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 essentially of
essentially an upper
of an lower telescope,
upper telescope and a lower into opposite
"plugged" into
telescope, "plugged" of
ends of
opposite ends
periscope outer
the periscope
the tube. In
outer tube. this arrangement the upper telescope receives light
In this from
light from
the being viewed
scene being
the scene and focusses
viewed and focusses inin onto
onto the scene and the
reticle. Both the scene
the system reticle.
are then
reticle are
reticle projected, in
then projected, state, down the tube where they
in aa collimated state, are viewed
they are by
viewed by
the operator
the lower telescope.
operator using the lower periscopes of
Because periscopes
telescope. Because this generation were
of this
visual instruments,
purely visual
purely instruments, (no communications or
(no communications the optics
functions), the
or electronics functions), could
optics could
be relatively large,
be relatively large, (150mm diameter), and
(150mm diameter), and the space between the telescopes could could be in-
be in-
creased to
creased the point
to the where vignetting
point where vignetting at the edge of of the field was close to 90%. Sur-
to 90%.
prising as
prising it may
as it may seem, 10:1 variation of
seem, this 10:1 image brightness
of image was not
brightness was objectionable, in
not objectionable, in
fact it was
fact it noticeable, to
was hardly noticeable, to the observer. The
the observer. The utter
utter simplicity of this com-
form, com-
this form,
with the
bined with
bined consistency of
the mechanical consistency of the tube, (it
outer tube,
the outer acted essentially as aa pre-
(it acted pre-
cision lens
cision made alignment and
bench), made
lens bench), and collimation of these systems very simple
systems aa very and
simple and
straightforward matter.

Figure
Figure 2.
2. Dr. patent
periscope patent
Dr. Kollmorgen and original periscope

Objective Objective

Upper
Upper
Telemeter Telemeter
Telescope
R1 R1

R2 R2

R3
A R3

R4
1 R4
1Ì
A
R Lower
Telescope
Photon]]
R5

R6
R5

R6

i:
IV
?.o Visual 4 Visual
Visual 4
Eyepiece
TV 1-10 Eyepiece
Box
GEN II
GEN GEN IIIl
GEN GEN Ill
(1916-1939)
(1916 -1939) (1940-1960)
(1940 -1960) (1960-Present)
(1960- Present)

Figure 3.
3. the periscope
Development of the

The era
The era from 1940 to 1960 end of
the end
1960 marked the simple submarine
the simple
of the There
periscope. There
submarine periscope.
that contributed
factors that
were two major factors this; first,
to this;
contributed to periscope became
the periscope
first, the photographic
became aa photographic
instrument, thus the
instrument, thus the high level of vignetting had to to be reduced. electronic
the electronic
Secondly, the
reduced. Secondly,
and communications
and communications systems into the
incorporated into
systems being incorporated of that
periscopes of
the periscopes reduced
period reduced
that period
the available
the space within the mast such
available space lens apertures
that lens
such that had to
apertures had be reduced
to be 150mm
from 150mm
reduced from
down to
to 100mm. second generation
resulting second
100mm. The resulting arrangement included
optical arrangement
generation optical objective
the objective
included the
before, followed
and reticle as before, by six
followed by lenses and
relay lenses
six relay collector lenses
and collector at the
lenses at inter-
two inter-
the two
mediate image
image planes. collimation of
and collimation
alignment and
planes. The alignment these systems
of these critical,
more critical,
became more
systems became

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 not
not only
only because of the increased number
because of number of
of elements
elements involved,
involved, but
but also
also because
because the
the photo-
photo-
graphic
graphic and
and TV systems being utilized as
as detectors
detectors were
were less
less flexible
flexible and
and more
more demanding
demanding
than the human visual system.
than system.
The
The third
third generation of
of periscope design,
design, in
in use
use today
today by
by U.S.
U.S. and
and many
many foreign
foreign navies,
navies,
maintains
maintains the basic
basic mast configuration described
described above
above while
while adding
adding aa complex
complex eyepiece
eyepiece box
box
assembly that incorporates
assembly incorporates many
many of
of the
the sophisticated
sophisticated electro-
electro-optical sensor systems
optical sensor systems of
of
today.

