Water Tank Design Is 3370

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF WATER TANKS WITH REFERENCE TO

IS : 3370
Thesis · November 2011
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Bharat Bhushan Jindal Dhirendra Singhal

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF
WATER TANKS WITH REFERENCE TO
IS : 3370
THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
(Structural Engineering)
SUBMITTED BY
BHARAT BHUSHAN JINDAL
November2011
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

JALANDHAR, INDIA
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF
WATER TANKS WITH REFERENCE TO
IS : 3370
THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
(Structural Engineering )
SUBMITTED BY

Registration no. 71601003
G.Z.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BATHINDA – 151001
NOVEMBER 2011
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

JALANDHAR, INDIA
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work being presented in the thesis entitled “COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF DESIGN OF WATER TANKS WITH REFERENCE TO IS : 3370 ” in partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the award of degree of M.Tech. (Structural Engineering) submitted in
department of Civil Engineering at G.Z.S. College of Engineering & Technology, Bathinda
under PUNJABTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR is an authentic record of my own
work carried out during a period from January 2011 to November 2011 under the supervision
of Dr. Dhirendra Singhal. The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me in
any other University / Institute for the award of M. Tech. Degree.
(BHARAT BHUSHAN JINDAL)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Dhirendra Singhal
Associate Professor & Head of Department

Civil Engg. Department
GZSCET, Bathinda
The M.Tech Viva-Voce Examination of BHARAT BHUSHAN JINDAL has been held on
____________ and accepted.
Signature of Supervisor ________________________________
Signature of Head of Department _________________________
Signature of External Examiner __________________________
i
ABSTRACT
Limit state method is widely used at present in comparison to working stress method with the
following advantages:
i) Materials are treated according to their properties.
ii) Loads are treated according to their nature.
iii) Structures generally fail when they reach their limit state, not their elastic state.
However, when structures reach to their limit state, the cracking width in the structure may be
significantly higher comparative to a structure designed by working stress method at the same
stage. IS: 3370 i.e. the Indian Standard specifications for construction of liquid retaining
structures did not adopt limit state design method for long. However, IS:3370 has adopted the
limit state design method after considering checks over the cracking width.
It has been recently adopted in the new version of IS 3370-2009 concrete structures for storage
of liquids – code of practice, while going through IS 3370 – 2009 it can be found that three
methods of design are available.
i) Working Stress Method.
ii) Limit State Design Method – Crack width check.
iii) Limit State Design Method – Deemed to satisfy.
Objectives of the study was to :
1. To compare the design of water retaining structures done by WSM & LSM in reference
to IS 3370 – 1965 and IS 3370 – 2009 ( new version ).
2. To analyze which method is more economical and efficient.
ii
Three types of water tanks were chosen for a comparative study of provisions of IS:3370.
In case of OHSR, Intz types of water tank was chosen since it is widely used for large capacity
and the comparison of provisions can thus be better highlighted through Intz Type of water
tank.
In other case, a square and a rectangular tank were taken as the forces and moments totally
depend on L/B ratio. These tanks generally used for moderate capacity were supported on
ground.
A thorough study through both the versions of IS:3370 reveals the following four methods of
designs:
1) Working stress method in accordance IS 3370 (1965).
2) Working stress method in accordance IS 3370 (2009).
3) Designing by Ultimate Limit State and then checking cracking width by limit state of
serviceability IS 3370 (2009).
4) Limit state design method by limiting steel stresses in accordance IS 3370 ( 2009 ) and
checking cracking width under serviceability not required (Deemed to be satisfied).
All the water tanks as discussed above were designed by the above four methods. M30 grade of
concrete as required now by IS:3370 for reinforced concrete has been considered in all the
above problems and methods. Also, the steel used is deformed steel which can be considered
here as TOR or TMT.
It has been observed that
a) The size of members remained same for working stress method by IS:3370(1965) and
IS:3370 (2009). However, the requirement of area of steel increased in IS:3370 (2009)
iii
for Intz type and rectangular water tanks as the allowable stresses in steel were lower.
The steel required in square tank was approximately same in both the cases. However,
the change in the clause of requirement of minimum steel decreased the steel required in
bottom spherical dome in Intz type of tank.
b) The size of members remained same for limit state design methods by IS:3370(2009) in
limit state of collapse as well in deemed to satisfy criteria for all the three tank designs.
However, the requirement of area of steel increased in IS:3370 (2009) ) in serviceability
design method as well in deemed to satisfy criteria for all the three tank designs as the
allowable stresses in steel were lower.
c) The size of members as well as the requirement of steel decreased for limit state design
method by IS:3370 (2009) in comparison to working stress design method of both IS :
3370 (1965 ) and IS : 3370 (2009) provisions for all three type of tanks taken in study.
It was found that the provisions of reinforcement through the surface zones in
IS:3370(2009) provides economical and more effective reinforcement. However, it was also
felt that IS:3370 (2009) should have provided direct tensile stress and compressive stress under
bending and limit state.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my profound sense of gratitude to my guide Dr. Dhirender Singhal, Associate
Professor & head of department of Civil Engineering, G.Z.S. College of Engineering&
Technology, Bathinda for providing me prudent guidance and encouragement at every stage of
this work without which it could not have been possible for me to complete it.
I thank the central library of Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Ambala for providing me
the literature required for this thesis work.
I thank my family for the support and inspiration, they provided to me for the completion of
this work.
Finally I want to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to all whosoever has
contributed in this thesis work at GZSCET, BATHINDA.
v
CONTENTS
Candidate’s declaration i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement v
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Design Methods 2
1.1.1 Limit State Design Method 2
1.1.2 Working Stress Method 3
1.2 Objective of Study 4
1.3 Problem Formulation 4
1.4 Design Methods Used 6
1.5 Organisation of Thesis 6
Chapter 2: Literature Review 7
2.1 Tanks Resting on Ground 7
2.1.1 Circular Tank with Flexible Joint at the Base 7
2.1.1.1 Wall Design 7
2.1.1.2 Base Slab 8
2.1.2 Circular Tanks with Restraint at Base and Roof 8
2.2 Underground Tanks 10
2.3 OHSR Tanks 10
2.3.1 Intz Type Water Tank 11
2.4 Design of Water Retaining Structures 12
2.4.1 Basis of Design 13
2.4.2 Design Methods 14
2.4.3 Design Requirements of Concrete 15
2.5 General Design Requirement as per IS : 3370-2009 17

vi
2.5.1 Basis of Design 17
2.5.2 Permissible Stresses in Concrete 17
2.5.3 Permissible Stresses in Steel 18
2.4.3.1 For resistance to cracking 18
2.5.3.2 For strength calculations 18
2.5.4. Stresses due to drying Shrinkage or Temperature Change 19
2.5.5. Floors 19
2.5.5.1 Provision of movement joints 19
2.5.5.2 Floors of tanks resting on ground 19
2.5.5.3 Floor of tanks resting on supports 20
2.5.6 Walls 20
2.5.6.1 Provision of joints 20
2.5.6.2 Pressure on walls 20
2.5.6.3 Wall or tanks rectangular or polygon in plan 21
2.5.6.4 Walls of cylindrical tanks 22
2.5.7 Roofs 22
2.5.7.1 Provision of movement joints 22
2.5.7.2 Water Tightness 23
2.5.8 Reinforcement detailing 23
2.5.8.1 Minimum Reinforcement 23
2.5.9 Crack width due to temperature and moisture 24
2.5.9.1 Minimum Reinforcement 24
2.5.9.2 Crack Spacing 25
2.6 Comparative Study of IS 3370-1965 & IS 3370 –2009 26
2.6.1 Permissible Stresses in Steel Reinforcement for Strength Calculations 26
2.6.2 Reinforcement Detailing 27

vii
Chapter 3 : Identification of Problem
3.1 Identification of Problem 28
3.2 Water tank design problems 28
3.3 Design of INTZ Tank 29-44
3.3.1 Comparative result of INTZ Type Water Tank 45
3.4 Rectangular Water Tank Design 46-76
3.4.1 Comparative result of Rectangular Water Tank situated on ground 76
3.5 Square Water Tank Design 77-87
3.5.1. Comparative result of Square Water Tank situated on ground 87
Chapter 4 : Results and Discussion
4.1 Comparative result of INTZ Type Water Tank 88
4.2 Comparative result of Rectangular Water Tank situated on ground 89
4.3 Comparative result of Square Water Tank situated on ground 89
Chapter 5 : Conclusions and Future Scope of the Study
5.1 Conclusions and Future Scope of the Study 90
Reference 91-92
viii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Storage reservoirs and overhead tanks are used to store water, liquid petroleum, petroleum
products and similar liquids.
In general there are three kinds of water tanks:
i) Tanks resting on ground.
ii) Underground tanks.
iii) Elevated tanks.
The tanks resting on ground like clear water reservoirs, settling tanks, aeration tanks etc. are
supported on the ground directly. The walls of these tanks are subjected to pressure and the
base is subjected to weight of liquid and upward soil pressure. The tanks may be covered on
top.
From design point of view, the tanks may be classified as per their shape as following:
i) Rectangular tanks
ii) Circular tanks
iii) Over Head Service Reservoir (OHSR)
iv) Intz Tank i.e. OHSR for large capacity.
Rectangular tanks are provided for smaller to moderate capacity. For small capacities, circular
tanks prove uneconomical as the formwork for circular tanks is very costly.
The rectangular tanks should be preferably square in plan from point of view of economy. It is
desirable that longer side should not be greater than twice the smaller side.
1
1.1 Design Methods:
Three methods of design has been adopted so far i.e.
1. Working Stress Method
2. Ultimate Load Method
3. Limit State Method
However, Ultimate Load Method has become obsolete these days. Other two methods are
generally used and have been discussed here.
1.1.1 Limit State Design Method
Limit state design method, though semi-empirical approach, has been found to be the best for
the design of reinforced concrete structures over the elastic theory of design where the level of
stresses in concrete and steel are limited so that stress-deformations are taken to be linear.
There are two limit states:
i) Limit state of collapse.
ii) Limit state of serviceability which includes
a) Deflection
b) Cracking
The structure is first designed under Limit State of Collapse and then checked under
serviceability. Because of its superiority to other two methods , IS 456:2000 has been
thoroughly updated in its fourth revision in 2000 taking into consideration the rapid
development in the field of concrete technology and incorporating important aspects like
durability etc. This standard has put greater emphasis to limit state method of design by
presenting it in a full section (section 5), while the working stress method has been given in
Annex B of the same standard. Accordingly, structures or structural elements shall normally be
designed by limit state method.
2
It is important to point out here that a structure designed through limit state method when fails,
the failure will be in plastic stage and not in elastic stage. Therefore, the cracking and cracking
width can be significant at the failure stage.
1.1.2 Working Stress Method
This method of design, considered as the method of earlier times, has several limitations.
However, in situations where limit state method cannot be conveniently applied, working stress
method can be employed as an alternative. It is expected that in the near future the working
stress method will be completely replaced by the limit state method. Presently, this method is
put in Annex B of IS 456:2000.
Though the choice of the method of design is still left to the designer as per cl. 18.2 of IS
456:2000, the superiority of the limit state method is evident from the emphasis given to this
method by presenting it in a full section (Section 5), while accommodating the working stress
method in Annex B of IS 456:2000, from its earlier place of section 6 in IS 456:1978. It is
expected that a gradual change over to the limit state method of design will take place in the
near future after overcoming the inconveniences of adopting this method in some situations.
In this method of design, the structure is not checked for serviceability perhaps with the fact
that elastic limit is not crossed. Therefore, the structure designed by working stress method will
not have significant cracking.
Therefore, liquid retaining structures, are still preferred to be designed by working stress
method as seepage of liquid is the also the main criteria. Limited cracking in the structure
designed by working stress method was the main reason why the Indian Standard IS: 3370
(1965) did not adopt the limit state design method even after adoption by IS; 456 – 1978.
3
However, with the following advantages of Limit State Design method, IS:3370 adopted Limit
State Design Method in 2009.
i) Limit State Design Method considers the materials according to their properties
ii) Limit State Design Method considers the load according to their nature
iii) The structures also fails mostly under limit state and not in elastic state
iv) Limit State Method also checks for serviceability
IS:3370-2009 adopts Limit State Design Method with precautions. It adopts the criteria for
limiting crack width when the structures are designed by considering ultimate limit state and
restricts the stresses to 130MPa in steel so that cracking width is not exceeded. These
precaution ensures cracking width to be less than 0.2 mm i.e. fit for liquid storage. This also
specifies clearly how a liquid storage structure differs with other structures.
1.2 Objective Of Study
1. To compare the design of RCC water retaining structures done by WSM & LSM in
reference to IS 3370 – 1965 and IS 3370 – 2009 ( new version ).
2. To analyze which method is more economical and efficient.
1.3 Problem Formulation
To do the comparative study of provisions in IS 3370 (1965) and IS 3370 (2009), three type of
problems of water tank were taken. One OHSR water tank problem and other ground level
water tank of rectangular and square section were taken in this study.
In case of OHSR, Intz types of water tank was chosen since it is widely used for large capacity
and the comparison of provisions can thus be better highlighted through Intz type of water tank.
In other case, a square and a rectangular tank were taken as the forces and moments totally
depend on L/B ratio. These tanks generally used for moderate capacity were supported on
4
ground. A thorough study through both the versions of IS:3370 reveals the following four
methods of designs:
1. Working stress method in accordance IS 3370 (1965).
3. Designing by Ultimate Limit State and then checking cracking width by limit state of
4. Limit state design method by limiting steel stresses in accordance IS 3370 (2009) and
Water tank design problems were as follows:
1) Design an Intz type water tank of 1 million litres capacity, supported on an elevated lower
comprising of 8 columns. The base of the tank is 16 m above ground level. Depth of
foundation 1 m below ground level. Adopt M30 grade of concrete and Fe-415 grade of tor
steel. The design of the tank should conform to the stresses specified in IS 3370 and IS
456.1
2) A rectangular water tank is to be designed to store 2500 kl water. The tank is to be made
just above the ground level and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is 75 kN/m2. Adopt
M30 grade of concrete and Fe-415 grade of tor steel. The design of the tank should
conform to the stresses specified in IS 3370 and IS 456.2
3) Design a square water tank having inner dimensions of 7.5 × 7.5 × 2.65 m high with walls
fixed at the bottom and free at the top. The tank is directly supported on the earth. The
floor slab is monolithic with the walls. The free board is 15 cm. Use M30 grade of
concrete and Fe 415 grade H.S.D. bars.3
5
1.4 Design Methods used
As per discussion above, the three water tank design problems are designed by the following
four design methods.
3. Limit state design method with crack width calculations and check in accordance
IS 3370 (2009).
4. Limit state design method deemed to satisfy (limiting steel stresses) in accordance
IS 3370 (2009).
1.5 Organization of Thesis
The thesis has been organized in the following Chapters:-
Chapter: 1 Deals with the introduction of the title and identifies the objectives.
Chapter: 2 Scans through the literature available in brief.
Chapter: 3 Identification of Problem
Chapter: 4 Results and discussions.
Chapter: 5 Conclusions and future scope of the study.
6
CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
Liquid storage tanks are commonly used in industries for storing chemicals, petroleum
products, etc. and for storing water in public water distribution systems.
A reinforced concrete tank is a very useful structure for the storage of water, sewage
sedimentation and for other similar purposes. The usual types of water tanks are the following:
(i) Tanks situated on the ground.
(ii) Tanks situated underground.
(iii) Tanks situated above the ground level.
The tanks may be either open or roofed over and they may be circular or rectangular in plan.
2.1 Tanks Resting On Ground
2.1.1 Circular Tank with Flexible Joint at the Base
2.1.1.1 Wall Design
The walls of circular tank having flexible joint at the base are designed as vertical cylinders
subjected to hydrostatic pressure. The intensity of water pressure at any depth ‘h’is equal to ‘w
h’ units per unit area.
The corresponding tension/unit height at this level is given by

