International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 4 Issue 3, May - June 2018

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 69: Shabti

Boxes Inscriptions
Galal Ali Hassaan
Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering,Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

Abstract:
This paper is the 69th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It investigates the inscription of shabti boxes during the Middle and New Kingdoms, Third Intermediate Period and Late
Periods of ancient Egypt. It outlines the design , material, decoration, inscription, owner and present location of each shabti box.
The type of script used in the inscription of the shabti boxes is outlined and the technique of presenting the text on each box is
investigated.
Keywords — Mechanical engineering; ancient Egypt; shabti boxes, inscriptions.

was a hieroglyphic text on the box sides and

I. INTRODUCTION
This is the 69 paper in a series of research
papers aiming at exploring the role of ancient
Egyptians in the evolution of mechanical
engineering. The paper focuses on the inscriptions
of shabti boxes during a time era from the Middle
Kingdom to the Late Period of ancient Egypt.
Bleiberg (2009) referred to the wooden
shabti box of Amenenmhat, an official from the 18th
Dynasty located in the Brooklyn Museum.He
outlined that the date of this box seem to be
between the reigns of Pharaohs Thutmose IV and
Akhenaten [1]. Milde (2012) studied the use of
shabtis in the funerary practice in the ancient
Egyptian society. He presented a shabti box of lady
Mutemuertes from the 22nd Dynasty located in the
National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden [2].
Marini (2017) studied the shabti box of
Djehutyhotep lived during the reign of Ramses II of
the 19th Dynasty located in the Egyptian Museum of
Turin. He presented also another shabti boxes for
Nefermesi ffrom the 20th Dynasty, Nia from the 19th
Dynasty, Nebhepet from the 20th Dynasty. He
translated the inscriptions on the Djehutyhotep
shabti box to English [3]. The British Museum
(2017) presented a rectangular wooden shabti box
from the 19th/20th Dynasties of the New Kingdom.
They described the shabti box and stated that there
on its lids [4].
The Metropolitan Museum (2018) studied a
shabti box from the 19th Dynasty, reign of Pharaoh
Ramses II with two compartments. It was painted
and inscribed from all sides [5]. The Metropolitan
Museum (2018) presented a shabti box of
Paramnekhu from the 19th Dynasty, reign of
Ramses II having two compartments with colored
hieroglyphic text written in vertical bounded
columns [6].
Tour Egypt (2018) presented the wooden
shabti box of Khons, Sennedjem's son consisting of
two compartments. It was inscribed by a
hieroglyphic text written in four bounded un-equal
columns [7]. BM Images (2018) presented a
wooden shabti box from the Middle Kingdom of
ancient Egypt in display in the British Museum. It
had a rectangular-shaped compartments with domed
lid. It was inscribed in a colored band in the middle
perimeter of the box [8].
Hassaan (2018) investigated the inscriptions
of the ancient Egyptians through studying the
papyrus industry in ancient Egypt [9], the palettes
i9ndustry [10], the stelae industry [11,12] and the
ostraca industry [13]. .

