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985
A fly on the wall ÍÙç˶...?
Beesula Rajaiah
Jyothsna Aningi Q: Sir please define the following words. Writer
Q: Please give explanation of may be, might 1. Metaphysical poetry
be, may have, might have, may have been, 2. Non-dramatic poetry - M. Suresan
might have been. 3. Ipso facto
A: Refer to last Sunday’s English lesson. 4. Canterbury Tales J. Damodar, Kurnool
Thumoju Venkatesh A: 1) Metaphysical Poetry is highly intellectu- Q: Sir, How to understand that a sentence is in
Q: Sir, please translate these sentences into al poetry, very complex and not easy to the passive voice or not in passive voice
English. understand. It is very difficult to under- i.e.the V3 form is an adjective form ( some
1) ìª÷±y F êŸLxë]Ùvè[ªõÚÛª ÓûÁo Ú•è[ªÚÛªN? stand the imagery and the figures of adjectives are in the form of V3)?
2) Ó÷ô¢ª Ó÷JêÁ ÷«æ°xè[ªêŸªû¦oôÁ û¦ÚÛª speech. A: When the verb in the passive voice is a ‘be’
2) Non-dramatic poetry is poetry that form + past participle (V3), it is in the
O. Surya Kiran
has no element of drama in it. It is
êμLóŸªë]ª.
A: 1) No correct translation in English for the Q: Respected sir, please explain the follow- passive voice. For ‘be’ forms refer to
just narration of incidents without an the six classes of verbs in Spoken
first question. The best translation is: ing phrasal verbs with suitable examples element of drama in it. Spencer’s English. Sometimes a past participle
Where do you come in the order of your 1) Talk the talk 2) Walk on the talk poetry is the best example of non-dra- may be used as an adjective, but when
parents’ children? 3) A fly on the wall matic poetry.
2) I don’t know who is talking to who. it has a ‘be’ form before it, it is not an
4) Throw the cap into the ring 3) Ipso facto = By that very fact or act
Durga Prasad adjective, but a passive voice verb.
5) A play by the night (in reality)
Q: Good afternoon sir, once you have given P. Shankar Lingam, Shayampet, Warangal
A: 1) Speak fluently in a way to convince 4) Canterbury Tales – a poem written by
meanings of public cause and public inter- Q: Respected sir,
others of your point. eg: The minister Chaucer. A group of pilgrims start on a
est. But I couldn't understand the difference walked the walk with the reporter. i) Where did the king keep bird?
journey to Canterbury where Thomas
between them. Could you please tell me 2) Walk the talk (not, walk on the talk) = Becket was buried. To pass the time on the ii) Where the king kept the bird?
difference between them? Repeat words with action. The minister journey, each pilgrim narrates a story. These From the above which sentence is correct
A: Public cause = Something that somebody walked, showing his action in words with are Canterbury Tales. & why? Please explain.
does for the sake of the public. Public the reporter of the newspaper. This is Harsha Chennuboina A: The correct form of the question is: Where
interest = In the interests of the people / do more powerful than walk the walk. Q: ú£ôÂ, û¶ìª Oª ÏÙTxùà öËμú£ûÂq ÍFo ðƧö˺ did the king keep the bird? Where the king
good to the people. 3) An observer of your actions who you do Í÷±êŸªû¦oìª. Ú¥F ÚÛ·ôÚÂdÞ¥ ÓÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# kept the bird is a part of a sentence and not
Nampalli Jhansi not notice or see. eg: He observed his û¶ô¢ªaÚÁ÷è[Ù îμ³ë]õªšíæ°dö˺ Íô¢–Ù Ú¥÷è[Ùö˶ë]ª. a sentence.
