Introduction:

Sewage:
•Also known as waste water
•The liquid waste obtained from a community.
•Includes discharges from latrines, urinals, & stables
•Discharges from industry & rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage:
a. Sanitary Sewage
b. Industrial Sewage
c. Combined Sewage

a. Sanitary Sewage: b. Industrial Sewage: c. Combined Sewage:

• Also known as Domestics Sewage •
• The foul discharges from
residential & commercial area
• It mainly includes discharges
from latrines, urinals, laundry etc
The foul discharges from • Combination of Sanitary
industries sewage & Storm water
• It includes discharges • Storm water is rain & snow
produced during the melt that runs off surfaces such
manufacturing of goods as rooftops, paved streets,
highways & parking lots.
 Sewerage System:
Sewerage:
• Sewage is produced everyday in towns & cities.
• Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
• Sewage has to be removed as early as possible.
• If not removed, it will cause insanitary condition
• The network of collecting & conveying sewage by water carriage
system through under ground pipes sewers is known as Sewerage.
Components of sewerage system are :
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

Drain: Man hole: Pumping Station:

Is a plumbing fixture that The opening or hole through Includes pumps &equipments
provides an exit-point for which a man can enter the sewer for pumping fluids.
waste water or water that line or other closed structure for Supplies water to remove
is to be re-circulated inspection and cleaning sewage from processing site
Sewer:
• Are the underground conduits or drains
• Used for carrying the sewage
•The most common types of sewer are:
I. Sanitary Sewer :
• Is a underground carriage system.
• Used for transporting sewage from houses and
commercial buildings
• Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas also
carry Industrial sewage.
• Sanitary sewage is collected with the help of
sanitary sewer line
• The sanitary sewer is attached to a main sewer.
• The main sewer runs directly to the sewage
treatment plant.
II. Storm Sewer:
• A storm sewer collects storm water with the help
of gutter & catch basin
• Gutter allow the storm water to drain from the
street directly into the storm sewer.
Sewer:
III. Combined Sewer:
• Type of sewer system
• Collects sanitary sewage & storm water run off in a single pipe system.
• Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer overflows
• Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather.
• This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SEWAGE SYSTEM :
Under the Building code are as follows:
• CLASS 1 ~ system is used for the disposal of human body wastes (no added water) and includes a
pit privy, a chemical toilet, a composting toilet, an incinerating toilet, a re-circulating toilet, a pail
privy, a portable privy and a privy vault.
• CLASS 2 ~ system can be used only for the treatment and disposal of grey water (waste-water not
containing human body waste), and water that is derived from plumbing fixtures such as kitchen
sinks, bath. rubs. washing machines. and laundry tubs. The system is adequate for disposal of grey
water only when the daily amount of such waste is small and site conditions are suitable.
• CLASS 3- system or cesspool is used for the disposal of the contents of certain Class 1 systems.
dwellings served by a composting toilet, a chemical toilet, a re-circulating toilet, a pail privy or
privy vault will require either a cesspool for on-site disposal or the services of a licensed sewage
hauler.
• CLASS 4 ~ system consists of a septic tank or an aerobic treatment unit and/or a leaching bed
system. Leaching bed systems are normally constructed as a standard tile bed.
• CLASS 5 ~ these systems consist of a minimum 9000 litre (2000 gallon) tank equipped with both
an audible and visual alarm that indicates that the tank is nearing capacity and needs pumping by a
licenced sewage hauler. These systems are only allowed in certain circumstances. The most
common allowable exception is to correct a malftunctioning system where a class 4 system cannot
be installed to correct the problem. The tank size must be seven (7) times the design daily sewage
flow.
Principles Of Sanitation:
Following are the principles for better
living condition:

 Waste materials like sewage should be

removed as early as possible

 Sewage after collection should be treated

within four hours.

