ARAULLO UNIVERSITY

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Security is a most important factor today. As the crime

increases, the protection for individuals must reinforce.

Technician, inventors, and company develop modern security

system but it is somehow expensive and only those who have

the currency can purchase them. That is why the researchers

decided to conduct a security project entitled “Improvised

laser security alarm out of light resistor and recycled

materials”.

This experimental study will test if the improvised laser

security alarm is more beneficial than the modern security

system. The purpose of the study is to invent an improvised

but effective, affordable, and productive laser security

alarm.

In order to achieve the affordable set up, the

researchers decided to use recycled materials for the study.

To be specific, the materials are; recycled board, recycled

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laser pointer, recycled wires, recycled light

transmitter (inside of it is the

Light dependant resistor), DC Motor (can be found from

recycled toys, and recycled door buzzer.

The research project would like to acquire the following

characteristic for the improvised light security alarm:

high signal of security (the sensor will be very reactive

when unauthorized person entry in a particular area), easy

installation and low maintenance, low consumption of power

or energy and high flexibility in operation.

The study would also show the effectiveness of improvised

laser security alarm compared to other modern security

system in terms of: expenses (if the improvised device will

have lesser expenses and will be affordable from the modern

security alarm system), portability (if the improvised

device is capable of being moved especially with ease than

the modern security alarm), and invention (if the

improvised device requires lesser amount of work to invent

than the modern security system).

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As an addition to the feasibility of the

study, the researcher would also like to show the qualities

of the improvised security alarm that the modern security

system do not have.

At the end of the study, the researchers would assume

that it will be successful and it will help a lot of groups

and individuals.

REVIEW OR RELATED LITERATURE

This part presents the review of foreign and local

literature and studies which bear significance to the

present study. Previous literature and studies conducted

and written about this topic, both in the printed and

electronic media and included.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to the study of Diponkar Paul, Shohel Rana and

Mokarram Hossaim of World University of Bangladesh, LASER-

Ray goes through long distance without scattering effect

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and the Ray is almost invisible. Only the

radiation point and incident point is visible.

There is two part of the system. One is transmitter and

other is receiver. The transmitter part is built with a

LASER radiator, a pair of dry cell batteries, an on-off

switch and a stand to hold it. The receiver side, there is

a focusing LDR (Light

depending Resistor) sensor to sense the LASER continuously.

The LDR sensor also holds with a stand and it connected

with the main driver circuit.

The circuit has two parts. One is filtered the signal of

discontinuity ray and others is alarm circuit. When anybody

crossover the invisible ray the main circuit sense the

discontinuity by sensor and turn on the alarm circuit. If

once the alarm circuit is on it will still ringing until

push the reset button.

There is two option of ringing. One is the duration of

ringing depends on preset timer and another reset manually.

Any option can be set by DPDT switch. If anybody wants to

bind a sensitive area with the single ray he has to use

mirror at every corner to reflect it. The system has built

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with low cost and high performance. The power

consumption of the system is very low.

Laser security systems are a high tech technology that

used to be a part of home security only available to the

wealthy. It is manually switch dependent sensors and a

basic alarm unit. Laser security system a person moves in

front of the motion sensor, that person’s body heat

triggers the system’s alarm. And the alarm signals the

security monitoring company and local law

enforcement. The basic alarm unit will also sound a loud

alarm. Both analysis and experiment indicate that rather

stringent requirements must be met in order to obtain

efficient optical heterodyne detection. There is

considerable experimental evidence that these requirements

can be met by employing an enclosed transmission path, the

so-called optical pipeline, and that from a practical

standpoint the difficulties are not much greater than for

other types of detection. Such a line with servo control of

beam position should provide a very satisfactory

transmission medium for any type of receiver.

