Fundamental Linux Commands

#include <linux/ctype.
h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/kexec.h>
#include <linux/kmod.h>
#include <linux/kmsg_dump.h>
#include <linux/reboot.h>
#include <linux/suspend.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/syscore_ops.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
/*
* this indicates whether you can reboot with ctrl-alt-del: the default is yes
*/
int C_A_D = 1;
struct pid *cad_pid;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cad_pid);
#if defined(CONFIG_ARM) || defined(CONFIG_UNICORE32)

#define DEFAULT_REBOOT_MODE = REBOOT_HARD
#else
#define DEFAULT_REBOOT_MODE
#endif
1 – Fundamental Linux
enum reboot_mode reboot_mode DEFAULT_REBOOT_MODE;
/*
* This variable is used privately to keep track of whether or not
* reboot_type is still set to its default value (i.e., reboot= hasn't
* been set on the command line). This is needed so that we can
* suppress DMI scanning for reboot quirks. Without it, it's
* impossible to override a faulty reboot quirk without recompiling.
*/
int reboot_default = 1;
Boost Camp 2017 int reboot_cpu;

enum reboot_type reboot_type = BOOT_ACPI;
int reboot_force;
/*
* If set, this is used for preparing the system to power off.
*/
void (*pm_power_off_prepare)(void);
/**
* emergency_restart - reboot the system
*
* Without shutting down any hardware or taking any locks
* reboot the system. This is called when we know we are in
* trouble so this is our best effort to reboot. This is
* safe to call in interrupt context.
*/
void emergency_restart(void)
{
kmsg_dump(KMSG_DUMP_EMERG);
machine_emergency_restart();
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(emergency_restart);
void kernel_restart_prepare(char *cmd)

EXPCamp17-D1M1-Rev2 { 1
blocking_notifier_call_chain(&reboot_notifier_list, SYS_RESTA
system_state = SYSTEM_RESTART
We’re glad you’re here.
EXPCamp17-D1M1-Rev2 2
What is EXPcamp?
• EXPerience camp intends to help you walk in the path
of computer programming
• To give you fundamental concepts, inspirations, and passion in
your field of study.
• To help and assist those with low “flying hours”. Don’t worry.
We’ll be with you.
• A first place for you to socialise with your friends. Smile to ones
sitting nearby you!
Your first step Linux
What is Linux?
• A free, opensource operating
system.
• First created by Linus Torvalds (on
the right), and maintained by
several people around the world.
• Considered the power behind many
technologies.
How do we code?
• We’re remoting into Linux servers.
• The way we’re remoting is called SSH (Secure Shell).
• And we are using command lines.
• Yes, those black screens. Feeling like a hacker now?
Remoting into the server
• Using PuTTY to
remote is simple.
• Firstly, fill in your server.
Remoting into the server
• Using PuTTY to
remote is simple.
• Firstly, fill in your server.
• Type the username on
that black screen and
enter.
• Type your password (it
won’t show, don’t
worry), and enter again.
Getting started on Linux
Commands
Change your password.
• First thigs first – change your password.
• Type passwd and press Enter.
• Now follow on-screen instructions.
• Everytime you type your password, it do appears like you have
typed nothing. This is normal.
• And you have done running your first Linux commands.
Try some more commands!
Commands to try Its purpose
pwd Print working directory
whoami Print your username
clear Clear the terminal
Linux filesystem
• A hierarchical filesystem.
• Files inside folders inside
folders with other files.
• You are used to this.
Structure of files and directories
Navigating in and out folders
• The main command for
changing directory is cd
• When you start your SSH
session, your are
automatically brought to
your home folder.
Navigating in and out folders
• To get list of files and
folders, type ls
• To go into specific folder,
type cd [path]
• But what is path?
What is path?
• The way of telling location of files and directories
• Two different ways: relative path and absolute path
• Your home directory is where you save all your works.
• The path for your home directory is ~
• The path for someone’s home directory is ~, followed by their
username (E.g. ~mike is the home of user named mike)
• .. (double dot) means to go up one directory.
Relative path and absolute path
Relative path Absolute Path