Q: Respected sir, I learned all the English pro- brother’s actions like a fly on the wall. ÓÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# þ§dôÂd à¶óŸ«ö˺ àμGê¶ û¶ìª ÖÚÛ ûÁæÀq Q: Please let me know the definition of
nunciation symbols and their pronuncia- 4) To throw the hat (not cap) into the ring = v퇛íô à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙæ°ìª. "Dam". Is it different from Barrage?
tion. What should I do next? How can I to be ready to face a challenge. eg: He A: Follow all the lessons from Lesson No 1. A: A dam is built across a river, to control its
improve my pronunciation? threw the hat into the ring challenging But the most important point is whenever flow or release whenever needed, and it is a
A: If you have learnt all the pronunciation others to fight with him. you get an opportunity, speak only in large wall across the river, with spill ways
symbols, the best way to improve your pro- 5) It has no special meaning. It may mean a English, that is, if the other person you are in it. A barrage on the other hand consists of
nunciation is to refer to a good dictionary drama enacted at night. speaking to knows English. Don’t worry a series of large gates, of which some will
(Oxford/ Cambridge) and practice pronun- about people laughing at you. The best way be lifted when needed and may not be all of
Thaneti Abraham
ciation. Listen to English news telecasts to learn a language is to practice speaking them. Sometimes, all the gates may be lift-
Q: Sir, kindly elaborate on Suppose. How to it.
regularly. This is the best way to improve ed too.
use it? Please give more examples. I am
your pronunciation. getting confusion every time.
A: Suppose = 1) to think that something may
be true. eg: Suppose he comes here tomor- VOCABULARY
row, what shall we do?
eg: His progress in studies was remarkable.
2) Used to show that something is true, though
you wish it were not true. 3. Immense = Huge / Immeasurable.
3) Sometimes it shows unwillingness. eg: Dharmaraja was a man of immense
patience.
Ram: ‘Can I go tonight’?
H Immense X Minute (pronounced –
Syam: Oh, I suppose so (Unwillingness)
mainyut) = very small.
4) What might happen if. eg: Suppose we miss
eg: Bacteria are minute creatures.
the bus, what shall we do then? These are
the meanings of suppose. 4. Gratify = Satisfy.
Pavithra Golagani eg: He felt gratified when he was given a
Srinivas, Zaheerabad 1. Vocation = A person’s profession or main lot of money.
Q: Sir, please explain the have, has uses & occupation.
Q: Sir, what is the difference between I have how to use has been, have been in sentence. H Gratify X Disappoint.
eg: His vocation is carpentry. eg: He was disappointed at not being
finished my work and I finished my And say how to use in tenses.
work? H Vocation X Recreation. selected as one of the players.
A: Refer to the spoken English lessons that are
A: I have finished my work = I have com- eg: Sheela spends most of her time on 5. Implicit = not said directly.
being published now. There you will see the
pleted my work at a time not mentioned. recreation. eg: It is implicit in the agreement that you
uses of have, has, have been and has been.
When you say I finished my work, you Study them carefully. 2. Revert = Go back to the old position. have to pay the amount.
have to mention the time when you fin- eg: He appeared to be honest in the begin- H Implicit X Explicit = clearly stated.
ished your work. I finished my work last Email your questions to: ning, but reverted to cheating. eg: I told him explicitly that I want the
night itself. H Revert X Progress. money immediately.
pratibhadesk@eenadu.net
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 8 Ôví‡öËÀ 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2
Kantipudi Kameswara Rao
Q: i) I wish to write to you/ I wish to write you.
ii) I have to attend to a function/ I have to attend a function. - Sir, which
one is correct?
986 A: i) I wish to write to you – correct. ii) I have to attend a function –
correct. Attend to = deal with something or someone. I have to
M. Satya Tejaswi, Gokavaram attend to some important business at the company.
Q: Sir which of them is correct? Q: He gets selected/ He is selected - What is the difference?
