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Continuity and
Differentiability
Chapter 5: Continuity and Differentiability
Exercise 5.1
At x=−3,f(−3)=5×(−3)−3=−18
limx→−3f(x)=limx→−3(5x−3)−3=−18 therefore,limx→−3f(x)=f(−3)
So , f is continuous at x=-3
limx→5f(x)=limx→5(5x−3)=5×5−3=22 therefore,limx→0f(x)=f(5)
So , f is continuous at x=5
Q4: Prove that the function f(x)=xn is continuous at x=n, where n is a positive integer.
Sol:
Then,limx→0f(x)=limx→0x=0
therefore,limx→0f(x)=f(0)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=0
Case 2: At x=1,
It is evident that f is defined at 1 and its value at 1 is 1.
The left hand limit of fatx=1is,
limx→1−f(x)=limx→1−(5)=5
The right hand limit of f at x=1is,
limx→1+f(x)=limx→1+(5)=5 therefore,limx→1−f(x)≠limx→1+f(x)
So, f is not continuous at x=1.
Case 3: At x=2
f is defined at 2 and its value at 2 is 5.
Then limx→2f(x)=limx→2(5)=5
therefore,limx→2f(x)=f(2)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=2
Case 1:
Case 1:
Case1:
Case1:
Sol:
Q17: Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f is defined by
f(x)={ax−1,bx+3, if x≤3 if x>3
is continuous at x=3.
Sol:
3a+1-3b+3-3a+1
Q19: Show that the function defined by g(x)=x−[x] is discontinuous at all integral points.
Hence [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Sol:
g(n)=n−[n]=n−n=0
Then left hand limit of f at x=n is,
limx→n−g(x)=limx→n−(x−[x])=limx→n−(x)−limx→n−[x]=n−(n−1)=1
Then right hand limit of f at x=n is,
limx→n+g(x)=limx→n+(x−[x])=limx→n+(x)−limx→n+[x]=n−n=0
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x=n do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=n
Hence, g is discontinuous at all integral points.
1. f(x)=sinx+cosx
2. f(x)=sinx−cosx
3. f(x)=sinx×cosx
Sol:
Q22: Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant and cotangent function.
Sol:
cscx−1sinx,sinx≠0iscontinuous ⇒cscx,x≠nπ(n∈Z)
If c=0,thenf(c)=f(0)=0+1=1
The left hand limit of f at x is,
limx→0−f(x)=limx→0−sinxx=1
The right hand limit of f at x is,
limx→0+f(x)=limx→0+(x+1)=1 therefore,limx→0−f(x)=limx→0+f(x)=f(0)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=0
From the above observation, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the real line.
Thus, f has no point of discontinuity.
Q24: Determine if f defined by
f(x)={x2sin1x,0, if x≠0 if x=0
Sol:
If c≠0,thenf(c)=c2sin frac1c
limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x2sin1x)=(limx→cx2)(limx→csin1x)=c2sin1c therefore,limx→cf(
x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all the points x, such that x≠0.
Case 2:
If c=0,thenf(0)=0
limx→0−f(x)=limx→0−(x2sin1x)=limx→0−(x2sin1x)
It is known that, 1≤sin1x≤1,x≠0
⇒−x2≤sin1x≤x2 ⇒limx→0(−x2)limx→0≤limx→0(sin1x)≤limx→0(x2) ⇒0limx→0≤limx
→0(sin1x)≤0 ⇒limx→0(sin1x)=0 therefore,limx→0−f(x)=0
Similarly, limx→0+f(x)=limx→0+x2sin1x=0
therefore,limx→0−f(x)=f(0)=limx→0+f(0)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=0
From the above observation, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the real line.
Thus, f has no point of discontinuity.
If c=0,thenf(0)=−1
limx→0−f(x)=limx→0−(sinx−cosx)=sin0−cos0=0−1=−1 limx→0+f(x)=limx→0+(sinx
−cosx)=sin0−cos0=0−1=−1 therefore,limx→0−f(x)=f(0)=limx→0+f(0)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=0
From the above observation, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the real line.
Thus, f is a continuous function.
Q26: Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated points
f(x)={kcosxπ−2x,3, if x≠π2 ifx=π2
At x=π2.
Sol:
Q27: Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated points
f(x)={kx2,3, if x=2 if x>2
At x=2
Sol:
Q28: Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated points
f(x)={kx+1,cosx, if x≤π if x>π
At x=5
Sol:
Q29: Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated points
f(x)={kx+1,3x−5, if x≤5 if x>5
At x=5
Sol:
Sol:
8a=16 a=2
By putting a=2 in equation (1), we obtain
2×2+b=5 ⇒4+b=5 ⇒b=1
Therefore the values of a and b for which f is continuous function are 2 and 1 respectively.