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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 4 Issue 3, May - June 2018
II. SHABTI BOXES OF THE MIDDLE
KINGDOM
The Middle Kingdom comprised the 11th
th
and 12 Dynasties over a time span from 2050 to
1710 BC [14]. We have one example of using
shabti boxes in the funerary practice during the
Middle Kingdom. It was produced from wood and a
plaster layer to allow painting and inscribing the
box. It is in display in the British Museum at
London and shown in Fig.1 [8]. It has a rectangular
cross-section
section and a domed lid ladled by a colored
boat. The box was inscribed using a hieroglyphic
text written inside a bounded row near the middle
perimeter of the box.
Fig.1 Shabti box from the Middle Kingdom [8].
III. SHABTI BOXES OF THE
KINGDOM
The New Kingdom was a strong and
wealthy kingdom of ancient Egypt comprising the
18th, 19th and 20th Dynasties extended over a time
span from 1570 to 1077 BC [15] The ancient
Egyptians continued to produce shabtis and shabti
boxes and locate them inside their tombs as one of
their funerary practices. We have about 13 1 from the 18th Dynasty, reign of Pharaoh
examples highlighting this use:
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- The first example is a 350 mm height
painted wooden shabti box of
Henutmehyt from the New Kingdom of
Egypt (1543-1069 BC) in display in the
British Museum at London and shown in
Fig.2 [16]. The box has a rectangular
cross-section,
section, two compartme
compartments and
two vulture decorated domed lids.
Besides the scenes drawn on the front
side of the box, a hieroglyphic text is
written within vertical bounded columns.
Th shabti box was fully decorated with
patterns drawn using multi-colors
multi
pigments.
Fig.2 Wooden shabti box from the New Kingdom [16].
- The second example is 318 mm height
wooden shabti box of Amunemhat
from the 18th Dynasty (1(1400-1336 BC)
NEW in display in the Brooklyn Museum at
New York and shown in Fig. Fig.3 [17]. It
has one compartment with one domed
lid with carrying hands. It was inscribed
in a single column in the middle of the
front side using a hieroglyphic text as
depicted in the zoomed image of Fig.3.
- The third example is a 355 mm height
painted wood shabti of Courtier Yuya
Amenhutep III (1390(1390-1352 BC) in
display in the Metropolitan Museum and
shown in Fig.4 [18]. The design is
similar to that of Fig.3 except the neat
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production and finishing
ishing of Yuya as a
noble man of the 18th Dynasty. The
inscriptions are neat written within a
red-color
color bounded column using black
ink and a hieroglyphic script. A scene of
the owner came in another side of the
box.
Fig.3. Wooden shabti box from the 18th Dynasty [17].
Fig.4. Wooden shabti box from the 18th Dynasty [18].
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- The fourth example is a 320 mm height
painted wooden shabti box of Nakhtmun
from the 19th Dynasty (1295-1185 BC)
in display in Metropolitan Museum at
New York and shown in Fig.Fig.5 [19]. The
box was decorated by a scene for the
owner sitting with his wife on chairs and
hieroglyphic script was written in five
un-equal
equal bounded columns . The box
had one compartment and one flat cover.
Fig.5 Wooden shabti box from 119th Dynasty [19]
- The fifth example is a painted wooden
shabti box from the 19th-20th Dynasties
(1295-1069
1069 BC) in display in the North
Carolina Museum of Art and shown in
Fig.6 [20]. The box had two
compartments with domed lids. The
front panel was decorated by a colored
scene showing the owner seated on a
chair in front of an offering tab
table and
holding a sceptre by his right hand. The
name of the owner was inscribed in front
of his face using a hieroglyphic text
written in a bounded column.
- The sixth example is a 285 mm height
shabti box of Paramnekhu from the 19th
Dynasty, reign of Pharao
Pharaoh Ramses II
(1279-1213
1213 BC) in display in the
Metropolitan Museum and shown in
Fig.7 [21]. This is an elaborated
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production of a colored shabti box Arqueologico Nacional , Madrid, Spain
comprising two compartments with two and shown in Fig.8 [22]. The design is
domed lids. The front panel was similar to that of Fig.7 with minor
decorated by a scene for the owner changes specially in the text.
mummy drawn twice. A hieroglyphic
text was written in four bounded
columns filling the rest of the surface of
the front panel.

Fig.88 Wooden shabti box from the 19th

Dynasty [22].

Fig.6 Wooden shabti box from 19th-20

- th
Dynasties [20]. - The eighth example is a 305 mm height
shabti box of Nia from the 19th Dynasty
(1292-1189 BC) in display in the
Egyptian Museum at Turin and shown in
Fig.9 [23].

Fig.7 Wooden shabti box from 19th

Dynasty [21].