, where D = internal diameter of the tank

The area of steel per unit height required to resist the above tension is calculated as

,

This hoop reinforcement may be provided preferably near both faces with a minimum clear
cover of 25 mm. However, the minimum amount of steel provided should not be less than as
specified in 2.5.8.
7
Thickness of wall should be computed to resist the hoop tension in the wall such that

Tensile stress in wall concrete = .
!"
, should be less than permissible direct
tensile stress in concrete as per table 1 .
Where t = thickness of wall
m = modular ratio
2.1.1.2 Base Slab
The base slab shall be designed for the difference of pressure due to weight of water acting
downward and the upward pressure due to soil. This difference is generally small and nominal
thickness (minimum 100 mm) with minimum steel is provided.
2.1.2 Circular Tank with Restraint at Base and Roof
Due to restraint at base and roof, the walls are subjected to horizontal shear, hoop tension and
bending moment. In this case the wall will resist the water pressure partly by hoop action and
partly by cantilever action. Elastic behaviour of tank walls show that for a certain height from
base there will be predominant cantilever action and at higher levels, there will be predominant
hoop action.
a) Dr Reissner’s Method
Dr Reissner developed a method to compute restraint moment M, and ring tension T
and its position for rectangular and triangular wall sections, depending upon the value
of a parameter.
$%
# ' (
& ) .
(
(
Where H = height of water
D = internal diameter of the tank
t = thickness of wall’
The values of Mr and T are given in table 4 and table 5 respectively.
8
Table 4 : Values of Restraint Moment Mr . ( p = w H )
K Rectangular wall section Triangular wall section

0 0.167 p H 2 0.167 p H 2
10 0.110 p H 2 0.140 p H 2
100 0.0582 p H 2 0.0707 p H 2
1000 0.024 p H 2 0.026 p H 2
10000 0.0085 p H 2 0.009 p H 2
∞ 0 0
Table 5 : Ring Tension in Tank Wall ( p = w H )
Rectangular wall section Rectangular wall section

K
Max. Tension Height from base Max. Tension Height from base
0 0 --- 0 ----
10 0.18 p D /2 0.1 H 0.09 p D /2 0.65 H
100 0.27 p D /2 1.0 H 0.31 p D /2 0.58 H
1000 0.47 p D /2 0.47 H 0.52 p D /2 0.44 H
10000 0.67 p D /2 0.31 H 0.70 p D /2 0.30 H
∞ 1.0 p D /2 0 1.0 p D /2 0
b) Carpenter’s Method
Carpenter simplified Dr Reissner’s method. The maximum cantilever moment and the
position and magnitude of maximum ring tension are given by the following relations.
i) Position of maximum ring tension = K . H from base
Where K is a coefficient depending upon H / D and H / t
ii) Maximum hoop tension at K . H. above base
= w ( H – K H ) . D/2 = w H D ( 1 – K ) /2
iii) Maximum cantilever bending moment = F w H3
Where F is a coefficient depending upon values of H / D and H / t
The coefficient K and F can be obtained from table 6
9
Table 6 : Coefficients F and K
Factors F K
H/t 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
0.2 0.046 0.028 0.022 0.015 --- 0.50 0.45 0.40
0.3 0.032 0.019 0.014 0.010 0.55 0.43 0.38 0.33
0.4 0.024 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.50 0.39 0.35 0.30
Values
0.5 0.020 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.45 0.37 0.32 0.27
of H/D
1.0 0.012 0.006 0.005 0.003 0.37 0.28 0.24 0.21
2.0 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.30 0.22 0.19 0.16
4.0 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.27 0.20 0.17 0.14
2.2 Underground Tanks
The walls of underground water tank should be investigated for both internal water pressure
and external earth pressure. The external pressure may be due to dry earth or due to a
combination of earth and ground water i.e. saturated soil. The design principles for such tanks
are same as that for tanks resting on ground.
In case of water tank built below ground with earth covering the roof slab, there will be a
trapezoidal lateral earth pressure on the wall.
Whenever there is a possibility of ground water table to rise above the base slab, not only walls
are to be designed for saturated soil up to the extent of water above the base slab, but also the
base slab is to be designed for the net uplift pressure of water ( less weight of slab for tank
empty case ). In addition, check has to be applied for stability of the tank as a whole against
uplift.
2.3 OHSR Tanks :
The elevated tanks may be rectangular or circular in shape. These tanks are elevated so that
once they are filled, the water flows under gravity to the area it is to serve. The tanks are
supported on staging which may be simple slab or a spherical dome with or without opening in
10
the centre, latter being mostly used in practice. Where the size of the tank is large, a network of
beams is provided over columns to support the base slab. If columns are provided in staging,
these are braced by ring beams not only at top and bottom but also at a number of places along
the height. In such a case, the effective length of columns taken as the distance between centres
of adjacent bracings.
The staging and the tank is subjected to wind pressure and seismic forces depending upon the
location of the tank.
2.3.1 Intz Type Water Tank
In case of large diameter elevated circular tanks, thicker floor slabs are required which will
make the water tank design uneconomical. In such cases, Intz type tank with conical and
bottom spherical domes provide economical solution. The properties of the conical and the
spherical bottom domes are selected so that the outward thrust from the bottom dome balances
the inward thrust due to the conical domes part of the tank floor.
Structural elements of Intz tank are:
1. Top spherical dome
2. Top ring beam
3. Circular side vertical walls
4. Bottom ring beam
5. Conical dome
6. Bottom spherical dome
7. Bottom circular girder
8. Tower with columns and braces
9. Foundations
Top spherical dome is designed for maximum meridional thrust and circumferential stress due
to water pressure and subsequently reinforcement is designed.

11
Top ring beam is designed for hoop tension which depends upon meridional thrust and
dimensions of tank. The cross sectional area of ring beam is determined by limiting the tensile
stress in ring beam as per IS: 456-2000 specifications depending upon the grade of concrete
used.
Side Walls of tanks are designed for hoop tension developed due to the water pressure in the
tank. A minimum thickness of 150 to 200 mm is provided at the top of the tank and the
thickness at the base of the vertical wall is designed by limiting the tensile stress. The spacing
of the hoop reinforcement is gradually increased towards the top of the tank.
Distribution and temperature reinforcement of 0.3% of the gross section is provided in the
vertical direction.
Bottom ring beam reinforcement is designed to resist the hoop tension and the section is
designed by limiting the tensile stresses in concrete.
Conical dome reinforcement is designed for hoop tension and Meridional thrust.
Bottom spherical dome: The floor of the dome is designed similar to the top dome. The design
load for the dome included the self-weight of the dome and the weight of water column above
the dome. The dome reinforcement is designed for Meridional thrust and circumferential
forces.
The detailed analysis and design is done in design of Intz water tank chapter.
2.4 Design of Water Retaining Structures
A structure that is designed to retain liquids must fulfil the requirements for normal structures
in having adequate strength, durability, and freedom from excessive cracking or deflection. In
addition, it must be designed so that the liquid is not allowed to leak or percolate through the
concrete structure. In the design of normal building structures, the most critical aspect of the
12
design is to ensure that the structure retains its stability under the imposed loads. In the design
of structures to retain liquids, it is usual to find that, if the structure has been proportioned and
reinforced so that the liquid is retained without leakage. Further, the strength should be retained
with time in presence of the liquid stored. The requirements for ensuring a reasonable service
life for the structure without undue maintenance are more onerous for liquid retaining
structures than for normal structures, and adequate concrete cover to the reinforcement is
essential to protect it from corrosion. Equally concrete itself must be of good quality, and be
properly compacted, good workmanship during construction is critical. Further, the stresses in
steel should limited to that extent only so that concrete is not over strained.
Potable water from moorland areas may contain free carbon dioxide or dissolved salts from the
gathering grounds which attack normal concrete. Similar difficulties may occur with tanks
which are used to store sewage or industrial liquids. If investigation reveals aggressive
exposure, it may be necessary to increase the cement content of the concrete mix or use special
cements or use a special lining to the concrete tank(4,5,6)
Concrete to be used in water tank has to be watertight. This can be achieved by proper mixing
and placing and curing of concrete. Well graded cement in richer proportion shall be used.
2.4.1 Basis of Design:
There are two important factors to be noted in the design of an R.C.C. tank to have necessary
strength as well as imperviousness.
It is necessary to prevent shrinkage cracks in the tank walls which will be possible by adopting
a distribution reinforcement amounting to at least 0.3% of the gross area of the wall. Further,
slabs should be concreted in lengths not greater than 7.5 m. It is also necessary to provide
contraction joints between adjacent slab units. In order to accommodate any additional thermal
13
displacement, expansion joints shall also be provided at intervals of 30 m. For floors it is
necessary that the ground should be first covered with a 80 mm thick layer of plain concrete.
2.4.2 Design Methods
Historically, the design of structural concrete has been based on elastic theory, with specified
maximum design stresses in the materials at working loads. More recently, limit state
philosophy has been introduced, providing a more logical basis for determining factors of
safety.
In ultimate design, the working or characteristic loads are enhanced by being multiplied by a
partial safety factor. The enhanced or ultimate loads are then used with the failure strengths of
the materials to design the structure. Limit state design methods are now widely used
throughout the world for normal structural design.
Formerly, the design of liquid-retaining structures was designed on the based on the use
of elastic design, with material stresses so low that no flexural tensile cracks developed. This
led to the use of thick concrete sections with copious quantities of mild steel reinforcement.
The probability of shrinkage and thermal cracking was not dealt with on a satisfactory basis,
and nominal quantities of reinforcement were specified in most codes of practice. More
recently, analytical procedures have been developed to enable flexure crack width to be
estimated and compared with specified maxima. A method of calculating the effects of thermal
and shrinkage strains has also been published6. These two developments enable limit state
methods to be extended to the design of liquid-retaining structures so that water tank can be
designed under limit state of collapse and then checked for serviceability.
Limit state design methods enable the possible modes of failure of a structure to be identified
and investigated so that a particular premature form of failure may be prevented. Limit state
may be ultimate’ or ‘serviceability’.

14
In UK, limit state design has been used successfully for over 20 years for the design of liquid
retaining structures. The former BS 5337 allowed a designer to choose between elastic design
and limit state design. However, as nearly all designers decided to use limit state design, BS
8007 solely recommended limit state design. In Australia and the USA, design methods based
on elastic theory are specified in the national codes. Elastic design is a simpler process, but
with the widespread use of computer facilities, there is no difficulty in preparing limit state
designs4.
Structural design is often governed by a code of practice appropriate to the location of the
structure. Whilst the basic design objectives are similar in each code, the specified stresses and
factors of safety may vary. It is important to consider the climatic conditions at the proposed
site, and not to use a code of practice written for temperature zones in parts of world with more
extreme weather conditions.
2.4.3 Design Requirements of Concrete
In water retaining structure a dense impermeable concrete is required therefore, proportion of
fine and course aggregates to cement should be such as to give high quality concrete.
Minimum grade of concrete is M 20 for plain cement concrete, M 30 for reinforced concrete .
For small capacity tanks up to 50 m3 at locations where there is difficulty in providing M 30
grade of concrete, the minimum grade of concrete may be taken as M 25. However this
exception shall not apply in coastal areas8. The minimum quantity of cement in the concrete
mix shall be not less than 250 kg/m3 for plain concrete and 320 kg/m3 for reinforced concrete.
Maximum free water cement ratio is 0.50 for plain concrete and 0.45 for reinforced concrete.
The design of the concrete mix shall be such that the resultant concrete is sufficiently
impervious. Efficient compaction preferably by vibration is essential. The permeability of the
thoroughly compacted concrete is dependent on water cement ratio. Increase in water cement
ratio increases permeability, while concrete with low water cement ratio is difficult to
15
compact. Other causes of leakage in concrete are defects such as segregation and honey
combing. All joints should be made water-tight as these are potential sources of leakage.
Design of liquid retaining structure is different from ordinary R.C.C, structures as it requires
that concrete should not crack and hence tensile stresses in concrete should be within
permissible limits. A reinforced concrete member of liquid retaining structure is designed on
the usual principles ignoring tensile resistance of concrete in bending. Additionally it should be
ensured that tensile stress on the liquid retaining face of the equivalent concrete section does
not exceed the permissible tensile strength of concrete as given in table 1.
Table 1 Permissible Concrete Stresses in Calculations Relating to Resistance to Cracking
Permissible Concrete Stresses,