If c=0,theng(c)=g(0)=0
limx→0−g(x)=limx→0−(−x)=0 limx→0+g(x)=limx→0+(x)=0 therefore,limx→0−g(x)=li
mx→0+g(x)=g(0)
Therefore, g is continuous at x=0
From the above three observation, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h(x)=cosx
It is evident that h(x)=cosx is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x=c+h
If xA~ca^∈‘c, then hA~ca^∈‘0
h(c)=cosc limx→ch(x)=limx→ccosx limx→ch(x)=limx→ccosx=limh→0cos(c+h)=lim
h→0[cosccosh−sincsinh]=limh→0cosccosh−limh→0sincsinh=cosccos0−sincsin0=c
osc×1−sinc×0=cosc therefore,limx→ch(x)=h(c)
Therefore, h(x)=cosx is a continuous function.
It is known that for every real valued function g and h, such that (goh) is defined at c, if g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g(c), then (fog) is continuous at c.
Therefore,
If c=0,theng(c)=g(0)=0
limx→0−g(x)=limx→0−(−x)=0 limx→0+g(x)=limx→0+(x)=0 therefore,limx→0−g(x)=li
mx→0+g(x)=g(0)
Therefore, g is continuous at x=0
From the above three observation, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h(x)=sinx
It is evident that h(x)=sinx is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x=c+h
If xA~ca^∈‘c, then hA~ca^∈‘0
h(c)=sinc limx→ch(x)=limx→csinx limx→ch(x)=limx→csinx=limh→0sin(c+h)=limh
→0[sinccosh−coscsinh]=limh→0sinccosh−limh→0coscsinh=sinccos0−coscsin0=si
nc×1−cosc×0=sinc therefore,limx→ch(x)=h(c)
Therefore, h(x)=sinx is a continuous function.
It is known that for every real valued function g and h, such that (goh) is defined at c, if g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g(c), then (fog) is continuous at c.
Therefore,f(x)=(goh)(x)=g(h(x))=g(sinx)=|sinx| is a continuous function.
If c=0,theng(c)=g(0)=0
limx→0−g(x)=limx→0−(−x)=0 limx→0+g(x)=limx→0+(x)=0 therefore,limx→0−g(x)=li
mx→0+g(x)=g(0)
Therefore, g is continuous at x=0
From the above three observation, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h(x)=|x+1|
Which can be written as
If c=−1,thenh(c)=h(−1)=−1+1=0
limx→−1−h(x)=limx→−1−[−(x+1)]=(−1+1)=0 limx→−1+h(x)=limx→−1+(x+1)=(−1+1)
=0 therefore,limx→−1−h(x)=limx→−1+h(x)=h(−1)
Therefore, h is continuous at x=−1
From the above three observation, it can be concluded that h is continuous at all the real points.
Exercise 5.2 :
dydx=cost×(2x)
And we know t=x2+5
Thus dydx=(2x)×cosx
Let f(x)=cos(sinx)
Here f is a composite function which can be written in the form of two composite
function uandv.
u(x)=sinxandv(t)=cost (vou)(x)=v(u(x))=v(sinx)=cos(sinx)=f(x)
Put t=u(x)=sinx
therefore,dvdt=d(cost)dx=−sint=−sin(sinx) dtdx=d(sinx)dx=cosx
By chain rule ,
Let f(x)=sin(ax+b)
Here f is a composite function which can be written in the form of two composite
function uandv.
u(x)=ax+bandv(t)=sint (vou)(x)=v(u(x))=v(ax+b)=sin(ax+b)=f(x)
Put t=u(x)=ax+b
therefore,dvdt=d(sint)dx=cost=cos(ax+b) dtdx=d(ax+b)dx=a
By chain rule ,
Let sec(tan(x−−√))
Here f is a composite function which can be written in the form of three composite
function u,vandw.
u(x)=x−−√v(t)=tantandw(s)=secs (wovou)(x)=w[v(u(x))]=w[v(x−−√)]=w[tan(x
−−√)]=sec(tan(x−−√))=f(x)
Put s=v(t)=tantandt=u(x)=x−−√
then ,dwds=d(secs)ds=secstans=sec(tant).tan(tant) ( as s=tant
=sec(tanx−−√).tan(tanx−−√) dsdt=d(tant)dt=sec2t=sec2t√ dtdx=dx√dx=d(x12)dx=12.x12−1=
12x√
By chain rule ,
dtdx=dwds×dsdt×dtdx
=sec(tanx−−√).tan(tanx−−√)×sec2x−−√×12x√
=sec2x√.sec(tanx√.tan(tanx√))2x√
g‘=dgdx=dvdt×dtdx=cos(ax+b).a=acos(ax+b)
Consider h(x)=cos(cx+d)
Here h is a composite function which can be written in the form of two composite
function pandq.