Alignment procedures -- the

the mast
mast
A modern
modern system of
of periscope
periscope mast
mast optics
optics then,
then, consists
consists of
of aa high
high quality
quality objective
objective
lens, aa telemeter
lens, five relay
telemeter reticle and five relay lenses
lenses (see
(see Figure
Figure 4).
4). To provide magnification
variations
variations within this basic optical system,
system, aa low
low power
power and
and aa high
high power
power Galilean
Galilean tele-
tele-
scope may be added.
scope added. Alignment and collimation
collimation of
of these
these mast
mast optics
optics can
can be
be logically
logically di-
di-
vided areas:
vided into two main areas:
1.
1. Centration
Centration of
of the lens assemblies about aa common
the lens common optical
optical axis.
axis.
2.
2. Correct
Correct axial that axis,
axial location of the optics along that axis, i.e.
i.e. focus
focus or
or collimation.
collimation.

//-
x- 1/4X
1/4x Low Power Galilean
Low Power Galilean
7 High Power Objective r2x2xHigh
,- HighPower
PowerGalilean
Galilean
High Power Objective

/
Telemeter (Reticle)
Collector
/
Collector
/i Collector

/ Relay, R1
R3 , R4

//¡'
R2 R5

i/' 1 //¡-

Upper Telescope Second Afocal Unit Third Afocal Unit

1

-- - -- -- Dashed
Dashed Lenses
Lenses May
May be
be
switched
switched in
in or out

Figure 4.
Figure 4. optics
Typical mast optics
Centration isis essentially
essentially aa "non-
"non-problem"
problem" for
for the
the basic
basic mast optics. It It is
is achieved
through
through control
control ofof machining tolerances and is is assured
assured by
by virtue
virtue ofof the
the primary
primary mechanical
mechanical
element
element of
of the
the periscope - the outer tube.tube. The outer tube is
The outer is typically
typically aa one
one piece,
piece, forged,
forged,
stainless
stainless steel
steel cylinder,
cylinder, 3535 feet
feet long
long with
with aa 7.5
7.5 inch
inch outside
outside diameter
diameter and
and aa 6.5
6.5 inch
inch
inside diameter. This tube is
inside is manufactured
manufactured such thatthat its
its center
center line
line is
is straight and
and
central
central to
to the tubes ID and OD within .015
the tubes .'015 inches.
inches. The mast inner
inner structure
structure is is made
made up
up of
of
aa series
series ofof castings
castings and weldments thatthat support
support the
the lens
lens cells
cells and
and their
their optics.
optics. This
structure is
structure is inserted into the outer tube tube with several
several closely
closely fitted
fitted bearing
bearing points
points along
along
its length. The lens
its length. lens cell design and construction
construction isis configured
configured toto assure the required
required
precision in
precision in locating
locating individual
individual lens
lens elements
elements relative
relative to
to each
each other
other within
within aa relay
relay lens
lens
assembly. The inner structure
assembly. structure -- outer tube construction
outer tube construction method,
method, inin turn,
turn, insures that
insures that
these
these relay
relay lenses
lenses will
will be centered to to aa common
common optical
optical axis
axis well
well within
within required
required toler-
toler-
ances.
ances. (Keep
(Keep in
in mind
mind the the relay
the fact that the relay optics
optics are
are typically
typically ff/10
/10 doublets
doublets covering a
field .of less
half field.of less than
than 22 degrees.)
degrees.)
Establishing locations for
Establishing the correct axial locations for these
these optics
optics is
is aa somewhat
somewhat more
more difficult
difficult
and important task.
and important task. For example, the high power objective
For example, objective lens
lens must
must be
be focussed
focussed such
such that
that
its infinity
its infinity image
image plane
plane coincides with the the telemeter
telemeter surface
surface to
to such
such aa degree
degree that
that notice-
notice-
able
able parallax is not present.
present. Conversion of this requirement to
of this to aa real
real number
number involves
involves
some basic
some basic assumptions
assumptions and a few simple
simple geometric optics
optics formulae.
formulae. Assume we we have
have aa typical
typical
42mm aperture,
42mm aperture, ff/10
/10 objective
objective and
and we
we wish
wish to
to reduce
reduce parallax space to
parallax in object space to less
less than
than
.1 milliradian.
.1 this, the
milliradian. To accomplish this, the focus
focus position
position of
of the
the objective
objective must
must be
be set
set cor-
cor-
rectly relative toto the
the telemeter
telemeter within
within .4mm
.4mm(.015
(.015").
").
When setting focus
When setting focus for
for any
any of
of the
the mast
mast optics,
optics, the
the fact
fact that
that aa nominal
nominal internal
internal pressure
pressure
of 7.5 PSIG
of 7.5 PSIG will
will exist in the finished instrument
instrument must be
be taken
taken into
into account.
account. For
For the
420mm objective
420mm objective lens,
lens, this
this pressurization will produce aa focus
focus shift
shift at
at the
the telemeter
telemeter
according following formula:
according to the following formula:
df = 3(dp)(f')(.00002)
3-(dp) (f') (.00002)
df = 3(7.5)(420)(.00002)
df = 3(7.5) (420) (.00002) = .19mm
.19mm (.008")
(.008")