Sl. Grade of N/mm2
No. Concrete Tension Due
Direct Tension
to Bending
i) M 25 1.3 1.8
ii) M 30 1.5 2.0
iii) M 35 1.6 2.2
iv) M 40 1.8 2.4
v) M 45 2.0 2.6
vi) M 50 2.1 2.8
For calculation purposes the cover is also taken into concrete area. Cracking may be caused
due to restraint to shrinkage, expansion and contraction of concrete due to temperature or
shrinkage and swelling due to moisture effects. Such restraint may be caused by.
(i) The interaction between reinforcement and concrete during shrinkage due to drying.
(ii) The boundary conditions.
(iii) The differential conditions prevailing through the large thickness of massive concrete.
Use of small size bars placed properly, leads to closer cracks but of smaller width. The risk of
cracking due to temperature and shrinkage effects may be minimized by limiting the changes in
moisture content and temperature to which the structure as a whole is subjected. The risk of
cracking can also be minimized by reducing the restraint on the free expansion of the structure
with long walls or slab founded at or below ground level, restraint can be minimized by the
16
provision of a sliding layer. This can be provided by founding the structure on a flat layer of
concrete with interposition of some material to break the bond and facilitate movement.
In case length of structure is large it should be subdivided into suitable lengths separated by
movement joints, especially where sections are changed the movement joints should be
provided. Where structures have to store hot liquids, stresses caused by difference in
temperature between inside and outside of the reservoir should be taken into account.
The coefficient of expansion due to temperature change is taken as 10 x 10-6 /° C 12.
2.5 General Design Requirements As Per IS : 3370 – 2009
2.5.1 Basis of Design :
The structural members shall be designed based on adequate resistance to cracking and
adequate strength.
In calculation of stresses, for both flexural and direct tension or combination of both relating to
resistance to cracking, the whole section of concrete including the cover together with the
reinforcement can be taken into account provided the tensile stress in concrete is limited to
Table 1.
2.5.2. Permissible Stresses in Concrete.
(a) For resistance to cracking. For calculations relating to the resistance of members to
cracking, the permissible concrete stresses shall confirm to the values specified in Table 1.
Although cracks may develop in practice, compliance with the assumption stated above ensures
that these cracks are not excessive.
(b) For strength calculations. In strength calculations the permissible concrete stresses shall
be in accordance with Table 2.
17
Table 2 Permissible Stresses in Concrete for Strength Calculations
Permissible Stresses in Permissible Stress in Bond ( Avg. )

Compression for Plain Bars in Tension
Sl. Grade of
N/mm2
*+
No. Concrete
Bending Direct
,, ,,
i) M 25 8.5 6.0 0.9
ii) M 30 10.0 8.0 1.0
iii) M 35 11.5 9.0 1.1
iv) M 40 13.0 10.0 1.2
v) M 45 14.5 11.0 1.3
vi) M 50 16.0 12.0 1.4
2.5.3 Permissible Stresses in Steel
2.5.3.1 For resistance to cracking.
The tensile stress in steel will necessarily be limited by the requirement that the permissible
tensile stress in concrete is not exceeded; so the tensile stress in steel shall be equal to the
product of the modular ratio of steel and concrete, and the corresponding permissible tensile
stress in concrete.
2.5.3.2 For strength calculations.
In strength calculations the permissible stress in steel shall confirm to the values specified in
shall confirm to Table 3.
Table 3 Permissible Stresses in Steel Reinforcement for Strength Calculations
Permissible Stresses,
Sl. Type of Stress in Steel N/mm2
No. Reinforcement Plain Round High Strength
Mild Steel Bars Deformed Bars
Tensile stress in members
i) 115 130
under direct tension,
bending and shear
Compressive stress in
ii) 125 140
columns subjected to
direct load
18
2.5.4. Stresses due to drying Shrinkage or Temperature Change.
No separate calculation is required for stresses due to moisture or temperature change in the
concrete provided that :
a) The reinforcement provided is not less than that specified in 2.5.8.1 .
b) The recommendations of the standard with regard to the provision of movement of
joints and for a suitable sliding layer beneath the tank given in IS 3370 ( Part 1 ) are
complied with,
c) The tank is to be used only for the storage of water or aqueous liquids at or near
ambient temperature and the concrete never dries out, and
d) Adequate precautions are taken to avoid cracking of the concrete during the
construction period and until the tank is put into use.
e) For shrinkage stresses, shrinkage coefficient 300×10-6 may be assumed.
2.5.5. Floors
2.5.5.1 Provision of movement joints.
Movement joints should be provided in accordance with IS 3370 ( Part 1 )
2.5.5.2 Floors of tanks resting on ground.
Where walls or floors are rested on ground, a layer of lean concrete not less than 75 mm thick
shall be placed over the ground. In normal circumstances this flat layer of concrete may be
weaker than that used in other parts of the structure, nut not weaker than M 15 as specified in
IS 456, where injurious soils or aggressive water are expected, the concrete layer shall be of
grade not weaker than M 20 and if necessary a sulphate resisting or other special cement should
be used.
Following a layer of lean concrete, the floor shall be cast in a single layer. A separating layer of
polyethylene sheet of mass 1 kg/m2 should be provided in between the floor slab and the layer
of lean concrete.
19
2.5.5.3 Floor of tanks resting on supports
(a) If the tank is supported on walls or other similar supports the floor slab shall be designed as
floor in buildings for bending moments due to water load and self-weight. The worst case
of loading should not exceed the provisions of IS 456 -2000 as follows :
(i) Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on two adjacent spans; and
(ii) Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on alternate spans.
(iii)When design imposed load does not exceed three-fourths of the design deal load, the
load arrangement may be design dead load and design imposed load on all the spans.
(b) When the floor is rigidly connected to the walls (as is generally the case) the bending
moments at the junction between the walls and floors shall be taken into account in the
design of floor together with any direct forces transferred to the floor from the walls or
from the floor to the wall due to suspension of the floor from the wall.
(c) Sexena et al. (1987)9 presented the minimum cost design of Intz reinforced concrete water
tanks based on the Indian and ACI ("building" 1969) codes using the heuristic flexible
tolerance method (Himmelblau 1972). The cost function included the material costs of
concrete, steel, and the formwork. They concluded that a large percentage in cost savings
can be achieved for water tanks with large capacities .
2.5.6. Walls
2.5.6.1 Provision of joints
Where it is desired to allow the walls to expand or contract separately from the floor, or
to prevent moments at the base of the wall owing to fixity to the floor, sliding joints may be
employed.
2.5.6.2 Pressure on Walls.
(a) In liquid retaining structures with fixed or floating covers the gas pressure developed above
liquid surface shall be added to the liquid pressure.
20
(b) When the wall of liquid retaining structure is built in ground, or has earth embanked against
it, the effect of earth pressure shall be taken into account as per IS 3370 (Part1)
2.5.6.3 Walls or Tanks Rectangular or Polygonal in Plan.
While designing the walls of rectangular or polygonal concrete tanks, the following points
should be taken care of :
(a) In plane walls, the liquid pressure is resisted by both vertical and horizontal bending
moments. An estimate should be made of the proportion of the pressure resisted by bending
moments in the vertical and horizontal planes. The direct horizontal tension caused by the
direct pull due to water pressure on the end walls, should be added to that resulting from
horizontal bending moments.
(b) On liquid retaining faces, the tensile stresses due to the combination of direct horizontal
tension and bending action shall satisfy the following condition:

,
- ,
-
. / 1
,
,
where
,
- = calculated direct tensile stress in concrete
,
= permissible direct tensile stress in concrete (Table 1)
,
-= calculated tensile stress due to bending in concrete.
,
= permissible tensile stress due to bending in concrete.
(c) At the vertical edges where the walls of a reservoir are rigidly joined, horizontal
reinforcement and haunch bars should be provided to resist the horizontal bending moments
even if the walls are designed to with stand the whole load as vertical beams or cantilever
without lateral supports.
21
(d) In the case of rectangular or polygonal tanks, the side walls act as two way slabs, whereby
the wall is continued or restrained in the horizontal direction, fixed or hinged at the bottom
and hinged or free at the top. The walls thus act as thin plate subjected triangular loading
and with boundary conditions varying between full restraint and free edge. The analysis of
moment and forces may be made on the basis of any recognized method. However ,
moment coefficients, for boundary conditions of wall panel for some common cases are
given in IS 3370 (Part 4 ) for general guidance.
2.5.6.4 Walls of Cylindrical Tanks.
While designing walls of cylindrical tanks the following points should be borne in mind:
(a) Walls of cylindrical tanks are either cast monolithically with the base or are set in grooves
and key ways (movement joints). In either case deformation of wall under influence of
liquid pressure is restricted at and above the base.
(b) Unless the extent of fixity at the base is established by analysis with due consideration to
the dimensions of the base slab, the type of joint between the wall and slab and the type of
soil supporting the base slab, it is advisable to assume wall to be fully fixed at the base.
Coefficient of ring tension and vertical moments for different conditions of the walls for
some common cases are given in IS 3370 (Part 4) for general guidance.
2.5.7. Roofs
2.5.7.1 Provision of Movement joints.
To avoid the possibility of sympathetic cracking it is important to ensure that movement joints
in the roof correspond with those in the walls, if roof and walls are monolithic. It, however,
provision is made by means of a sliding joint for movement between the roof and the wall,
Correspondence of joints is not so important.
22
2.5.7.2 Water tightness.
In case of tanks intended for the storage of water for domestic purpose, the roof must be
made water-tight. This may be achieved by limiting the stresses as for the rest of the
tank, or by the use of the covering of the waterproof membrane or by providing slopes
to ensure adequate drainage.
2.5.8 Reinforcement Detailing
2.5.8.1 Minimum Reinforcement
(a) The minimum reinforcement in walls, floors and roofs in each of two directions at right
angles shall have an area of 0.35 per cent of the surface zone, cross section as shown in fig.
1 and fig. 2 for high strength deformed bars and not less than 0.64 percent for mild steel
reinforcement bars. The minimum reinforcement can be further reduced to 0.24 percent for
deformed bars and 0.40 percent for plain round bars for tanks having any dimension not
more than 15 m. In wall slabs less than 200 mm in thickness, the calculated amount of
reinforcement may all be placed in one face as near as possible to the upper surface
consistent with the nominal cover. Bar spacing should generally not exceed 300 mm or the
thickness of the section, whichever is less.
NOTE - For D < 500 mm, assume each reinforcement face controls D/2 depth of concrete.
For D > 500 mm assume each reinforcement face controls 250 mm depth of concrete,
ignoring any central core beyond this surface depth.
Fig. 1 Surface Zones : Walls and Suspended Slabs
23
2.5.9 Crack Width due to Temperature and Moisture
Calculation of minimum reinforcement, crack spacing and crack width in relation to
temperature and moisture effects in thin section as per procedure given in 2.5.9.1 & 2.5.9.2.
2.5.9.1 Minimum Reinforcement
To be effective in distributing cracking, the amount of reinforcement provided needs to be at
least as great as that given by formula :
1,23
= 4,
/46 ….. (1)
where,
1,23
= critical steel ratio , that is , the minimum ratio, of steel area to the gross area of the
whole concrete section, required to distribute the cracking.
4,
direct tensile strength of the immature concrete which is as given below :
24
Grade of M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50
concrete
4,
, N/mm2 1.15 1.3 1.45 1.6 1.7 1.8
46 characteristic strength of the reinforcement.
For ground slabs less than 200 mm thick the minimum reinforcement may be assessed on the
basis of thickness of 100 mm and placed wholly in the top surface with cover not exceeding 50
mm. The top surface zone for ground slab from 200 to 500 mm thick may be assesses on half
the thickness of the slab. For ground slabs over 500 mm thick, consider them as ‘thick’ sections
with the bottom surface zone only 100 mm thick.
2.5.9.2 Crack Spacing
When sufficient reinforcement is provided to distribute cracking the likely maximum spacing
of crack Smax shall be given by the formula:
;< ?
789: ;=
> …… (2)
@
;<
where = ratio of the tensile strength of the concrete (4,
! to the average bond strength
;=
between concrete and steel.
? = size of each reinforcing bar , and
1 = steel ratio based on the gross concrete section.
;<
For immature concrete, the value of ;=
may be taken as unity for plain round bars and 2/3 for
deformed bars.
The value of Wmax ( estimated maximum crack width ) for cooling to ambient from the peak
hydration temperature may be assumed to be :

A
Wmax = 789: > >

where α = Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete )
T1 = fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient.

25
The value of T1 depends on the temperature of concreting, cement content, thickness of the
member and material for shutters. As per IS 3370-2009 , it is recommended to use T1 = 300 C
for concreting in summer and 200C during winter, when steel shutters are used.
We have taken T1 = 400 C in designs taking into consideration the Indian ambient conditions.
2.6 Comparative Study of IS 3370-1965 & IS 3370-2009
2.6.1 Permissible Stresses in Steel Reinforcement for Strength Calculations
Permissible Stresses, as per Permissible Stresses, as per

IS 3370 -1965 IS 3370 -2009
N/mm2 N/mm2
Sl. Type of Stress in Steel
Plain Plain
No. Reinforcement
Round High Strength Round High Strength
Mild Steel Deformed Bars Mild Steel Deformed Bars
Bars Bars
Tensile stress in
i) members under direct 150 150 115 130
tension
Tensile stress in 115 130

members under direct
bending :
a) On liquid
retaining face 150 150
b) On face away 150 150

ii) from liquid for
members less than 225
mm
c) On face away
from liquid for
members more than 225 125 190
mm
Compressive stress in
iii) columns subjected to 125 175 125 140
direct load
26
2.6.2 Reinforcement Detailing :
IS : 3370 – 1965 IS : 3370 -2009
Minimum Reinforcement Minimum Reinforcement