- The seventh example is a 295 mm height

painted wooden shabti box of
Khabekhent from the from the 19 1 th Fig.9 Wooden shabti box from the 19th
Dynasty,, reign of Pharaoh Ramses II Dynasty [23].
(1292-1191 BC) in display in the Museo

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In this shabti box, two compartments with domed Hieroglyphic text was written on the
lids were used to store the owner shabtis. The box panel within bounded columns. .
sides are full of colored scenes besides hieroglyphic
text written in bounded un-equal
equal columns.

- The ninth example is a 355 mm height

painted wooden shabti box of Khons,
son of Sennedjem, the Royal tomb
builder during Pharaohs Seti I and
1213 BC) of the 19th
Ramses II (1290-1213
Dynasty in display in the Metropolitan
Museum of Art (!) and shown in Fig. 10
1
[24]. It has two compartments with twi
domed lids. The front side was
decorated by the owner embalming a
mummy (may be for himself).
Heiroglyphic text was written in four
bounded columns covering the rest of
the side surface around the scenes..
scenes.
Fig.11 Wooden shabti box from the 19th
-20th Dynasties [25].

- The eleventh
enth example is a wooden
shabti box of Khaemter from the 19th -
20th Dynasties (12001200-1150 BC) in
display in the Rijks Museum at Leiden
and shown in Fig.1212 [26]. It had three
compartments with domed lids. The
front panel of the box presented a scene
for the owner offering water to a tree
with hieroglyphic text written in vertical
columns in thee top part of the front panel.

Fig.10 Wooden shabti box from the 19th

Dynasty [24].

- The tenth example is a 335 mm height

painted wooden shabti box from the 19th
-20th Dynasties (1250-11 1150 BC) in
display in the British Museum and
shown in Fig.11 [25]. ]. It had two
compartments with vaulted lids). The
front panel of the box was decorated by
a funerary scene for the owner offering Fig.12 Wooden shabti box from the 19th-20th
to two of the ancient Egyptian deities. Dynasties [26].

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inscribed by hieroglyphic text written in
- The twelfth example is a 300 mm height two bounded columns near the two
shabti box of Nefermesi from the 20th vertical edges of the front panel.
Dynasty (1187-1069 BC) in display in
the Egyptian Museum at Turin and
shown in Fig.13 [27].]. The It comprised
three compartments with domed lids.
The panels of the box are decorated by
funerary scenes and a hieroglyphic text
written in vertical columns descending
from the top
p edges of the panels.

Fig.14 Shabti box from the 21st Dynasty [29].

- The second example is a wooden shabti

box of Amenhotep, the Priest of Amun
during the 21st Dynasty (1070
(1070-945 BC)
in display in the British Museum at
London and shown in Fig.15 [30]. The
box was inscribed using the hieroglyphic
text written in six columns located
inside a square in the m
middle of the front
panel of the box.
Fig.13 Wooden shabti box from the 20th Dynasty
[27].

IV. SHABTI BOXES OF THE THIRD

INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

The Third Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt

comprised the Dynasties from the 21st to the 25th
over a time span from 1069 to 664 BC [28]. The
ancient Egyptians continued to use shabti boxes
as one of their funerary activities during this
Intermediate Period. Here some of the shabti
Fig.15 Wooden shabti box from the 21st Dynasty
boxes production during the Third Intermediate [30].
Period:
- The first example is a shabti box of - The third example is a 340 mm length
Pinedjem I, the High Priest of Amun at wooden shabti box from the Third
Thebes during the 21st Dynasty (1070-
(1070 Intermediate Period (1069-664 BC) in
1032 BC) in display in the Egyptian display in the World Museum at
Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.14 Liverpool and shown in Fig.
Fig.16 [31]. It
[29]. It had two compartments with flat had one compartment with a single
lids. It was decorated by two cartouches domed lid. The front panel was
in the middle of the front paned and