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The heterodyne receiver appears to be more

satisfactory than the direct detector for the reception of

phase- or frequency-modulated light or multiplexed optical

signals. At some wavelengths it may provide the only means

of overcoming thermal-noise and detectornoise problems. The

operation of Doppler radars depends upon the heterodyning

process. For most applications, supplying a properly tuned

local oscillator presents no great difficulty. The coherent

receiver provides high discrimination against background

light. It also provides efficient detection in the infrared

region, in which other detectors are deficient. For these

reasons and since free space is an ideal transmission

medium, the optical heterodyne receiver

may have considerable advantage over others for space

communication applications. Because of in homogeneities in

its index of refraction, the atmosphere is a very

unsatisfactory transmission medium if heterodyne reception

is employed. For such transmissions other methods of

detection are usually preferable.In the system we will be

made by microcontroller base, When any authorized person

crossover the laser line the security alarm will not

ringing. The preceding discussion has been limited to pure

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modes. In actual transmission the beam will most

likely be launched in the fundamental mode but may have

some of its energy converted to higher-order modes by wave

front distortions during transmission.

As a result, the received beam will consist of a mixture

of fundamental and higher-order modes and be more

complicated than any situation shown. This is illustrated

in which shows a beam with all of its energy concentrated

in the fundamental mode, in addition to a beam that has

additional modes resulting from transmission through 2.6 km

of clear but turbulent atmosphere. For transmission systems

employing optical components of limited size, losses are

greater for the higher-order modes than for the dominant

mode. For a more complete discussion of optical modes, the

heterodyne receiver currently has another advantage

for space communications. The most efficient, and at the

same time high-power, source of continuous coherent light

is the CO2 laser, which operates at 10.6 碌 m. However, at

the present time there is no satisfactory direct detector

for this wavelength range; the diode detectors that have

been devised are very noisy. As pointed out previously, for

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the heterodyne receiver the only noise of

consequence is the shot noise resulting from the local-

oscillator power, provided this power is large enough.

Employing the heterodyne principle should make possible an

efficient receiver at this wavelength, where an efficient,

high-power transmitter also exists.

Reference:

http://www.estij.org/papers/vol2no22012/32vol2no2.pdf

LOCAL LITERATURE

According to Addam Rivera of Mindanao State University,

security is main concern for various buildings, houses and

offices. For this purpose, there are a variety of security

alarms available in market which uses various types of

technology for intruder detection like infrared sensors,

motion sensors, ultrasonic sensors, laser sensors, etc. We

have also built some security alarms like this PIR sensor

based motion

detector and burglar alarm circuit. In this circuit we are

going to build a laser security alarm which uses a laser

light and a laser light detector circuit. It gets activated

when someone crosses it.

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In this laser security alarm circuit we have

used LM358 Dual Comparator IC for comparing voltages coming

from LDR. Comparator is configured as Non-inverting mode

and one 10K potentiometer is connected at its non-inverting

terminal. An LDR is used for detecting light or laser light

with respect to ground through a 10K resistor. And the

midpoint of LDR and resistor is directly connected to

inverting terminal of comparator. A red LED is connected

at output pin of comparator for indicating intruder

detection. A mono-stable multi-vibrator is also used for

activating buzzer and LED for a time period. And a 9 volt

battery is used for powering the circuit.

In this circuit we have set reference voltages of

comparators by using potentiometer, we can say this

sensitivity of the circuit. Comparator is configured in

non-inverting mode. In this system we have placed laser

light and LDR facing each other, so laser light

continuously falls on LDR. Due to this a potential

difference generated across the non-inverting pin of

comparator,

then comparator compare this potential difference with

reference voltage and generate a digital output as HIGH.

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Before this we have configured 555 timer in

mono-stable mode so we it required a LOW trigger pulse at

its trigger pin to activate buzzer and LED. So we applied

output of comparator at trigger pin of 555 timer. Even

comparator’s output is HIGH when laser lights falls on LDR

so at this time buzzer and LED are deactivated. When

someone crosses the laser light due to this LDR lost the

laser light and generates a different potential difference

across the same comparator terminal. Then comparator

generates an output as LOW. Due to this LOW signal 555

timer gets a LOW trigger pulse and activates buzzer and LED

for a time periods that is defined by R1 and C1 at 555

timer circuit.

