Preparatory Survey Report For Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project (Phase II) Final Report

THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR
YANGON CITY DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE (YCDC)
PREPARATORY SURVEY
FOR
GREATER YANGON
WATER SUPPLY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
(PHASE II)
SUMMARY
FEBRUARY 2017
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

TEC INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.
NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
NJS CONSULTANTS CO., LTD.
1R
JR
17- 027
PREPARATORY SURVEY
FOR
GREATER YANGON
(PHASE II)
SUMMARY
FEBRUARY 2017

Foreign Exchange Rate
1 USD = 109.2 JPY

1 USD = 1183.0 Kyat
1 Kyat = 0.0923 JPY
(As of July 2016)
Preparatory Survey for Greater Yangon Water Supply
Improvement Project (Phase II) SUMMARY
Proposed site for Intake

facility
Location Map
i
Phase 1 Feasibility Study:

Target Zone 7 and 8

Target Zone 1 and 9
Map of 33 townships in YCDC Area and 10 Water Supply Zones
ii
PREPARATORY SURVEY FOR GREATER YANGON WATER SUPPLY

IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (PHASE2)
Location Map
Table of Contents
List of Tables/ Figures
List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation for The Relevant Studies
Unit
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Outline of Phase 2 Project......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Outline of This Study ................................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF YANGON CITY............................................................. 3
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF MASTER PLAN .................................................................................. 4

3.1 Review of Planning Framework ............................................................................................... 4
3.2 Revised Supply Capacity Development.................................................................................... 5
3.3 Water Allocation to 10 Zones.................................................................................................... 6
3.4 Revised Main Water Supply Facilities ...................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT .............................................................................. 10

4.1 Appropriateness of The Site Location .................................................................................... 10
4.2 Water Quality and Treatment Process ..................................................................................... 10
4.3 Project Sites of WTP............................................................................................................... 12
4.4 Planning of Intake Facility ...................................................................................................... 13
4.5 Planning of Kokkowa WTP .................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 5 TRANSMISSION FACILITY .................................................................................. 22

5.2 Summary of Transmission Facilities for Zone 9 ..................................................................... 23
5.3 Summary of Transmission Facilities for Zone 1 ..................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 6 DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES OF ZONE 9 .......................................................... 28
CHAPTER 7 DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES OF ZONE 1 .......................................................... 31
CHAPTER 8 OPERATION, MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY .............................................. 35
i
8.1 Current Challenges to Existing Facilities ............................................................................... 35

8.2 Organization Structure for Maintenance ................................................................................. 35
8.3 Technical Assistance by the JICA Technical Assistance Project and by this Project .............. 35
CHAPTER 9 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME OF THE PROJECT .......................................... 36

9.1 Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project ......................................................................................... 36
9.2 Preparation of Implementation Schedule ................................................................................ 40
9.3 Organizational Structure for Implementing The Project ......................................................... 40
CHAPTER 10 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ..................................................... 43
CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................... 44

11.1 Environmental and Social Condition ...................................................................................... 44
11.2 Land Acquisition and Resettlement Issue ............................................................................... 44
11.3 Stakeholder Meetings for WTP Site ....................................................................................... 45
11.4 Social and Economic Interview Survey on the Proposed Alignment of Transmission
Pipeline along the Route No. 5 .............................................................................................. 45
CHAPTER 12 PROJECT EFFECTS ............................................................................................ 47

12.1 Quantitative Effects ................................................................................................................ 47
12.2 Qualitative Effects .................................................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER 13 RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 50
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1 Revised Water Demand and Service Level Targets for Yangon City ............................4
Table 3-2 Water Demand for Yangon City as per 2014 JICA Water MP (reference) ....................4
Table 3-3 Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City under This Study ......................5
Table 4-1 Target Water Quality after Treatment with Reference to Other Standards..................10
Table 9-1 Detailed Project Scope of Phase 2 Project ..................................................................37
Table 9-2 Roles and Responsibilities of Project Organizations ..................................................41
Table 12-1 Evaluation and Performance Indicators ....................................................................47
Table 12-2 Monitoring of Operation and Effect Indicators .........................................................48
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3-1 Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City.................................................6

Figure 3-2 Revised Water Supply System (2025) for This Project ...............................................8
Figure 3-3 Revised Water Supply System (2040) for This Project ...............................................9
Figure 4-1 Proposed Water Treatment Process ...........................................................................12
Figure 4-2 Land Acquisition Status of YCDC as of 31 July 2016 ..............................................12
Figure 4-3 Setting of Intake Location under Consideration ........................................................13
Figure 4-4 Proposed Layout of WTP (for 140 MGD) .................................................................15
Figure 4-5 Proposed Layout of WTP (1st Stage of 60 MGD)......................................................15
Figure 4-6 Layout Plan (1/2) .......................................................................................................17
Figure 4-7 Layout Plan (2/2) .......................................................................................................18
Figure 4-8 Water Level Chart......................................................................................................19
Figure 4-9 Flow Sheet (Intake) ...................................................................................................20
Figure 4-10 Flow Sheet (WTP) ...................................................................................................21
Figure 5-1 Stepwise Transmission Plan to Zone 9 SR/RPS ........................................................22
Figure 5-2 Layoutplan of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Station ...................................................24
Figure 5-3 Index MAP (Htantabin and Hlaing Tharyar TS) .......................................................25
Figure 5-4 Hlaing River Crossing Plan and Longitudinal Section ..............................................26
Figure 5-5 Index MAP (Yangon City).........................................................................................27
Figure 6-1 Distribution Main Pipe for Zone 9 in 2025 ...............................................................29
Figure 6-2 Distribution Pipe with DMA for Zone 9....................................................................30
Figure 7-1 Distribution Pipe with DMA for Zone 1....................................................................31
Figure 7-2 Distribution Main Pipes for Low Subzone by Gravity System from Kokine SR
(upper figure) and for High subzone by Pump System from Central SR (lower
figure)...................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 7-3 Layout Plan of Kokine SR.........................................................................................33
Figure 7-4 Layout Plan of Central SR.........................................................................................34
Figure 9-1 Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project ............................................................................37
Figure 9-2 Proposed Organizational Arrangement for Project Implementation .........................41
Figure 10-1 Financing Structure of JICA ODA Loan .................................................................43
Figure 10-2 Case of Grant Subsidy from Union Government ....................................................43
iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACH Aluminum Chlorohydrate
CIP Cast Iron Pipe
DCIP Ductile Cast Iron Pipe
DMA District Metered Area
EDWS Engineering Department (Water & Sanitation)
EHS Environmental, Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return
FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return
FS Feasibility Study
GIS Geographical Information System
HDPE High-Density Polyethylene
HHWL Highest High Water Level
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HWL High Water Level
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JPY Japanese Yen
Kyat Myanmar Kyat
L/A Loan Agreement
LLWL Lowest Low Water Level
LPCD (or lpcd) Liters Per Capita per Day
LWL Low Water Level
MG Million Gallons
MGD Million Gallons per Day
MoAI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation
MP Master Plan
MS Mild Steel Pipe
MVA Megavolt-Ampere
N/A Not Available
NRW Non Revenue Water
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
ODA Official Development Assistance
O&M Operation & Maintenance
PCP Prestressed Concrete Pipe
PS Pumping Station
RPS Relay Pumping Station
SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SHM StakeHolder Meeting
SR Service Reservoir
US$, USD United States Dollars
VFD Variable Frequency Drive
WHO World Health Organization
WTP Water Treatment Pant
YCDC Yangon City Development Committee
YRG Yangon Region Government
iv
ABBREVIATION FOR THE RELEVANT STUDIES

The Project for the Improvement of Water Supply, Sewerage and 2014 JICA Water MP or
Drainage System in Yangon City (JICA) Phase 1 FS
Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project (Phase 1) Phase 1 Project
The Project for Urgent Improvement of Water Supply System in
Japanese Grant Aid Project
Yangon City
This Study
Improvement Project (Phase 2)
Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project (Phase 2) This Project
UNIT
Area
1 Acre = 4046.86 m2 (square meter) = 0.404686 ha (hectare)
Length
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m (meter)
1 mi (mile) = 1.61 km (kilometer)
Volume
1 Gallon (imperial gallon) = 0.004546 m3 (cubic meter) = 4.546 l (liter)
1 MG (million imperial gallon) = 4546 m3 (cubic meter)
Pressure
1 MPa (Mega Pascal) = 10 bar ≒ 100 mAq as water head
v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Outline of Phase 2 Project
(1) Objectives
The project aims at improving water supply services to meet the increasing water demand by using
raw water from the Kokkowa River and constructing a new WTP and construction and rehabilitation
of associated transmission and distribution facilities, which in turn will contribute the improvement of
living environment and economic development of Yangon City.
(2) Implementing Organization

Engineering Department (Water and Sanitation), Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC)
(3) Assistance Activities Related to The Japanese Project

・ Japanese ODA Loans (Japanese ODA-loan) for “Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement
Project (Phase-1)”
・ Japanese Technical Cooperation for “The Project for Improvement of Water Supply
Management of YCDC”
・ Advisor on Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement in Yangon City
1.2 Outline of This Study
(1) Study Objectives

JICA study team is to firstly study and analyze the background, objectives and scope of the Project to
decide whether the Project is necessary or not. If the Project is confirmed necessary, JICA study team
is to study on appraisal items required for implementing the Project under the ODA loan project, such
as objectives, scope, cost, implementation schedule, implementation method (procurement and
construction), implementing organization, operation and maintenance organization, environmental and
social considerations, and so on. However, the Study itself does not mean that JICA promises ODA
loan to Myanmar counterpart.
(2) Study Method and Schedule

“The project for the improvement of water supply, sewerage and drainage system in Yangon city” was
conducted from 2012 to 2014 by JICA. It includes the preparation of water supply MP (2014 JICA
Water MP) and feasibility study of Zone 1. In this study, JICA study team has reviewed the MP and
updated in terms of future population, reflecting the 2014 census to confirm future water demand and
water balance in Yangon. Based on the updated demand, facility plan of Zones 1 and 9 was formulated
and compiled as Interim Report 1 (August 2015) and Interim Report 2 (February 2016). Considering
the comments in the Interim Reports and outcome of financial analysis, Draft Final Report was
1
prepared and submitted (April 2016). Subsequently, the Final Report was prepared and submitted
(February 2017) based on result of all the study outcomes and considering comments of counterpart on
the Draft Final Report.
2
CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF YANGON CITY
(1) Topography
Yangon city is situated at 34 km inland from the mouth of the Yangon River which traverses parts of
the Ayeyarwady delta. The relief of the city varies from flat plains to lowland hills in the central part.
Flat plains are extensive and occur mostly in the eastern and western parts as wide flat bottoms along
the rivers. These flat lands have elevation between about 3m (10ft) to 6m (20ft) above mean sea level.
Yangon city has, in the center, lowland hills commonly known as the faulty zone ponds with artificial
dams namely Kandawgyi Lake, Inya Lake, Hlawga Reservoir, Gyobyu Reservoir and Phugyi
Reservoir which used to be or are main sources of water supply system for YCDC. There are three
service reservoirs are located on the hills. A long and narrow spur of Pegu Yomas in the central area
runs almost in N-S direction with an average height of 30 m (100 ft) and slopes gradually into flat
plains towards east and west.
(2) Climate
Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate which consists of three seasons as listed below. It has an
annual rainfall of 2,700 mm, annual evaporation of 1,347 mm, average temperature of 27.4 oC,
maximum mean temperature of 33 oC, and minimum mean temperature of 21.8 oC.
- Summer season: March–mid May
- Rainy season: Mid May–October
- Dry season: October–February
(3) Rainfall
The annual mean rainfall is 2,700 mm. About 95% of the total annual rainfall occurs during the rainy
season from May to October based on data of 2001 to 2008 in Yangon (Kaba Aye).
3
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF MASTER PLAN
3.1 Review of Planning Framework
The outline of the 2014 JICA Water MP was reviewed. The population data of 2011 used in the MP
was estimated and not reliable. Now the reliable data of 2014 census data, is available and the study
team compared the census data with the data used in the MP in order to confirm whether the planning
framework is still valid or need to be modified. After the review, the study team has confirmed that the
framework is still valid with some minor modifications.
After the confirmation, water allocation up to 2040 (target year of the MP) is revised. The revised
water allocation is almost the same as in the MP with some numbers changed and the study team has
confirmed on the necessity of the 60 MGD Kokkowa system till 2025, target year of this study.
Table 3-1 Revised Water Demand and Service Level Targets for Yangon City
Item Unit/ Year 2014 2025 2040
Population 1,000 person 5,211 6,464 8,520
Served Population 1,000 person 1,845 3,618 6,661
Water Supply Coverage Ratio % 35 56 78
Unit Consumption (Domestic) City/suburbs* Lpcd 111/69 150/100 200/150
Unit Consumption (Non-domestic) Lpcd 74/46 100/67 133/100
City/suburbs *
Leakage Ratio % 50 25 10
Daily Average Water Demand 1,000 m3/day 643 1,072 2,174
Daily Maximum Water Demand 1,000 m3/day 708 1,179 2,391
Daily Average Water Demand MGD 142 237 477
Daily Maximum Water Demand MGD 156 258 525
Water Pressure MPa 0.075 More than 0.15Mpa
Supply Duration (average) Hour 8 24
Not
Water Quality - Drinkable
drinkable
Note: * The numbers in the Right are applied to South of CBD and New Suburbs Zone, and in the Left are for
other area.
Source: JICA Study Team
Table 3-2 Water Demand for Yangon City as per 2014 JICA Water MP (reference)
Item Year 2011 2025 2040
Unit Consumption (Domestic) * Lpcd 95 150/100 200/150
Unit Consumption (Non-domestic) Lpcd 63 100/67 133/100
City/suburbs *
4
Item Year 2011 2025 2040

Not
drinkable
other area.
Source: 2014-JICA Water MP
3.2 Revised Supply Capacity Development
(1) Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City