p(x)=cx+dq(y)=cosy (qop)(x)=q(p(x))=q(cx+d)=cos(cx+d)]=h(x)
Put y=p(x)=cx+d
dqdy=d(cosy)dy=−siny=−sin(cx+d) dydx=d(cx+d)dx=c
By chain rule ,
h‘=dhdx=dqdy×dydx=−sin(cx+d).c=−csin(cx+d)
Therefore by chain rule , we obtain
f‘=acos(ax+b). cos(cx+d)−sin(ax+b)(−sin(cx+d))[cos(cx+d)]2
==acos(ax+b) cos(cx+d)+csin(ax+b).sin(cx+d)cos(cx+d)×1cos(cx+d)
==acos(ax+b) sec(cx+d)+csin(ax+b).tan(cx+d).sec(cx+d)
2cot(x2)−−−−−−√
Sol:
cosx−−√
Sol:
dvdx=dvdt.dtdx.
=−sin(x−−√).12x√ =−12x√sin(x−−√) =−sin(x√)2x√
Q9: Prove that the function f given by f(x)=|x−1|,x∈R, is not differentiable at x=1.
Sol:
The right hand and the left hand limits where x=c are
Q10: Prove that the greatest integer function defined by f(x)=[x],0<x<3 is not
differentiable at x = 1 and x = 2.
Sol:
Exercise 5.3
ddx(x2+xy+y2)=ddx(100)
⇒ddx(x2)+ddx(xy)+ddx(y2)=0 (derivatives of constant function is 0)
⇒2x+y.1+x.dydx+2y.dydx=0 ⇒2x+y+(x+2y)dydx=0 ⇒dydx=−2x+yx+2y
Q6: Find dydx
x3+x2y+xy2+y3.
Sol:
ddx(x3+x2y+xy2+y3)=ddx(81)
⇒ddx(x3)+ddx(x2y)+ddx(xy2)+ddx(y3)=0 (derivatives of constant function is
0)
⇒3x2+y.ddx(x2)+x2dydx+y2ddx(x)+xddx(y2+3y2.dydx=0 ⇒3x2+y.2x+x2dydx+y2.1+x.
2y.dydx+3y2dydx=0 ⇒(x2+2xy+3y2dydx+(3x2+2xy+y2=0 therefore,dydx=−(3x2+2xy+y2)
x2+2xy+3y2
ddx(sin2y+cosxy)=ddx(Π)
⇒ddx(sin2y)+ddx(cosxy)=0 ……(i) (derivatives of constant function is 0)
Using chain rule,we get
ddx(sin2y=2sinyddx(siny)=2sinycosydydx …….(ii)
ddx(cosxy)=−sinxyddx(xy)=−sinxy(y.ddx(x)+x.dydx)=−sinxy(y.1+x.dydx)=−ysinxy−
xsinxydydx …….(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii) we have
ddx(sin2x+cosy)=ddx(1)
⇒ddx(sin2y)+ddx(cosy)=0 (derivatives of constant function is 0)
⇒2sinxddx(sinx)+2cosy.ddx(cosy)=0 ⇒2sinxcosx+2cosy(−siny).dydx=0 ⇒sin2x−s
in2y.dydx=0 therefore,dydx=sin2xsin2y
ddx(siny)=ddx(2x1+x2)
⇒cosydydx=ddx(2x1+x2) ………..(i)
The right side function (2x1+x2) is of the form uv
So, by quotient rule, we obtain
ddx(2x1+x2)=(1+x2).ddx(2x)−2x.ddx(1+x2)(1+x2)2
=(1+x2).2−2x.(0+2x)(1+x2)2=2+2x2−4x2(1+x2)2=2(1−x2)(1+x2)2 ………(ii)
Also siny=2x1+x2
⇒cosy=1−sin2y−−−−−−−−√=1−(2x1+x2)2−−−−−−−−−−√=(1+x2)2−4x2(1+x2)2−−−−−−
−−√
=(1−x2)2(1+x2)2−−−−−√=1−x21+x2 ……….(iii)
From (i) , (ii) and (iii) we obtain
=1−x21+x2×dydx=2(1−x2)(1+x2)2 ⇒dydx=21+x2
x=tany3
Differentiating this relationship w.r.t. x, we have
tany2=x
Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have
2x(1+x2)dydx=−4x(1+x2)2 ⇒dydx=−2(1+x2)
Exercise 5.4
exsinx
Sol:
Let y=exsinx
Using quotient rule, we have
esin−1x
Sol:
Let y=y=esin−1x
Using chain rule, we have
ex3
Sol:
Let y=ex3
Using chain rule, we have
dydx=ddx(ex3)=ex3.3x2=3x2.ex3
sin(tan−1e−x)
Sol:
Let y=sin(tan−1e−x)
Using chain rule, we have