• Calls file by its relative • Begins with /
location from the • Calls for directories by
directory user is in starting at the root
directory (which, the root
directory is the / itself).
/ home srakrn works test.txt

(Your home)
Blue: You are here Red: Destination file/folder
Relative path: works/test.txt

Absolute path: /home/srakrn/works/test.txt

(Your home)
Relative path: ../../.. (three steps up)

Absolute path: /

(Your home)
Relative path: ../.. (two steps up)

Absolute path: ~ or ~srakrn
More on Linux commands
Structure of a commands
ls -al /var/www/html
The command
Different command do different tasks.
`ls` is for directory listing. Other commands do other jobs.
The options/flags
Begins with the dash, and one alphabet per parameter.
Works like an option to the command.
• a means to list all files, include those hidden files.
• l means to list details of files, not only the name.
(try ls and ls -l to see the difference)
The argument(s)
Some are mandatory, while some are not necessary.
If no path is specified to ls, the programme list for files in the

directory where the user is in.
If argument were given, however, the programme lists for files in
that given directory.
File manipulation commands
Commands Tasks
ls [path] List for files and subdirectories in the
specified directory path.
pwd Show the directory you’re in.
cd [path] Change the directory to the one specified.
Change to home when no path were
specified.
mv [source] [destination] Move file from source to destination. Could
be use to rename the file.
cp [source] [destination] Copy file(s) from source to destination.
rm [file] Remove the file. (Delete)
File manipulation commands
Commands Tasks
mkdir [foldername] Create a folder as named.
touch Creates an empty file.
cat [file] Show contents of the file
long [file] A better way to show contents of the file
(which is long)
Understandness check
• These are questions found in your first pre-test.
•
• cowquotes
• cowquotes
• home directory
• Can you do it now?
File permissions
About file permission
• Every file is owned by a user. He is
the one who control the rights to
edit the file.
edit the file.
• You can group users in Linux. File
owner can decide how much can
people in the same group with
him do so something with the
file.
edit the file.
• You can group users in Linux. File
owner can decide how much can
people in the same group with
him do so something with the
file.
• And there are other people who
does not belong to the group. File
owners also can decide how
much these other people can
mess with the file.
Introducing permission
➜
• Try running `ls –l`
~ ls -l
total 56
drwxrwxr-x 3 srakrn srakrn 4096 Jul 4 07:50 C

• See that things on the first
-rwxrwxr-x 1 srakrn srakrn 10729 Jul 2 15:15 ezopenvpn.sh
-rwxrwxr-x 1 srakrn srakrn 8424 Jul 6 09:05 helloworld columns? It’s the file
-rw-rw-r-- 1 srakrn srakrn 69 Jul 6 09:05 helloworld.c permission.
drwx------ 2 srakrn srakrn 4096 Jul 2 15:26 openvpn-ca
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13266 Jul 2 15:17 ovpn-

srakrn.zip
drwxrwxr-x 3 srakrn srakrn 4096 Jul 9 01:44 transitth
drwxrwxrwx
r = read
w = write
x = execute (run)
Letters if allowed. Dash (-) if not allowed.
drwxrwxrwx
Directory? Other permission
Group permission
User permission
Understandness check
-rwxr-xr-- is the permission code.
Tick the boxes with the permission granted.
Read Write Execute

User (owner)
Group
Other
Also, this is file or folder?
Permission number
Without minding the first (directory) letter. For each group of letters.
4 = read
2 = write Sum up the numbers
1 = execute (run)
Permission number
4 = read
2 = write
1 = execute (run)
drwxr-xr--
Permission number
4 = read
2 = write
1 = execute (run)
drwxr-xr--
4 = read
2 = write 4+2+1 = 7
1 = execute (run)
7
Permission number
4 = read
2 = write
1 = execute (run)
drwxr-xr--
4 = read
1 = execute (run) 4+1 = 5
75
Permission number
4 = read
2 = write
1 = execute (run)
drwxr-xr--
4 = read
754
Permission number
4 = read
2 = write
1 = execute (run)
drwxr-xr-- = 754
Permission number
So, where does those 1-7 numbers come from?
It’s a three-digit binary (base 2), converted to decimal (base 10)
rwx = 111 - Convert to binary → 7

r-x = 101 - Convert to binary → 5
r-- = 100 - Convert to binary → 4
Changing file permission
chmod [perm] [filename]
This is the 3 digits number mentioned before.
Example
chmod 777 quiz_bank.txt