Although the Kokkowa River and the Toe River have been selected as additional water sources to
meet the demand after 2025 in the 2014 JICA Water MP, YCDC has identified the Pan Hlaing River as
another water source after the MP study. Considering the new water source of Pan Hlaing, water
development scenario proposed in the MP is revised in this Study as below.
Table 3-3 Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City under This Study
(Unit: MGD)
Year 2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Daily Maximum Demand 156 199 258 334 422 525
Water Source
(Reservoir (Dam) System)
Gyobyu Reservoir 27 27 27 27 27 27
Phugyi Reservoir 54 54 54 54 54 54
Hlawga Reservoir 14 14 14 14 14 14
Ngamoeyeik Reservoir 90 90 90 90 90 90
Wells 8 8 0 0 0 0
Lagunbyin Reservoir* - 30 30 30 30 30
Sub-total (1) 193 223 215 215 215 215
(River System)
Kokkowa Ph 1 - - 60 60 60 60
Pan Hlaing Ph 1 - - - 60 60 60
Kokkowa Ph 2 or Pan Hlaing Ph 2 -
- - - 100 190
or Toe
Sub-total (2) - - 60 120 220 310
Water Source Total 193 223 275 335 435 525
Balance (Supply – Demand) +37 +24 +17 +1 +13 0
Note: * Excluding 10 MGD capacity for Thilawa SEZ,
5
600
Water Demand 525
Water Demand and Source Development (MGD)
500
422
190 MGD
Kokkowa
400 Pan Hlaing
334 Toe
Pan Hlaing : 60 MGD
300 258
199 Kokkowa Phase1 : 60 MGD

200 Lagunpyin 30 MGD (Excluding 10 MGD for Thilawa SEZ)
148 156
Ngamoeyeik Phase2 : 45 MGD
100 Hlawga : 14 MGD
Phugyi : 54 MGD
Gyobyu : 27 MGD Tube wells : 0 MGD (Backup Source)
0 Tube wells : 8 MGD
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
Year
Figure 3-1 Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City
(2) Expansion Plan of Kokkowa WTP

The overall capacity in the plan of Kokkowa WTP will be set to be 140-180 MGD as it changes
depending on the amount of water rights which can be obtained for Pan-Hlaing River. Based on a
series of discussions with EDWS, the following expansion plan is tentatively formulated for this
Study.
Kokkowa Stage 1: 60 MGD (Total 60 MGD)
Construction of Pan-Hlaing WTP: Total 60-100 MGD (Under negotiation with MoAI)
Kokkowa Stage 2: +40 MGD (Total 100 MGD)
Kokkowa Stage 4: +40 MGD (Total 180 MGD) Will be decided depending on the capacity
of Pan-Hlaing WTP.
Although Stage 4 is indefinite, YCDC’s current targets are 140 MGD until Stage 3. The target of this
study is Stage 1 (60 MGD) from overall plan of Kokkowa WTP.
3.3 Water Allocation to 10 Zones
(1) Changed Points from the 2014 JICA Water MP

The areas in 10 zones proposed in the MP are not changed; however, locations of the two SRs for
Zones 2 and 3 are changed by EDWS considering SRs’ sites availability. Location of the Zone 2 SR is
shifted from the western side to the eastern side of the zone with name change from Tamway to
Thingangyun.
6
(2) Allocation to Zones 1 and 9 in 2025

Additional water source is required to meet water demand of Yangon city in 2025. According to the
proposed water balance, water from the Kokkowa supply system (60MGD) will cover all demand of
Zone 9 and partial demand of Zone 1 in 2025. Out of the 60 MGD treated water, 20 MGD water and
40 MGD water will be conveyed respectively to Zone 9 and Zone 1 separately. On the other hand, the
remaining 20 MGD water for Zone 1 will continue to be supplied via Yegu pumping station of the
existing reservoir system.
3.4 Revised Main Water Supply Facilities
The revised plans of facilities which will be built by 2025 and by 2040 are illustrated in Figures 3-2
and 3-3.
7

Figure 3-2 Revised Water Supply System (2025) for This Project
8

9
CHAPTER 4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT
4.1 Appropriateness of The Site Location
The Kokkowa WTP site is selected based on following considerations.
Since there is no appropriate place for development of dam as water source, River source
needs to be developed newly for Yangon.
High priority project within the proposed new resource developments
The raw water quality near intake point must satisfy standards in terms of salt concentration.
Stabilization of the River Course
Downstream Water User
Availability of large land area in the Yangon region.
Location has good access using the Route No. 5.
Flood Protection
The considered location is one of the best options, and is determined to be appropriate in consideration
of the technical viewpoint and O&M. Consequently, it is judged that the selected site is the most
appropriate one.
4.2 Water Quality and Treatment Process
(1) Drinking Water Quality Standard

The target treated water quality is set as the same as in the 2014 JICA Water MP, considering standards
in Myanmar and WHO.
Table 4-1 Target Water Quality after Treatment with Reference to Other Standards
Parameters Allowable Value WHO standards Myanmar standards
pH 6.5 – 8.5 N/A 6.5 – 8.5
Taste Foul smell and taste are not detected Acceptable Acceptable
Odor Foul smell and taste are not detected Acceptable Acceptable
Color 5 true color units 15 true color units 15 true color units
5 NTU (1 NTU for target turbidity of treated
Turbidity 1 NTU for target 5 NTU
water in WTP)
Standard plate
< 100CFU/mL N/A N/A
count
Fecal
Not to be detected Not to be detected 0
coliforms
To be detected (at service tap by direct supply
and before storage tank of customer)
Residual
The residual chlorine at the exit of WTP shall < 5.0 mg/L N/A
chlorine
be set separately, considering the travel time to
the end of the service area.
Zinc (Zn) < 1.0 mg/L N/A < 3.0 mg/L
Aluminum < 0.2 mg/L N/A < 0.2 mg/L
10

(Al)
Iron (Fe) < 0.3 mg/L N/A < 1.0 mg/L
Copper (Cu) < 1.0 mg/L < 2.0 mg/L < 2.0 mg/L
Manganese
< 0.05 mg/L < 0.4 mg/L < 0.4 mg/L
(Mn)
Hardness < 100 mg/L N/A < 500 mg/L
Chloride ion < 200 mg/L N/A < 250 mg/L
Sulfide < 200 mg/L N/A < 250 mg/L
Source: 2014 JICA Water MP, WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality, fourth edition and National drinking water quality
standards Myanmar (September 2014)
(2) Raw Water Quality

EDWS’s laboratory has started water quality tests of the Kokkowa River since May 2015. Variation in
average turbidity is 517 NTU in rainy season and 150 NTU in dry season based on combined results of
these tests, Phase 1 study and other F/S(s). The following salient features are observed in terms of
water quality of Kokkowa River.
In general, high level of Turbidity, Color and Iron are observed.
These parameters generally increase during rainy seasons.
(3) Sedimentation Characteristics

The study team investigated sedimentation characteristic of Kokkowa River water. The water sample
was filled in measuring cylinder, and turbidity of surface water was measured at specified intervals of
settling in rainy season (May – October, 2015) and in dry season (November, 2015- April, 2016).
Trend of turbidities indicates that average turbidity reaches a constant level after 12 hours of settling.
On the other hand, the turbidity of river water exceeding 1,000 NTU was observed during about ten
(10) days when the long duration rain continued during the end of July to early August 2015. In case
of such high level of turbidity, just after settlement of 36 hours the turbidity reduces to less than 100
NTU, and it attains steady value of nearly 50 NTU after 48 hours of settlement. Therefore, the team
proposes that size of pre-sedimentation pond should be equivalent to 48 hours of storage volume based
on these results.
(4) Water Treatment Process

The main aim of water treatment is to reduce turbidity, color, iron and manganese to acceptable levels.
High turbidity, color, iron and manganese concentration can be removed by process of
coagulation-sedimentation and rapid sand filtration. Therefore, conventional treatment process is
applicable considering raw water quality of Kokkowa River.
11
Pre- Chemical
chlorination Dosing Intermediate-
chlorination
M
Post-
chlorination
Leading Canal
Pre-sedimentation
Pond Receiving Rapid Flocculation Sedimentation Filter
Ｐ
Well Mixing Basin Basin
Ｐ
Basin Clear Water Transmission
Reservoir Pump
Intake Gate Lift Pump Wash Water Drainage Basin
Sludge Sludge Sun Drying

Basin Thickener Bed
Figure 4-1 Proposed Water Treatment Process
4.3 Project Sites of WTP
(1) Land Acquisition Status of YCDC

Existing situation of the land obtained by YCDC is as follows (as of July 2016). An illustration of the
acquisition of the Project sites that would be required for Project facilities is shown in the following
Figure. However, the acquired land is insufficient with 20 Acres for 60MGD of pre-sedimentation
pond with 48 hours retention time.
For Intake Facility : 16,187 m2 (4 Acre)
First obtained land for WTP : 137,593 m2 (34 Acre)
Additional obtained land for WTP : 31,379 m2 (7.754 Acre)
Total of obtained land by YCDC : 185,159 m2 (45.754 Acre)
Source: YCDC and edited by JICA Study Team

Figure 4-2 Land Acquisition Status of YCDC as of 31 July 2016
12
(2) Additional Land for Pre-sedimentation Pond

60MGD of pre-sedimentation pond with 48 hours retention time requires large areas of lands; however
that could be compensated by small amount of ACH dosing that has a high-cost. Therefore, the result,
land acquisition cost could be recovered in a short period of time. The cost comparison of
pre-sedimentation pond for 12 and 48 hours retention time is made. Pre-sedimentation pond with 48
hours can reduce the chemical cost of about 28.2 million USD in ten years. Therefore, the study team
proposed and agreed that size of pre-sedimentation pond should be equivalent to 48 hours of storage
volume based on the result of jar tests by YCDC (refer to Figure 4-5).
4.4 Planning of Intake Facility
(1) Intake Point/ Form of Leading Canal for WTP

The intake point is to be drawn directly from Kokkowa River based on discussion between MoAI,
YCDC and Study Team. The form of leading canal for WTP will be finally decided according to the
availability of land form which will be purchased under 2016/17 budget of YCDC.

Figure 4-3 Setting of Intake Location under Consideration
(2) Proposed Capacities of Intake

There exists the MOAI’s embankment along the Kokkowa River that is an important facility to protect
against flood water. Therefore, repeated construction of the intake facilities should be avoided and
one-time construction is proposed. Hence, intake facilities need to be constructed with 154 MGD (140
MGD x 110%) capacity which is the final capacity at this moment. It is considered that
pre-sedimentation pond and lift pumps of 66 MGD (60 MGD x 110%) be the candidate under this
plan.
13
(3) Planning Policy of Intake Facility

The location of intake point and WTP in this project is close to the Kokkowa River. Since fluctuation
in water level of the river is large, fluctuation in pump head is also large. However, using the river
water level effectively as natural power at the time of high-water level in river, the pump head
becomes small and electric power cost can be reduced. Therefore, Kokkowa water is led to WTP by
gravity, and lift pumps are installed at the starting point of treatment process. In addition, policy of
intake planning is as follows.
Effective use of natural power sources
In order to avoid interruption in operation of WTP, intake gates are set below LLWL of the
Kokkowa River.
High turbidity in raw water is reduced using pre-sedimentation pond in order to reduce
consumption of chemical.
To use surface water with low turbidity (of pre-sedimentation pond) than using low layer water.
4.5 Planning of Kokkowa WTP
(1) Planning Policy of Kokkowa WTP

For planning of Kokkowa WTP, the following 5 targets are considered to be achieved and this WTP
can provide as a model in Myanmar.
Target- 1: Scalable System

A simple train system with easy extension: One train unit is planned from lift pump to clear
water tank, one train has the capacity of 20 MGD, and then, 7 trains will be installed to achieve
the planned capacity of 140 MGD finally.
Target- 2: Stable Supply
Secure stabilized amount of water from the river
Secure the process of sludge treatment to deal with large amount of mud
Raising up of WTP’s ground level as measure against flood and inundation
Target- 3: Water Quality Control
Process that can treat raw water having high turbidity
Water quality monitoring by introduction of automatic measuring equipment
Avoiding dangerous chemicals by using sodium hypochlorite for disinfection
Target- 4: Operation and Maintenance
Collection of data on flow rate in each treatment process by SCADA
Adjustable equipment of chemical injection considering the fluctuation in raw water quality
Target- 5: Environmental Consideration
Reduction of power consumption of pump by inverter control
Introduction of back-washing method for filters to reduce consumption of unnecessary pump
power
14
(2) Layout Plan of Kokkowa WTP

As is proposed in the preceding section and as YCDC has agreed to acquire additional land in the
fiscal year 2016/17 to have 60 MGD of pre-sedimentation pond with 48 hours retention time, layout of
the WTP is planned for 60 MGD capacity. Firstly, layout of the 140 MGD WTP is considered and then,
layout of the 60 MGD WTP is proposed.