a) Do you think you are right? A: He gets selected = He will be selected in the immediate future. He is
b) Do you think are you right? selected = He has been selected. þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net
A: a) Do you think you are right? – This is cor-
Actions: I, we, you, they Actions: I am going, I/ we/ you/ they have done it, and He/ she/ it has I/ we/ you/ they have been
go, talk, sing etc. we/ you/ they are gone – these talk about 1) an action done some- doing it, have been watch-
He, she, it goes, comes, singing, He/ she / it is time in the past, time not mentioned, 2) an action ing it, etc. and he/ she/ it
takes etc. – these talk talking – these talk starting in the past and has continued till now, has been walking, etc. –
about REGULAR about actions taking and if you add just or just now, it talks of an These talk about an action
ACTIONS svÚÛ÷ªÙ place NOW. action just completed. (1) áJTì ú£÷ ªóŸªÙ starting in the past and con-
êŸí£pÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ í£ìªõªz sÏN ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ àμí£pÚÛªÙè¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJTì í£ìªõìª 2) ÞœêŸÙö˺ tinuing even now. Oª ví£øŒoõª í£Ùð§Lqì #ô¢ªû¦÷«...
áô¢ªÞœªêŸªìo í£ìªõ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡îμªi ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª áJTì í£ìªõì« 3) just/ just sÐ tense ÞœêŸÙö˺ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡îμªi
now ö°Ùæ¨ í£ë¯õìª î¦è…ê¶, Ïí£±pè˶ áJTì í£ìªõìª
þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡ NòÅ°ÞœÙ,
ÞœªJÙ# àμñªê¦ô³z ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ªÞœªêŸªìo í£E ÞœªJÙ# Ðû¦è[ª Ú¥ô¦uõóŸªÙ, ô¦îμ«@ íƇöËÀt ú‡æ©,
ÞœªJÙ# àμñªê¦ô³.z àμñªêŸªÙCz Íû¦âËÀí£²ôÂ, ô¢ÙÞ¥·ôè…“ >ö°x.
Ï÷Fo present tense verbs: Oæ¨ ÞœªJÙ# êμõªú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù à¦ö° Í÷ú£ô¢Ù. ÏN êμLóŸªÚÛð¼ê¶ ÷ªì ÎÙÞœxÙ êŸí£±põêÁ ÑÙåªÙC. Past tense, future tense ÞœªJÙ# Email your questions to:
÷à¶aî¦ô¢Ù êμõªú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù. pratibhadesk@eenadu.net
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 15 Ôví‡öËÀ 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2
J. Appalaswamy Naidu
Q: Sir, I've been a regular reader of your articles in Eenadu. Now I'd
like to request you to please explain about POSSIVE ADJEC-
TIVES.
987 A: They are not possive adjectives, but possessive adjectives.
Possessive = having. Ram’s pen, Sita’s sari, the property of the
Suryavamshi Srinivas company – these are examples of possessive adjectives. Ram’s
Q: Sir, what is the difference between I went pen = the pen of Ram, Sita’s sari = sari of Sita. The property of the
to the bank and I had been to the bank. company = the property belonging to the company. These are
And I went to Hyderabad and I had been examples of possessive adjectives. Possess = have þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net
to Hyderabad.
A: When you say, ‘I went to the bank,’ you
must mention the time when you went to
the bank. I had been to the bank = I went
to the bank sometime ago and have
He had left the place before..
returned. When you say I went to
Hyderabad, you must mention the date
and time of your going and returning. I
In the last lesson we have seen the use of the
present tense forms. Now we are going to
Grammar & Usage Writer
had been to Hyderabad = I went to
study the use of the past tense (V2) forms: eg: a) While he was singing she was dancing
Hyderabad sometime ago and have - M. Suresan
returned. ‘I had been to’ is preferable to 1) The words was and were indicate being in (ÍêŸìª ÞœêŸÙö˺ ð§å ð§è[ªêŸªÙç˶, Îîμª û¦åuÙ
I went, because if you went to some the past. (was, were ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[æ°Eo à¶ú£ªhÙè…ÙC).
