Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
GROUP MEMBER
NICHOLAS WONG YEW KHUNG 0328559
CHONG XIAN JUN 0332605
RAEMI SAFRI 0328385
LIM MAY LEE 0328549
NG JING YUAN 0331472
TUTOR
AR. ALICE LIM
CONTENT PAGE
Site photo taken on site visit Site photo taken on site visit Site photo taken on site visit
Site plan of Kundang Estate Floor plans of the houses in Kundang Estate
Source from: Source from:
https://gamudaland.com.my/kundangestates/features/index.html http://gamudaland.com.my/kundang-esta
tes-anise-terrace-homes/
Site photo taken on site visit Site photo taken on site visit
Site photo taken on site visit
Site Plan.
Source from : https://secure.spsetia.com.my/kingsville/ Singe storey unit floor plan that we
Detailed Floor Plan taken from site visit.
visited.
Source from
:https://secure.spsetia.com.my/kingsvil
le/
Floor plan taken on site visit. Site signboard taken on site visit
The complex consists of 4 levels, that are main prayer hall on the mezzanine level, plaza and podium on the ground floor, amenities on the lower ground floor, and two
levels of parking further down.
Promotional Material taken on site visit Floor plan taken on site visit
Tree
Stump
Roots
1. Remove all vegetations that are present at Not removing the decaying tree stumps will Bulldozer is used to uproot trees and assist
the site and may become obstacles. make weaker soil structures due to voids in pushing loose vegetation or rocks out of
left in the soil. the soil.
Anthill
Animal Burrow
2. This includes digging out large stones that Other than large stones, anthills and animal burrows are also dug
The next step is to remove the surface soil
may become obstacles in the future. out and replaced with clayey soil.
layers
A
A
F
8” 6” E
F
E B
B
10” C
Batter Boards
SIGNAGE
Every construction site should have signages all around. These signages are used to either mark something, to warn or to advice.
Poster at Kundang Estate informing the Safety poster at kundang Estate based Right: Safety signboard at Kundang The project signboard located at Casira 1. Project
workers as well as visitors and on BS ISO 7010 that warns people on Estate based on BS ISO 7010 informing signboards are used to indicate the information of
consultants the right way to wear a mask what is prohibited on site, this includes the workers and visitors on the Hazards the project as well as inform people of the
smoking, taking photos and Warnings at site, this includes construction taking place. Information on the
SAFETY BRIEFING
electricity, fire, radioactive waste signboard includes name of the project, name of
developer, architect, engineers, expected date of
completion, Majlis approval number
Workers complying with PPE. PPE informs workers to always wear their helmets. Helmets protect the head from
falling objects and other accidents. There are different coloured helmets for
different jobs. Workers wear yellow, Consultants wear white and Safety
Inspectors wear red.
Gloves are an important part of PPE. Boots are also part of PPE. Boots have High visibility vest is part of PPE. They At Casira 1, PPE is taken very seriously and signboards to warn
Gloves protect the hands from metal parts covering the toes so that allow people to clearly be seen by the and remind workers are all around. They are fined RM 50
accidents like things falling, or as a last resort if an accident were to bright yellow colour as well as the whenever they are caught not complying to PPE.
touching dangerous objects like nails happen, there would be some reflective strips.
and tools. protection.
Soil from about 150mm to 300mm depth from the top is excavated via excavator. This soil Soil that has been excavated is then brought away via a ‘lori hantu’.
contains organic and decaying matters which makes them compressible and not strong
enough to support the building.
LEVELLING PROCEDURE
Before levelling can take place, the topography must be measured accurately to ensure levelling can happen without any mistakes All the levels in
a building are taken from a fixed point called a datum. This is a known point that is set by the licensed surveyor. When the point is transferred to
the site, this point is called Temporary Benchmark (TBM). The design drawings will have floor levels set to the datus and the TBM must relate to
this.
The line of sight of the instrument is recorded as BS and FS. The reading at the benchmark is called the backsight
FS= 0.22m (BS). The reading taken after turning the instrument and moving the staff is the foresight (FS).