Figure 4-4 Proposed Layout of WTP (for 140 MGD)

Figure 4-5 Proposed Layout of WTP (1st Stage of 60 MGD)
15
(3) Proposed Facilities for WTP

The facilities of Intake/WTP are planned as listed in the Table 9-1.
16
Layout Plan (1/2)
Figure 4-6
17
Layout Plan (2/2)
Figure 4-7
18
Water Level Chart
Figure 4-8
19
Flow Sheet (Intake)
Figure 4-9
20
Flow Sheet (WTP)
Figure 4-10
21
CHAPTER 5 TRANSMISSION FACILITY

(1) Outline of Planning
This facility is planned to convey treated water from Kokkowa WTP to Zone 9 SR. From the WTP, all
treated water is planned to be conveyed to Zone 9 SR because of the geographical conditions;
therefore water which is to be conveyed to the Zones on the eastern side of the river passes through
Zone 9. The distance between WTP and Zones is far. As a result, Zone 9 SR is planned to perform both
as a service reservoir for Zone 9 and as a Relay PS (hereinafter referred to as “RPS”) to convey water
to other Zones.
Development of
Transmission Pipeline (60 MGD) Zone 9 Pump & Network
60 MGD WTP P P To Zone 9
SR/RPS
Area
P
To Zone 1
SR
Pumps and Pipelines
for Transmission
(i) Planned Water Supply in 2025 (For This Project)
Development of
Pump & Network
Transmission Pipeline (60 MGD) Zone 9 To Zone 9
60 MGD WTP P SR/RPS P
Area
P P
Additional Transmission Pipeline
Expanded WTP P To SRs in
Zone 1 +
Pumps and Pipelines Other Zones
for Transmission
(expansion)
(ii) Planned Water Supply in the Future
Figure 5-1 Stepwise Transmission Plan to Zone 9 SR/RPS
(2) Route and Laying Position of Transmission Pipeline

During the 60 MGD Kokkowa WTP development by 2025, following large diameter pipelines are
planned to be laid along the Route No. 5;
Transmission pipeline from the WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS (This Project)
Transmission pipeline from the Zone 9 SR/RPS to Zone 1 SRs (This Project)
Distribution main from Zone 9 SR to Zone 9 area (YCDC Project)
Since Route No. 5 is the only road connecting between the WTP and Zone 9 SR, pipelines mentioned
above are planned to be laid along the Route No. 5. The transmission facilities are planned as listed in
the Table 9-1. This facility is divided roughly into the following two based on functions.
22
5.2 Summary of Transmission Facilities for Zone 9
This facility transmits all 60 MGD treated water from Kokkowa WTP to RPS. RPS is combined with
Zone 9 SR and constructed in the same site. The facilities are planned as listed in the Table 9-1.
5.3 Summary of Transmission Facilities for Zone 1
This facility transmits 40 MGD treated water from Relay Pump Station to existing Kokine SR for Low
subzone in Zone 1 by gravity. On the other hand, reservoir water of 22.1 MGD is transmitted from
existing Yegu Pump Station to Central SR reconstructed for High subzone in Zone1 by pumping. The
facilities are planned as listed in the Table 9-1.
23
Layoutplan of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Station
Figure 5-2
24
Index MAP (Htantabin and Hlaing Tharyar TS)
Figure 5-3
25
Figure 5-4 Hlaing River Crossing Plan and Longitudinal Section
26
Index MAP (Yangon City)
Figure 5-5
27
CHAPTER 6 DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES OF ZONE 9
The daily maximum demand of 1 MGD will increase to 19 MGD by 2025 and to 49 MGD by 2040.
For equitable distribution of water, the entire area of Zone 9 is divided into 23 DMAs and 27 DMAs in
2025 and 2040 respectively. As a result of the hydraulic analysis, distribution main pipe network for
the demands of 2025 have been decided as given in the Figure 6-1, 6-2 and Table 9-1.
28

Figure 6-1 Distribution Main Pipe for Zone 9 in 2025
29

Figure 6-2 Distribution Pipe with DMA for Zone 9
30
The daily maximum demand of 44 MGD in the Zone1 will increase to 54 MGD by 2025 and to 71
MGD by 2040. Distribution main facilities are planned for the demand in 2040 considering that it is
not easy to lay large diameter pipelines in densely populated city area with heavy traffic on roads. Two
SRs are planned in Zone 1; From Kokkowa system, 40 MGD of water is planned to be delivered to
existing Kokine SR to be distributed in Low subzone through gravity. On the other hand, water from
existing Yegu system is planned to be conveyed to Central SR to be distributed in High subzone. Zone
1 (Figure 7-1) has been divided into 37 DMAs (19 DMAs in Low subzone and 18 DMAs in High
subzone). The distribution facilities are planned as listed in the Table 9.1.

Figure 7-1 Distribution Pipe with DMA for Zone 1
31

Figure 7-2 Distribution Main Pipes for Low Subzone by Gravity System from Kokine SR
(upper figure) and for High subzone by Pump System from Central SR (lower figure)
32
Layout Plan of Kokine SR
Figure 7-3
33
Layout Plan of Central SR
Figure 7-4
34
CHAPTER 8 OPERATION, MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY
8.1 Current Challenges to Existing Facilities
There are some challenges in the fields of operation and maintenance, equipment, quality control and
structure in the Nyaunghnapin WTP, maintenance and standardization of specification, manuals and
procedures on transmission and distribution pipes and water supply equipment, and customer
management.
8.2 Organization Structure for Maintenance
It is necessary to practice operation and maintenance methods of existing facilities and equipment by
their manuals and by suppliers’ demonstration for prolonging their lives.
Operation and maintenance methods in the Kokkowa WTP should be considered in reference to ones
in Japan because many kinds of mechanical and electrical equipment will be installed in the Kokkowa
WTP that will treat river water for the first time in Yangon. Some operation and maintenance manuals
are developed as reference for establishing the organization structure and preparing manuals for
Kokkowa system and for developing capacities of YCDC engineers.
It is also necessary to improve on the maintenance of pipes, meter reading, billing and water charge
collection. In addition, public relations and awareness activities should be implemented positively to
execute projects in good relationships with customers.
8.3 Technical Assistance by the JICA Technical Assistance Project and by this
Project
As of July 2016, the ongoing JICA technical assistance project includes capacity development of
YCDC for improvement of water utility management, NRW reduction and water quality management.
In this project, it is proposed that experts will be dispatched to assist design of distribution facility with
DMAs and procurement of SCADA in Zone 9 by YCDC own budget.
Moreover, Techniques of operation and maintenance such as information analysis and operation
manual improvement will also be transferred to YCDC by dispatching experts and by sharing
information about 60 MGD facilities on SCADA system with a Japanese local government and/or a
Japanese maintenance company in Japan online.
35
CHAPTER 9 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME OF THE PROJECT
9.1 Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project
The outline of the scope of works of Phase 2 project is summarized as below.
Candidate scopes of work under Japanese ODA loan

Scope 1: Construction of Kokkowa WTP (60 MGD)
Scope 2: Construction of transmission facilities from Kokkowa WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS (Zone
9 SR/RPS, transmission pipeline from WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS)
Scope 3: Construction of transmission facilities from Zone 9 SR/RPS to Zone 1 (transmission
pipeline from Zone 9 SR/RPS to Zone 1 and River crossing)
Scope 4: Modernization and restructuring of distribution facilities of Low subzone in Zone 1
(Repair of Kokine SR, distribution main pipes, distribution pipe network with 19 DMAs)
Scope 5: Modernization and restructuring of distribution facilities of High subzone in Zone 1
(Reconstruction of Central SR with PS, distribution main pipes, distribution pipe network with
18 DMAs)
Scope 6: Procurement of vehicles (for use during the detailed design and construction
supervision; eight (8) four-wheel drive vehicle)
Scopes of work under YCDC’s own budget

Scope 7: Landfill for WTP
Scope 8: Distribution facilities of Zone 9
36

Figure 9-1 Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project
The detailed project scope to be considered under Phase 2 project is given in the Table below.
Table 9-1 Detailed Project Scope of Phase 2 Project

Facility Name Quantity Capacity Type Remarks
Eligible
Scope 1: Construction of Kokkowa WTP
Leading Canal with River W 1500 mm x H 1500 mm of
Bank Protection, 1 Unit 140 MGD Square Gate with screen x 6 nos.
1 Intake Facilities
Surface Area: 100,000 m2
Pre-Sedimentation pond 1 Unit 60 MGD
Storage volume =812,000 m3
Lift Pump House (Civil
2a 1 Unit 60 MGD Auto Screen x 2 nos.
work)
Lift Pump House Pump Unit: 5 nos. 20 MGD x H
Double suction volute pump by
2b (Mechanical and (3 operation + 2 18m x Approx.
A VFD control
Electrical) stand-by) 300 kW
3 Receiving Well 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD
Rapid Mixing Basin 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD Flash mixer, Overflow weir
Horizontal and vertical zigzag
Flocculation Basin 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD
4 flow
Upflow type with tube settler
Sedimentation Basin 1 Unit (6 Basins) 60 MGD
and Mechanical sludge collector
5 Rapid Sand Filter 1 Unit (24 Filters) 60 MGD Self-backwashing type
6 Clear Water Tank 1 Unit (3 Lots) V=4125 m3 x3
37

Lots
Chemical Dosing Liquid ACH, Liquid
7 1 Unit (3 Lots) 60 MGD
Facilities Hypochlorite
Transmission Pump
8a 1 Unit 60 MGD
Station (Civil work)
Transmission Pump Pump Unit: 4 nos. 20 MGD x H Double suction volute pump
8b (Mechanical and (3 operation + 1 38m x Approx. with Flywheel by ON-OFF
Electrical) stand-by) 720kW control
Wash Water Drainage
9 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD Discharge Pump x 9 nos.
Basin
Sludge Withdrawal Pump x 6
10 Sludge Basin 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD
nos.
11 Thickener 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD
12 Drying Bed 1 Unit (9 Basins) 60 MGD
Central Administration
Administration Facility,
Building, Laboratory, SCADA
Laboratory,
13 1 Unit 60 MGD Room, Warehouse, Road,
Accomodation Building
Lighting, Drainage, Fence,
for WTP staff, etc
Landscaping etc.
Sub Power Station
Diesel engine generator 6MVA,
14 Facilities, 1 Unit 60 MGD
built-in radiator
Generator System
15 SCADA System of WTP 1 Unit 60 MGD
Scope 2: Construction of Transmission Facilities from Kokkowa WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS
Diameter: 1600
B 1a Transmission Pipe Length: 21.4 km Pipe Material: DCIP and/or MS
mm
Zone9 SR including
Relay Tank (Civil work)
a 1 Unit 12.2 MGD
including Administration
Facility (Civil work)
Relay Pumps Station at
Pump Unit: 4 nos. 16.3 MGD x H
Zone9 SR/RPS Double suction volute pump
(3 operation + 1 87 m x Approx.
C (Mechanical and with Flywheel by VFD control
stand-by) 1250 kW
Electrical) for Zone1
b Sub Power Station
Diesel engine generator 9 MVA,
Facilities, 1 Unit
built-in radiator
Generator System
SCADA System of
1 Unit
Transmission Flow
Pump Unit: 2 nos. Capacity: 76 m3/
Double suction volute pump
Distribution Pumps (1 operation + 1 min x H 40 m x
with Flywheel by VFD control
Station for Zone 9 stand-by) Approx. 720 kW
Z 1
(Mechanical and Pump Unit: 2 nos. Capacity: 32 m3/
Electrical) (1 operation + 1 min x H 40 m x
with Flywheel by VFD control
stand-by) Approx. 375 kW
Scope 3: Construction of Transmission Facilities from Zone 9 SR/RPS to Zone 1
Length: 16.4 km Dia. 1600 mm Pipe Material : DCIP and/or MS
1b Transmission Pipe
Shield Dia. 2400
B Transmission Pipe Under
mm
2 Crossing Hlaing River by Length: 0.6 km Pipe Material : DCIP and/or MS
Pipe Dia. 1600
shield method
mm
38

Dia. 1400 mm x
1000mm,
Dia. 1050 mm x
Tentative Connection
1000mm,
pipe to Existing pipe by
3 4 locations Dia. 750 mm x
Non-stoppable Tapping
700mm,
method
and Dia. 700
mm Valve
Insertion
Scope 4: Modernization and Restructuring of Distribution Facilities of Zone 1 (Low subzone)
Repair of Kokine SR
including Installation
1 1 Unit 20 MGD
Infrow and Outflow
Valves
Pipe Material: DCIP and/or MS
Distribution Main Pipe
Dia. 300 ~2000 Pipe jacking method (Railway
2 (including Pipe Jacking Length: 38.5 km
mm crossing): 2 nos. ; Dia. 600 mm
method)
and Dia. 1200 mm
D
Distribution Pipe with Dia. 100 ~250 Pipe Material : HDPE and/or
Length: 218.3 km
DMA mm DCIP
Service Connection
103,200 nos.
3 Replacement
Customer Meter
Replacement & 103,200 nos.
Installation
4 SCADA System of DMA 19 nos.
Scope 5: Modernization and Restructuring of Distribution Facilities of Zone 1 (High subzone)
Reconstruction of Central
5a 1 Unit 8.3 MGD
SR (Civil work)
Pump Unit: 2 nos. Capacity: 67 m3/ Type: Double suction volute
Distribution Pumps for (1 operation + 1 min x H 42 m x pump with Flywheel by VFD
Zone 1 (High) stand-by) Approx. 660 kW control
5b
(Mechanical and Pump Unit: 2 nos. Capacity: 32 m3/ Type: Double suction volute
Electrical) (1 operation + 1 min x H 42 m x pump with Flywheel by VFD
stand-by) Approx. 375 kW control
Power Line and Sub
6 Power Station Facilities, 1 Unit
built-in radiator
Generator
Dia. 200 ~1400
D 7 Distribution Main Pipe Length: 22.9 km Pipe Material : DCIP and/or MS
mm
Length: 212.0 km
DMA mm DCIP
Service Connection
49,100 nos.
8 Replacement
Customer Meter
Installation
Replacement of Pump Capacity: 11
Pump Unit: 3 nos.
Equipment and Related MGD x H 53 m Type: Double suction volute
10 (2 operation + 1
Electrical Facilities at x Approx. 450 pump by ON-OFF control
stand-by)
Yegu Pump Station kW
Scope 6: Procurement of vehicles
Purchasing 4WD Used
39

Car for Consulting
Service
Non Eligible
Amount of earth
Landfill (Civil work) for
Y 1 fill soil: about
WTP
210,000 m3
Scope 8: Distribution Facilities of Zone 9
Dia. 300 ~2000 Pipe Material : HDPE, DCIP
2 Distribution Main Pipe Length: 43.2 km
mm and/or MS
Z Distribution Pipe with Dia. 100 ~300
3 Length: 636.9 km Pipe Material : HDPE
DMA mm
9.2 Preparation of Implementation Schedule
If the Project is financed through Japanese ODA Loan, the Government of Myanmar must follow JICA
procurement guidelines for the selection of the consultants and the contractors to implement the
Project. Implementation of the project is estimated to require the duration of about 9.0 years in total
from the signing of L/A to taking into account of all the necessary steps.
The construction schedule is prepared for pipe works mainly depending on the procedure, work
volume and working party. Construction works might need to be suspended or cancelled/changed for
safety reasons especially for drainage of rain water inside trench in rainy season during May to
October. Construction works of 5 packages of construction are estimated to require about 5.3 years
from start to finish
9.3 Organizational Structure for Implementing The Project
An organizational structure for the Project consists of Project Coordination Committee (PCC) and
Project Management Unit (PMU).
40
Table 9-2 Roles and Responsibilities of Project Organizations

Project organization Institutions responsible Role and responsibility
Project Coordination Committee: Regional government, Project coordination for planning and
PCC YCDC, Related ministries implementation
Project Management Unit: PMU EDWS Project management
Supervision
Monitoring and coordination
Allocation of budget
Project Coordination Committee (PCC)
Regional Government [ YCDC ] Water & Sanitation,