722
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Optical Alignment
Alignment IIII (1984)

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 For
For the relay lenses,
the relay typically have
lenses, which typically focal length
have aa focal of about
length of this focus
meter, this
about 11 meter, focus
shift due
shift due to pressurization will be
pressurization will ,5mm (.020
be .5mm ")..
(.020")

At this
this point, brief discussion of
point, aa brief the low
of the Galilean alignment
power Galilean
low power collimation is
and collimation
alignment and is
in order
in order (see 4). This assembly,
(see Figure 4). located in object
assembly, located space just
object space high power
above the high
just above power
lens, is
objective lens,
objective telescope consisting
is a 1/4 power Galilean telescope negative doublet
of aa negative
consisting of eyelens
doublet eyelens
and a
and a positive doublet objective. spaced such
lenses must be spaced
objective. These lenses the infinity
that the
such that image
infinity image
the low power
of the
of system will coincide
lens system
power objective lens the reticle
with the
coincide with surface. Because
reticle surface.
lenses are
these lenses
these mechanically switched in and out of the
are mechanically to accomplish
system to
the optical system the
accomplish the
desired power change,
desired power it is
change, it important to
is important establish their
to establish alignment such
their alignment that the
such that high and
the high and
low power
low lines of
power lines will be parallel to one another as
sight will
of sight emerge from
they emerge
as they periscope.
the periscope.
from the
This is
This accomplished by
is accomplished by aa combination carefully controlled
of carefully
combination of tolerances and
machining tolerances
controlled machining and
precise adjustment of
precise of the mechanical lens stop position
lens stop at final
position at assembly.
final assembly.
Having
Having covered
covered the and low power
high and
the high objective lenses,
power objective and their
lenses, and relationship to
their relationship to the
the
telemeter, we
system telemeter,
system may now discuss
we may the mast relay
focus of the
discuss alignment and focus lenses. The
relay lenses.
relay lenses are
relay lenses are focussed individually the first,
individually with the (Rl), being
first, (R1), so that,
being set so pres-
when pres-
that, when
surized, the
surized, will be
telemeter will
the telemeter be situated at its infinity plane. As a result,
focal plane.
infinity focal the
result, the
objective,
objective, (either power), and
(either high or low power), the R1
and the relay lens
Rl relay combine to
lens combine make up
to make afocal,
an afocal,
up an
(parallel light in
(parallel light light out),
parallel light
in -- parallel telescope assembly
out), telescope assembly similar toto the telescope
upper telescope
the upper
assembly found
assembly designs.
found in the first generation designs.
The next
next step in building
step in up aa set
building up of mast
set of is to
optics is
mast optics adjust R2
to adjust and R3,
R2 and with their
R3, with their
associated hardware,
associated they form
hardware, so that they assembly. This
afocal assembly.
second afocal
form aa second then
This unit will then
accept the
accept collimated output from
the collimated Rl, and
from R1, transfer it
and transfer down the
it down periscope mast
the periscope some 12
mast some to
12 to
feet.
14 feet.
14

In similar manner,
In aa similar manner, the relay lenses
fifth relay
the fourth and fifth are assembled
lenses are to make
assembled to third
up aa third
make up
afocal unit when in a
afocal unit environment. This then
a pressurized environment. then covers the subject of
the subject of mast optics
mast optics
with exception of
the exception
with the of the relay lens
final relay
the final lens (R6), which in
(R6), which some designs
in some treated as
is treated
designs is as part
part
of the
of optics assembly while in
mast optics
the mast in other configurations it
other configurations considered to
is considered
it is to be of
part of
be part
the eyepiece boxbox optics.
optics. For the example
For the to be
example to discussed here,
be discussed will assume
we will
here, we assume the final
the final
relay lens
relay is aa part of the eyepiece box and
lens is will discuss
we will
and we alignment in
its alignment
discuss its context,
that context,
in that
not as
not as aa part of the
the mast
mast optics.
optics. In system of
In aa system this type we have essentially come
of this back
come back
first form of
the first
to the
to system described
of periscope optical system i.e., an
earlier, i.e.,
described earlier, telescope
upper telescope
an upper
whose output
whose output will
will be
be viewed by a lower telescope. The major difference being
lower telescope. that we
being that have
we have
added four
added (4) relay lenses to
four (4) the upper
to the telescope in
upper telescope order to
in order reduce the
to reduce diameter of
the diameter the
of the
optics and
optics to increase
and to the amount
increase the of relative
amount of illumination at
relative illumination the edge
at the of the
edge of field from
the field from
40%.
10% to about 40%.
10%