A ) The minimum reinforcement in walls, A ) The minimum reinforcement in walls,
floors and roofs in each of two directions at floors and roofs in each of two directions at
right angles shall have an area of right angles, within each surface zone shall
not be less than
a) 0.3 % of cross sectional area of a) 0.35 % of surface zone as shown in

sections thickness < 100 mm fig. 1 and fig. 2 for HYSD bars.
b) Linearly varying from 0.3 % to 0.2% b) 0.64 % of surface zone as shown in

for thickness 100 mm to 450 mm. fig. 1 and fig. 2 for mild steel bars
c) 0.2 % for section of thickness > 450

mm
d) In concrete sections of thickness > =

225 mm ,two layers of reinforcement be
placed one near each face .
B ) The minimum reinforcement specified B ) The minimum reinforcement can be

above may be decreased by 20 % in case of further reduced to
HYSD bars.
a) 0.24 % for HYSD bars.
c) 0.40 % for mild steel bars.
for tanks having any dimension not more than
15 m.
C ) In wall slabs less than 200 mm in

thickness, the reinforcement may be placed in
one face.
27
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Identification of Problem
To do the comparative study of provisions in IS 3370 (1965) and IS 3370 (2009), three type of
problems of water tank were taken. One OHSR water tank problem and other ground level
water tank of rectangular and square section were taken in this study.
The following four methods of designs:
3. Designing by Ultimate Limit State and then checking cracking width by limit state of
4. Limit state design method by limiting steel stresses in accordance IS 3370 (2009) and
3.2 Water tank design problems were as follows:
1.) Design an Intz type water tank of 1 million litres capacity, supported on an elevated
lower comprising of 8 columns. The base of the tank is 16 m above ground level. Depth
of foundation 1 m below ground level. Adopt M30 grade of concrete and Fe-415 grade
of tor steel. The design of the tank should conform to the stresses specified in Is 3370
and IS 456.
2) A rectangular water tank is to be designed to store 2500 kl water. The tank is to be
made just above the ground level and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is 75 kN/m2.
Adopt M30 grade of concrete and Fe-415 grade of tor steel. The design of the tank
should conform to the stresses specified in IS 3370 and IS 456.
3) Design a square water tank having inner dimensions of 7.5 × 7.5 × 2.65 m high with
walls fixed at the bottom and free at the top. The tank is directly supported on the earth.
The floor slab is monolithic with the walls. The free board is 15 cm. Use M30 grade of
concrete and Fe 415 grade H.S.D. bars.
28
3.3 DESIGN OF INTZ TANK
Design an Intz-type water tank of capacity 1 million litres, supported on an elevated tower
comprising 8 columns. The base of the tank is 16 m above ground level and the depth of
foundations is 1 m below ground level. Adopt M30 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade HYSD
bars. The design of tank should confirm to the stresses specified in IS : 456-2000.
1. Data
Capacity of tank = 1 million litres = 1000 m3
Height of supporting tower = 16 m
Number of columns = 8
Depth of foundations = 1 m below ground level.
2. Permissible Stresses
M – 30 grade concrete and Fe-415 grade HYSD steel, for calculations relating to
resistance to cracking
as per (IS: 3370-1965)
,
= 1.5 N/mm2 , = 2.0 N/mm2
= 150 N/mm2
as per (IS: 3370-2009)
,
= 1.5 N/mm2 , = 2.0 N/mm2
= 130 N/mm2
For strength calculations the stresses in concrete and steel are same as that
recommended in IS: 456-2000
,, = 8.0 N/mm2 m = 9.34
, = 10.0 N/mm2 Q = 1.3 j = 0.9
3. Dimensions of Tank
Let D = Inside diameter of the tank. Assuming the average depth = 0.75 D,
B (
we have, & > 0.75 G) 1000 m3 i.e. D = 12 m
C
Height of cylindrical portion of tank = 8 m
29
Depth of conical dome = 2 m
Diameter of the supporting tower = 8 m
Spacing of bracings = 4 m
4. Design of Top Dome
Thickness of dome slab = t = 100 mm
Live load on dome = 1.5 kN/m2
Self-weight of dome = (0.1 × 24) = 2.4 kN/m2
Finishes = 0.10 kN/m2
Total Load w = 4.0 kN/m2
if R = Radius of the dome
D = Diameter at base = 12 m
r = central rise = (1/6 × 12) = 2 m
G/2! . 6! . 2
H I K I K 10
2 2 >2
Semi central angle cos P = (8/10) = 0.8
Therefore, P = 360 – 50’
R C> X
Meridional Thrust = Q W Q W 22.22 Z[/
STU V X.Y
STU V X.Y
Circumferential Force =\ H Q ] W = 4 > 10 Q ] W = 10 kN/m
STU V X.Y
.> X_
Meridional stress =& ) = 0.22 N/mm2< 8 N/mm2
XXX > X
X> X_
Hoop stress = & ) = 0.10 N/mm2 < 8 N/mm2
XXX > XX
The stresses are within safe limits.
30
a) Working Stress Method
Reinforcement :
As per IS 3370-1965 provisions
Providing nominal reinforcement of 0.30%
X.`X> XX> XXX

Ast = & ) 300
XX
Provide 8 mm φ at 160 mm centers both circumferentially and meridionally.
Providing nominal reinforcements of 0.35% of surface zone

dee
X.`c> !> XXX
Ast = b (
f 175
XX
Provide 8 mm φ at 200 mm centers both circumferentially and meridionally.
b) Limit State Design Method
Meridional Thrust = T1 = 22.22 kN/m
Thickness of the dome required
Using , Factored Thrust = g. . 0.36 4,h . . i ; x = 0.48 d for Fe 415
= 0.1728 4,h . . k
i.e. 22.22 × 1.5 × 103 = 0.1728 × 30 × 1000 ×d
Provide d = 100 mm
Area of Steel Required :
l.. .c > . > X_

X.Ym . ;n
X.Ym >C c
= 100 mm2 / m
Astm= 120 mm2
5. Design of Top Ring Beam
Assume 260 mm by 260 mm size top ring beam.
d . STU V . . > X.Y >

Hoop Tension = Ft =& ) & ) 106.6 Z[

31
Xo.oX> X_
Area of steel required = & ) = 711 mm2
cX
X.` > XXX >oX

Min. steel required ( 0.3 %) = & ) = 780 mm2
XX
Xo.oX> X_
`X
(pe
X.C > XXX >& )
Min. steel required (0.24 %) = b (
f= 312 mm2
XX
Provide 8 bars of 12 mm φ ( Ast = 904 mm2 )
Cross – sectional area of Ring Beam ( Ac)
Xo.oX> X_
&" q.`C>qXC
) 1.50 ; Ac= 62623.0 mm2
<
Provide 260 mm by 260 mm size top ring beam, with 8 bars of 12 mm φ as main
reinforcement and 6 mm φ stirrups at 200 mm centres.
b) Limit State Design Method :
Method 1 : Calculation of Crack Width
Hoop Tension = Ft = 106.60 kN
Area of Cross Section of Ring Beam :
Let b = 150 mm & d = 230 mm
Ac = 34,500 mm2
Inclusion of direct tensile stress under the limit state is required at this stage of IS
3370-2009. It has been taken as 1.55 4
l.. .c > Xo.o > X_

= 445 mm2
X.Ym . ;n X.Ym > C c
Provide 4 bars of 12 mm φ as main reinforcement and 6 mm φ stirrups at 200 mm
centres. ( 453 mm2)
32
Check for crack width :
Minimum Reinforcement :
1,23
= critical steel ratio , that is , the minimum ratio, of steel area to the
gross area of the whole concrete section, required to distribute the cracking.
4,
direct tensile strength of the immature concrete.
1,23
= 453/34500 = 0.013 , 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003
1,23
>4,
/46
Check for max. crack width:
;< ?
Maximum spacing of crack (789: ! , 789: ;=
> @
;
where ;< = ratio of the tensile strength of the concrete to the average bond strength between
=
concrete and steel which can be taken as 2/3 in this case.
1 = steel ratio based on the gross concrete section

789: `
> X.X ` !
= 307
Width of fully developed crack, Wmax

A
Wmax = 789: > > where α = 1 > 10-50C-1 ( Coefficient of thermal expansion of

concrete ) , T = 40 0C
Wmax = 307 × 10-5× 40/2 = 0.0614 mm < 0.2 mm ( permissible limit )
c) Method 2 : Limit State ( deemed to satisfy ) condition
Xo.oX> X_
Area of steel required =& ) = 820 mm2
`X
Provide 8 bars of 12 mm φ as main reinforcement and 6 mm φ stirrups at 200 mm
centres. ( 904 mm2)

33
6. Design Of Cylindrical Tank Wall

Maximum hoop tension at base of wall = Ft = & )

Where, w = density of water and h = depth of water
X >Y>
a) Hoop Tension at base of wall, Ft =& )& ) 480 Z[/

X >o>
b) Hoop Tension at a height of 2 m from base, Ft =&
) 360 Z[/
X >C>
c) Hoop Tension at a height of 4 m from base, Ft =&
) 240 Z[/
X >>
d) Hoop Tension at a height of 6 m from base , Ft =&

) 120 Z[/
Area of Steel Required
CYX > X_
At base of wall Ast = & cX
)= 3200mm2/m
òX > X_
At a height of 2m from base of wall Ast = & )= 2400 mm2/m
cX
CX > X_
At a height of 4m from base of wall Ast = & )= 1600 mm2/m
cX
X > X_
At a height of 6m from base of wall Ast = & cX
)= 800 mm2/m
Min. steel required as per IS 3370-1965 ( 0.3 %)
X.`X>`cX> XXX
At base of wall Astm =& ) 1050 mm
XX
X.`X>XX> XXX
At top of wall Astm =& ) 600 mm
XX
Area of steel required
CYX > X_
At base of wall Ast = & `X
)= 3700 mm2/m
òX > X_
At a height of 2 m from base of wall Ast = & )= 2770 mm2/m
`X
34
CX > X_
At a height of 4 m from base of wall Ast = & `X
)= 1850 mm2/m
X > X_
At a height of 6 m from base of wall Ast = & )= 925 mm2/m
`X
Min. steel required as per IS 3370-2009 ( 0.35 %)
X.`c> `cX/ !> XXX

Min. steel required at base of wall = Astm =& ) 420 mm
XX
X.`c> XX/ !> XXX

Min. steel required at top of wall = Astm =& XX
) 240 mm
Provide 20 mm φ at 170 mm centres on each face (Ast = 3750 mm2) steel area required
at 2 m below top is Ast = (2/8 x 3750) = 937 mm2 provide 10 mm φ at 180 mm centres
on each face
If t = thickness of side wall at bottom
CYX> X_
Q XXX
q.`C > `mcX !
W 1.5 , t = 285 mm
Adopt 350 mm thick walls at bottom gradually reducing to 200 mm at top.
Distribution Steel
X.X>`cX> XXX
At bottom, Ast = & ) 700 mm
XX
Provide 10 mm φ at 100 mm centres on both faces.
X.`X>XX> XXX
At top Ast = & ) 600 mm
XX
Provide 10 mm φ at 250 mm centres on both faces.
The details of reinforcements provided in the cylindrical tank walls at different heights
are as follows:
Distance Main hoop steel Vertical distribution

From top (m) each face ( mm c/c ) Steel, each face(mm c/c )
0-2 10 – 180 10 - 250
2–4 16 – 200 10 – 250
4–8 20 – 180 10 – 180

35
Max Hoop Tension at the base of wall = Ft = 480 kN/m
Thickness of the wall required
at base of wall :
Using , Factored hoop tension = g. . 0.1728 4,h . . k
i.e. 480 × 1.5 × 103 = 0.1728 × 30 × 1000 ×d
d = 140 mm
at top of wall :
Using , Factored hoop tension = g. . 0.1728 4,h . . k
i.e. 120 × 1.5 × 103 = 0.1728 × 30 × 1000 ×d
d = 35 mm
Provide Minimum Thickness d = 100 mm
at base of wall
l.. .c>CYX > X_

= 1995 mm2
X.Ym . ;n X.Ym >C c
at 2 m from base of wall
l.. .c>òX > X_

= 1496 mm2
X.Ym . ;n X.Ym >C c
at 4m from base of wall
l.. .c>CX > X_

= 998 mm2
X.Ym . ;n X.Ym >C c
at 6m from base of wall
l.. .c> X > X_

X.Ym . ;n
X.Ym >C c
= 500 mm2
Adopt 350 mm thick walls at bottom gradually reducing to 200 mm at top.
36
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD bars at 150 mm c/c. The details of reinforcements provided in
the cylindrical tank walls at different heights are as follows:
Distance Main hoop steel Vertical distribution

From top (m) each face ( mm c/c ) Steel, each face ( mm c/c )
2 12 – 100 10 - 250
4 18 – 150 10 – 250
8 22 – 120 10 – 180
Check for Crack Width at each section
Distance Crack Width

From top (m)
0-2 0.16
2–4 0.19
4–8 0.16
CYX > X_
`X
7. Design Of Bottom Ring Beam
Loads on ring beam
1. Load due to top dome = 13.30 kN/m
2. Due to top ring beam 0.260 × 0.260 × 24 = 1.6224 kN/m
X.`c X.X
3. Load due to wall= & ) > 8 > 24 52.8 kN/m

4. Self weight 1.2 × 0.60 × 24 = 17.28 kN/m
Total Vertical Load = V1 = 85.00 kN/m
37
Horizontal Force = H =s cot P = 85 × cot 45 = 85 kN / m
Yc >
Hoop tension due to vertical load is given by =&

) = 510.00 kN
X > Y >X.oX >

Hoop tension due to water pressure = = 288.00 kN

Total hoop tension = 510.00 + 288.00 = 798.00 KN
mqY > X_
cX
X.`X>oXX> XX
Min. steel required ( 0.3 %) =& ) 2160 mm
XX
mqY > X_
`X
X.`c>oXX> XX
Min. steel required ( 0.35 %) = & XX
) 2520 mm
Provide 18 bars of 22 mm diameter ( Ast = 6842 mm2 ) .
mqY > X_
Maximum tensile stress =Q W 1.01 N/mm2< 1.5 N/mm2
XX>oXX ! q.`C>oYC !
Provide a ring beam of 1200 mm wide and 600 mm deep with 18 bars of 22 mm diameter and
10 mm diameter stirrups at 180 mm c/c.
Hoop Tension = Ft = 798.00 KN
Area of Cross Section :
Assume 900 × 600 beam then Max Tensile Stress = 1.332 < 1.50 safe
Ac = 540000
F.T. mqY.X> .c > X_

Area of Steel Required : AUv = 3315 mm2
X.Ym . yz X.Ym >C c
38
Since this is a case of deep beam as per clause 32.5 ( P-62 ) IS 456-2000
Additional side face reinforcement = Ast1 / Ac = 0.0025
Ast1 = 0.0025 × 540000 = 1350 m2
Total steel required = 3315 + 1350 = 4665 mm2
Provide 16 bars of 20 mm φ as main reinforcement ( 5026 mm2) and 6 mm φ stirrups at 200
mm centres.
Check for Crack Width :
ρS|}v = 5026/540000 = 0.0093 , fSv /f = 1.3/415 = 0.003
y ?
Maximum spacing of crack (SM ! , SM >
y
X
SM > = 717
` X.XXq`!