Question: Considered quiz_bank.txt to be the question for your exam.
This file is somewhere in the server you can access.
Is running this command good (to the instructors team)? Why?
Changing file permission
chmod [perm] [filename]
The permission code can be also writed in the form of who what
who means what means
u User r Read
g Group w Write
o Others x Execute
Example
chmod o-rw quiz_bank.txt

Question: You are not the owner of the file quiz_bank.txt.
When the owner execute this command, can it still be read by you?
Changing file ownership
chown srakrn:ta quiz_bank.txt
Group
User
Now the file owner is srakrn

and the group of people who own this file is ta.
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/kexec.h>
#include <linux/kmod.h>
#include <linux/kmsg_dump.h>
#include <linux/reboot.h>
#include <linux/suspend.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/syscore_ops.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
/*
* this indicates whether you can reboot with ctrl-alt-del: the default is yes
*/
int C_A_D = 1;
struct pid *cad_pid;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cad_pid);
#if defined(CONFIG_ARM) || defined(CONFIG_UNICORE32)

#define DEFAULT_REBOOT_MODE = REBOOT_HARD
#else
#define DEFAULT_REBOOT_MODE
#endif
1 – Fundamental Linux
enum reboot_mode reboot_mode DEFAULT_REBOOT_MODE;
/*
* This variable is used privately to keep track of whether or not
* reboot_type is still set to its default value (i.e., reboot= hasn't
* been set on the command line). This is needed so that we can
* suppress DMI scanning for reboot quirks. Without it, it's
* impossible to override a faulty reboot quirk without recompiling.
*/
int reboot_default = 1;
EXPcamp 2017 int reboot_cpu;

enum reboot_type reboot_type = BOOT_ACPI;
int reboot_force;
/*
* If set, this is used for preparing the system to power off.
*/
void (*pm_power_off_prepare)(void);
/**
* emergency_restart - reboot the system
*
* Without shutting down any hardware or taking any locks
* reboot the system. This is called when we know we are in
* trouble so this is our best effort to reboot. This is
* safe to call in interrupt context.
*/
void emergency_restart(void)
{
kmsg_dump(KMSG_DUMP_EMERG);
machine_emergency_restart();
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(emergency_restart);
void kernel_restart_prepare(char *cmd)

EXPCamp17-D1M1-Rev2 { 47
blocking_notifier_call_chain(&reboot_notifier_list, SYS_RESTA
system_state = SYSTEM_RESTART

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Fundamental Linux Commands

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#include <linux/ctype.

#if defined(CONFIG_ARM) || defined(CONFIG_UNICORE32)

Boost Camp 2017 int reboot_cpu;

void kernel_restart_prepare(char *cmd)

Relative path Absolute Path

/ home srakrn works test.txt

Blue: You are here Red: Destination file/folder

Relative path: works/test.txt

/ home srakrn works test.txt

Blue: You are here Red: Destination file/folder

Relative path: ../../.. (three steps up)

/ home srakrn works test.txt

Blue: You are here Red: Destination file/folder

Relative path: ../.. (two steps up)

(try ls and ls -l to see the difference)

If no path is specified to ls, the programme list for files in the

drwxrwxr-x 3 srakrn srakrn 4096 Jul 4 07:50 C

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13266 Jul 2 15:17 ovpn-

drwxrwxr-x 3 srakrn srakrn 4096 Jul 9 01:44 transitth

Letters if allowed. Dash (-) if not allowed.

Read Write Execute

Also, this is file or folder?

rwx = 111 - Convert to binary → 7

This is the 3 digits number mentioned before.

chmod 777 quiz_bank.txt

chmod o-rw quiz_bank.txt

Now the file owner is srakrn

#if defined(CONFIG_ARM) || defined(CONFIG_UNICORE32)

EXPcamp 2017 int reboot_cpu;

void kernel_restart_prepare(char *cmd)

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