Reference: https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-

circuits/laser-security-alarm-circuit-diagram

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aim to design and develop an improvised but

productive and effective laser alarm for security purposes.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

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1. How effective the improvised laser light

alarm in terms of:

a. Signal of security (entry of unauthorized person in

the particular area)

b. Installation and maintenance

c. Consumption of energy and flexibility in operation.

2. How operative the improvised laser light alarm compared

to modern security system in terms of:

a. Expenses

b. Portability

c. Invention

3. What are the qualities of improvised laser alarm that do

not exist on modern security alarm?

HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

Ha: There is a significant relationship between laser

light alarm and of the following factors:

a. Signal of security.

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b. Installation and maintenance

c. Consumption of energy and flexibility in operation.

Ho: There is no significant relationship between laser

light alarm and of the following factors:

a. Signal of security.

b. Installation and maintenance

c. Consumption of energy and flexibility in operation.

Ha: There is a significant difference between improvised

laser light alarm and modern security system in terms of:

a. Expenses

b. Portability

c. invention

Ho: There is no significant difference between improvised

laser light alarm and modern security system in terms of:

a. Expenses

b. Portability

c. invention

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Ha: There is a significant qualities

variation between improvised laser light alarm and modern

security system.

Ho: There is a significant qualities variation between

improvised laser light alarm and modern security system.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study entitled “Improvised Laser Security Alarm out

of Light Resistor and recycled materials” will be

significant and helpful to the following:

COMMUNITY: This study will be very beneficial because it

can assured the community’s safeness. The device can act as

a protection for the people living in the particular area

and it can reduce the risk of dangerous phenomena inside

the community.

CORPORATION: This study will be helpful to companies

especially small ones as it is affordable device with easy

invention. They can use it as an surveillance measures for

the safety of the corporation.

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INDEPENDENT INDIVIDUAL: This study will serve as safety device for

those who live independently and no surety for security because of

the absence of companion.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The preparation of this research study was conducted on

November 2017 until March 2018 at Araullo University PHINMA

Education Network by the skills and knowledge of Ann

Czarina Abergas, Joyce-Mae Buenaventura, Jade Ann Nicole

Castelo, Jewel Mae Empaynado, and Kathlyn Gamboa from 12

STEM 4. The research was conducted with the help of the

professors, sir James Denver Sarmiento and sir Florendo

Ysmael Garbin.

The study focuses on the invention of improvised laser

alarm out of DC motor and recycled materials for

surveillance measures. Experimental type of research was

adopted to this research by testing what will happen to our

research.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

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1. Light dependent resistor- s

a light-controlled variable resistor. The

resistance of a photoresistor decreases with

increasing incident light intensity; in other

words, it exhibits photoconductivity.

2. Circuit- a roughly circular line, route, or

movement that starts and finishes at the same

place.

3. Sensor- a device that detects or measures a

physical property and records, indicates, or

otherwise responds to it.

4. Alarm/Siren- a device that makes a loud

prolonged sound as a signal or warning.

5. BC 458 Transmitter - The BC-458 was the one used

by thousands of hams with the Central Electronics,

BC-458 is the transmitter that covers 5300 kHz to

7000 kHz.

6. Resistor - the most ubiquitous of electronic

components. They are a critical piece in just

about every circuit.

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IMPROVISED LASER SECURITY ALARM OUT OF LIGHT RESISTOR AND

RECYCLED MATERIALS

A Research Paper presented to our beloved teachers on our

subjects Research in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
mathematics (STM 009) and Inquiry, Investigations and
immersions (APP 007) in STEM strand of Senior High School
in Araullo University PHINMA Education Network

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Abergas, Ann Czarina
Buenaventura, Joyce-Mae S.
Castelo, Jade Anne
Empaynado, Jewel Mae B.
Gamboa, Kathleen U.

November 2017

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