A
Wmax =SM >
>T where α = 1 > 10-50C-1 ( Coefficient of thermal expansion of
concrete )
T = 40 0C
Wmax = 717 × 10-5× 40/2 = 0.1434 mm < 0.2 mm ( permissible )
Provide a ring beam of 900 mm wide by 600 mm deep with 16 bars of 20 mm dia. as main
reinforcement ( 5026 mm2) and 6 mm φ stirrups at 200 mm centres
Method 2 : Deemed to Satisfy Case :
mqY > X_
`X
39
8.0 Design Of Conical Dome
Average diameter of conical dome = 10.00 m
Average depth of water = 9.0 m
Weight of water above conical dome = > 10 > 9 > 2 > 10!= 5655 kN
Assuming 600 mm thick slab.
Self weight of slab = π × 10 × 2.83 × 0.60 × 24 = 1280.0 kN
Load from top dome, top ring beam, cylindrical wall & bottom ring beam
= π > 12 > 85 = 3205.0 kN
Total load at base of conical slab = 5655 + 1280 + 3205 = 10140 kN
X CX
Load/ unit length =&B > Y
) = 404.00 kN/m
Meridional Thrust = 404.00 × cosec 450 = 572.00 kN/m
cm > X_
Meridional Stress =& oXX> XXX
)= 0.954 N/mm2 < 8 N/mm2
Hoop tension in the conical dome will remain maximum at the top of the conical dome slab
since diameter D is maximum at this section.
Hoop tension = H = P . cot P ! > G /2
Water Pressure = P = 10 × 8 = 80 kN/m2
Hoop tension =H= 10 > 8 > 45 . 0.60 > 24 > cot 45! > 12/2 = 765.0 kN
moc> X_
Area of steel required = cX
= 5100 mm2
X.` > XXX > oXX

Ast minimum = XX
= 1800 mm2
As per IS 3370 -2009 provisions
moc > X_
Area of steel required = = 5890 mm2
`X
40
X.`c > XXX > cX
Minimum Steel Required =Astm=
XX
= 875 mm2
Provide 25 mm at 190 mm c/c ( Ast = 5034.0 mm2 ) on both faces of slab.
X.X>oXX> XX
Distribution steel = & ) = 1200 mm2
XX
Provide 10 mm diameter at 130 mm centres on both faces along the meridians.
moc > X_
Max. Tensile stress = 1.182 < 1.5 N/mm2
oXX > XXX q.`C >
Hoop Tension = Ft = 765.00 kN
Area of Cross Section of Slab :
Using , Factored hoop tension = F. T. 0.1728 4,h . . k
i.e. 765 × 1.5 × 103 = 0.1728 × 30 × 1000 × d
d = 260 mm
Provide d = 500 mm, D = 540 mm
l.. moc.X > .c > X_

X.Ym . ;n
= 3180 mm2
X.Ym > C c
X.`c > XXX > cX

Minimum Steel Required =Astm= = 875 mm2
XX
Provide 12 bars of 20 mm φ as main reinforcement ( 3770 mm2) and 6 mm φ stirrups at
200 mm centres.
1,23
= 3770/(540×1000) = 0.00698 , 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003
;< ?
Maximum spacing of crack (789: ! , 789: >
;= @
X
789: > = 955
` X.XXoqY !
41
A
Wmax =789: > > where α = 1 > 10-50C-1 ( Coefficient of thermal expansion of

concrete )
T = 40 0C
Wmax = 955 × 10-5× 40/2 = 0.191 mm < 0.2 mm ( permissible )
Method 2 : Limit State ( deemed to satisfy ) condition
moc.X > X_
Area of steel required = `X
= 5885 mm2
Provide 12 bars of 20 mm φ as main reinforcement ( 3770 mm2) and 6 mm φ stirrups at 200
mm centres.
moc > X_
Max. Tensile stress cCX > XXX q.`C >
= 1.33 < 1.5 N/mm2
9. Design Of Bottom Spherical Dome
Thickness of dome slab assumed as 300 mm
Diameter at base = D = 8m
Central rise = r = (1/5 × 8) = 1.6 m
If R = radius of the dome
(2R – r) r = ( D/2 )2
( 2R – 1.6 ) × 1.6 = 42 R = 5.8 m
Self weight of dome slab = 2 > > 5.8 > 1.6 > 0.3 > 24 ! 420 Z[
Volume of water above the dome is
B >c.Y( > .o B >C( > c.Y .o !

= > 4 > 8 . 2 ! ] Q ] W 460 m3
` `
∴ Weight of water = (460 × 10 ) = 4600 kN
∴ Total load on dome = (420+4600) = 5020 kN
cXX
Load/unit area = w =&B ) = 100 kN / m2
> C(
R
Meridional thrust = = Q W
STU V
42
 4 .2 
cos θ =   = 0.724 θ = 44.5o
 5 .8 
\ H 100 > 5.8

337 Z[/
1 . cos P 1 . 0.724
``m> X_
Meridional stress = & ) 1.123 N/mm2
`XX> XXX
STU V
Circumferential ( hoop ) force = \ H Q ] W= 100 x 5.8
STU V
Circumferential ( hoop ) force = \ H &cos P ] )

STU V
= 100 × 5.8 × ( 0.724 - 1/(1+0.724) )
= 83.5 kN/m
 83.5 × 103  2
Hoop stress =   = 0.278 N/mm (safe)
 300 ×1000 
Provide nominal reinforcement of 0.3% as per IS 3370-1965 provisions
X.`X>`XX> XXX
Ast = & XX
) 900
Provide nominal reinforcement of 0.35 % as per IS 3370-2009 provisions

_ee
X.`c> !> XXX
Ast = b (
XX
f 525
Provide 12 mm diabars at 120 mm centres ( 942 mm2 ) circumferentially and along the
meridians.
Hoop Tension = Ft = 83.50 KN/m
Area of Cross Section of Slab :
Using , Factored hoop tension = F. T. 0.1728 4,h . . k
i.e. 83.5 × 1.5 × 103 = 0.1728 × 30 ×1000 ×d , d = 25 mm
Provide D = 200 mm
43
l.. Y`.c> .c > X_

= 347 mm2
X.Ym . ;n X.Ym >C c
Provide 12 mm diabars at 150 mm centres ( 753×2 = 1506 mm2 ) circumferentially and
meridionally. .
1,23
= 1506/(200×1000) = 0.007530, 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003
Maximum spacing of crack (789: !
4,
?
789: >
4 21
X
789: `
> = 885
X.XXmc`X!

A
Wmax =789: >
> where α = 1 > 10-50C-1 ( Coeffiecient of thermal expansion of
concrete )
T = 40 0C
Wmax = 885× 10-5× 40/2 = 0.177 mm < 0.2 mm ( not permissible )
Method 2 : Limit State ( deemed to satisfy ) condition
Y`.c > X_
= 642 mm2
Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centres ( 753×2 = 1506 mm2 ) on both faces of the
slab.
44
3.3.1 Comparative Result of INTZ Type Water Tank
Working Stress Method Limit State Design Method

Structural Element Deemed to
IS 3370 – 1965 IS 3370 - 2009 Crack Theory
Satisfy
TOP DOME
Area of Steel
300 mm2 175 mm2 120 mm2 -----
Required
%age Change --- - 41.66 % - 60%
Thickness Required 100 mm 100 mm 100 mm 100 mm
%age Change -- Nil Nil Nil
TOP RING BEAM
2
Area of Cross Section 62623 mm 62623 mm2 34500 mm2 34500 mm2
%age Change -- Nil -45% -45%
2 2
Area of Steel Reqd. 780 mm 820 mm 445 mm2 820 mm2
%age Change ----- + 5.12 % - 43% + 5.12 %
CYLINDRICAL TANK WALL
Base Level Thickness 350 mm 350 mm 140 mm 140 mm
%age Change ----- 0% - 60% - 60%
2 2
Steel at base 3200 mm 3700 mm 1995 mm2 3700 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.6 % - 37.65% +15.6 %
Top Level Thickness 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 100 mm
%age Change ----- +0 % - 50% -50%
2 2
Steel at top 800 mm 925 mm 500 mm2 923 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.62 % - 37.5% +15.37%
BOTTOM RING BEAM
Area of C/S 720000 mm2 720000 mm2 540000 mm2 540000 mm2
%age Change ----- +0 % - 25% -25%
2 2
Steel 5320 mm 6140 mm 3315 mm2 6140 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.41 % - 37.68% +15.41 %
CONICAL DOME
Thickness 600 mm 600 mm 500 mm 500 mm
%age Change ----- +0 % - 20% - 20%
2 2
Steel 5100 mm 5890 mm 3180 mm2 5885 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.5 % - 37.64% +15.40 %
BOTTOM SPHERICAL DOME
%age Change ----- +0 % - 33.33% -33.33%
2 2
Steel 900 mm 525 mm 1506 mm2 642 mm2
%age Change ----- -41.66 % +67.33% -28.66%
45
3.4 RECTANGULAR TANK
A rectangular water tank is to be designed to store 2500 kl water. The tank is to be made just
above the ground level and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is 75 kN/m2.
Design data & main dimensions of the tank :
Capacity of tank = Q = 2500 m3 , Safe bearing capacity of soil = pa = 75 kN / m2, Free Board
= 0.15 m.
The allowable stresses are :
M – 30 grade concrete and Fe-415 grade tor steel, for calculations relating to resistance to
cracking (IS: 3370)
σ ct = 1.5 N/mm2 σ cb = 2.0 N/mm2 σ st = 150 N/mm2
For strength calculations the stresses in concrete and steel are same as that recommended in IS:
456.
σ cc = 8.0 N/mm2 m = 9.34
σ cbc = 10.0 N/mm2 Q = 1.3 J = 0.9
Assuming a clear height of the tank as 5.25 m,

cXX
Clear base = 490 m2
c.cX. c
Assuming the clear dimensions of the tank as followings:
Height = 5.4 m , length = 24.6 m , width = 19.6 m
Let the roof slab is supported by columns spaced 5 m apart in both directions. Let the center to
center distance between the walls and the head of water be :
Lx = 24.6+0.4 = 25 m , Ly == 19.6+0.4 = 20.0 m , H = 5.4-0.15 = 5.25 m
Assuming the thickness of the wall at the base as 400 mm.

46
Column
Let the size of the column be assumed as 440 mm square.
The capacity of the tank is ( gross volume ) = 24.6 × 19.6 ×5.25 = 2531.3 m2
Net Volume = Gross volume – volume of 12 columns
= 2531.3 - ( 12×5.25×0.44×0.44 ) = 2518.3 m3
1. Design of Roof Slab :
The roof slab is designed as a flat slabwith columns spaced at 5 m apart. Let the thickness of
the slab be 240 mm for self-weight purpose and the loads on the slab are :
Live load = 1.5 kN/m2
Surface finish load = 2.0 kN/m2
Self weight = 0.24 ×25 = 6.0 kN/m2
Total load = w = 9.5 kN/m2
Centre to centre of panel L = 5 m
Clear panel L0 = 5 - .44 = 4.56 m
Total design load on the panel is = W = w L L0 = 9.5 × 5 × 4.56 = 216.6 kN
The sum of the magnitudes of the positive and negative bending moments in a panel is
M0 = 1/8 W . L0 = 216.6 × 4.56 / 8 = 123.5kNm
The effective height of the wall be Lw=5.4 m
c >X._
The relative stiffness of the wall is , Kw = = >c.C
= 8 × 10-4

Where the average thickness of the wall is taken as 220 mm. The relative stiffness of the panel
slab by assuming the thickness 220 mm is
47
X._
Ks =
=
= 8.9 × 10-4
The ratio of the relative stiffness of the wall and the roof slab panel is ;
K Y
αc = = Y.q = 0.9
K
.c
the ratio of live load to the dead load is ,
= Y.X
0.1875
The designed bending moments in the flat slab are computed using the moment coefficients
given in table 4.6 and 4.73.
A 1. A<
= 2.111
Using table 4.73 , c1 = 0.308 ,c2 = 0.702 ,c3 = 0.497 & cl = 0.65
The magnitude of the bending moments (in kNm) in a panel are:
= c1 M0= 0.308 × 123.5 × 103 = 38 , ¡` = c3 M0 = 62 ,
= c2 M0= 87 , 3 = ci M0 = 81
Where 1 : the inside face of the outer wall
2 : the face at the inner column of the outer panel
3 : the middle point of the outer panel
i : the interior panel
The bending moments on the panel are distributed between the column and the middle strips as
per table 4.6. The bending moments in the column strip which are indicated by a subscript are :
Mnc1 = Mn1 = 38 kNm
Mpc3 = 0.6 Mp3 = 37.2 kNm

48
Mnc2 = 0.75 Mn2 = 65.25 kNm
Mnci= 0.75Mni = 60.75 kNm
(100 % of the negative bending moment in the end support, 75% of the negative BM in the
interior supports and 60% of the negative BM are assigned to the column strip ). In case of an
end wall support 75% can be assigned to the column strip sectional. The effective depth of the
section is calculated from the maximum negative bending moment, and is ;
Using M = Q . b . d2
8 oc.c> Xp
k ¢ ¤£<( ¢ 224
. .`> XXX
provide d = 250 mm
( Roof slab has been designed as a cracked section as it is not in contact with the water )
Check for Shear Stress :
The allowable shear stress based on diagonal tension is
*, 0.16 ¥4,h = 0.16√30 0.876
The critical shear plane is the peripheral plane which is at a distance 0.5 d from the face of the
column. The length of the plane is
b0 = 4 ( a+d ) = 4 ( 0.44+0.25) = 2.76 m
the shear force on the plane is , V = w ( L2 – (a+d)2 ) = 9.5 ( 52 – 0.692 ) = 233 kN
¨
The nominal shear stress on the plane is, *§ © +
X.``
= .mo>X.c 0.337 ª« ¬ *, ( 0.876 )
49
Thus shear stress is within the allowable limits, therefore the depth is adequate against shear
stress.
The overall depth of the slab can be ; t = d + 0.03 = 0.28 m
Design of reinforcement in the column strip
8
The area of reinforcement, Ast =
. . +
The required areas of the reinforcement at different sections are ;
8£<d `Y> Xp

734 mm2
. . + `X>X.q>cX
8£<( oc.c> Xp

. . +
`X>X.q>cX
1260 mm2
8®<_ `m.> Xp

` 719 mm2
. . + `X>X.q>cX
8£<¯ oX.mc> Xp

3 1175 mm2
. . + `X>X.q>cX
The minimum area of steel required is 0.20% ,
Astm= 0.12 b t / 100 = 0.12 ×2500×300/100 = 900 mm2
There is direct tension in the slab as it supports the vertical wall.
°$ ( X>c.c(
The tension force is = & ) = 34.5 kN/m
C Y
Direct tension per 2.5 m panel is, T = 34.5×2.5 = 86.25 kN
The area of tensile reinforcement for direct tension is,
Yo.c > X_