 Effluent should be disposed of

immediately

 Building should be damp proof

Water supply should be regular &

sufficient so that the lavatories may be
done properly
 Features Of Sewerage System:
Main features of sewerage system are :
A. Collection B. Conveyance C. Treatment D. Disposal
A. Collection & Conveyance :
• Sewage is collected & conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
• The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
• Where sewerage system is not provided, sewage is
collected in septic or imhoff tank

C. Sewage Treatment:
• Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
• Objective is to produce an environmentally safe
treated effluent and sludge suitable for disposal or
reuse
• Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases or
endangering aquatic organisms,
 Sewage Treatment :
There are 2 types of treatment system:
I. Septic & Imhoff Treatment System II. Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)

I. A) Septic System:
• Consists of two major parts, the septic
tank & drain field

• The septic tank separates the sewage into

three components : Sludge(solid waste),
Scum (floatables) & Effluent (grey -
water)

• Working Of Septic Tank:

1. Sewage enters via the inlet pipe
2. Gravity pulls the solids to the base.
3. Scum layer is formed on the surface due to
anaerobic biological action.
4. Grey water leaves through the outlet pipe.
5. The effluent flows into a distribution box
which then distributes the effluent equally
among the trenches in the drain field.
Sewage Treatment :
Working Of Drain field:
1. The final treatment takes place in drain
field.

2. Effluent trickles out of the pipes, through

the gravel layer and passes into the soil

3. The soil filters the wastewater as it passes

through the pore spaces

4. The soil microbes deactivates the disease

germs that remain in the effluent

5. Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6. These processes work best where the soil

is dry, permeable, and contains plenty of
oxygen below the drain field.
Sewage Treatment :
I. B) Imhoff Treatment System:
• Is a 2 storied sludge digestion tank
• Invented by German scientist Mr. Karl
Imhoff

• Working Of Imhoff Tank:

1. Sewage enters via the inlet pipe
2. Settling of solids occurs in the upper
compartment.
3. Effluent leaves through the outlet pipe.
4. Sludge falls through the slot to the
digestion tank.
5. Anaerobic bacteria decomposes the
organic matter.
6. Digestion process generates biogas
7. Biogas escapes through gas vent
8. Digested sludge is removed by the sludge
removal pipe
 Sewage Treatment :
II. Waste Water Treatment
Plant:

• It includes physical, chemical, and

biological processes to remove
physical, chemical and biological
contaminants.

• Sewage treatment is a multistep

process

• Sewage treatment involves four

stages:
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
 Sewage Treatment Process:
1) Preliminary Treatment: A
• Removes large objects and non-degradable materials.
• Protects pumps and equipment from damage
• Consists of following:
a. Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten into
sewer system such as bricks, bottles, pieces of wood, etc B C
b. Grit Chamber removes rocks, gravel, broken glass,
etc
c. Mesh Screen removes diapers, combs, towels, plastic
bags, syringes, etc
 Sewage Treatment Process:
2) Primary Treatment:
• It is a physical process.
• Also known as sedimentation stage
• Sewage flow is slowed down
• Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
• The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
• Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank.
• Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment.
 Sewage Treatment Process:
3) Secondary Treatment:
• The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air.
• Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria.
• The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier.
• Microbes & organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier.
• Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion tank.
• The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment.
 Sewage Treatment Process:
4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment:
• It is a chemical process.
• Nitrogen, phosphorus, fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
• Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms.
• Common disinfectants used are ozone , chlorine & ultra violent rays.
• Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body.
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment:
• Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
• Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
• Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for drying
• Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
• Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment processes.
Sewage Treatment Process:
 Features Of Sewerage System:
D. Sewage Disposal :
• Is an action or a process of throwing away or
getting rid of sewage.

• Purpose of Sewage disposal:

 To conserve water resources.
 To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies.
 To help promote health & comfortable living
 To prevent the contamination of surface water
use for bathing and other resourceful uses.

• Various way of disposing sewage are:

1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration : Dumping of effluent into seas.
3) Agriculture: Using treated sludge as manure
4) Reuse of reclaimed water
 Reuse Of Effluent
 Reuse of treated effluent or grey water can be done in following ways :

Fire Fighting System Irrigation Flushing

Car wash Industries Road wash

SEWAGE & SEWERAGE SYSTEM

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