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inbscribed by a scene in the center and a
funerary text written using hieroglyphic
text in six bounded columns, three in
each side of the scene.
Fig.16 Wooden shabti box from 3rd IP [31].
- The fourth example is a painted wood
shabti box from the 21st Dynasty (1000
BC) shown in Fig.17 [32]. ]. The box had
three compartments with domed-multi-
domed
colored lids. The front panel of the
shabti box depicted the owner praying to
Osiris with a funerary text written using
a hieroglyphic script in eleven bounded
columns.
Fig.17 Wooden shabti box from 21st Dynasty [32].
- The fifth example is a 340 mm length
wooden shabti box from rom the 22nd
Dynasty (900 BC) with a jackal on its
lid. It was in display as a private
collection and shown in Fig.
Fig.18 [33]. It
was inscribed in four bounded columns
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using the hieroglyphic script. Its lid was
flat and the designer used the jackal
statue to raise the cover.
Fig.18 Wooden shabti box from 22nd Dynasty [33].
- The sixth example is a 410 mm height
painted wooden shabti box from the
Third Intermediate Period (850
(850-700 BC)
in display in the Walters Art Museum
and shown in Fig.19 [34]. The shabti
box was decorated by colored scenes for
some of the ancient Egyptian Deities
and inscribedd on its front panel by a
hieroglyphic text written in a single
bounded column.
Fig.19 Wooden shabti box from 3rd IP [34].
- The seventh example is a wooden shabti
box from Thebes during the 25th
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Dynasty (747-656
656 BC) in display in the
National Museums Scotland and shown
in Fig.20 [35]. It consisted of one
compartment with lid labelled by a Nile
boat. The box was inscribed by a
hieroglyphic text written within a
bounded row across the middle
perimeter of the box body.
two boats. The whole perimeter of the
box was inscribed using the hieroglyphic
text written in 22 columns with while
and light brown colors alternating with
each other. Black ink was used to write
the text inside the columns. This is a
master piecee in the art of shabti box
production. I am as an Egyptian citizen
is surprising how this wonderful artefact
can leave Egypt with the available
administration and military facilities
available nowadays !!!.

Fig.20 Wooden shabti box from 25th Dynasty [35].

- The eighth example is a 291 mm height

painted wooden shabti box of Priest Hor
from the 25th Dynasty (747-656
(747 BC) in
display in the British Museum at
London and shown in Fig.21 [36]. The m 25th Dynasty [36].
Fig.21 Wooden shabti box from
whole perimeter of the box was full of a
funerary text from the book of dead
written using hieroglyphic text in 16
bounded columns. Columns boundaries
and text were drawn using a black ink
that could sustain environmental effects
for more than 2700 years.
- The ninth example is a 310 mm length
painted wooden shabti box of Djit-Iset-
Djit
hebsed, singer of the Sanctuary of Amun
from the 25th-26th Dynasties (747-525
(747
BC) from the collection of Old Joseph
Nestor between 1910 and 1940 and was
in display for sale by Pierre Berge and
Associes with estimated price of 21,554 Fig.22 Wooden shabti box from 25th-26th Dynasties [37].
to 24,248 US$ and shown in Fig.22 [37].
The box had one compartment and one - The tenth example is a 280 mm length
domed lid designated by the scene
s of painted wooden shabti box from the