= 375 mm2
`X
50
At any given section the total area of the reinforcement is equal to the sum of the area needed
for bending and direct tension. The direct tensile stress caused in the concrete is,
YocX

"<
cXX>`XX
0.115 ª« Which is very small.
Design of reinforcement in the middle strip
The positive bending moment on the middle strip in the exterior panel is
Mmp3= 0.35 × 0.25 × M0 = 0.35×0.25×123.50 = 10.80 kNm
The area of the reinforcement is ,
8 X.Y> Xp
Ast = = = 208 mm2
. . + `X>X.q>cX

Total factored design load on the panel is = 1.5 × 216.6 kN = 325 kN
M0 = 1/8 W . L0 = 325 × 4.56 / 8 = 185.25 kNm
The magnitude of the bending moments (in kNm) in a panel are :
= c1 M0= 0.308 × 18525 × 103 = 57 , ¡` = c3 M0 = 92.02 ,
= c2 M0= 130 , 3 = ci M0 = 120.4

51
per table 4.6. The bending moments in the column strip which are indicated by a subscript c
are:
Mnc1 = Mn1 = 57 kNm
Mpc3 = 0.6 Mp3 = 55.2 kNm
Mnc2 = 0.75 Mn2 = 97.50 kNm
( 100 % of the negative bending moment in the end support, 75% of the negative BM in the
M = 0.138 fck . b .d2
0.0975 ×109 = 0.138 ×30 ×1000 × d2
d = 154 mm provide 200 mm
( Roof slab has been designed as a cracked section as it is not in contact with the water )
*, 0.25 ¥4,h = 0.25√30 1.3693
52
b0 = 4 ( a+d ) = 4 ( 0.44+0.20) = 2.56 m
the shear force on the plane is , V = w ( L2 – (a+d)2 ) = 9.5 ( 52 – 0.642 ) = 233.6 kN
¨
X.`ò
= .co>X.XX 0.456 ª« ¬ *, ( 1.3693 )
Thus shear stress is within the allowable limits; therefore the depth is adequate against shear
stress.
Design of reinforcement in the column strip
using± 0.87 46
k ] 0.42 > 0.48 k ! = 0.7 46
k
8
The area of reinforcement, Ast = X.m ; ² +
n
8£<d .Xcm> X³

981 mm2
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>XX
8£<( .XXqmc> X³

1678 mm2
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>XX
8®<_ .Xcc> X³

` 950 mm2
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>XX
8£<¯ .XqX`> X³

3 1554 mm2
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>XX
Astm = 0.12 b t / 100 = 0.12 ×2500×200/100 = 600 mm2
53
°$ ( X>c.c(
The tension force is = C
&
) Y
= 34.5 kN/m
Factored Tension = F.T. = 1.5 ×86.25 = 130 kN
l.. .c> `X > X_

X.Ym . ;n
X.Ym >C c
= 540 mm2
YocX

0.15 ª« Which is very small.
"< cXX>`X
Mmp3= 0.35 × 0.25 × M0 = 0.35×0.25×185.25 = 16.2 kNm
8 o.X> Xp
Ast = X.m ; ² + = X.m>C c>XX
= 280 mm2
n
2. Design Of Column( M30 Grade concrete )
The columns are spaced at 5 m and are subjected to axial force only. The load from the
roof slab on each column is,
Ps= w L2 = 9.5 × 25 = 237.50 kN
54
Let self wt. = 32.5 kN
Total load P = 270 kN
a) Working Stress Method :
As per IS 3370 - 1965
Assume only 0.8% of reinforcement in the column, the capacity of the column is then given by:
P9 , ,, . ,, µ¶ ] ·,, . ,
¶ µ1 ] 0.008!,, . 0.008 , ·
= ¶ 0.992 > 8 . 0.008 > 175!
= 9.336 > ¶ ≥ P ( = 270×103)
¶ ≥ 28920 mm2
Size of column required is = a = √28920= 170 mm
Provide 350 mm square column. Area Provided = 122500 mm2
Slenderness ratio = g = Le / a = 3.9 / .35 = 11.14
Area of Reinforcement= 0.8 % × 122500 = 980 mm2
Provide 350 mm size of column with 6 bars of 16 mm dia in each column. Also provide 6 mm
ties at 200 mm spacings. A column head of 440 mm square is to be provided so as to match
with the assumptions made in the design of the roof slab.
55
As per IS 3370 - 2009
Assume only 0.8% of reinforcement in the column, the capacity of the column is then given by
P9 , ,, . ,, µ¶ ] ·,, . ,
¶ µ1 ] 0.008!,, . 0.008 , ·
= ¶ 0.992 > 8 . 0.008 > 140!
= 9.056 > ¶ ≥ P ( = 270×103)
¶ ≥ 28920 mm2
Size of column required is = a = √28920= 170 mm
Provide 350 mm square column. Area Provided = 122500 mm2
Slenderness ratio = g = Le / a = 3.9 / .35 = 11.14
Area of Reinforcement= 0.8 % × 122500 = 980 mm2
ties at 200 mm spacings. A column head of 440 mm square is to be provided so as to match
with the assumptions made in the design of the roof slab.
Factored Load = 1.5 × 270 = 405 kN
Assume only 0.8% of reinforcement in the column, the capacity of the column is then given by:
P± 0.4 ,h , . 0.67 46 ,
405 ×103 = 0.4 × 30 × (1-.008) a2 + 0.67 × 415 × 0.008 a2
a2 = 28665 ; square column of 200 mm size.

56
Area of steel provided = 1206 mm2
ties at 200 mm spacings.
The slenderness factor for the column is , g = Le / a = 3.9 / 0.35 = 11.14
i) Check for crack width :
1,23
= Critical steel ratio, that is, the minimum ratio, of steel area to the
4,
1,23
= 1206/(350×350) = 0.00984 , 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003
1,23
>4,
/46
;< ? ;<
789: ;=
> @
, where ;=
= ratio of the tensile strength of the concrete to the average
bond strength between concrete and steel which can be taken as 2/3 in this case.
o
789: > = 542
` X.XXqYC !
57
A
Wmax =789: >
> where α = 1 > 10-50C-1 ( Coefficient of thermal expansion of
concrete )
T = 40 0C
Wmax = 542 × 10-5× 40/2 = 0.1084 mm < 0.2 mm ( permissible
ii) Method 2 : Limit State ( deemed to satisfy ) condition
Column has not been designed under this state as the stresses in concrete under limit state at
steel stress level 140 MPa is not given.
3. Design Of Vertical Wall :
The lengths of the walls (20 m and 25 m) are larger when compared with the height. The walls
will act as cantilevered from the base with some end constraints.
The bending moment coefficients are taken from table 3 of IS 3370 (Part IV)-1965 R-1999
cxa = -.02 , cyb = -0.063, cyc = -0.03
The corresponding bending moments are :
:9 :9 . ¸ . ¹ ` ]0.02 > 10 > 5.25` ]28.94 Z[/
6 6 . ¸ . ¹ ` ]0.063 > 10 > 5.25` ]91.16 Z[/
6, 6, . ¸ . ¹ ` 0.03 > 10 > 5.25` 43.41 Z[/
The axial load coming on the wall from the roof slab for the 2.5 m width is
Ps = w L/2 = 9.5 × 2.5/2 = 11.875 kN/m
58
Let the self weight of the wall for 300 mm average thickness ( assumed ) be
Pg = 5.4 (1)(0.3)(25) = 40.5 kN/m
Total axial force P = Ps + Pg = 52.375 kN/m
Use P = 55 kN/m
At the bottom of the wall the bending causes tension in the concrete on the water face, so the
design of the section is controlled by
8 »
] / ,
º "
8 » o8 »
Or º
] "

(
]
/ ,
The bending moment and the axial force at the base are
M = ( -Myb ) = 91.16 kNm/m
P = 55 kN/m
Therefore, substituting the above quantities in the governing equation, we get
o µq . o> Xp · cc> X_

(
]
/ 2.0
or ¼ 0.515 , Provide 520 mm thickness
The effective thickness of the wall is also obtained for comparison by the cracked theory.
J = 0.90 , K = 0.29
Neglecting the effect of the axial force, we have
M q . o> Xp
d ¢Q .¿ = ¢ 264 mm, Provide 520 mm thickness
.`> XXX
59
As per IS 3370-1965
Then the area of the tension reinforcement is
8 q oX
Ast = .+. X.qX>X.c> cX
1300 mm2/m

X.X > ccX > XXX

Minimum Steel Required = 0.20% = XX
= 1100 mm2/m
As per IS 3370-2009
8 q oX
Ast = .+. X.qX>X.c> `X
1500 mm2/m

X.`c > ccX > XXX

Minimum Steel Required = 0.35 % of surface zone = XX
= 1925 mm2/m
Provide 18 mm bars at 120 mm spacing on the inner face at the bottom of the wall. As the
bending moment at the mid height of the tank is positive, all the bars can be curtailed or
cranked at mid height.
M = 0.138 fck . b .d2, 91.16 ×106 = 0.138 ×30 ×1000 × d2
Providing a clear cover of about 30 mm, the overall thickness of the wall needed is about 230
mm . However, the smaller value is selected.
Let t = 230 mm and d= 200 mm
8² q . o> Xp
Ast = = 1570
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>XX
provide 16 mm dia bars @ 125 mm c/c . (1610 mm2)
60
i) check for crack width :
1,23
= Critical steel ratio , that is , the minimum ratio, of steel area to the
4,
1,23
= 1610/200×1000 = 0.00805 , 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003
1,23
>4,
/46
;< ? ;<
789: ;=
> @
, where ;=
= ratio of the tensile strength of the concrete to the average
o
789: > = 662
` X.XXYXc !
A
Wmax =789: >
> where α = 1 > 10-50C-1 (Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete)
T = 40 0C
61
q . o > X_
= 701 mm2
Reinforcement At Mid-Height :
The bending moment on the vertical fibres at mid-height of the tank is
Myc = 43410 Nm/m
The thickness of the wall at the top is assumed to be 150 mm and it is increased to 230 mm at
the base. So the thickness at the mid height is 0.5 (150+230) = 190 mm, the corresponding
effective depth to the reinforcement is 190-35 = 155 mm, therefore
tc = 190 mm , d = 155mm
As per IS 3370-1965
Then the area of the tension reinforcement is
8 C` CX
Ast = .+. X.qX>X. cc> cX
2062 mm2/m

X.m > cc > XXX

Minimum Steel Required = 0.27 % = XX
= 4185 mm2/m
As per IS 3370-2009
8 C` CX
Ast = .+. X.qX>X. cc> `X
4830 mm2/m

X.`c > qX/ > XXX

Minimum Steel Required = 0.35 % of surface zone = XX
= 333 mm2/m
M = 0.138 fck . b .d2 , 43.140 ×106 = 0.138 ×30 ×1000 × d2

62
Providing a clear cover of about 30 mm, the overall thickness of the wall needed is about 180
mm . However, the smaller value is selected.
Let t = 180 mm and d = 150 mm
8² C`. C> Xp
Ast = = 825 mm
X.m ;n + X.m>C c> YX
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 125 mm c/c .( 904 mm2 )
i) Check for crack width :
1,23
4,
1,23
= 904/180×1000 = 0.0050 , 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003
1,23
> 4,
/46
;< ? ;<
789: > , where = ratio of the tensile strength of the concrete to the average
;= @ ;=
? = size of each reinforcing bar, and
63

789: > = 800
` X.XXcX !
A
Wmax =789: >
concrete )
T = 40 0C
C`. C > X_
= 331 mm2
Design of the horizontal reinforcement :
The positive bending moment on the horizontal fibres of the wall is zero; therefore, only
nominal reinforcement be provided. However, there is negative bending moment at the corners
of the wall. Its value at about the mid height of the wall is
Mxa = -28940 Nm/m
There is an axial tension coming from the hydrostatic force acting on the walls normal to this
wall. This force at mid height is of H/2 width of the wall. Therefore, the tension force can be
taken approximately as
° $( Xc.c!(
13.8kN/m

The tensile stress due to the combined action on the vertical plane of the wall is
8 o8

º
."
(
.
The thickness of the wall at mid height is 190 mm so
64
o YqCX > XXX ! `YXX

. 4.809 . 0.061 4.87 ª«> 2 MPa
XXX> qX( c XXX!
The axial tension contribution is negligible but the tension caused by bending moment exceeds
the allowable value of 2.0 MPa. Therefore, a fillet be provided at the corners so as to reduce the
tension.
Provide 150 mm thick haunch at the corners of the wall. The overall thickness at the joint
including fillet is 190+150 = 340 mm and the
o8 o YqCX> XXX !
Bending stress is =

(
XXX>`CX!(
1.5 ª« ¬ 2.0 ª«
The effective depth of the section at this point can be taken as 340-100=240 mm.
As per IS 3370-1965
The area of the tension reinforcement is
8 YqCX> XXX
Ast = .+. X.qX>CX> cX
900 mm2/m

The minimum reinforcement for 190 mm thickness is about
X.Y> qX> XXX

Astm = 532 mm2/m
XX
Provide 12 mm bars at 125 mm spacing on the inner face of the wall. (Astp = 905 mm2)
As per IS 3370-2009
The area of the tension reinforcement is
8 YqCX> XXX
Ast = .+. X.qX>CX> `X
1040 mm2/m