place, who will you tell about your êμõªí£±ê¦ô³z. We use ‘was’ with I, he, she b) I was walking along the street when I met ÷³Ùë]¸ô ÍêŸè[ª îμRxð¼óŸ«è[ª n àŸ«è[Ùè…: ÏÚÛ\è[
going? and it (singular numbers – I, he, she, it õêÁ my friend (û¶ìª ôÁè[ª“ Oªë] ìè[ªú£ªhìoí£±pè[ª û¦ ·ôÙè[ª àŸô¢uõ« ÞœêŸÙö˺û¶ áJÞ¥ô³. Ú¥F ÍêŸè[ª
was î¦è[ê¦Ùz and were with we, you, and ›úo꟪è[ª ÚÛEí‡Ùà¦è[ª.) îμüŒxè[Ù ÷³Ùë]ª, û¶ìª îμüŒxè[Ù êŸô¦yêŸ áJÞ¥ô³.)
they (Plural Subjects – were ìª ñ÷àŸì c) The train (it) was going at top speed, when b) By the time the doctor arrived, he had died.
VOCABULARY subjects êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ùz. ‘Was’ with I, he, she,
and it, and ‘were’ with We, you and they
it met with an accident (Î ·ôjõª ÍêŸuÙêŸ
î¶ÞœÙêÁ îμüŒ‰hìoí£±pè[ª ví£÷«ë]Ù áJTÙC).
(His dying was earlier than the doctor’s
arrival – both past actions – è¯ÚÛdô ÷à¶aö˺í£ö˶
indicate being in the past. (was/ were ·ôÙè[« d) The buses (they) were moving very fast on ÍêŸìª àŸEð¼óŸ«è[ª.)
ÚÛ«è¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[æ°Eo êμõªí£±ê¦ô³z. the roads last evening (Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ñú£ªqõª c) I had seen the movie much earlier than my
eg: a) I/ he/ she was in Nellore last week. (ÞœêŸ ÍNªêŸî¶ÞœÙêÁ îμüŒ‰hû¦oô³.) friends did. (My seeing the movie and my
î¦ô¢Ù û¶ìª/ ÍêŸè[ª/ Îîμª ûμõ«xô¢ªö˺ Ñû¦oÙ.) 4) ‘Had been’ is the past perfect tense. It talks friends watching it – both past actions, but
b) It (the book) was here last night. (ÍC/ Î about an earlier state of being than another my seeing was earlier than my friends see-
í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè…ÙC Eìo ô¦vA.) state of being. (ÞœêŸÙö˺ ·ôÙè[ª ÑÙè[æ°ö˺x ing it – ÷« ›úo꟪õª Î ú‡E÷«ìª
c) We / You / they (my friends) were in ÷³Ùë]ô¢ ÑÙè[æ°Eo ÞœªJÙ# ÏC àμñªêŸªÙC.) àŸ«è[ÚÛ÷³Ùë¶ û¶û¦ ú‡E÷«ìª àŸ«ø‹ìª. n ·ôÙè[«
Hyderabad the day before yesterday (÷³/ eg: a) He had been in Nellore before he moved ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJTìî¶, Ú¥F û¶ìª àŸ«è[åÙ ÷³Ùë]ª, î¦üŒ‰x
÷ªìÙ/ î¦üŒ‰x s÷« ›úo꟪õªz îμ³ìo to Hyderabad (šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺ ú‡–ô¢í£è˶ àŸ«è[åÙ îμìÚÛ áJÞ¥ô³). This is very impor-
šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oÙ/ Ñû¦oô¢ª). ÷³Ùë]ª, ÍêŸè[ª ûμõ«xô¢ªö˺ ÑÙè˶î¦è[ª). tant in English.