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25th-26th Dynasties (747-525 525 BC) in
display in the Petrie Museum at London
and shown in Fig.23 [38]. It had one
compartment with flat lid labelled by a
boat. The box was inscribed on its
perimeter in a red-color-bounded
bounded row
using the hieroglyphic text.
Fig.23 Wooden shabti box from 25th-26
- th Dynasties
[38].
- The eleventh example is a 60 mm length
terracotta shabti box of Ditamenpaankh
from the 25th Dynasty (715-656
(715 BC) in
display in the Cleveland Museum of Art
at Cleveland and shown in Fig.24 [39].
Fig.24 Wooden shabti box from 25th Dynasty [39].
It had a miniature design having one compartment
and a single flat lid The front panel was inscribed
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using the hieroglyphic text written in seven
bounded columns.
V. SHABTI BOXES OF THE LATE PERIOD
The Late Period of ancient Egypt comprised the
Dynasties from the 26th to the 30th over a time span
from 664 to 332 BC [40]. The use of shabti boxes
in the funerary practice continued to be practiced
during the Late Period of ancient Egypt, but with
less extend than in the New Kingdom and Third
Intermediate Period.od. We have five examples
depicting this use presented as follows:
- The first example is a shabti box of
Priest Montu Neser Amun from the 26th
Dynasty (664-525
525 BC) in display in the
Kunsthisterisches Museum at Vienna,
Austria and shown in Fig.25 [41]. It ha
had
one compartment and a single lid. The
front panel was decorated by a colored
scene for the owner presenting offerings
to some of ancient Egypt deities. The
was no inscriptions in the panel clear in
Fig.25..
Fig.25 Wooden shabti box from 26th Dynasty [41].
- The second example is a painted
wooden shabti box of lady Nehemsbast
from the Late Period (664-332
(664 BC) in
display in the National Museum of
Ireland and shown in Fig.26 [42]. A
scene for the owner lady was drawn in
the middle of the front panel of the box
surrounded by three columns from each
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side of hieroglyphic text written inside presented a colored scene for some of
bounded columns. ancient Egypt symbols and deities. In
front of each deity, the designer wrote
his name in a vertical un un-bounded
column using the hieroglyphic text.

Fig.28 Wooden shabti box panel from Late Period [44].

Fig.26 Wooden shabti box from Late Period [42].
- Thee fifth example is a shabti box of lady
- The third example is a painted wooden
shabti box of Pedilset from the Late
Period (664-337
337 BC) ) in display in the
National Museums Scotland and shown
in Fig.27 [43]. It had one compartment
and a single lid identified by a Nile boat.
The box was inscribed on its middle
perimeter in a bounded-single
single row.
Tadihastet from the Late Period (664(664-
332 BC) in display in the Egyptian
Museum at Barcelona, Spain and shown
in Fig.29 [45]. It had one compartment
with flat lid. It was inscribed in 32
bounded columns using the hier
hieroglyphic
script. The background color of the
columns changed alternatively.

Fig.27 Wooden shabti box from Late Period [43].

Fig.29 Shabti box from Late Period [45].
- The fourth example is painted wooden
panel from a 557 mm length shabti box
from the Late Period (664-332
(664 BC)
shown in Fig.27 [44]. The panel