As we
As stated earlier,
we stated focus is
earlier, focus the most
is the factor in
critical factor
most critical in the assembly of
the assembly the mast
of the mast
optics. While normal
While optical alignment procedures
normal optical in setting
employed in
are employed
procedures are setting focus, it is
focus, it is
to take
important to
important take into the effects
into consideration the mast pressurization
of mast
effects of earlier.
mentioned earlier.
pressurization mentioned
The best
The method we
best method have found
we have to accomplish
found to is to
this is
accomplish this use aa special
to use test reticle
special test at the
reticle at the
common plane of
image plane
common image lens pair that
of each relay lens is to
that is be made
to be afocal. Further,
made afocal. re-
this re-
Further, this
ticle is immersed
ticle is immersed in glass to
the proper thickness of glass
in the simulate the
to simulate change in
the change focus
back focus
in back
(see Figure
when pressurized (see 5).
Figure 5).

Immersed
Special Immersed
Special
"Test Reticle
Test Reticle

r
'

Collimator
Collimator Afocal Unit
Atocal Unit Telescope
Telescope

5.
Figure 5. Collimation of an unit
afocal unit
an afocal
The final
The component of
final component the mast
of the optics is
mast optics the high
is the power mast
high power Galilean which
mast Galilean is included
which is included
if the
if the design requires aa high power,
design requires power, (12x operation. This
visual), mode of operation.
(12x visual), as-
Galilean as-
This Galilean
might typically
sembly might
sembly made up of a doublet objective with aa focal
be made
typically be length of
focal length meters
of 22 meters
and
and an eyelens with a
an eyelens length of
a focal length -1 meter. The mast Galilean subassembly may be
of -1
and aligned independent of the
collimated and
collimated mast optics.
other mast
the other found the
have found
optics. We have in-
Zygo in-
the Zygo
terferometer to
terferometer tool in
be aa most effective tool
to be this alignment
accomplishing this
in accomplishing focus. The
and focus.
alignment and The

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 finished
finished 2x then be inserted
2x Galilean may then the mast
into the
inserted into optics between
mast optics any of
between any previ-
the previ-
of the
assemblies.
afocal assemblies.
ously described afocal
In
In summary then,
then, the completed set optics is
of mast optics
set of very long
typically aa very
is typically telescope
long telescope
with an input
input aperture
aperture of
of 42mm magnification of
and aa magnification
42mm and about 1 l/2x.
of about This telescope
/2x. This be
may be
telescope may
switched
switched to
to low power,
power, reducing
reducing the
the magnificati
magnificationon to
to 1l/8x,
/8x, or
or it
it may
may be
be switched
switched to
to high
high
power,
power, with a magnificati
magnification close to
on quite close to lx, by the
Ix, by introduction of
the introduction low power
of aa low hiqh
or aa high
power or
into the
power Galilean telescope into system.
the system.

The eyepiece box

The eyepiece
The eyepiece box
box will final periscope relay
the final
will contain the lens along
relay lens with any
along with of
number of
any number
additional
additional prisms,
prisms, mirrors
mirrors and
and lenses.
lenses. To complete the
the visual system,
system, which
which is
is usually
usually 6x
6x
in the
in the nominal
nominal mode, the relay and eyepiece must combine to
mode, the telescope. This
12x telescope.
up aa 12x
to make up This
magnification
magnificati on will be operated on the mast optics,
on by the final overall
yielding final
optics, yielding magnifications
overall magnifications
6x and
1.5x, 6x
of 1.5x, 12x.
and 12x.
In aa normal
In normal system,
system, photographic will also
television modes will
photographic and television present in
be present
also be eye-
the eye-
in the
box. Frequently a beamsplitter
piece box. introduced into
is introduced
beamsplitter is visual channel
the visual
into the directing most
channel directing most
of the
of the incoming light to the film
to the or TV
film or camera while
TV camera allowing some
while allowing light to
some light continue to
to continue the
to the
eye so
eye so that the visual function
function will not be lost
not be completely. The
lost completely. The photo and TV
photo and will
systems will
TV systems
generally require some relay optics in
generally order to
in order the correct
provide the
to provide length and
focal length
correct focal to
f/# to
and f/#
the detectors. Figure 6
Figure 6 illustrates degree of
the degree
illustrates the complexity that
of complexity may be
that may encountered in
be encountered in aa
box.
eyepiece box.
modern periscope eyepiece