BS = 1.61m
Elevation of the benchmark is known (100.05 m)
Elevation of BS = BS + Benchmark (BM) = 1.61 + 100.05 = 101.66 m
A Elevation of point A = elevation of BS - FS = 101.66 - 0.22 = 101.44 m
Therefore, the difference in elevation between TBM and point A = 101.44 - 100.05 =1.39 m
1.39 m of soil will need to be levelled so that point A elevation is the same height as the TBM
TBM = 100.05 m
In practice, 1.39m of soil need to be levelled to account for the structural floor level (SFL), another 0.055 m of
allowance will need to be made for the floor finishings.
In actual case, 1.39 + 0.055 = 1.445 m of soil will need to be levelled
TBM
This is repeated where the staff that was the FS, staff A becomes the BS.
So, A would be the BS and B would be the FS.
The process would be repeated as many times as needed.
The levelling should always end on a TBM as a check
Existing site elevation showing the Cut line is drawn to show what is Anything above the cut line is required The soil from the “cut” is used to “fill”
topography of the site. required to “fill”. to “cut”. so that no wastage of soil happens.
Wash Trough
To ensure that vehicles are clean on the road after
visiting a construction site, a wash trough washes the
vehicle to ensure that it isn't cause the road to be dirty
and create a problem for the public.
Backhoe Bulldozer
Excavator Push large quantities of soil, sand,
and rubble during construction or
Bigger than backhoe loader. Large conversion work and is equipped
vehicle that is used for excavation at the rear with a claw-like device
and demolition purposes. to loosen compact materials.
Photo from Ecohill Residence Photo from Casira 1
Compactor
Lorry Used to reduce the size of material
Also known as ‘Lori Hantu’. such as waste material or biomass
Transport excavated soil around through compaction as well as
the site. Not able to move outside flatten the materials into the
the site as it is not licensed. ground.
Photo from Ecohill Residence Photo from Kundang Estate
Electrical Generator (Left) Air Compressor (Right) Shovel and Hoe Bar Bending Machine
Provide electricity to the site Pressurizes the air to be used Used to fill move the concrete into holes Bend reinforced concrete bars.
office and some machineries. for some machineries such as and buckets.
nail gun.
The elevation of pile Precast concrete piles at Kundang Male and female joint Engineering drawing of the multi-purpose Red marking to indicate the position of the
foundation. Estate with cross-sectional area of are used for pile hall project at Kundang Estate. piles.
150*150mm and a length of 6m. splicing to extend the
Pointed shoe at the end of the pile pile to required
allows for moderate to hard driving.
Photo from Site B.
depth. Photo from
Site B.
2. PILE DRIVING
The precast concrete piles are percussion driven.
APPLICATION
Precast concrete pile is used widely in the construction field, generally applied on medium
to large contracts where soft soil deposits overlie a layer of firm strata.
Besides being highly resistant to biological and chemical actions of the subsoil. good
quality control can be implemented on precast concrete pile as well. Moreover, these piles
can be constructed in various cross-sectional shapes as the design demands.
The red marking on the piles Pile hammer is used to Hydraulic pile driver is
measure the depth of which it is drive the pile to used at times to minimise
driven into the ground. required depth. sound pollution.
Photo from Site B. Photo from Site B.. Photo from Site C.
5. EXCAVATION
Male and female joint found on the precast concrete piles for splicing. After the installation of piles, excavation comes into place to prepare for pile caps installation.
Photo from Site B.. The excavation has to be big enough to allow for working space. The depth of excavation is
calculated by addition of the heights of pile cap, column stump, ground floor slab and finishing
for flooring.
The worker is using flame cutter to cut off Oxygen tank fueling
the excessive pile reinforcement.. the flame cutter.
Photo from Site C Photo from Site C.
6. PILE HACKING
Excessive pile length is cut off before the installation of pile cap.
The workers are bending rebar with a bar The pile caps are shaped into different
bending machine. forms according to the drawings.