d) Those books (they) were on this table last b) The books (they) had been on the table, Another important point: We do not use past
1. Spiritual = Connected with the soul night. (Î í£±ú£hÚ¥õª Eìo ô¦vA ç˶ñªöËÀ Oªë] before he put them in the shelf (ÍêŸìª Î perfect tense for a single past action. There
(ÎëůuAtÚÛîμªiì). Ñû¦oô³.) So we see that was / were talk í£±ú£hÚ¥õìª šùöËÀpÄö˺ šíådÚÛ÷³Ùë]ª ÍN ç˶ñªöËÀ Oªë] must be two actions – both past, one taking
eg: There are a number of spiritual gurus in about being in the past at a definite time. Ñû¦oô³). place earlier than the other. (Þœªô¢ªhÙàŸªÚÁÙè…:
India. (ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÚÛ#aêŸîμªiì ú£÷ªóŸªÙö˺ áJTì í£ìªõìª c) My friends (they) had discussed it with me, ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ö¸Ú ÖÚÛ àŸô¢u áJTê¶ ë¯EÚ¨ past perfect
F Spiritual X Materialistic = connected with ÞœªJÙ# àμñªê¦ô³.) before they took a decision. (Eô¢góŸªÙ Bú£ªÚÛªû¶ tense î¦è[Ù. ·ôÙè[ª àŸô¢uõ« ÞœêŸÙö˺û¶ áô¢Þ¥L,
the life in this world (Ð ví£í£Ùà¦EÚ¨ 2) Similarly, the past doing words (went, ÷³Ùë]ª û¦ ›úo꟪õª Î Nù£óŸ«Eo û¦êÁ ÖÚÛë¯E êŸô¦yêŸ ÖÚÛæ¨ n Íí£±pè˶ ÷ªìÙ past perfect
ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ#ì). spoke, talked, etc.) talk about actions at a àŸJaÙà¦ô¢ª.) tense î¦è[ê¦Ù.)
eg: He is purely materialistic and is always definite time in the past. (Íö°¸Þ past doing 5) Had + PP (V3). eg: Had seen, had known, 6) Had been + ing. This is past perfect contin-
worried about wealth and comforts. words (went, spoke, talked îμ³ë]öËμjì verbs) etc.) talks of an earlier past action that took uous tense – (ÏC past perfect continuous
2. Fundamental = Elementary (vð§ëÇ]NªÚÛîμªiì). ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÖÚÛ ÚÛ#aêŸîμªiì ú£÷ªóŸªÙö˺ áJTì í£ìªõ place before another past action. (had+PP tense. This talks about an action starting
eg: He is ignorant of the fundamentals of ÞœªJÙ# àμñªê¦ô³.z (V3) ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJTì ·ôÙè[ª àŸô¢uö˺x îμ³ë]å áJTì earlier than another past action, and contin-
geography. eg: a) I/ he/ she/ we/ you/ they (some stu- àŸô¢uìª ÞœªJÙ# àμñªêŸªÙC.) uing till the second past action. (ÏC ÞœêŸÙö˺
F Fundamental X Advanced (ÓÚÛª\÷ â°‘ìÙ dents) visited New Delhi last week (vÚ¨êŸÙ eg: a) He had left the place before I arrived ÷³Ùë]ª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡îμªi, ÞœêŸÙö˺û¶, ·ôÙèÁ àŸô¢u
î¦ô¢Ù û¶ìª/ ÍêŸè[ª/ Îîμª/ Oªô¢ª/ î¦üŒ‰x Ú•êŸh there. (His leaving the place was earlier áJ¸Þ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú•ìþ§¸Þ àŸô¢u ÞœªJÙ# àμñªêŸªÙC.)