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VI. CONCLUSIONS
- The paper investigated the evolution of
Mechanical Engineering in ancient Egypt
through the shabti boxes industry during the
Middle Kingdom to Late Period.
- It focused on the inscription of the shabti
boxed.
- They used wood as a raw material for shabti
boxes production coated with a layer of
plaster for painting scenes and text using
colored pigments.
- The practice of using shabti boxes in the
ancient Egyptian funerary process started
during the Middle Kingdom.
- They labelled some of their shabti boxes by
a boat scene (or more) on its lid during the
Middle Kingdom , Third Intermediate
Period and Late Period.
- Multi compartments shabti boxes appeared
during the New Kingdom and continued
during the Third Intermediate Period.
- They extensively decorated their wooden
shabti boxes during the New Kingdom,
Third Intermediate and Late Periods.
- They used the hieroglyphic script to inscribe
their shabti boxes since the Middle
Kingdom down to the Late Period.
- They inscribed their shabti boxes in single
bounded row, single bounded column and
multi bounded columns.
- In some of their shabti boxes, the perimeter
of the box body was full of funerary text.
- They designed box lids either flat (New
Kingdom to Late Period) or domed (Middle
Kingdom to Late Period).
- They combined text and scenes on the box
panels during the New Kingdom through the
Late Period.
- Outstanding professional inscriptions
appeared in colored columns with
alternative background colors during the
Third Intermediate and Late Periods.
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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 4 Issue 3, May - June 2018
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http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=74 ypt , 2018.
67 41. Global Egyptian Museum, Shabti box, 26th Dynasty,
23. Research Gate, Shabti box of Nia, Turin Cat. 2444, http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/advanced_result.a
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Shabti
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Shabti-box-of-Nia- spx?pag=118
Turin-Cat-2444-Nineteenth-Dynasty-H-30 30-5-cm-Photo- 42. Global Egyptian Museum, Shabti box of the lady
by-Nicola_fig2_322704745 Nehemsbast,
24. Tour Egypt, Sennedjem gallery, box of Khons, http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/record.aspx?id=2
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/sennedjemt3.htm 801
, 2018. 43. Nms Scan, Shabtis and model coffin,
25. British Museum, Shabti box, http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000
http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-190-
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online
w.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online 004-205-C
/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=125534&partId 44. Lot Art, Fantastic Egyptian wooden panel from shabti
=1&searchText=anhai&page=1 , 2017. box, https://www.lot-art.com/auction
art.com/auction-lots/Fantastic-
26. R. Koopman, Shabti box of Khaemter, RMO Leiden, Egyptian-wooden-panel-from-shabti
shabti-box/72-
https://www.flickr.com/photos/koopmanrob/3990631171/ fantastic_egyptian-22.10-ancient,, 2018.
in/album-72157620858973835/ 45. M. Scott, Late Period shabti box of Lady Tadibatet,
27. Research Gate, Shabti box of Nefermesi, https://twitter.com/hashtag/shabti?lang=ar
m/hashtag/shabti?lang=ar , 2016.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Shabti
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Shabti-box-of-
Nefermesi-Turin-Cat-2445-Twentieth-Dynasty Dynasty-H-30-cm-
Photo-by-Nicola_fig1_322704745
28. Wikipedia, Third Intermediate
rmediate Period of Egypt, BIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period
_of_Egypt , 2018.
29. Ushabtis, Shabti box of Pinedjem I, Cairo Museum,
https://www.ushabtis.com/royal-cache-db320/db320/
30. Ancient, Painted wooden shabti box of the Priest of
Amun, Amenhotep, https://www.ancient.eu/image/5233/
31. Liverpool Museums,
http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/wml/collections/ant
iquities/ancient-egypt/item-458598.aspx , 2018
32. Getty Images, Painted wood shabti abti box depicting the
deceased before Osiris,
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news--
photo/egyptian-civilization-new-kingdom--painted-wood-
shabti-box-news-photo/122225606#/egyptian
photo/122225606#/egyptian-
civilization-new-kingdom-painted-wood-shabti shabti-box-
depicting-picture-id122225606
33. Egypt Museum, Plyon-shaped
shaped shabti box with an
inscription and a statue of Anubis, https://egypt-
https://egypt
museum.com/post/164808905511/plyon-shaped shaped-shabti-
box-statue-anubis-thebes , 2017 Galal Ali Hassaan
34. Art the Walters, Box for shabtis or canopic jars, • Emeritus Professor of System Dynamics
http://art.thewalters.org/detail/2451/box-for
for-ushabtis-or-
canopic-jars/ and Automatic Control.
35. History Extra, Clay shabtis
btis and wooden shabti box from • Has got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Cairo
Thebes, https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-
https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient
egypt/seeking-eternity-5000-years-of-ancient
ancient-egyptian- University in 1970 and 1974.
burial/ , 2018.

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1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 447
 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 4 Issue 3, May - June 2018
• Has got his Ph.D. in 1979 from Bradford
University, UK under the supervision of
Late Prof. John Parnaby.
• Now with the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo
University, EGYPT.
• Research on Automatic Control, Mechanical
Vibrations , Mechanism Synthesis and
History of Mechanical Engineering.
• Published more than 230 research papers in
international journals and conferences.
• Author of books on Experimental Systems
Control, Experimental Vibrations and
Evolution of Mechanical Engineering.
• Chief Justice of the International Journal of
Computer Techniques.
• Member of the Editorial Board of some
international journals including IJET.
• Reviewer in some international journals.
• Scholars interested in the authors
publications can visit:
http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/galal

ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 448