Photo from Site C Photo from Site C.
Concrete of excessive piles are hacked A closer view on the hacked concrete
off by the workers. piles. The reinforcement is left exposed
Photo from Site C to the air.
Photo from Site C.
Formwork is placed at the location of pile A layer of lean concrete is laid to provide a The concrete is allowed to cure and set. Completion. Formwork is removed.
caps to prepare for concrete pouring. uniform surface for the pile cap and prevent Photo from Site C Photo from Site C.
Photo from Site C. it from direct contact with the soil.
Reinforcement structure for pile cap is then
placed in the formwork.
Photo from Site C.. 10. COLUMN STUMP
Reinforcement structure of column stump is Concrete is poured into the formwork,. After the concrete of pile caps is set, formwork The pile foundation is done after the curing of
inserted to the pile cap reinforcement. Photo Photo from Site C. is placed around the column stump and the concrete. Backfill of earth is carried out then.
from Site C. process of concrete pouring is repeated. Photo from Site C.
Photo from Site C..
Concrete was not only used for the sites’ substructure making but also for the superstructure making
as it is able to withstand great compressive forces while reinforcement bars would improve the
concrete performance by giving the structure greater tensile strength
3.1 BEAM
Beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding transverse load(floor slab/roof slab) primarily by resisting bending. They transfer all the loads
including itself weight to the structural elements below( columns/ column stumps) .
Stump
Stump is a short column
constructed on top of the pile cap
Reinforced
to support ground beam and
Pile Cap
column above, to transfer the load
ground beams Concrete Pile
of a building onto the pile cap
Wall
Pile Cap
Ground beam
Pile
1. 2. 3. 4.
2.
After the column stump is done, the land is The reinforcement steel bars cage for the Dowel bars are for connecting the ground Timber formwork is set up at the position
backfill until the column neck at the area of the ground beam is shaped beam to the column stump where the ground beams will be after the
ground beam and the soil is compacted to installation of the reinforcement cage for
increase soil stability and load bearing beams.
The spacers are used to ensure even coverage
capacity. of the reinforcement in concrete structures
5. 6.
stud The type of concrete used at out s`ite is Crane with bucket is used to transferred the concrete from the premixed concrete
premixed. As the construction is medium delivery truck to the ground beam formwork
Side brace scale, this will save time lot of time
stake
Concrete vibrator motor is used to make the concrete mix and set evenly, free of air bubbles, for
The concrete is released into its formwork a final product with greater strength
9. 10
The concrete is being set and cured in the The concrete is mixed with
formwork. Grade C40 concrete was used for the the accelerants additives
site which can offer a greater strength than the to speed up the curing
normal C25 concrete since a fairly large mosque process. The formwork is
complex is to be built. removed after 3 days.
Ground Floor
Slab Layers
Damp-proof
membrane
Concrete slab
Ground floor slab load is transferred from the slab directly to the ground beam, Resists compressive forces
ground and foundation.
BRC mesh (200x200)
Reinforcement for better tensile strength
Lean concrete
Ground floor slab Provides flat base for the concrete slab
Gravity load
Damp-proof membrane
Slab Suspended slab are not in direct Prevent water from ground to sip through
contact with the ground. They
form roofs or floors above ground Anti-termite Treatment
level and load is transferred to the Repels termites
floor beams.
Hardcore ( crusher run)
To fill void in the ground
Beam
Soil
Column
Backfilling of soil
Suspended slab The ground floor slab has more layers than slabs
installed above the ground floor. Higher floor slabs
Pile cap are basically steel reinforced concrete
1. 2. 3. 4.
After the ground beams are done, backfill of land will be carried out and the Hardcore made of crusher run will be laid to raise levels and to provide Termite treatment layer will be carried
soil will be compacted. a firm base. This layer of crusher run will be compacted as well by using out before the damp-proof membrane
a plate compactor (DPM) layer is laid. The DPM prevents
water from the soil entering the slab
above.