Development affairs Committee Members office,
Budget & Account, Road &
MoF(Budget Bridge, Township Executive
Department),MOC office
Project Management
Unit (PMU)
Project Director
Deputy Project Director
Project Manager
Project Engineer Financial

(including Procurement) Manager
Accounting
staff

Figure 9-2 Proposed Organizational Arrangement for Project Implementation
(1) Project Coordination Committee (PCC)

PCC is a supreme organization related to project implementation. The committee meeting will be held
regularly, for instance quarterly in addition to the beginning and completion of the project. PCC shall
be co-chaired by YCDC. The main functions of PCC will be as follows:
Approving work plans and budgets for the project
Monitoring and reviewing progress of activities of various concerned agencies
Opening of regular meetings for committee
Coordinating stakeholders relevant to the project activities of other institutions, dispute
settlement, enhancing smooth project implementation
Monitoring and reviewing the activity progress by the relevant institutions
Identifying problems and bottlenecks in course of implementing various activities by the
41
concerned agencies and suggest ways and means to solve the problems and bottlenecks
Identifying issues which need to be considered, discussed, and coordinated
Coordinating follow-up actions
(2) Project Management Unit (PMU)

PMU shall be established within EDWS and ad-hoc entity to be established for the project
implementation. PMU is aimed at enhancing management and monitoring of the project, and be an
independent organization to implement the specified project during the limited period. PMU shall be
tasked with managing and monitoring the day-to-day activities of the project at the field level. The
Project Director has the responsibility and authority for overall activities including coordination
between sections and with construction companies to ensure the progress of the project within the
implementation period. The main functions are listed as follows.
To be comprehensively responsible for project implementation in accordance with the loan
contract
To coordinate and manage the Project activities
To establish a monitoring and evaluation system that would track the progress of the Project
Supervising and monitoring the day-to-day project activities
Preparing project implementation and work plan and reporting the progress of the project with
the assistance of the consultant
Arranging and supervising construction works
Arranging procurement of goods, works and services for the project
Receiving and distributing funds for project activities
Maintaining accounts of the project and arrange audit
42
CHAPTER 10 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Since the actual water tariff level applied at the base case scenario of the financial analysis is set too
low to even recover the recurrent O&M cost besides the massive initial investment, the projected
financial cash flow is kept negative over almost the whole project lifetime. The financial internal rate
of return (FIRR) is estimated at minus 18.7 % which indicates that the project is not financially viable.
The economic internal rate of return (EIRR) is estimated at 14.3 % thus the project is deemed
economically feasible.
The financial challenge faced by the project is that funding requirement is very large and the YCDC’s
water supply service is not profitable by nature. In order to ensure financial soundness of YCDC, it is
required to increase water tariff to cover O&M cost, initial investment and financial cost that derives
from the ODA loan on-lending through the central government. According to the financial projection
results, water tariff increase should by over 50 % in 2019 and 2023 in 4 scenarios. In order to ease the
drastic hike in water tariff, it is necessary that the central government provides grant subsidy to YCDC
to cover a part of the own-fund portion of initial investment and repayment obligation of subsidiary
loan originated from the JICA ODA loan proceeds (See figures below).
ODA Subsidiary YCDC Own Fund

Loan Loan + Loan Proceeds
Union
JICA
Government
YCDC Project
Loan Loan
Repayment Repayment
Figure 10-1 Financing Structure of JICA ODA Loan
Grant Subsidy
ODA (Own Fund Portion)
Loan
Union
JICA
Government
YCDC Project
Loan
Repayment Grant Subsidy
(ODA Loan Portion)
Figure 10-2 Case of Grant Subsidy from Union Government
On the assumption of 3 to 4 % of household income affordability criteria, the increased water tariff
level in all the four cases are lower than 3 %, indicating the required tariff increase is considered
affordable by the domestic customers.
43
CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
11.1 Environmental and Social Condition
Environmental Conservation Law (2012) and Environmental Conservation Rules (2014) have been
instituted in Myanmar and the EIA Procedure was published in January 2016. In the EIA Procedure,
water supply project with surface water is not included in the list of project requiring IEE/EIA
procedure.
During the construction and operation period, the appropriate management shall be executed for
environmental conservation for air quality, water quality, waste disposal, and noise following WHO,
EHS, and Myanmar guidelines. Also, the vulnerability to climate change caused by flood and drought
is not expected by the considerable facility design. There is no cultural heritage building, endangered
species, protected area, and traditional settlement of indigenous ethnic minority groups in the proposed
construction site and project affected area. The project will contribute to the encouragement of gender
equality and be managed with gender consideration and HIV prevention measures.
11.2 Land Acquisition and Resettlement Issue
Currently, there is no law in Myanmar, comprehensively stipulating on land acquisition and

resettlement matters. The Land Acquisition Act, enacted in 1894, is still serves as the legal basis for
land acquisition. Resettlement related issues are described in some existing laws and regulations.
However, in most of cases, details such as procedures and conditions related to resettlement issues are
yet to be determined. Therefore, the land acquisition and resettlement procedure in this project will be
taken following JICA Guidelines and World Bank OP 4.12. Responsible organization will be EDWS
chaired by the Chief Engineer and the resource of compensation, income restoration program and
related operation will be included in the budget of Engineering Department.
(1) The land acquisitions of 42.68 Acre of construction site for WTP were completed in 2015 for
which involuntary resettlement were not required. In addition, land acquisition procedures of
YCDC for the additional land of 20 Acre for the pre-sedimentation pond were initiated by
organizing a procurement committee and a management committee in January of 2017. All 20
Acres are the paddy fields and settlement of households are not identified in. Therefore involuntary
resettlement will be not be required by the acquisition.
(2) Alternatives of transmission pipe laying location are studied and recommended from the technical,
operational, environmental and social viewpoints in this Study. As of January 2017, 41 illegal
occupancies were scattered along the proposed alignment of transmission pipeline. However, a
relocation plan of illegal households along the Route No. 5 by the Yangon region government has
not announced yet.
44
(3) Departure shaft and working space for river crossing of transmission pipe will be conducted in
MoAI’s land, and YCDC is waiting for the permission letter for tentative occupation.
(4) The construction sites for service reservoirs are located in YCDC properties. Therefore, land
acquisition and involuntary resettlement will not be required.
(5) The distribution pipes will be installed under the existing city roads owned by YCDC. Therefore,
land acquisition and involuntary resettlement will not be required.
11.3 Stakeholder Meetings for WTP Site
(1) Explanatory Meeting held in April 2015

On 11th and 12th April 2015, an explanatory meeting of Kokkowa WTP construction was held in the
adjacent Anyasu Village. The explanatory meeting was held based on the local traditional custom
including some religious ceremony for praying the success of the Project by inviting local high monks
as well as local people.
(2) Stakeholder Meeting for the Project held in January 2017

On 11th January 2017, a stakeholder meeting of the Project was held by YCDC for explaining the
project components including possible environmental social impacts with proposed countermeasures,
additional land acquisition of 20 Acres for the WTP, JICA policy of land acquisitions with entitlements,
cut-off date and so on. In the meeting, negative opinions and complaints were not expressed by the
participants.
11.4 Social and Economic Interview Survey on the Proposed Alignment of

Transmission Pipeline along the Route No. 5
In 16th and 17th of January 2017, a social and economic interview survey for the illegal occupancies on
the proposed alignment of transmission pipeline along the Route No. 5 was conducted as follows.
As the results of the survey, a total of 41 illegal occupancies were identified around the proposed
alignment of transmission pipeline along the Route No.5, and then six (6) illegal occupancies
(houses/shops) and one (1) local religious facility were situated on the proposed alignment.
At the opening of the social and economic interviews, the following seven (7) points were orally
explained to the illegal occupants by interviewers of JICA Study Team.
1. Explanation of the Project and construction of the transmission pipeline on Right of Way of
the Route No. 5
2. Necessity of involuntary resettlement for the Project and the legal status of the occupation
3. Possible environment and social impacts by the project and mitigation measures
4. Explanation on Project policy and the Entitlements of the involuntary resettlement for the
45
illegal occupation
5. Explanation on the setting up of cut-off date
6. Possible resettlement schedule
7. Contact persons of YCDC for the resettlement
Basically all of the occupancies were willing to implement this Project.
46
CHAPTER 12 PROJECT EFFECTS
12.1 Quantitative Effects
The direct effects by implementation of Phase 2 project, same as Phase 1 project, are expected as listed
below.
1. The service population with treated safe water will be increased.
2. The water consumption per capita will be increased.
3. The quality of supplied water will be improved.
4. The duration of water supply will be increased.
The following Table shows the proposed evaluation and performance indicators and their target values
for the project.
Table 12-1 Evaluation and Performance Indicators

Original Target
Indicator
(Yr 2015) (Yr 2026)
Indicators for Zone 1 and Zone 9
Operation Indicator
Served Population (thousand) 546 1,040
- Zone 1 (Low subzone) 369 457
- Zone 1 (High subzone) 142 219
- Zone 9 36 364
Maximum Amount of Water Supply (MGD) 46 75
- Zone 9 2 20
Rate of Facility Utilization (%) (Kokkowa WTP ) *1 - 95
Water Pressure in Distribution Network (MPa) *2*3 0.075 0.15
Non-revenue Water Ratio (%) *2*4 66 20
Rate of Continuous Dosing of Disinfection Facility (%) *3 0 100
Minimum Amount of Residual Chlorine (mg/L) *3 0 0.1
Effect Indicator
Served Coverage Rate (%) 36 63
Indicators for Yangon City (for reference)
Served Population (thousand) 1,991 3,789
Notes:
*1: Rate of Facility Utilization = Max Amount of Water Supply in Zone 1 (Low) and Zone 9 / Capacity of Kokkowa WTP
*2: Base value is set from the average value of Yangon city in 2011
*3: Target value is set from the target service level of 2014 Water MP
*4: Target value is set same as the average value of other cities in the Southeast Asian countries.
Others: Values are set from the water demand of this Study (2016 Phase 2 FS)
2 years after the completion of the implementation works as Yr 2024
Monitoring of projects effects are proposed to be implemented as per the following Table.
47
Table 12-2 Monitoring of Operation and Effect Indicators

Indicator for Zone 1 In charge of Monitoring
Means of Verification
and Zone9 monitoring Frequency
Calculation formula = number of water supply
Served Population YCDC Yearly
connections × average number members per household
Maximum amount Amount of distributed water from each service
YCDC Yearly
of water supply reservoir (Zone 9, Kokine and Central SR)
Rate of facility
Calculation formula = Volume of water produced
utilization of YCDC Yearly
annually at Kokkowa WTP / 365 days / WTP capacity
Kokkowa WTP
Measurement at location where the pressure is expected
Water pressure in to be the lowest among the distribution pipe network
YCDC Quarterly
distribution network (the end of distribution pipe network or the location
where the altitude is high)
Calculation formula = Amount of water consumed
NRW ratio YCDC annually by users / Amount of water distributed Yearly
annually (from Zone 9, Kokine and Central SR)
Rate of continuous
dosing of YCDC Measured at Kokkowa WTP Quarterly
disinfection
Measured at the location where residual chlorine
Free residual
concentration is expected to be the lowest in
chlorine YCDC Quarterly
distribution network (the end of distribution pipe
concentration
network)
Calculation formula = Number of water supply
Served Coverage
YCDC connection / (population ÷ average number of Yearly
Rate
members per household)
12.2 Qualitative Effects
Qualitative effects envisaged by the project implementation are as follows:
- Improvement of the living environment of Greater Yangon residents

Improvement in water supply conditions mentioned above shall contribute to reduction in
occurrence of water related diseases such as cholera, typhoid and diarrhea, and skin & eye
diseases and is expected to improve health conditions of the people, which will contribute to
reduction in medical expenditure of household.
The current cost for obtaining water will be reduced and the household expenditure on water
will be reduced, which will indirectly contribute to improvement in the livelihood of the
people.
Water use will be more convenient, i.e., whenever required, water will be supplied.
Water fetching time and efforts will be reduced and mitigated. As a result, working and
education opportunity for women and children will be enhanced.
- Establishment of an environment for investment through water supply in Greater Yangon

Working opportunities will be created during construction and operation & maintenance of
48
water supply facilities

It will contribute to the stabilization of people’s livelihood in the area and political stability.
The industry and business that are now affected by dirty water supply will be activated and
contribute to the development of the country.
Occurrence of land subsidence and salinization of ground water is expected to be reduced
due to reduction in groundwater withdrawal.
49
CHAPTER 13 RECOMMENDATIONS
Major problems of water supply conditions are low service coverage, low water pressure and short
duration of water supply and undrinkable water supply. Major problems related to water supply
facilities are limited water production, old facilities, and absence of disinfection in water supply
system. Major problems related to management of water works include high NRW ratio and
inefficiency of business management basis for waterworks. To tackle these problems, the proposed
priority projects for infrastructure development and capacity building shall be implemented as soon as
possible as a first step.
In addition, the assistance to enhance the capacity of YCDC on waterworks management shall be
obtained from the countries with high technology and management skills such as Japan for effective
and quick transfer of technology and management skills. For this purpose, Phase 1 project, JICA
technical cooperation project and other capacity enhancement projects are being carried out in parallel
currently and are expected to be very beneficial for YCDC.
For long time, investment in infrastructure has been deferred and the service level of public water
supply is at low level. Therefore, development of water supply facilities to improve water supply
services requires input of a large amount of fund. To meet this requirement, the most favorable loan,
soft loan of donor at low interest rate, shall be utilized to reduce financial burden of YCDC, or the
country as a whole. However, due to the project’s massive investment requirement and low
profitability of water supply services sector, YCDC may need subsidy from Union Government as
grant assistance. In such case, both ODA loan obligation and own-fund portion (or either one) should
be borne by the Union Government.
In addition, to improve water supply services on sustainable basis through development of

infrastructure, it is inevitable to raise water tariff level and optimize the system to carry out operation
and maintenance without any subsidy. For this purpose, YCDC has to work with the public through
public awareness activities and consider poor people in tariff setting.
50
PREPARATORY SURVEY
FOR
GREATER YANGON
(PHASE II)
FINAL REPORT
FEBRUARY 2017