The minimum reinforcement for 190 mm thickness is about
65
X.`c> qX/> XXX
Astm = XX
333 mm2/m
Provide 16 mm bars at 150 mm spacing on the inner face of the wall. (Astp = 1340 mm2)
Mxa = -28940 Nm/m
Factored Moment = 1.5 ×28940 = 43410 Nm/m
Thickness Required :
M = 0.138 fck . b .d2
43410 ×103= 0.138 ×30 ×1000 × d2
8² C`C X> X_
Ast = = 997
X.m ;n + X.m>C c> cX
Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c .( 1340 mm2 )
i) Check For Crack Width :
1,23
4,
1,23
= 1340/150×1000 = 0.00893 , 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003, 1,23
>4,
/46
66
;< ? ;<
;= @ ;=
o
789: `
> X.XXYq` !
= 597
A
Wmax =789: >
concrete )
T = 40 0C
C`.C > X_
= 335 mm2
4. Design Of Base Slab
The bottom slab is resisting on soil and it supports the water and the columns. The weight of
the water is directly transferred to the soil. Therefore, the bearing capacity has to be checked.
The load from the column is transferred through the bottom slab. The slab need to be designed
for tank empty condition as a two way slab subjected to net pressure from the soil. First the
bearing capacity of the soil is computed.
67
Load from the roof = 9.5 kN/m2
Load from the columns = 1.5 kN/m2
Load from the water = 52.5 kN/m2
Load from the bottom slab = 6.0 kN/m2
Total load = 69.5 kN/m2
The bearing pressure is 69.5 kN/m2 as against the safe bearing capacity of 75 kN/m2 . Safe
Structural design of bottom slab :
The net bearing pressure on the soil in the tank empty condition is that due to the roof and the
column load and it is
w = 9.5 + 1.5 = 11 kN/m2
The bottom slab is designed as a flat slab subjected to the soil pressure and supported by the
columns spaced at 5 m apart. Assume a widening of the column as shown in fig. The widened
size of the column base be same as the column head and it is 440 mm square.
Efective span of the slab L = 5 m
Clear Span = L0 = L – a = 4.56 m
Total design load on the panel is = W = w L L0 = 11 × 5 × 4.56 = 250.8 kN
M0 = 1/8 W . L0 = 250.8 × 4.56 / 8 = 143 kNm
The effective height of the wall be Lw=5.4 m
c >X._
The relative stiffness of the wall is , Kw = = >c.C
= 8 × 10-4

68
Where the average thickness of the wall is taken as 220 mm. The relative stiffness of the panel
slab by assuming the thickness 220 mm is
X._
Ks =
=
= 8.9 × 10-4
The ratio of the relative stiffness of the wall and the roof slab panel is ;
K Y
αc = = Y.q = 0.9
K
.c
the ratio of live load to the dead load is , = 0.1875
Y.X
The designed bending moments in the flat slab are computed using the moment coefficients
given in table 4.6 and 4.7.
A 1. = 2.111
A<
The magnitude of the bending moments ( in kNm ) in a panel are :
= c1 M0= 0.308 × 143 = 45 , ¡` = c3 M0 = 72 ,
= c2 M0= 100.4 , 3 = ci M0 = 93
69
per table 4.6. The bending moments in the column strip which are indicated by a subscript c
are:
Mnc1 = Mn1 = 45 kNm
Mpc3 = 0.6 Mp3 = 43.2 kNm
Mnc2 = 0.75 Mn2 = 75.3 kNm
( 100 % of the negative bending moment in the end support, 75% of the negative BM in the
a) Working Stress Method:
8 mc.` > Xp
k ¢¤ £<(
.
= ¢ .` > cXX
= 152 mm Provide 200 mm thickness with overall depth = D = 230 mm
*, 0.16 ¥4,h = 0.16√30 0.876
b0 = 4 ( a+d ) = 4 ( 0.44+0.2) = 2.56 m
70
the shear force on the plane is , V = w ( L2 – (a+d)2 ) = 11 ( 52 – 0.642 ) = 270.50 kN
¨ X.mXc
= .co>X.X 0.528 ª« ¬ *, ( 0.876)
stress.
Design of Reinforcement in The Column Strip
8
The area of reinforcement ,Ast = .+ .

As per IS 3370-1965
8£<d Cc> Xp

.+ .
X.q>XX> cX
1667 mm2
8£<( mc.`> Xp

.+ .
X.q>XX> cX
2790 mm2
8®<_ C`.> Xp

` .+ .
X.q>XX> cX
1600 mm2
8£<¯ oq.mc> Xp

3 2583 mm2
.+ . X.q>XX> cX
Astm= 0.27 b t / 100 = 0.27 ×2500×230/100 = 1552 mm2
As per IS 3370-2009
8£<d Cc> Xp

.+ .
X.q>XX> `X
1923 mm2
71
8£<( mc.`> Xp

.+ .
3220 mm2
X.q>XX> `X
8®<_ C`.> Xp

` 1850 mm2
.+ . X.q>XX> `X
8£<¯ oq.mc> Xp

3 .+ .
X.q>XX> `X
2980 mm2
X.`c>cXX `X
Astm = > = 1007 mm2
XX
°$ ( X>c.c(
The tension force is = & ) = 34.5 kN/m
C Y
AS per IS 3370-1965
Yo.c > X_

= 575 mm2
cX
AS per IS 3370-2009
Yo.c > X_

= 664 mm2
`X
86250

0.15 ª«
, 2500 > 230
Which is very small.
72
Mmp3= 0.35 × 0.25 × M0 = 0.35×0.25×215 = 0.0188 MNm
The area of the reinforcement is,
AS per IS 3370-1965
8 X.X YY> X³
Ast = .+ . = X.q>XX> cX
= 697 mm2

AS per IS 3370-2009
X.X YY> X³

= 805 mm2
X.q>XX> `X
t = 0.200 + cover to the centre of the steel
= 0.200 + 0.065 = 0.265 m
The reinforcement of the bottom slab is also proportioned with respect to an allowable stress of
150 MPa and the depth. The bearing pressure on the soil with 280 mm thickness of the bottom
slab is within the limits.
The wall is resting on the slab with a cantilever of 500 mm; therefore the bending moment from
the wall is to be distributed between the cantilever and inside of the slab. For all practical
purpose, the slab can be treated as fixed because of the load of the water on it with equal soil
reaction. Therefore, additional reinforcement must be provided at the edges to resist the
bending moment and the tension from the hydrostatic force.
` ° $( `
C
105.25! 207kN/m
C
Area of the tension steel in the bottom slab is
73
XmXXX
1380 mm2/ m
cX
b) Limit State Design of Base Slab
M = 0.138 fck . b .d2
113.25 ×106 = 0.138 ×30 ×1000 × d2
*, 0.25 ¥4,h = 0.25√30 1.3693
b0 = 4 ( a+d ) = 4 ( 0.44+0.20) = 2.56 m
the shear force on the plane is , V = w ( L2 – (a+d)2 ) = 9.5 ( 52 – 0.642 ) = 233.6 kN
¨ X.`ò
= .co>X. 0.456 ª« ¬ *, (1.3693)
stress.
Design Of Reinforcement In The Column Strip
using± 0.87 46
k ] 0.42 > 0.48 k ! = 0.7 46
k
8
The area of reinforcement ,Ast = X.m ; ² +
n
74
8£<d oo.> Xp

X.m ;n +
X.m>C c>XX
1140 mm2
8£<( `.c> Xp

1950 mm2
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>XX
8®<_ oC. C> Xp

` 1104 mm2
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>XX
8£<¯ XC.Y> Xp

3 1805 mm2
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>XX
Astm= 0.20 b t / 100 = 0.27 ×2500×230/100 = 1552 mm2
Deemed to satisfy condition
8£<( mc.`> Xp

4137mm2
X.m ;n + X.m> `X>XX
°$ ( X>c.c(
The tension force is = C
&
) Y
= 34.5 kN/m
Factored Tension = F.T. = 1.5 ×86.25 = 130 kN
l.. .c> `X > X_

X.Ym . ;n
X.Ym >C c
= 540 mm2
75
T `XXXX
σv 0.226 MPaWhich is very small.
A cXX>`X
Design of Reinforcement In The Middle Strip
Mmp3= 0.35 × 0.25 × M0 = 0.35×0.25×215 = 0.01881 MNm
8 X.X YY > X³
Ast = X.m ; ² + = X.m>C c>XX
= 323 mm2
n
3.4.1 Comparative result of Rectangular Water Tank situated on ground

Satisfy
ROOF SLAB
%age Change ----- -0 % - 38.4% - 38.4%
Not
Steel 1260 mm2 1260 mm2 Not Applicable
Applicable
COLUMNS
2
Area of Cross Section 122500 mm 122500 mm2 40000 mm2 40000 mm2
%age Change ----- -0 % - 67.34% - 67.34%
2
Area of Steel Reqd. 980 mm 980 mm2 1206 mm2 2387 mm2
%age Change ----- -0 % + 23 % + 143 %
VERTICAL WALL
Wall Thickness at
520 mm 520 mm 230 mm 230 mm
bottom
%age Change ----- -0 % - 55.76 % - 55.76 %
Wall Thickness at mid
190 mm 190 mm 180 mm 180 mm
height
%age Change ----- -0 % -6% -6%
Steel at Base 1300 mm2 1925 mm2 1570 mm2 3900 mm2
%age Change ----- +48 % +21 % 200 %
Steel at Mid Height 4185 mm2 4830 mm2 904 mm2 4830 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.4 % - 78 % +15.4 %
BASE SLAB
%age Change ----- +0 % +0 % +0 %
Steel 2790 mm2 3220 mm2 1950 mm2 4137 mm2

%age Change ----- +15.4 % - 30.1 % +48.2 %
76
3.5 SQUARE WATER TANK DESIGN
Design a square water tank having inner dimensions of 7.5 × 7.5 × 2.65 m high with walls fixed
at the bottom and free at the top. The tank is directly supported on the earth. The floor slab is
monolithic with the walls. The free board is 15 cm. Use M30 grade of concrete and Fe 415
grade H.S.D. bars.
Solution :
Capacity of water tank = 7.5 × 7.5 ×2.5 = 140 m3 = 140 kilo litre
Let the thickness of the vertical wall be 230 mm at the top and increases to 280 mm at the
bottom of the tank . Let the centre to centre dimensions of the tank be
H = 2.65 - 0.15 = 2.50 m
L = 7.5 m + 0.23 m = 7.73 m , Therefore, L / H = 7.73/2.5 = 3.10
The bending moment can be obtained from Table 3 of IS : 3370 – Part 4 for L/H = 3.0.
A negative bending moment means tension on the water face Table 3 of IS : 3370 – Part 4 for
L/H = 3.0
1. TANK WALL DESIGN
Vertical Direction : ( Bending Moment )
Maximum Bending Moment in vertical direction at the bottom of wall = ]0126 ¸ Ä`
where¸ = density of water = 10 kN/m3
B.M. at the bottom of wall = -0.126 × 10 × 2.53 = -19.70 kNm/m
77
B.M. at the mid of the wall = = + 0.005 × 10 × 2.53 = 0.78125 kNm/m
Horizontal Direction : ( Bending Moment )
Maximum Bending Moment in horizontal direction at the ends of wall = -0.082 × 10 × 2.53
= -12.81 kNm/m
B.M. at the mid height of the wall = = -0.055 × 10 × 2.53 = -8.60 kNm/m
For no cracking in the wall, near bottom
Å 6
/
Æ
o8
Or t ≥ ¢
=
o> q.m> Xp
Thickness of the wall required, t =¢ XXX>.X
= 244 mm
For no cracking in the wall near top,
o> .Y> Xp
Thickness of wall required, t = ¢ XXX>.X
= 196 mm
Let us adopt a wall thickness of 280 mm at the base and taper it to 230 mm at the top in a
height of 2.65 m.
Shear Force
IS : 3370 code does not give shear force coefficient for a wall fixed at the base and free at the
top. Let us adopt the same coefficients as given for a wall hinged at the base and free at the top
being conservative.
78
Maximum S.F. at mid point of bottom of the vertical edge of wall =0.45 ¸ Ä
= 0.45 × 10 × 2.52 = 28.12 kN/m
Maximum S.F. at mid point and top of the vertical edge of wall = 0.406 ¸ Ä
= 0.406 × 10 × 2.52 = 25.37 kN/m
The S.F. in the wall on the vertical edge will cause tension in the adjacent wall. While the S.F.
at bottom edge will cause tension in the base slab.
Check the section:
Let us check the section of the wall on the vertical edge near top , t = 500 mm
c.`m> X_ o> .YX> Xp

deee>Çee . deee>Çee(
0.229 ¬ 1.5
d.Ç (.e
Provide d = 500 mm and overall depth D = 530 mm at bottom of wall and taper to 300 mm at
top.
Vertical Reinforcement in wall,
i) At base of wall
B.M. at the bottom causes tension on the water face = 19.70 kNm/m
σ cb =10, σ st =150 M Pa , m = 9.33,σ bt = 2.0, j = 0.90 , D = 530 mm , d = 500 mm
As per IS 3370-1965
8 qmXX> XXX
Ast = .+. X.qX>cXX> cX
292 mm2/m

X.X
Minimum steel required = > 1000 > 500 1000 /
XX
79
As per IS 3370-2009
8 qmXX> XXX
Ast = .+. X.qX>cXX> `X
336 mm2/m

X.`c
Minimum steel required = > 1000 > 500/2 875 /
XX
ii) At mid height of wall from top
As per IS 3370-1965
8 X.mY c> Xp
Ast = .+. X.qX>CXX> cX
15 mm2/m

X.c
Minimum steel required = XX
> 1000 > 400 1000 /
As per IS 3370-2009
8 X.mY c> Xp
Ast = .+. X.qX>CXX> `X
20 mm2/m

X.`c CXX
> 1000 >
700 /
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 125 mm c/c (Ast = 904 mm2 ) on the water face at bottom of wall
Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 125 mm c/c ( Ast = 628 mm2 ) on the outer face of wall.
Horizontal Reinforcement in wall
i) Near top of wall at corners :
M = 12.81 kNm/m , T = 25.37 kN/m
80
As per IS 3370-1965
c.`m> XXX>cYq
Ast required = 275 mm2/m
X.qX> cX>CXX
X.`X
XX
As per IS 3370-2009
c.`m> XXX>cYq
Ast required = = 320 mm2/m
X.qX> `X>CXX
X.`c
XX
ii) Near top of wall in the middle :
M = 7.5 kNm/m Provide minimum reinforcement
Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 125 mm c/c ( Ast = 628 mm2 / m ) .
a) Limit State Design Method
Thickness of wall required:
i) At bottom of wall :
using FM = 0.138 fck b d2
k 0.0155 > √g
k 0.0155 > ¥1.5 > 19.70 > 10o 84.25
ii) At top of wall :
k 0.0155 > ¥1.5 > 12.81 > 10o 68
Provide wall thickness of 130 mm .
81
Reinforcement required D = 160 mm, d = 130 mm
a) Vertical reinforcement in wall :
using± 0.87 46
k ] 0.42 > 0.48 k !
at base of wall :
8² q.m > .c> Xp