5. 6. 7.
Sever service pipes are installed lean concrete is laid to provide a level BRC wire mesh is installed and it is lifted off ground by spacer The formwork for the concrete floor
surface for the concrete slab which is to blocks to ensure the BRC mesh is adequately covered the slab is set up around the perimeter of
be installed later. concrete all over. Bar chair is used to separate the second the ground beams before the casting
layer of BRC mesh from the first mesh. of concrete is carried out.
Screeding is carried out once Floating is carried out for a The formwork will be removed after 7 days and the
concrete is placed and smoother surface. The surface concrete floor slab will left to cure. The whole curing
consolidated to strike off the should be worked sparingly ( avoid process will take about 28 days for the concrete to
excess concrete in order to bring overworked )with a float. This develop its full strength.
the slab surface to the right process should take place shortly
elevation. A template with a after screeding and while the
straight lower edge is used. concrete is still plastic and
workable.
2.
1.
Vertical shoring system erected to provide temporary support for the first Beam cage for the first floor beam is tied with the starter bars of the columns so that
floor beams and slabs all the reinforcement of a building is interconnected. BRC mesh is also laid.
3. 4. 5.
Cement spacer are use to Timber formworks and sheathing are set up for the first floor beams and slabs Installation of plumbing sleeves and electrical service
lift the mesh and allow the piping is done before the casting of concrete.
concrete to flow underneath
Floating is done to finish the concrete surface by making it Concrete is poured into the beam formwork. The formwork is removed after 14 days and
smoother and even. the curing of the first floor beam will take
about 28 days for the concrete to develop full
strength.
Slab
Beam
Column
Pile cap
Reinforcement is needed in the column to provide tensile strength in order to prevent vertical bending or buckling in the column.
Bending may induced due to :
● Load coupled with the slenderness of the column
● reaction to the wind-loadings
● reaction to deflected beam to pull the column towards itself
All bars are tied by a tie passing around the bar in such a way that it tends to move
the reinforcement bar towards the centre of the column
1. 2. 3.
The reinforcement steel bars assemble for the The pile cap is The rebars are secured in place by using the lateral
Shaping the reinforcement steel bars for column column stump is fitted into the reinforcement steel tie (column stirrup)
formed, leaving the
stump with starter bars with the size T25. bars assemble for the pile cap. This is to form a column stump
continuous system of reinforcement. reinforcement steel
bars assemble visible.
4. 5.
The formworks for the After the allowance are made for the column
After the concrete has set the formwork
column stump is set up and is removed. The protruding stump, the reinforcement bar required reduction
ready to receive concrete. reinforcement steel bars formed the in the section’s size along the height for the
starter bars for the columns.
making of starter bars for column . this is
achieved by bending and terminating the rebars
and cranking the rebar towards the centre.
The reinforcement steel bars assemble for the The formwork for the
The reinforcement steel bars assemble for the column is being
concrete column is set up
shaped to the requirement form. column is tied together with the column starter around the reinforcement
bars and this is called lapping. assemble
9. 10 Starter bars
for the
following first
floor columns
Concrete is cast into the formwork. The finished concrete column for the ground floor.
Consolidation process is carried out
to remove the air bubbles trapped
in the concrete, and to let the
concrete to flow to ever part of the
corner
41 EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURE NG JING YUAN 0331472
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS CIRCULAR COLUMNS
1. 2. 3.
The reinforcement assemble The scaffolding is used to dismantle the cylinder formwork after the
The finished concrete
are placed. The cylinder concrete has cured.
column for the ground floor.
column required customized
formwork. Which the
traditional timber formwork
would be hard to fulfill this
task. Aluminium cylinder
formwork is used.
Concrete
Degreed pitch
Semi-D Houses
Tread
● Staircase planned and casted side by side at the
same time to minimize labour and maximize time.