than my arriving at the place. – Both are
Þœõz
eg: He has an advanced knowledge of the CMxÚ¨ îμü°xìª/ îμü°xè[ª/ îμRxÙC/ îμü°xô¢ªz. eg: a) She had been dancing, until the show
subject. b) I kept these books on the table last night. past actions, but his leaving took place ear- closed. (Her dancing continued till the
c) In Delhi, last week, I/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ lier than my arrival there. – û¶ìÚÛ\è…Ú¨ îμü™x show closed – both are past actions, but her
3. Predict = foresee (÷³Ùë]ªÞ¥û¶ áô¢Þœò˺ó¶ªC
àμí£pÞœõÞœè[Ù / â˺ú£uÙ àμí£pè[Ù). they (our friends) met some of the ministers dancing continued till the show closed –
eg: The astrologer predicted very prosperous (CMxö˺ ÷³ Ú•ÙêŸ÷ªÙC ÷ªÙv꟪õìª vÚ¨êŸÙ î¦ô¢Ù Îîμª ví£ë]ô¢)ì ÷³Tú‡ð¼ó¶ª ÷ô¢ÚÛ«, û¦åuÙ à¶ú£«hû¶
career for him. ÚÛõªú£ªÚÛªû¦oÙ.) ÑÙC n ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ«è¯ ÞœêŸî¶ª, Íô³ê¶ ÖÚÛæ¨
F Predict X Determine (Eô¢góŸªÙêÁ d) Some books (they) gave very good informa- ÷³Ùë]ª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡îμªi, ·ôÙèÁ àŸô¢u ë¯Ú¥
àμí£pÞœõÞœè[Ù) tion on the subject yesterday. (Eìo Ú•Eo Ú•ìþ§TÙC.)
eg: He determined his future without con- í£±ú£hÚ¥õª ÷«ÚÛª Î Nù£óŸªÙ Oªë] ÷ªÙ# b) He had been driving at top speed, when the
sulting any astrologer. ú£÷«à¦ô¦Eo Ïà¦aô³). accident took place. (Both driving at top
3) The past continuous form was + ing, with I/ speed, and the accident taking place are past
4. Retrench = Remove a person from a job
he/ she/ it and were + ing form with we, actions, but his driving at top speed contin-
(ÑëÁuޜ٠ìªÙ# ê•õTÙàŸè[Ù).
you, they talk about continuous actions in ued till the accident took place).
eg: Because of a lack of work, a number of
employees in the company were the past. (ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ú•ìþ§Tì àŸô¢uõìª ÞœªJÙ#, These are past tense forms. We will discuss
retrenched. was/ were + ing àμñªê¦ô³.) the future tense forms in our next lesson.
F Retrench X Appoint (ÑëÁuÞ¥ö˺x
EóŸªNªÙàŸè[Ù) Jinagala Nandini Murali P.V.V. Prasad, Amalapuram.
eg: Because of extra work the company Q: End Ú¨ ÷³Ùë]ª an Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ the article Q: Respected sir, could you please explain
Q: Good morning sir, I am Nandini, I have Íû¶
appointed a number of people. how should fill the first name and the last
a doubt in, how to use much and many? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷ú£ªhÙC?
5. Indelible = Inerasable (÷«ìpö˶E n ÷ªàŸaõ Can you please explain me with exam- A: Because it is the end of the particular mat- name or first name, middle name and last
ö°Ùæ¨N). ples? ter, we say ‘the end’ and not ‘an end’. name in application forms.
eg: The incident that he watched in his child- A: ‘Much’ refers to quantity, and ‘many’ Q: No, thanks Ô ú£Ùë]ô¢(ÄÙö˺ î¦è¯L? A: Most of us, that is, Telugu people do not
hood left an indelible impression on him refers to number. A: If somebody offers something that we have middle names. The first name is our
F Indelible X Forgettable (÷ªJað¼Þœõ). eg: How much rice did you buy? don’t need, we say, ‘No, thanks.’ name, and the last name is our surname, or
eg: That experience was something that was How many boys are there in the class? Q: û¦ÚÛª Í÷ªt ÍìoÙ AEí‡Ù#ÙC n ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Óö°? our family name. The space for the mid-
forgettable. A: My mother fed me. dle name should be left blank.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 22 Ôví‡öËÀ 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2
Grammar & Usage
Steaphen, Guntur
Q: Respected sir, please guide me with the best books on History of
English for NET/ SET and short story books to improve commu-
nicative English. Thank you sir.
Will she come here next week?
A: What do you want? Is it history of English literature, or the History
of English language? If it is History of English Literature, you have
the books by WH Hudson, Birjadish Prasad. If it is History of
English Language, refer to AC Baugh. To improve your English
communication skills, read the short story books prescribed for pri-
mary, middle and higher class students. þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net