Ast = = 783
X.m ;n + X.m>C c> `X
d_e
X.C> XXX> !
Minimum Steel Required = (
156
XX
At mid of wall
B.M. = 0.78125 Z[/ , D = 100 mm & d = 70 mm
8² X.mY c > .c> Xp

Area of steel required, Ast = = 10 2/
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>CXX
X.`c> XXX>CXX
Minimum Steel Required = 700 2/
XX>
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 125 mm c/c (Ast = 904 mm2 ) .
CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH :
1,23
= Critical steel ratio , that is , the minimum ratio, of steel area to the
4,
1,23
= 904/(160×1000) = 0.00565 , 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003
1,23
>4,
/46
82
;< ? ;<
;= @ ;=

789: `
> X.XXcoc !
= 707
A
Wmax =789: >
> where α = 1 > 10-50C-1 (Coefficient of thermal expansion of
concrete )
T = 40 0C
b) Method 2 : Limit State ( deemed to satisfy ) condition
At bottom of wall
8² qmXX
Area of steel required = Ast = = 1665 mm2/m
X.m ;n + X.mX> `X> `X
a) Horizontal reinforcement in wall :
l.. .c>c.`m > X_

Near top of wall at corners using ,
X.Ym . ;n

X.Ym >C c
= 105 mm2 / m
dpe
X.C> XXX> !
Minimum Steel Required = (
192
XX
83
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c (Ast = 753 mm2 ) .
CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH :
1,23
= Critical steel ratio , that is , the minimum ratio, of steel area to the gross area of the
whole concrete section, required to distribute the cracking.
4,
1,23
= 753/(160×1000) = 0.0047 , 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003
1,23
>4,
/46
;< ? ;<
;= @ ;=

789: > = 851
` X.XXCm !
84
A
Wmax =789: >
> where α = 1 > 10-50C-1 (Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete)
T = 40 0C
Wmax = 851 × 10-5× 40/2 = 0.1702 mm < 0.2 mm ( permissible)
b) Method 2 : Limit State ( deemed to satisfy ) condition
At bottom of wall
8 .Y > Xp
Area of steel required = Ast = 1082 mm2/m
X.m . ;n . X.m> `X > `X
2. BASE SLAB DESIGN :
M = 19.70 kNm/m, T = 28.12 kN/m , D = 280 mm , d = 250 mm ,
e = M/T = (19.70 ×1000)/28.12 = 700 mm
As per IS 3370-1965
Taking moment about the c.g. of compression zone,
28.12 > 10` > 700 . 140 ] 250 . 0.87 > 250!
> 150 > 0.87 > 250
Y. > X_ >YXm.c

Or At = cX> m.c
At = 700 mm2/m
X.`c
XX
85
As per IS 3370-2009
Y. > X_ >YXm.c

Ast required = At = `X> m.c
= 810 mm2/m
X.C
XX
Provide 10 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c at top face of the slab near all edges. 50% bars may
be curtailed at 1000 mm and the remaining bars at 2000 mm from the edges.
Reduce the thickness of the base slab to 100 mm at 1000 mm from the ends. Provide 8 mm bars
@ 200 mm c/c in each direction near the bottom of the slab.
b) Limit state design method :
Using ± 0.87 46
k ] 0.42 > 0.48 k !
8² .c>Y. > X_ >YXm.c

Ast = = 468
X.m ;n + X.m>C c>cX
X.`c
> 1000 > 280/2 490 /
Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 100 mm c/c ( Ast = 1130 mm2)as per IS : 3370-2009
guidelines.
Check for crack width :
1,23
= critical steel ratio , that is , the minimum ratio, of steel area to the
4,
1,23
= 1130/(1000 × 280 ) = 0.00403, 4,
/46 = 1.3/415 = 0.003
1,23
>4,
/46
86
4,
?
789: >
4 21
;<
where ;=
= ratio of the tensile strength of the concrete to the average bond strength between
concrete and steel which can be taken as 2/3 in this case.

789: > = 992
` X.XXCX` !

A
Wmax = 789: > > where α = 1 > 10-50C-1 ( Coefficient of thermal expansion of

concrete ) , T = 40 0C
Wmax = 992 × 10-5× 40/2 = 0.1983 mm < 0.2 mm ( permissible limit )

8 Y. > Xp
Ast = = 1236
X.m ;n + X.m> `X>cX
3.5.1. Comparative result of Square Water Tank situated on ground

Structural
IS 3370 – Deemed to
Element IS 3370 - 2009 Crack Theory
1965 Satisfy
TANK WALL
%age Change ----- Nil - 69.8% - 69.8%
Steel 1000 mm2 875 mm2 783 mm2 1082 mm2
%age Change ----- - 12.5 % - 21.7% + 8.2 %

BASE SLAB
%age Change ----- Nil - 46.42% - 46.42%

2
Steel 875 mm2 810 mm2 1130 mm 1236 mm2
%age Change ----- - 7.42 % + 29.15 % +41.25 %
87
CHAPTER 4
Results and Discussions
4.1 Comparative Result of INTZ Type Water Tank

Satisfy
TOP DOME
Area of Steel
300 mm2 175 mm2 120 mm2 -----
Required
%age Change --- - 41.66 % - 60%
Thickness Required 100 mm 100 mm 100 mm 100 mm
%age Change -- Nil Nil Nil
TOP RING BEAM
Area of Cross Section 62623 mm2 62623 mm2 34500 mm2 34500 mm2
%age Change -- Nil -45% -45%
2 2
Area of Steel Reqd. 780 mm 820 mm 445 mm2 820 mm2
%age Change ----- + 5.12 % - 43% + 5.12 %
CYLINDRICAL TANK WALL
Base Level Thickness 350 mm 350 mm 140 mm 140 mm
%age Change ----- 0% - 60% - 60%
2 2
Steel at base 3200 mm 3700 mm 1995 mm2 3700 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.6 % - 37.65% +15.6 %
Top Level Thickness 200 mm 200 mm 100 mm 100 mm
%age Change ----- +0 % - 50% -50%
Steel at top 800 mm2 925 mm2 500 mm2 923 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.62 % - 37.5% +15.37%
BOTTOM RING BEAM
Area of C/S 720000 mm2 720000 mm2 540000 mm2 540000 mm2
%age Change ----- +0 % - 25% -25%
2 2
Steel 5320 mm 6140 mm 3315 mm2 6140 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.41 % - 37.68% +15.41 %
CONICAL DOME
%age Change ----- +0 % - 20% - 20%
2 2
Steel 5100 mm 5890 mm 3180 mm2 5885 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.5 % - 37.64% +15.40 %
BOTTOM SPHERICAL DOME
%age Change ----- +0 % - 33.33% -33.33%
2 2
Steel 900 mm 525 mm 1506 mm2 642 mm2
%age Change ----- -41.66 % +67.33% -28.66%
88
4.2 Comparative Result of Rectangular Water Tank Situated on ground
Satisfy
ROOF SLAB
%age Change ----- -0 % - 38.4% - 38.4%
Not
Steel 1260 mm2 1260 mm2 Not Applicable
Applicable
COLUMNS
Area of Cross Section 122500 mm2 122500 mm2 40000 mm2 40000 mm2
%age Change ----- -0 % - 67.34% - 67.34%
Area of Steel Reqd. 980 mm2 980 mm2 1206 mm2 2387 mm2
%age Change ----- -0 % + 23 % + 143 %
VERTICAL WALL
Wall Thickness at
520 mm 520 mm 230 mm 230 mm
bottom
%age Change ----- -0 % - 55.76 % - 55.76 %
Wall Thickness at mid
190 mm 190 mm 180 mm 180 mm
height
%age Change ----- -0 % -6% -6%
Steel at Base 1300 mm2 1925 mm2 1570 mm2 3900 mm2
%age Change ----- +48 % +21 % 200 %
Steel at Mid Height 4185 mm2 4830 mm2 904 mm2 4830 mm2
%age Change ----- +15.4 % - 78 % +15.4 %
BASE SLAB
%age Change ----- +0 % +0 % +0 %
Steel 2790 mm2 3220 mm2 1950 mm2 4137 mm2

%age Change ----- +15.4 % - 30.1 % +48.2 %
4.3 Comparative Result of Square Water Tank Situated on ground

Structural Working Stress Method Limit State Design Method
Element IS 3370 – 1965 IS 3370 - 2009 Crack Theory Deemed to Satisfy
TANK WALL
% age change ----- Nil -69.8% -69.8%
2 2 2
Steel 1000 mm 875 mm 783 mm 1082 mm2
%age Change ----- - 12.5 % - 21.7% + 8.2 %
BASE SLAB
%age Change ----- Nil - 46.42% - 46.42%

2
Steel 875 mm2 810 mm2 1130 mm 1236 mm2
%age Change ----- - 7.42 % + 29.15 % +41.25 %
89
CHAPTER 5
Conclusions And Future Scope Of Study
Based on the results and discussions following conclusions are arrived at :
1. The size of members remained same for working stress method by IS:3370 (1965) and
IS:3370 (2009). However, the requirement of area of steel increased in IS:3370 (2009)
for Intz type and rectangular water tanks as the allowable stresses in steel were lower.
The steel required in square tank was approximately same in both the cases. However,
the change in the clause of requirement of minimum steel decreased the steel required in
bottom spherical dome in intz type of tank.
2. The size of members remained same for limit state design methods by IS:3370 (2009) in
limit state of collapse as well in deemed to satisfy criteria for all the three tank designs.
However, the requirement of area of steel increased in IS:3370 (2009) in serviceability
design method as well in deemed to satisfy criteria for all the three tank designs as the
allowable stresses in steel were lower.
3. The size of members as well as the requirement of steel decreased for limit state design
method by IS: 3370 (2009) in comparison to working stress design methods of both IS :
3370 (1965 ) and IS : 3370 (2009) provisions for all the three type of tanks taken in
study.
It was found that the provisions of reinforcement through the surface zones in IS : 3370
(2009) provides economical and more effective reinforcement. However, it was also felt that
IS:3370(2009) should have provided direct tensile stress and compressive stress under bending
and limit state.
90
REFERENCES
1. Krishna Raju N. (2009), Structural Design & Drawing Reinforced Concrete and Steel,
3rd edition, Universities Press, India.p.95.
2. Dayaratnam P., 1986. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, 3rd edition, Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
3. Syal I. C., Goel A.K.,2010. Reinforced Concrete Structures,4th Revised Edition,
S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
4. Robert D. Anchor, 1992. Design of Liquid Retaining Concrete Structures,2nd edition,
British Library
5. ACI Committee 515, ‘Guide for the protection of concrete against chemical attack by
means of coating and other corrosion-resistant materials,’ Journal of the American
Concrete Institute. Proceedings Vol. 63,No.12, December 1966, pp. 1305-1392
6. Gutt, W. H. and Harrison, W.H., ‘Chemical resistance of concrete,’ Building Research
Current Paper CP 23/77, Building Research Station, Garston, 1977.
7. Ramamrutham S., 1978. Design of Reinforce Concrete Structures, 8th edition, Dhanpat
Rai & Sons, New Delhi. p.520.
8. IS : 3370 ( Part 1 )- 2009, Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids – Code of
Practice
9. Saxena, K.C. and Adeli, H., 1987. " Cost Optimization of Intz Tanks on Shafts Using
Nonlinear Programming ", Eng. Optimization, Vol.10, No.4.
10. IS : 456 – 2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice
11. IS : 3370 ( Part I )- 1965, Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of
Liquids
91
12. IS : 3370 ( Part II )- 1965, Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of
Liquids
13. IS : 3370 ( Part IV )- 1965, Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of
Liquids
14. IS : 3370 ( Part 2 )- 2009, Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids – Code of
Practice
15. IS : 1786 – 1985, Specification for High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wired for
Concrete Reinforcement
16. Cusson D., Hoogeveen T., 2007. Test method for determining coefficient of thermal
expansion of high-performance concrete at early stages, National Research Council
Canda, Ottawa, Canada.
17. Verghese P.C., 2002. Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, Prentice-Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd.
18. Jain Ashok K., 2002. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design,6thedition,Nem Chand &
Bros, Roorkee
92
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF WATER TANKS WITH REFERENCE TO

Thesis · November 2011

Bharat Bhushan Jindal Dhirendra Singhal

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SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

BHARAT BHUSHAN JINDAL

PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

BHARAT BHUSHAN JINDAL

G.Z.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

OF DESIGN OF WATER TANKS WITH REFERENCE TO IS : 3370 ” in partial fulfilment of

department of Civil Engineering at G.Z.S. College of Engineering & Technology, Bathinda

under PUNJABTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR is an authentic record of my own

any other University / Institute for the award of M. Tech. Degree.

(BHARAT BHUSHAN JINDAL)

Associate Professor & Head of Department

____________ and accepted.

Signature of Supervisor ________________________________

Signature of Head of Department _________________________

Signature of External Examiner __________________________

i) Materials are treated according to their properties.

ii) Loads are treated according to their nature.

methods of design are available.

i) Working Stress Method.

ii) Limit State Design Method – Crack width check.

iii) Limit State Design Method – Deemed to satisfy.

Objectives of the study was to :

to IS 3370 – 1965 and IS 3370 – 2009 ( new version ).

2. To analyze which method is more economical and efficient.

1) Working stress method in accordance IS 3370 (1965).

2) Working stress method in accordance IS 3370 (2009).

serviceability IS 3370 (2009).

checking cracking width under serviceability not required (Deemed to be satisfied).

here as TOR or TMT.

It has been observed that

bottom spherical dome in Intz type of tank.

However, the requirement of area of steel increased in IS:3370 (2009) ) in serviceability

allowable stresses in steel were lower.

method by IS:3370 (2009) in comparison to working stress design method of both IS :

bending and limit state.

I express my profound sense of gratitude to my guide Dr. Dhirender Singhal, Associate

Professor & head of department of Civil Engineering, G.Z.S. College of Engineering&

the literature required for this thesis work.

contributed in this thesis work at GZSCET, BATHINDA.

BHARAT BHUSHAN JINDAL

1.1 Design Methods 2

1.1.1 Limit State Design Method 2

1.1.2 Working Stress Method 3

1.2 Objective of Study 4

1.3 Problem Formulation 4

1.4 Design Methods Used 6

1.5 Organisation of Thesis 6

Chapter 2: Literature Review 7

2.1 Tanks Resting on Ground 7

2.1.1 Circular Tank with Flexible Joint at the Base 7

2.1.1.1 Wall Design 7

2.1.1.2 Base Slab 8

2.1.2 Circular Tanks with Restraint at Base and Roof 8