Riser
Handrail
1. Planning the staircase - The 2. Setting up - Support 3. Stringers and Riserboards - Stringers 4. Reinforcement Bars - Reinforcement
dimensions of the treads, risers posts are erected and the and riserboards are then installed into bars are bent and placed on the
and layout are to be calculated and wooden formwork is the formwork. formwork to provide as a solid support
planned. installed for the concrete
Both of our site the interior and exterior Standard size of cement sand brick
walls are non load bearing wall.
Material Cost $190.00 – $250.00 / per thousand $230.00 - $300.00 / per thousand
Absorption 40 and 80 grams per minute per 30 15-35 grams of moisture per minute
sq. in. per 30 sq. ins.
[b
[a]
]
Movement Joint can be built without movement Can be more susceptible to
joints. cracking
[a] Casira 1 Clay brick
Colour Grey Red [b] Kundang estate Cement sand brick
½ overlapping bricks
Flemish bond
1. Use measuring tape to measure the 2. Setup strings are hooked up at each 3. String line is set up at each ends of 4. Lay a bed of mortar at least 20-30mm
length between reinforced column. ends of the walls, apply waterproof the walls as an indicator to keep thick to be damp-proof course for
ink on it, pluck it and there will be the courses in a straight alignment ground floor brickwork.
mark on the floor, It’s 100mm for
brick wall and another 25 x2 is for
plastering.So worker will know
where to lay the bricks. After that
remove the strings.
5. The first row of bricks are laid from a 6. Dowel bars then exmet wire mesh are 7. Laying process is continued and 8. Bricks laid in 45 degree angle soldier face
corner of reinforced concrete placed at every 4th course of excess mortar is cut off with trowel. is to fill up the remaining spaces between
column, lay the damp proof brickwork connected to RC Process is repeated until the destined the bricks and beam.
membrane on it to prevent moisture columns. height.
moving up the wall by capillary
action.
1. The position of the electrical circuit should be 2. Use a chasing machine to hack the surface of the wall 3. The conduit is then put into the hacked
planned by marking the route to the power area. Flush the conduit to the wall and make
according to the planned route.
source. This process should be done a week sure the wire box is attached and it is fix
with the approved clips.
after the wall has been formed.
4. Wall are chased after built to run electrical 5. Before screwing the switch panel onto the 6. Paint the wall for aesthetic reasons and now the
wire. After that, plastering is applied to cover wire box, make sure the live, earth, and power socket is ready to be used.
up the the electrical piping. neutral wire are connected.
PRELIMINARY
Allen, E., Iano, J., & Allen, E. (2014). Fundamentals of building construction. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (1991). Building construction illustrated. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2010). Building construction handbook. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
FOUNDATION
Bruce Jr, R. N., & Hebert, D. C. (1974). Splicing of Precast Prestressed Concrete Piles: Part 1—Review and
Performance of Splices. PCI JOURNAL, 19(5), 70-97.
Allen, E., & Iano, J. (2013). Fundamentals of Building Construction : Materials and Methods. Hoboken: Wiley.
OKA Corporation Bhd. (2004). Precast Concrete Piles. [Online] Available at:
http://www.oka.com.my/index.asp?LanguagesID=1&TitleReferenceID=1046&CompanyID=29
BUILDING STRUCTURES
STAIRS
RBM Building Machinery Trading Sdn. Bhd. (2011) RBM BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN STANDARD & SPECIFICATION
Department of Standards Malaysia (2003)Malaysian Standard : Guide to Modular Coordination in Buildings Part 3 : Coordinating Sizes and Preferred Sizes for Stairs and Stair Openings First
Revision
WALL SYSTEM
Sandpit Building Supplies Johannesburg. (2018). The Many Advantages Of Cement Bricks - Sandpit Building Supplies Johannesburg. [online] Available at:
http://sandpit.co.za/the-many-advantages-of-cement-bricks/ [Accessed 13 May 2018]..
Happho. 2017. How to Install Concealed Conduit Electrical Wiring System Properly? - Happho. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.happho.com/install-concealed-conduit-electrical-wiring-system-properly/. [Accessed 31 October 2017]