1R
JR （先）
17- 030
PREPARATORY SURVEY
FOR
GREATER YANGON
(PHASE II)
FINAL REPORT
FEBRUARY 2017

Foreign Exchange Rate
1 USD = 109.2 JPY

1 USD = 1183.0 Kyat
1 Kyat = 0.0923 JPY
(As of July 2016)
Improvement Project (Phase II) FINAL REPORT
Location Map
i

Target Zone 7 and 8

Target Zone 1 and 9
ii
PREPARATORY SURVEY FOR GREATER YANGON WATER SUPPLY

IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (PHASE2)
Location Map
Table of Contents
List of Tables/ Figures
Appendices
List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation for The Relevant Studies
Unit
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1-1

1.1 Background of The Study ......................................................................................................1-1
1.1.1 Water Supply Service .......................................................................................................1-1
1.1.2 Master Plan (MP) and Feasibility Study (FS)...................................................................1-2
1.1.3 Japanese ODA Loan Project (Phase 1) - Lagunbyin Water Supply System .....................1-2
1.1.4 Feasibility Studies Regarding Kokkowa Water Supply System .......................................1-4
1.2 Outline of Phase 2 Project......................................................................................................1-4
1.3 Outline of This Study .............................................................................................................1-5
CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF YANGON CITY..........................................................2-1

2.1 Natural Condition ..................................................................................................................2-1
2.1.1 Topography .......................................................................................................................2-1
2.1.2 Geology ............................................................................................................................2-2
2.1.3 Meteorology .....................................................................................................................2-2
2.1.4 Hydrology .........................................................................................................................2-3
2.1.5 Hydrogeology ...................................................................................................................2-6
2.2 Wastewater Management Services.........................................................................................2-6
2.2.1 Existing Wastewater Management Services .....................................................................2-6
2.2.2 Outline of Development Policies on The MP ...................................................................2-7
2.2.3 Priorities of Tasks To Be Implemented by YCDC ............................................................2-9
2.3 Current State of Poverty Group ...........................................................................................2-10
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF MASTER PLAN ...............................................................................3-1

3.1 Outline of The Master Plan ....................................................................................................3-1
3.1.1 Major Technical Issues of Water Supply Service .............................................................3-1
i
3.1.2 Service Level Targets .......................................................................................................3-1

3.1.3 Non-revenue Water Ratio .................................................................................................3-2
3.1.4 Population and Water Demand .........................................................................................3-2
3.1.5 Water Source.....................................................................................................................3-3
3.1.6 Policy of Water Supply Plan .............................................................................................3-4
3.1.7 Water Supply Facility Plan ...............................................................................................3-5
3.2 Review of Planning Framework ............................................................................................3-9
3.2.1 Population Growth..........................................................................................................3-10
3.2.2 Current Population and Overall Population....................................................................3-15
3.2.3 Population Allocation .....................................................................................................3-16
3.2.4 Water Demand by Township...........................................................................................3-21
3.2.5 Water Demand by Water Supply Zone ...........................................................................3-28
3.3 Review of Water Allocation .................................................................................................3-29
3.3.1 Supply Capacity Development .......................................................................................3-29
3.3.2 New Water Source (Pan Hlaing River) ...........................................................................3-29
3.3.3 Revised Supply Capacity Development .........................................................................3-30
3.3.4 Water Allocation to 10 Zones .........................................................................................3-32
3.3.5 Revised Main Water Supply Facilities............................................................................3-35
3.4 Necessity of The Project ......................................................................................................3-38
CHAPTER 4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT .............................................................................4-1

4.1 Planning Conditions ...............................................................................................................4-1
4.1.1 Completed/ On-going Plan Related to Kokkowa Project .................................................4-1
4.1.2 Expansion Plan of Kokkowa WTP ...................................................................................4-1
4.1.3 Land Acquisition Status of YCDC ...................................................................................4-2
4.1.4 Appropriateness of The Site Location ..............................................................................4-4
4.1.5 Setting of Intake Location ..............................................................................................4-10
4.1.6 Water Quality and Treatment Process.............................................................................4-13
4.2 Planning Policy of WTP ......................................................................................................4-18
4.3 Intake Facility ......................................................................................................................4-22
4.3.1 Planning Policy ...............................................................................................................4-22
4.3.2 Proposed Capacities........................................................................................................4-24
4.3.3 Intake Point and Leading Canal......................................................................................4-24
4.3.4 Intake Gate......................................................................................................................4-24
4.3.5 Pre-sedimentation Pond ..................................................................................................4-25
4.3.6 Lift Pumping Equipment ................................................................................................4-26
4.4 Treatment Facility ................................................................................................................4-35
4.4.1 Proposed Facilities for WTP...........................................................................................4-35
4.4.2 Treatment Process ...........................................................................................................4-35
ii
4.4.3 Receiving Well cum Rapid Mixing Basin ......................................................................4-36

4.4.4 Flocculation Basin and Sedimentation Basin .................................................................4-38
4.4.5 Filter ...............................................................................................................................4-42
4.4.6 Clear Water Reservoir (Tank) .........................................................................................4-43
4.4.7 Sludge Treatment ............................................................................................................4-44
4.4.8 Chemical Dosing Facility ...............................................................................................4-45
4.4.9 Chlorination Facility .......................................................................................................4-46
4.4.10 Electrical Facility............................................................................................................4-48
4.4.11 SCADA...........................................................................................................................4-52
4.4.12 Administration Facility ...................................................................................................4-56
CHAPTER 5 TRANSMISSION FACILITY .................................................................................5-1

5.1 Outline of Planning ................................................................................................................5-1
5.2 Transmission Facility for Zone 9 ...........................................................................................5-2
5.2.1 Planning Policy .................................................................................................................5-2
5.2.2 Transmission Facility........................................................................................................5-3
5.3 Transmission Facility for Zone 1 ...........................................................................................5-4
5.3.1 Outline of Planning...........................................................................................................5-4
5.3.2 Outline of Water Operation ..............................................................................................5-5
5.3.3 Planning Policy .................................................................................................................5-9
5.3.4 Transmission Facility...................................................................................................... 5-11
5.3.5 Electrical Facilities for Relay Pump Station...................................................................5-19
5.3.6 SCADA...........................................................................................................................5-20
5.4 Laying Position of Transmission Pipe .................................................................................5-21
5.4.1 Route of Transmission Pipeline from Kokkowa WTP to Hlaing River ..........................5-21
5.4.2 Route of Transmission Pipeline from Hlaing River to Zone 1 .......................................5-29
5.4.3 Hlaing River Crossing ....................................................................................................5-31
CHAPTER 6 DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES OF ZONE 9 .........................................................6-1

6.1.1 Concept of Distribution System .......................................................................................6-1
6.1.2 Planning Parameters .........................................................................................................6-1
6.1.3 Water Amount for Distribution .........................................................................................6-2
6.2 Service Reservoir ...................................................................................................................6-4
6.2.1 Zone 9 SR and Distribution Pump ....................................................................................6-4
6.2.2 Distribution Pump ............................................................................................................6-4
6.3 Distribution Main Pipes .........................................................................................................6-5
6.4 Distribution Pipes ................................................................................................................ 6-11
6.4.1 DMA and Distribution Pipe ............................................................................................ 6-11
iii
6.4.2 SCADA...........................................................................................................................6-13
CHAPTER 7 DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES OF ZONE 1 .........................................................7-1

7.1.1 Review of Master Plan and Existing Condition ...............................................................7-1
7.1.2 Existing Condition of Yegu PS .........................................................................................7-2
7.1.3 Existing Condition of Kokine SR .....................................................................................7-4
7.1.4 Existing Condition of Central SR and Shwedagon Pagoda SR ........................................7-7
7.1.5 Planning Parameters .........................................................................................................7-8
7.1.6 Comparison of Distribution Plan Options ...................................................................... 7-11
7.2 Planned Service Reservoir and Distribution Pump ..............................................................7-14
7.2.1 Kokine SR ......................................................................................................................7-14
7.2.2 Central SR with Distribution Pump ................................................................................7-16
7.2.3 Electrical Facilities for Central SR with Pump...............................................................7-19
7.2.4 SCADA...........................................................................................................................7-19
7.3 Distribution Main Pipe.........................................................................................................7-20
7.4 Distribution Pipes and DMA ...............................................................................................7-26
7.4.1 Distribution Facilities .....................................................................................................7-26
7.4.2 DMA and Distribution Pipe ............................................................................................7-26
7.5 Water Operation Plan during Construction Implementation ................................................7-30
7.5.1 Change from The Existing Distribution System to New System (Additional Water
from Kokkowa WTP) ....................................................................................................7-30
7.5.2 Step 1: Commencement of Water Supply from Kokkowa WTP ....................................7-30
7.5.3 Step 2: DMA Development in Low Subzone (1)............................................................7-30
7.5.4 Step 3: DMA Development in Low Subzone (2)............................................................7-31
7.5.5 Step 4: DMA Development in High Subzone.................................................................7-32
CHAPTER 8 OPERATION, MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY .............................................8-1

8.1 Summary of Issues .................................................................................................................8-1
8.1.1 Water Treatment Plant ......................................................................................................8-1
8.1.2 Transmission Pipe.............................................................................................................8-2
8.1.3 Distribution Pipe ...............................................................................................................8-2
8.1.4 Water Supply Equipment ..................................................................................................8-2
8.1.5 Customer Management .....................................................................................................8-3
8.1.6 Measures ...........................................................................................................................8-3
8.2 Required Organization Structure for Kokkowa Project .........................................................8-4
8.2.1 O&M Plan of The Kokkowa WTP ...................................................................................8-4
8.2.2 Priority Parameter of EDWS Laboratory for Water Quality Management .....................8-19
8.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Plan for Pipelines ..............................................................8-20
iv
8.2.4 Improvement in Meter Reading, Billing and Collecting Water Charges ........................8-20
8.2.5 Proper Maintenance Measures of Installed Equipment in Myanmar .............................8-21
8.2.6 Public Relations and Awareness .....................................................................................8-22
8.3 Staffing and Capacity Development Plan ............................................................................8-23
8.3.1 Organization Structure ....................................................................................................8-23
8.3.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost ...................................................................................8-25
8.3.3 Capacity Development Plan ...........................................................................................8-25
8.4 Key Technical Fields of Capacity Development ..................................................................8-26
8.5 Technical Assistance Fields by JICA Technical Assistance Project and by This Project .....8-27
8.5.1 JICA Technical Assistance Project .................................................................................8-27
8.5.2 Proposal of New Technical Assistance Program for This Project and Cooperation with
Japanese Local Governments ........................................................................................8-27
CHAPTER 9 COST ESTIMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME OF THE

PROJECT ..........................................................................................................................9-1
9.1 Execution Scheme..................................................................................................................9-1
9.1.1 Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project ...................................................................................9-1
9.1.2 Natural Conditions............................................................................................................9-6
9.1.3 Procurement of Construction Materials and Related Machines/Equipment .....................9-7
9.1.4 Outline of Execution Scheme .........................................................................................9-10
9.1.5 Safety Control .................................................................................................................9-21
9.1.6 Risk Management ...........................................................................................................9-22
9.2 Overall Project Cost .............................................................................................................9-22
9.2.1 Conditions of Cost Estimate ...........................................................................................9-22
9.2.2 Proposed Package ...........................................................................................................9-22
9.2.3 Conditions of Construction Cost Estimate .....................................................................9-22
9.2.4 Estimated Overall Project Cost.......................................................................................9-22
9.3 Preparation of Implementation Schedule .............................................................................9-22
9.3.1 Implementation Schedule ...............................................................................................9-22
9.3.2 Disbursement Schedule ..................................................................................................9-23
9.4 Financing Plan .....................................................................................................................9-23
9.5 Estimated Operation and Maintenance Cost ........................................................................9-24
9.6 Organizational Structure for Implementing The Project ......................................................9-25
9.6.1 Administrative Organization on Water ...........................................................................9-25
9.6.2 Organizational Structure for Implementing The Project ................................................9-28
9.6.3 Project Coordination Committee (PCC) .........................................................................9-28
9.6.4 Project Management Unit (PMU)...................................................................................9-29
9.6.5 Technical Level of Executing Agency and Relevant Experiences..................................9-30
9.6.6 Financial Management Capability of The Executing Agency ........................................9-31
v
9.6.7 Selection Policy for Consulting Firms............................................................................9-31

9.6.8 Consulting Services ........................................................................................................9-31
9.6.9 Bidding Methods and Setting of Contract Conditions ....................................................9-31
9.6.10 Selection Policy for Contractors .....................................................................................9-31
CHAPTER 10 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ..................................................10-1

10.1 Financial Analysis ................................................................................................................10-1
10.2 Economic Analysis ..............................................................................................................10-4
10.3 YCDC Financial Projection for This Project .......................................................................10-9
CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................ 11-1

11.1 Outline of Project Component ............................................................................................. 11-1
11.2 Environmental and Social Condition ................................................................................... 11-1
11.2.1 Access to Urban Services ............................................................................................... 11-1
11.2.2 Land Use......................................................................................................................... 11-2
11.2.3 Status of Sanitation and Hygiene.................................................................................... 11-3
11.2.4 Air Quality ...................................................................................................................... 11-4
11.2.5 Water Quality and Adaptation to Climate Change.......................................................... 11-5
11.2.6 Waste Disposal ............................................................................................................... 11-6
11.2.7 Noise ............................................................................................................................... 11-6
11.2.8 Ground Settlement .......................................................................................................... 11-8
11.2.9 Cultural Heritage ............................................................................................................ 11-8
11.2.10 Ecosystem ....................................................................................................................... 11-8
11.2.11 Protected area ................................................................................................................. 11-8
11.2.12 Ethnic Minority .............................................................................................................. 11-9
11.2.13 HIV Prevention Measurement ...................................................................................... 11-10
11.2.14 Encouragement of Gender and Handicapped Person Equality ..................................... 11-10
11.3 Legal Framework for Environmental and Social Considerations ...................................... 11-11
11.4 Assessment of Alternatives ................................................................................................ 11-14
11.5 Scoping of Environmental and Social Impact.................................................................... 11-15
11.5.1 Mitigation Measures for Potential Project Impact ........................................................ 11-16
11.5.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ................................................................................... 11-17
11.5.3 Environmental Check List ............................................................................................ 11-19
11.6 Land Acquisition and Resettlement Issue .......................................................................... 11-22
11.6.1 Necessity of Land Acquisition and Resettlement ......................................................... 11-22
11.6.2 Major Laws for Land Acquisition/ Resettlement.......................................................... 11-30
11.7 Principles of Resettlement Policy ...................................................................................... 11-32
11.7.1 Resettlement Policy ...................................................................................................... 11-32
11.7.2 Scope of Resettlement Impact ...................................................................................... 11-33
vi
11.7.3 Eligibility Criteria and Income Restoration Program ................................................... 11-34