Relay Lens
Relay (R6)
Lens (R6)

Stadimeter
Stadimeter

Relay Lens/Porro
Relay Lens /Porro
Prism to
Prism TV
to TV

Pellicle

Beamsplitter

Mode Select Cube

Figure 6.
Figure 6. Eyepiece box optical arrangement

SPIE Vol.
124 //SPIE
124 Alignment IIII (1984)
Optical Alignment
Vol. 483 Optical

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 Typical of
Typical the alignment problems encountered
of the assembly of
during assembly
encountered during eyepiece box
the eyepiece
of the the
are the
box are
following:
1. Parfocality of the
1. various functions.
the various critical is the correct relationship
functions. Most critical of
relationship of
the focus aid,
the focus (generally located in
aid, (generally the visual channel),
in the to the
channel), to the camera plane
film plane
camera film
camera image
and the TV camera plane.
image plane.
2. Tilt
2. and decentration
Tilt and of the
decentration of the final surface.
final image relative to the detector surface.
3. Precision
3. of stop mechanisms
repeatability of
and repeatability
Precision and mechanisms for optics that are switched
that are in and
switched in and
the optical
out of the train.
optical train.
In large part,
In large part, the best addressed
are best
the above problems are in the
addressed in early design
the early where
stage, where
design stage,
effort including the mechanical and optical engineers
cooperative effort
aa cooperative simplify
greatly simplify
engineers will greatly
the effort involved
the effort in the
involved in the final phases. Without going into much
final assembly and alignment phases. much
that considerable
detail, it should be obvious that
more detail, and effort
thought and
considerable thought go into
must go
effort must the
into the
layout procedures relating to the eyepiece box assembly and
and procedures
layout and alignment. If
and alignment. If all proce-
dures have
dures been carried
have been the eyepiece
properly, both the
carried out properly, box and
eyepiece box the pressurized
and the will
mast will
pressurized mast
result, their
be afocal assemblies. As a result,
be to each
relationship to
their relationship each other will not
other will be critical
not be critical
the periscope
final assembly of the
when the final is accomplished.
periscope is accomplished.
This concept of
This of independently designed, and aligned
assembled, and
designed, assembled, leads to
units, leads
aligned units, some
to some
degree of modularity
degree of modularity in final system.
the final
in the Thus, a
system. Thus, a common eyepiece box may be kept on
be kept on
hand spare, usable
as aa spare,
hand as usable in a systems. This
a number of different systems. This philosophy applies downdown toto
the subassembly
the level where
subassembly level afocal units,
where afocal and objective
2x mast Galileans and
units, 2x assemblies may
objective assemblies may
be
be stored spare parts,
as spare
stored as parts, suitable for of several
in any one of
for use in with aa
applications with
several applications
final alignment
minimum amount of final and collimation
alignment and required upon
collimation required installation.
upon installation.
conclusions
Summary and conclusions

submarine periscope
While at first glance the modern submarine
While optical system
periscope optical seems to
system seems present
to present
formidable alignment problems,
some formidable
some found over
it has been found
problems, it years that
the years
over the atten-
careful atten-
that careful
tion to
tion to the fundamental design configuration and the
the fundamental at the
prescribed at
the procedures prescribed sub-
the sub-
assembly level,
assembly will yield
level, will a finished product that
yield a is easily
that is easily built and maintained. Also,
and maintained.
of interchangeable modules for inclusion
consideration of
consideration in the
inclusion in the design lead to
will lead
design will signi-
to signi-
ficant savings
ficant the lifetime
savings over the of aa typical
lifetime of program.
typical program.

SPIE Vol.483
SPIE Vol. 483 Optical
OpticalAlignment
Alignment11(1984)
II (1984)// 125
125

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