11.7.4 Grievance Procedures ................................................................................................... 11-37
11.7.5 Implementation Arrangement ....................................................................................... 11-37
11.7.6 Implementation Schedule ............................................................................................. 11-38
11.7.7 Funding Arrangement ................................................................................................... 11-39
11.7.8 Monitoring Procedures ................................................................................................. 11-39
11.7.9 Consultations and Disclosure Arrangements ................................................................ 11-40
11.8 Meeting with Stakeholders and Interviews ........................................................................ 11-42
11.8.1 Meetings with Stakeholders for the Project Site of WTP ............................................. 11-42
11.8.2 Social and Economic Interview Survey on the Proposed Alignment of Transmission
Pipeline ........................................................................................................................ 11-46
CHAPTER 12 PROJECT EFFECTS .........................................................................................12-1

12.1 Quantitative Effects .............................................................................................................12-1
12.2 Qualitative Effects ...............................................................................................................12-2
CHAPTER 13 RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................13-1
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Performance Parameters of Water Utilities, End of 2011 ......................................... 1-2
Table 1-2 Report Submission .................................................................................................... 1-6
Table 2-1 Tidal Information in Yangon Port ............................................................................. 2-5
Table 2-2 List of Tasks to be Implemented by YCDC and Their Priorities .............................. 2-9
Table 2-3 Monthly Household Income.................................................................................... 2-11
Table 3-1 Overall Service Level Target..................................................................................... 3-2
Table 3-2 Target Level of Non-revenue Water Ratio and Leakage Ratio ................................. 3-2
Table 3-3 Water Demand in Yangon City.................................................................................. 3-2
Table 3-4 List of Existing Water Resources (Reservoirs) ......................................................... 3-3
Table 3-5 Planned Groundwater Source.................................................................................... 3-3
Table 3-6 Policies to Achieve Improvement Target of Water Supply Condition ...................... 3-4
Table 3-7 Review of Water Demand and Estimation Procedures of The MP ........................... 3-9
Table 3-8 Estimated Population in 2011 and 2014 .................................................................. 3-15
Table 3-9 Township Group Population in 2014 by Urban Development Plan and 2014
census .................................................................................................................. 3-16
Table 3-10 Revised Population of Township and Township Group in Yangon City ............... 3-20
Table 3-11 Revised Water Demand and Service Level Targets for Yangon City .................... 3-21
Table 3-12 Water Demand for Yangon City as per The MP (reference) ................................. 3-21
vii
Table 3-13 Revised Water Coverage Ratio by Township Group in Yangon City (%)............. 3-23
Table 3-14 Revised Water Served Population by Township in Yangon City .......................... 3-24
Table 3-15 Target of Per Capita Average Consumption by Township Group (Lpcd) ............. 3-25
Table 3-16 Connection and Daily Consumption of YCDC between 2009/10 and 1013/14 .... 3-26
Table 3-17 Connection and Daily Consumption of YCDC in 2014/15 ................................... 3-26
Table 3-18 Non-revenue Water Rate and Leakage Rate.......................................................... 3-27
Table 3-19 Revised Water Demand by Township Group (Daily Maximum: MGD)............... 3-27
Table 3-20 Revised Main Features by Distribution Zone in 2014 for Yangon City ................ 3-28
Table 3-23 Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City under This Study .............. 3-31
Table 3-24 Proposed River System Capacity in 2040 (Unit: MGD) ....................................... 3-31
Table 3-25 Experience of Water- and Mosquito-borne Diseases in 2012 ............................... 3-40
Table 3-26 Unsatisfaction Level with Water Supply ............................................................... 3-41
Table 4-1 Comparison for Proposed WTP Site ......................................................................... 4-5
Table 4-2 Target Water Quality after Treatment with Reference to Other Standards.............. 4-13
Table 4-3 Water Quality in Kokkowa River near Intake Point ............................................... 4-14
Table 4-4 Maximum Raw Water Turbidity for Facility Planning (NTU)................................ 4-16
Table 4-5 Cost Comparison of Obtained Form and Ideal Form for 60 MGD WTP................ 4-18
Table 4-6 Parameters for Facility Planning ............................................................................. 4-19
Table 4-7 Proposed Allocation of Work of WTP Construction ............................................... 4-20
Table 4-8 Proposed Planned Capacities .................................................................................. 4-24
Table 4-9 Outline of Intake Gate ............................................................................................. 4-25
Table 4-10 Outline of Lift Pump Equipment .......................................................................... 4-27
Table 4-11 Comparison of Lift Pump...................................................................................... 4-28
Table 4-12 Methods of Pump Operation Control .................................................................... 4-29
Table 4-13 Summary of The Proposed Facilities for WTP ..................................................... 4-35
Table 4-14 Coagulant Mixing Method .................................................................................... 4-37
Table 4-15 Outline of Sedimentation Equipment .................................................................... 4-39
Table 4-16 Mixing Method of Flocculation Basin .................................................................. 4-40
Table 4-17 Sedimentation Method .......................................................................................... 4-41
Table 4-18 Outline of Rapid Sand Filter Equipment............................................................... 4-42
Table 4-19 Back Washing Method of Filtration Basin ............................................................ 4-43
Table 4-20 Proposed ACH Dosing Rate .................................................................................. 4-46
Table 4-21 Chlorine Dosing Rate ............................................................................................ 4-46
Table 4-22 Chlorination Agents .............................................................................................. 4-47
Table 4-23 Detailed Power Line and Construction Schedule by YCDC ................................. 4-50
Table 4-24 Monitoring Points of Water Quality ...................................................................... 4-52
viii
Table 4-25 Administration Facility ......................................................................................... 4-56

Table 5-1 Result of Hydraulic Calculation ................................................................................ 5-3
Table 5-2 Comparison of Pipe Material of 1600 mm ................................................................ 5-4
Table 5-3 Transmission Pump Plan for Zone 9 ......................................................................... 5-4
Table 5-4 Planned Transmission Flow (From the WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS)............................. 5-9
Table 5-5 Planned Transmission Flow (From Zone 9 SR/RPS to SRs in Zone 1, 3 and 4) ...... 5-9
Table 5-6 Planned Transmission Flow from Yegu PS ............................................................. 5-10
Table 5-7 Result of Hydraulic Calculation between RPS and Kokine SR .............................. 5-11
Table 5-8 Result of Hydraulic Calculation between Yegu PS and Central SR........................ 5-12
Table 5-9 Comparison of Pipe Material .................................................................................. 5-13
Table 5-10 Comparison of Transmission Systems .................................................................. 5-14
Table 5-11 Transmission Flow from RPS (for Southern Route) ............................................. 5-15
Table 5-12 Transmission Flow from RPS (for Northern Route) ............................................. 5-15
Table 5-13 Comparison of Transmission Pump Specific Plan (for Southern Route) .............. 5-15
Table 5-14 Proposed Transmission Pump of RPS (for Southern Route)................................. 5-16
Table 5-15 Comparison of Transmission Pump Specific Plan (for Northern Route) .............. 5-16
Table 5-16 Proposed Transmission Pump of RPS (for Northern Route)................................. 5-16
Table 5-17 Required Capacity of Zone 9 SR .......................................................................... 5-17
Table 5-18 Transmission Flow from Yegu PS to Central SR .................................................. 5-19
Table 5-19 Proposed Transmission Pump at Yegu PS ............................................................. 5-19
Table 5-20 Proposed Pipeline and Jurisdiction Area of The Route 5 ...................................... 5-21
Table 5-21 Comparison of Pipe-jacking and Shield Method .................................................. 5-32
Table 5-22 Comparison of River Crossing Method ................................................................ 5-33
Table 6-1 Main Features in 2014, 2025 and 2040 ..................................................................... 6-2
Table 6-2 Considered Capacity of Zone 9 SR ........................................................................... 6-4
Table 6-3 Outline of Distribution Facilities at Hlaing Tharyar SR ........................................... 6-5
Table 6-4 Length of Distribution Main Pipe for Zone 9 in 2025 and in 2040 .......................... 6-6
Table 6-5 DMA Planning in Zone 9 by 2025 .......................................................................... 6-11
Table 6-6 Length of Distribution Pipe for Zone 9 ................................................................... 6-11
Table 6-7 Monitoring Items by SCADA for Zone 9 ............................................................... 6-13
Table 7-1 Water Quality Data at Yegu PS in 2015 .................................................................... 7-4
Table 7-2 Existing Characteristics of Kokine SR...................................................................... 7-4
Table 7-3 Forecast of Retention Time of The Kokine SR ......................................................... 7-5
Table 7-4 Existing Characteristics of Central SR...................................................................... 7-7
Table 7-5 Main Features by Distribution Zone in 2014, 2025, and 2040 ............................... 7-10
Table 7-6 Water Supply from Source to Zone 1 ...................................................................... 7-11
Table 7-7 Comparison of Water Distribution Plan Options .................................................... 7-12
Table 7-8 Rehabilitation of Kokine SR and Reconstruction of Central SR ............................ 7-14
ix
Table 7-9 Outline of Distribution Facilities at Kokine SR ...................................................... 7-14

Table 7-10 Retention Time of Kokine SR (considering Demand of Low Subzone of Zone
1) ......................................................................................................................... 7-14
Table 7-11 Retention Time of Central SR (for High Subzone) ............................................... 7-16
Table 7-12 Outline of Distribution Facilities at Central SR .................................................... 7-17
Table 7-13 Design Parameters of Electrical Facilities for Zone 1........................................... 7-19
Table 7-14 Monitoring Items by SCADA for Zone 1 ............................................................. 7-20
Table 7-15 Length of Planned Distribution Main Pipe of Zone 1 ........................................... 7-21
Table 7-16 DMA Planning for Low subzone of Zone 1 .......................................................... 7-26
Table 7-17 DMA Planning for High subzone of Zone 1 ......................................................... 7-26
Table 7-18 Length of Planned Distribution Pipe for Zone 1 ................................................... 7-27
Table 8-1 Proposed Duties of Each Unit of Kokkowa WTP ..................................................... 8-5
Table 8-2 Proposed Number of Staff in Various Technical Fields for Kokkowa WTP ............. 8-5
Table 8-3 Reference of Duties of Each Unit at WTPs in Fukuoka ........................................... 8-5
Table 8-4 Reference of Number of staffs at WTPs in Fukuoka ................................................ 8-6
Table 8-5 Daily Inspection Checklist (Example) .................................................................... 8-14
Table 8-6 Regular Inspection Checklist (Example) ................................................................ 8-15
Table 8-7 Consignment Inspection Item Description Example (Pump Facility) .................... 8-16
Table 8-8 Consignment Inspection Item Description Example (Chlorine Injection Facility). 8-17
Table 8-9 Consignment Inspection Item Description Example (Electrical Instrumentation
Facility) ............................................................................................................... 8-17
Table 8-10 Priority Parameters of EDWS Laboratory ............................................................ 8-19
Table 8-11 Statutory Durable Years and Target Life for Mechanical Equipment ................... 8-21
Table 8-12 Statutory Durable Years and Target Life for Electrical Equipment....................... 8-22
Table 8-13 Capacity Development Program in WTPs ............................................................ 8-25
Table 8-14 Capacity Development Program on Distribution Management ............................ 8-26
Table 8-15 Proposal of New Technical Assistance Program ................................................... 8-29
Table 9-1 Allocation of The Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project .............................................. 9-2
Table 9-2 Detailed Project Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project................................................. 9-2
Table 9-3 Applications of Japanese Technology to The WTP .................................................. 9-5
Table 9-4 Applications of Japanese Technology to The Transmission and Distribution
Facilities ................................................................................................................ 9-5
Table 9-5 Procurement of Pipe Material ................................................................................... 9-9
Table 9-6 Procurement of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment ............................................. 9-9
Table 9-7 Comparison of Land Filling Method....................................................................... 9-12
Table 9-8 Comparison of Foundation Pile .............................................................................. 9-13
Table 9-9 Candidate Packages of Eligible Portion for JICA ODA Loan Project .................... 9-22
Table 9-10 Non-eligible portion for JICA ODA Loan (YCDC own budget) .......................... 9-22
x
Table 9-11 Breakdown of Construction cost ........................................................................... 9-22

Table 9-12 Estimated Overall Project Cost ............................................................................. 9-22
Table 9-13 Implementation Schedule for Each Package ......................................................... 9-22
Table 9-14 Detailed Implementation Schedule of Selection of Consultant ............................ 9-22
Table 9-15 Detailed Schedule of Selection of Contractor ....................................................... 9-23
Table 9-16 Breakdown Schedule of Construction Works ....................................................... 9-23
Table 9-17 Disbursement Schedule ......................................................................................... 9-23
Table 9-18 Annual Fund Requirement .................................................................................... 9-23
Table 9-19 Preliminary Funding Structure .............................................................................. 9-23
Table 9-20 Breakdown of Cost................................................................................................ 9-23
Table 9-21 Cost by Year (million Yen) .................................................................................... 9-23
Table 9-22 Quantity and Unit Cost ......................................................................................... 9-24
Table 9-23 OM Cost for Phase 2 Project................................................................................. 9-24
Table 9-24 Roles and Responsibilities of Project Organizations ............................................ 9-28
Table 9-25 Proposed Staffing of PMU .................................................................................... 9-30
Table 9-26 Consulting Services............................................................................................... 9-31
Table 10-1 General Assumptions for Financial Analysis ........................................................ 10-1
Table 10-2 Initial Investment Cost .......................................................................................... 10-1
Table 10-3 Reinvestment Cost ................................................................................................ 10-1
Table 10-4 O&M Cost ............................................................................................................. 10-2
Table 10-5 Non-revenue Water Ratio Assumption .................................................................. 10-2
Table 10-6 Weighted Average Cost of Capital ........................................................................ 10-2
Table 10-7 Financial Cash Flow Projection ............................................................................ 10-3
Table 10-8 Initial Investment Cost of Phase 1 Project ............................................................ 10-3
Table 10-9 O&M Cost of Phase 1 Project ............................................................................... 10-3
Table 10-10 Comparison of Average O&M Cost and Water Tariff Revenue (2035) .............. 10-4
Table 10-11 Combined Cash Flow Projection......................................................................... 10-4
Table 10-12 General Assumptions for Economic Analysis ..................................................... 10-4
Table 10-13 Initial Investment Cost ........................................................................................ 10-5
Table 10-14 Reinvestment Cost .............................................................................................. 10-5
Table 10-15 O&M Cost ........................................................................................................... 10-5
Table 10-16 Average Water Consumption without YCDC Water Service .............................. 10-6
Table 10-17 Domestic Tube Well Cost.................................................................................... 10-6
Table 10-18 Average Cost of Domestic Tube Well Water ....................................................... 10-7
Table 10-19 Alternative Water Cost (Combined) .................................................................... 10-7
Table 10-20 Willingness to Pay for Better Water Supply Services ......................................... 10-7
Table 10-21 Water Consumption Volume of Better Water Supply .......................................... 10-8
Table 10-22 Calculation of EIRR ............................................................................................ 10-8
xi
Table 10-23 Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................................................. 10-9

Table 10-24 Results of Financial Projection ......................................................................... 10-11
Table 11-1 Outline of Phase 2 Project Component ................................................................. 11-1
Table 11-2 Access to Urban Services by Townships ............................................................... 11-2
Table 11-3 Land Use Ratio by Townships............................................................................... 11-2
Table 11-4 Status of Sewage Treatment in Yangon City ......................................................... 11-3
Table 11-5 Number of Patients Suffering from Waterborne Diseases and Mortality Rate in
Yangon District ................................................................................................... 11-3
Table 11-6 Death Rate During Child Birth, Number of Hospitals, and Number of Doctors
by Townships ...................................................................................................... 11-4
Table 11-7 Result of Spot Observation for Air Quality ........................................................... 11-5
Table 11-8 Water Quality Guidelines Value as per EHS Guidelines ....................................... 11-5
Table 11-9 Noise Levels as per WHO Guidelines................................................................... 11-8
Table 11-10 Proportion of Ethnic Composition by Townships ............................................... 11-9
Table 11-11 Required IEE/EIA Procedure for Water Supply Project .................................... 11-14
Table 11-12 Scoping of Environmental Impacts ................................................................... 11-15
Table 11-13 Mitigation Measures for Potential Project Impact ............................................ 11-16
Table 11-14 Environmental Monitoring Plan ........................................................................ 11-17
Table 11-15 Environmental Check List for This Study ......................................................... 11-19
Table 11-16 Comparison between The Government’s Laws/ Regulations and JICA
Guidelines ......................................................................................................... 11-30
Table 11-17 Entitlement Matrix ............................................................................................ 11-34
Table 11-18 Example of Technical Support for Income Earning Activity in IRP ................. 11-36
Table 11-19 Provisional Schedule of The Resettlement Works ............................................ 11-39
Table 11-20 YCDC Explanatory Meeting on the Project at Anyasu Village Monastery ...... 11-42
Table 11-21 Stakeholder Meeting on the Project at Site Office in WTP............................... 11-43
Table 11-22 Discussions in the Stakeholder Meeting ........................................................... 11-45
Table 11-23 Seven (7) Illegal Occupants on the Pipeline ROW ........................................... 11-48
Table 11-24 Explanations on the Project and Policy on Involuntary Resettlement .............. 11-48
Table 11-25 The information of Affected Persons ................................................................ 11-49
Table 11-26 Average Affected Household Expenditure (MMK/Month) ............................... 11-50
Table 11-27 Affected Household/Shop Structures ................................................................ 11-50
Table 11-28 Opinion, Questions, comments and Responses by YCDC ................................ 11-51
Table 12-1 Evaluation and Performance Indicators ................................................................ 12-1
Table 12-2 Monitoring of Operation and Effect Indicators ..................................................... 12-2
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Outline of Japanese ODA Loan Project (Phase1).................................................... 1-3

Figure 2-1 Topography in Yangon Region ................................................................................ 2-1
Figure 2-2 Geological Map of Yangon Area ............................................................................. 2-2
Figure 2-3 Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature in Yangon City (1991-2008)............ 2-3
Figure 2-4 Mean Monthly Rainfall (Yangon: Kaba Aye, 1991-2008)....................................... 2-3
Figure 2-5 Map Showing The Rivers Surrounding Yangon ...................................................... 2-4
Figure 2-6 Salt Water Intrusion in The Rivers Surrounding Yangon City................................. 2-5
Figure 2-7 Groundwater Potential in Yangon City.................................................................... 2-6
Figure 2-8 Sewerage System in Yangon City............................................................................ 2-7
Figure 2-9 Basic Development Policies Concerning Wastewater Treatment ............................ 2-8
Figure 2-10 Monthly Household Income ................................................................................ 2-11
Figure 3-1 Staged Water Source Development on The MP ...................................................... 3-4
Figure 3-2 Conceptual Diagram of 3-Tier Water Distribution System ..................................... 3-6
Figure 3-3 Planned Water Supply System in 2040.................................................................... 3-8
Figure 3-4 Flow Chart of Water Demand Estimation ............................................................. 3-10
Figure 3-5 Planned City Center/ Town Core Area and Main Infrastructure in 2040 .............. 3-13
Figure 3-6 Future Urban Structure and Land Use of Greater Yangon..................................... 3-14
Figure 3-7 Greater Yangon Area and YCDC Area (33 townships) ......................................... 3-17
Figure 3-8 Township Group in YCDC Area............................................................................ 3-18
Figure 3-9 Revised Population Projection by Township Group .............................................. 3-19
Figure 3-10 Revised Water Supply Coverage Ratio by Township Group in Yangon City
(%) ...................................................................................................................... 3-22
Figure 3-11 Revised Township Group Water Served Population in Yangon City (Unit:
1,000 persons) ..................................................................................................... 3-25
Figure 3-12 Revised Daily Maximum Water Demand by Township Group (Unit: MGD) ..... 3-28
Figure 3-13 Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City......................................... 3-31
Figure 3-14 Revised Water Allocation in 2014 (Left) and in 2025 (Right) ............................ 3-33
Figure 3-15 Revised Water Allocation in 2030 (Left) and in 2035 (Right) ............................ 3-33
Figure 3-16 Revised Water Allocation in 2040 (Revision: Left and Alternative: Right) ........ 3-34
Figure 3-17 Revised Water Allocation to Zone 1 for This Project in 2025 ............................. 3-35
Figure 3-18 Revised Water Supply System (2025) for This Project ....................................... 3-36
Figure 3-19 Revised Water Supply System (2040) for This Project ....................................... 3-37
Figure 4-1 Expansion Plan of Kokkowa WTP and Pan-Hlaing WTP ....................................... 4-2
Figure 4-2 Land Acquisition Status of YCDC as of 31 July 2016 ............................................ 4-3
Figure 4-3 Additional Land Acquisition with Already Registered Land of YCDC (Yellow
Area) ..................................................................................................................... 4-4
Figure 4-4 Reasons for Selection of The Kokkowa WTP ......................................................... 4-5
xiii
Figure 4-5 Salt Water Intrusion in The Hlaing River ................................................................ 4-6
Figure 4-6 Alignment of The Kokkowa River in Past 50 Years................................................ 4-7
Figure 4-7 Inundation Situation at The WTP Site in 2008 and 2015 ........................................ 4-9
Figure 4-8 Setting of Intake Location under Consideration .................................................... 4-11
Figure 4-9 Proposed Drawing of Intake Gates by MoAI ........................................................ 4-12
Figure 4-10 Removal of Turbidity, Color, Iron and Manganese from Raw Waters in 2015 .. 4-15
Figure 4-11 Precipitation Test of Raw Water from Intake Point of Kokkowa River (May
2015 - February 2016) ........................................................................................ 4-16
Figure 4-12 Relation of Raw Water Turbidity and ACH Dosing Rate (Result of Five Jar
Tests) ................................................................................................................... 4-17
Figure 4-13 Proposed Layout of WTP (for 140 MGD) ........................................................... 4-21
Figure 4-14 Proposed Layout of WTP (1st Stage of 60 MGD)................................................ 4-22
Figure 4-15 Fluctuation of Daily Water Level of The Kokkowa River at Pandaing Village
(2008 to 2015) ..................................................................................................... 4-23
Figure 4-16 Layout Planning of Lift Pump Gates ................................................................... 4-26
Figure 4-17 Treatment Process ............................................................................................... 4-36
Figure 4-18 Sludge Treatment Process.................................................................................... 4-44
Figure 4-19 230 kV & 66 kV Network Diagram of YESC in 2015-16 .................................. 4-49
Figure 4-20 Main Power Supply for Zone 9 (Prior Construction) .......................................... 4-50
Figure 4-21 Electrical Transmission Line for Kokkowa WTP ............................................... 4-51
Figure 4-22 Proposed SCADA System for WTP, Transmission, Distribution and DMAs ..... 4-53
Figure 4-23 Proposed Concept of SCADA System Integration in The Future ....................... 4-55
Figure 5-1 Stepwise Transmission Plan to Zone 9 SR/RPS ...................................................... 5-1
Figure 5-2 Water Operation Diagram from 2025 to 2035 ......................................................... 5-7
Figure 5-3 Water Operation Diagram in 2040........................................................................... 5-8
Figure 5-4 Existing System of Yegu PS .................................................................................. 5-10
Figure 5-5 Diameter of Transmission Pipeline for Zone 1 in 2025......................................... 5-12
Figure 5-6 Schematic Flow of Transmission in 2035 ............................................................. 5-14
Figure 5-7 Main Power Supply Diagram ................................................................................ 5-20
Figure 5-8 Transmission Pipeline Route to Zone 9 SR ........................................................... 5-22
Figure 5-9 Irrigation Canals along with Route 5..................................................................... 5-23
Figure 5-10 Cross-section Drawing of Limited Laying Area, North Side .............................. 5-24
Figure 5-11 Schematic Diagram of Transmission Pipeline Route .......................................... 5-27
Figure 5-12 Plan of Transmission Pipeline Position and Sections .......................................... 5-28
Figure 5-13 Proposed Transmission Pipeline Route ............................................................... 5-30
Figure 5-14 Plan of Pipe Bridge.............................................................................................. 5-31
Figure 5-15 Plan of Shield Tunnel .......................................................................................... 5-33
Figure 5-16 Location of The River Crossing Site ................................................................... 5-34
xiv
Figure 6-1 Existing Water Supply Pipes in Hlaing Tharyar (Zone 9) ....................................... 6-3
Figure 6-2 Simulated Network Analysis Result for Demand of 2025 in Zone 9 ...................... 6-7
Figure 6-3 Simulated Network Analysis Result for Demand of 2040 in Zone 9 ...................... 6-8
Figure 6-4 Distribution Main Pipe for Zone 9 in 2025 ............................................................. 6-9
Figure 6-5 Distribution Main Pipe for Zone 9 in 2040 ........................................................... 6-10
Figure 6-6 DMA and Distribution Pipe for Zone 9 ................................................................. 6-12
Figure 7-1 Existing SRs of Zone 1 ............................................................................................ 7-2
Figure 7-2 Schematic Diagram Showing Water Distribution from Yegu PS ............................ 7-3
Figure 7-3 Reduction in Water Level of Kokine SR ................................................................. 7-6
Figure 7-4 Reduction in Water Level of Kokine SR without Influence of Check Valve .......... 7-6
Figure 7-5 Existing Pipe Network of Zone 1 with Proposed High and Low Sub-Zones .......... 7-9
Figure 7-6 DMAs and Distribution Main Pipes for Zone 1 in 2025 (same as 2040) .............. 7-10
Figure 7-7 Schematic Diagram showing Water Distribution in Case of Plan 1 ...................... 7-13
Figure 7-8 Zone 1 PS and Expected 33 kV Cable Route ........................................................ 7-19
Figure 7-9 Simulated Network Analysis Result for Gravity System (Kokine SR) of Zone 1. 7-22
Figure 7-10 Simulated Network Analysis Result for Pump System (Central SR with PS) of
Zone 1 ................................................................................................................. 7-23
Figure 7-11 Distribution Main Pipes for Zone 1 of Gravity System from Kokine SR (upper
figure) and Pump System from Central SR (lower figure) ................................. 7-24
Figure 7-12 Distribution Main Crossing Railway ................................................................... 7-25
Figure 7-13 DMA and Distribution Pipe for Zone 1 ............................................................... 7-28
Figure 7-14 Existing House Connections................................................................................ 7-29
Figure 7-15 Candidate of House Connection through Backyard ............................................ 7-29
Figure 7-16 Example of Flow Meter ....................................................................................... 7-29
Figure 7-17 Schematic Diagram of Current Water Supply ..................................................... 7-33
Figure 7-18 Water Supply Changing Procedure [Step -1: Commencement of Water Supply
from Kokkowa WTP] ......................................................................................... 7-34
Figure 7-19 Water Supply Changing Procedure [Step -2: DMA Development in Low
Subzone (1)] ........................................................................................................ 7-35
Figure 7-20 Water Supply Changing Procedure [Step -3: DMA Development in Low
Subzone (2)] ........................................................................................................ 7-36
Figure 7-21 Water Supply Changing Procedure [Step -4: DMA Development in High
Subzone] ............................................................................................................. 7-37
Figure 7-22 Locations of Non-stoppable Tapping Connections.............................................. 7-38
Figure 8-1 Proposed Organization Chart of Kokkowa WTP .................................................... 8-4
Figure 8-2 Reference of Basic Organization Chart of WTPs in Fukuoka ................................. 8-5
Figure 8-3 New Organization Chart of EDWS (Tentative) ..................................................... 8-24
Figure 8-4 Schematic Illustration of Support System by Remote Surveillance System ......... 8-29
xv
Figure 9-1 The Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project................................................................... 9-1

Figure 9-2 Schematic Diagram of The Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project .............................. 9-2
Figure 9-3 Outline of Removal Method of Existing Structure................................................ 9-16
Figure 9-4 Cross Section of Pipe Installation along Route 5 .................................................. 9-18
Figure 9-5 Financing Structure of JICA ODA Loan ............................................................... 9-24
Figure 9-6 Case of Grant Subsidy from Union Government .................................................. 9-24
Figure 9-7 Yangon Regional Government Organogram ......................................................... 9-25
Figure 9-8 Overall YCDC Organogram .................................................................................. 9-26
Figure 9-9 EDWS Organogram............................................................................................... 9-27
Figure 9-10 Proposed Organizational Arrangement for Project Implementation.................... 9-28
Figure 10-1 Economic Benefit Calculation............................................................................. 10-8
Figure 10-2 Financial Projection (Base Case)....................................................................... 10-10
Figure 10-3 Financial Projection (Case 1) ............................................................................ 10-10
Figure 10-6 Required Tariff Increase in Four Cases ............................................................. 10-11
Figure 11-1 Location of Project Area ...................................................................................... 11-1
Figure 11-2 Location of Spot Observation for Air Quality ..................................................... 11-4
Figure 11-3 Location of Disposal Site in Yangon City ........................................................... 11-6
Figure 11-4 Location of Noise Level Samples ........................................................................ 11-7
Figure 11-5 Noise Level Observation (Noise-1, Measurement Date: 7-8th March, 2012) ...... 11-7
Figure 11-6 Noise Level Observation (Noise-2, Measurement Date: 8-9th March, 2012) ...... 11-7
Figure 11-7 Protected Area ..................................................................................................... 11-9
Figure 11-8 Required Process and Date for IEE, EIA and On-going Project ....................... 11-13
Figure 11-9 Expected Land Acquisition Area ....................................................................... 11-23
Figure 11-10 Proposed Construction Site for Water Treatment Plant ................................... 11-24
Figure 11-11 Location of Replacement Cost Survey ............................................................ 11-25
Figure 11-12 Transmission Pipeline Alignment along Route No.5....................................... 11-26
Figure 11-13 Proposed Location of River Crossing .............................................................. 11-27
Figure 11-14 Organization Chart for Implementation of ARAP ........................................... 11-38
Figure 11-15 Image of Pipeline Alignment with Pipeline ROW and Illegal Occupants ....... 11-47
Figure 11-16 Location of Affected Household on the Pipeline ROW .................................. 11-47
xvi
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Revised Population and Demand for This Study

Appendix 2 Water Source Survey on Master Plan
Appendix 3 Water Quality Test for Kokkowa River
Appendix 4 Result of Soil Investigation Survey
Appendix 5 Design Basis for Kokkowa WTP of 60MGD
Appendix 6 Hydraulic Calculation for Transmission Pipeline
Appendix 7 Study of Transmission Pipeline Laying Position from WTP up to Hlaing River
along Route No. 5
Appendix 8 Distribution Option Plans Considering Water from Kokkowa and Reservoir System
for Zone 1
Appendix 9 Current Situation of Existing Facilities, Operation and Management System and
Capacity
Appendix 10 The Guidance for Management of Safety for Construction Works in Japanese
ODA Projects
Appendix 11 Procurement of Services and Application of Public Private Partnership
Appendix 12 Financial Analysis of YCDC
Appendix 13 Preliminary Drawings of Facilities
Appendix 14 Risk Management Framework
Appendix 15 Minutes of Meetings of SHM prepared by YCDC
Appendix 16 Minutes of Meetings of SHM prepared by JICA Study Team
Appendix 17 Interviews with Six (6) Illegal Occupants and One Local Religious Facility
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACE Assistant Chief Engineer

ACH Aluminum Chlorohydrate
ACP Asbestos Cement Pipe
ADB Asian Development Bank
AE Assistant Engineer
ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan
B/C Cost Benefit Ratio
BOT Build-Operate-Transfer
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
CBD Central Business District
CE Chief Engineer
CIP Cast Iron Pipe
DB Design Build
DBO Design Build Operation & Maintenance
DCIP Ductile Cast Iron Pipe
DICA Directorate of Investment and Companies Administration
DMA District Metered Area
Dy CE Deputy Chief Engineer
EC Electric Conductivity
ECC Environment Conservation Committee
EDWS Engineering Department (Water & Sanitation)
EE Executive Engineer
EHS Environmental, Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return
FC Foreign Currency
FIL Foreign Investment Law
FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return
FS Feasibility Study
FY Fiscal Year
GIS Geographical Information System
GL Ground Level
GL Guideline
GPCD (or gpcd) Gallons Per Capita per Day
GPS Global Positioning System
HDPE High-Density Polyethylene
HH Hose Hold
HHWL Highest High Water Level
HIS Household Interview Survey
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HWL High Water Level
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IFC International Finance Corporation
IRP Income Restoration Program
IRPSC Income Restoration Program Implementation Sub-Committee
IUR Inner Urban Ring
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JPY Japanese Yen
IWA International Water Association
Kyat Myanmar Kyat
xviii
L/A Loan Agreement

LC Local Currency
LCC Life Cycle Cost
LLWL Lowest Low Water Level
LPCD (or lpcd) Liters Per Capita per Day
LWL Low Water Level
MCA Myanmar Companies Act
M&E Mechanical & Electrical
METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)
MG Million Gallons
MGD Million Gallons per Day
MIC Myanmar Investment Commission
ML Million Liters
MLD Million Liters per Day
MMK Myanmar Kyat
MNPED Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development
MoAI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation
MoC Ministry of Construction
MoEE Ministry of Electricity and Energy
MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MoNREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation
MoPF Ministry of Planning and Finance
MOU Memorandum Of Understanding
MP Master Plan
MS Mild Steel Pipe
MVA Megavolt-Ampere
MWL Mean Water Level
N/A Not Available
New SZ New Suburbs Zone
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
NPV Net Present Value
NRW Non Revenue Water
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
NSZ Northern Suburbs Zone
ODA Official Development Assistance
OJT On-the-Job Training
O&M Operation & Maintenance
Old SZ Older Suburbs Zone
OP (World Bank) Operations Manual
OPEX Operating Expenditure
ORZ Outer Ring Zone
PAC Polyaluminum Chloride
PAPRD Project Appraisal and Progress Reporting Department
PAPs Project Affected Persons
PCP Prestressed Concrete Pipe
PCC Project Coordination Committee
PIs Performance Indicators
PM10 Coarse Particulate Matter
PMU Project Management Unit
ppm parts per million
PPP Public–Private Partnership
PS Pumping Station
PSIF Private Sector Investment Finance
xix
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

QCBS Quality and Cost Based Selection
RC Reinforced Concrete
RFP Request For Proposal
RPS Relay Pumping Station
RISC Resettlement Implementation Sub-Committee
ROW Right of Way
RPF Resettlement Policy Framework
SAE Sub-Assistant Engineer
SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SCBD South of Central Business District
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
SEZ Special Economic Zone
SHM StakeHolder Meeting
SMW Soil-cement Mixing Wall
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
SP Steel Pipe
SR Service Reservoir
SS Suspended Solids
TCU True Color Unit
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
ToR Terms of Reference
TS Township
TS Total Solids
TSP Total Suspended Particulate Matter
US$, USD United States Dollars
VAT Value Added Tax
VFD Variable Frequency Drive
WHO World Health Organization
WTP Water Treatment Pant
YCDC Yangon City Development Committee
YESC Yangon Electricity Supply Corporation
(formerly called YESB: Yangon Electricity Supply Board)
YRG Yangon Region Government
ABBREVIATION FOR THE RELEVANT STUDIES
The Preparatory Study for Urban Development Programme in the 2013-JICA Urban Development
Greater Yangon (JICA) Plan (the urban development
Household Interview Survey (JICA) plan)
2013 JICA-HIS
The Study on Improvement of Water Supply System in Yangon
2002 JICA Water MP
City (JICA)
The Project for the Improvement of Water Supply, Sewerage and 2014 JICA Water MP or
Drainage System in Yangon City (JICA) Phase 1 FS
Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project (Phase 1) Phase 1 Project
The Project for Urgent Improvement of Water Supply System in
Japanese Grant Aid Project
Yangon City
This Study
Improvement Project (Phase 2)
Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project (Phase 2) This Project
xx
UNIT
Area
1 Acre = 4046.86 m2 (square meter) = 0.404686 ha (hectare)
Length
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m (meter)
1 mi (mile) = 1.61 km (kilometer)
Volume
1 Gallon (imperial gallon) = 0.004546 m3 (cubic meter) = 4.546 l (liter)
1 MG (million imperial gallon) = 4546 m3 (cubic meter)
Pressure
1 MPa (Mega Pascal) = 10 bar ≒ 100 mAq as water head
xxi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
1.1.1 Water Supply Service

Yangon City is the national center of economy, business and communication with a population of 5.21
million in 2014, which is about 10 % of the entire population of the country. YCDC is responsible for
planning, operation and management of water supply system in Yangon. The water supply services in
Yangon commenced in 1842, and they cover extensively the central Yangon now. The city center has
been served relatively well with 24 hours water supply. However, the existing water supply system
cannot cover the vast suburban areas fully. In many suburban areas water coverage ratio is relatively
low with daily water supply duration of less than 3 hours. Average water supply duration is about 8
hours a day in the city. The overall water coverage ratio in Yangon is still as low as below 40 %.
As a result, many people are using less-reliable groundwater, rain water and pond water. In addition,
transmission and distribution pipes have not been rehabilitated properly resulting in large quantity of
non-revenue water. Water supply hours are not continuous; water supply pressures are low and so on.
YCDC has managed to implement measures to expand water supply coverage to cater to the needs of
development of new suburban areas; including 1 large WTP and 4 small plants.
The water sources of YCDC water supply services include 4 dams/ reservoirs and many tube wells.
Total raw water capacity is about 215 MGD (0.97 million m3/d) and about 60 % of this amount is
estimated as non-revenue water (NRW) in 2014. With the ongoing development in city, the population
and coverage ratio is expected to increase, and consequently water demand will increase as well.
Hence, development of additional water resources and extension of the transmission and distribution
facilities is needed. The existing transmission and distribution pipes have not been rehabilitated
properly and NRW reduction measures have not been practiced well, resulting in high ratio of NRW.
YCDC has mostly taken emergency measures against frequently occurring breakdowns of equipment
and leakage in water distribution networks to restore water supply services, and the practice of
construction of additional facilities or rehabilitation of the existing facilities to cope with the
increasing water demand is rarely adopted.
The weaknesses in the existing services, i.e., low ratio of population covered with 24 x 7 water supply,
high NRW ratio, low daily consumption amount, is clearly reflected in data of the following Table
which compares the performance indicators of other cities in the Southeast Asian countries. It also
shows low YCDC tariff, suggesting inadequate revenue to finance required system improvement.
1-1
Table 1-1 Performance Parameters of Water Utilities, End of 2011

City Total Service NRW Average Operating Daily
City Population in Connections Coverage (%) Tariff Ratio Consumption
Service Area Ratio (%) (US$/m3) 3
(m / connection)
Yangon 5,211,000 252,898 35 66 0.07 - 0.82
Phnom Penh 2,000,000 219,498 100 6 0.24 0.37 1.32
Jakarta East 4,595,099 388,166 47 0.75 N/A. 1.02
63
Jakarta West 4,500,000 414,470 40 0.88 0.67 1.03
Manila East 6,000,000 857,981 99 11 0.62 0.45 1.32
Manila West 9,379,449 1,005,350 84 42 0.77 0.42 1.20
Bangkok 8,000,000 2,017,531 100 25 0.39 0.67 1.75
Ho Chi Minh 7,541,000 856,655 100 42 0.35 0.71 1.00
Source: For Yangon: YCDC in 2014, For other cities; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in Southeast Asia, A Guide to
Good Practice, Arthur C. McIntosh, ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
1.1.2 Master Plan (MP) and Feasibility Study (FS)

After adoption of new liberal policies in Myanmar, JICA initiated discussion with the Yangon regional
government on formulation of comprehensive development plan including water supply, sewerage,
drainage, electricity, road, railways, ports, etc., and the minutes were concluded concerning the
various projects in 2012. The key project was “Project for the Strategic Urban Development Plan of
the Greater Yangon (2013-JICA Urban Development Plan)”.
In parallel to the above project, water MP was formulated (it is called 2014 JICA Water MP or Phase 1
study in this report) between 2012 and 2014 with the assistance of JICA, using the frameworks
developed in the above key project and targeting water demand in 2040. As a result, the following 4
priority projects are recommended in the MP and the feasibility study was carried out:
1) Development of Lagunbyin Water Supply System (to supply water to Zones 7, 8 and Thilawa
special economic zone (SEZ) in the eastern Yangon),
2) Modernization of Water Supply System in Zone 1,
3) Provision of Disinfection Facilities, and
4) Capacity Development.
1.1.3 Japanese ODA Loan Project (Phase 1) - Lagunbyin Water Supply System
The Lagunbyin water supply system in the eastern suburbs was selected as the Japanese ODA loan
project (Phase 1), supplying water to the eastern part of Yangon and Thilawa Special Economic Zone
(SEZ). 40 MGD water treatment plant (WTP) is being constructed by YCDC with the assistance of
JICA and the detailed design of the associated transmission/ distribution pumps and pipes started in
2015 under Japanese ODA loan project (see the Figure 1-1).
1-2
Source: Phase 1 FS
Figure 1-1 Outline of Japanese ODA Loan Project (Phase1)
1-3
1.1.4 Feasibility Studies Regarding Kokkowa Water Supply System

Two separate studies for development of Kokkowa system were conducted with the finance of China
and Korea. Zone 9 was considered as supply area in both studies while Zone 1 is also included in one
study. However, the results of these studies have not been utilized by YCDC except locations of the
intake and WTP sites, and subsequently YCDC requested JICA a feasibility study of the Kokkowa
water supply system including development of water supply system of Zone 9 and modernization of
water supply system in Zone 1.
Development of the Kokkowa water supply system including Zone 9 and Zone 1 is being dealt in this
study to produce materials for appraisal of ODA loan (Phase 2). However distribution facilities in
Zone 9 will be constructed and financed by YCDC.
The contents of this Study covers the 1st stage Kokkowa water supply system proposed in the MP,
which is planned to be constructed in 3 stages; 60 MGD each in the 1st and 2nd stages and 120 MGD
in the 3rd stage. The 1st stage of the Kokkowa system was proposed in the MP with the target of water
demand in 2022. The developed water in the 1st stage was to be transmitted to the city center (Zone 1)
and Hlaing Tharyar TS (Zone 9) located in the western part of Yangon (See the “Location Map” in the
beginning of this report).
1.2 Outline of Phase 2 Project
(1) Objectives
raw water from the Kokkowa River and constructing a new WTP and construction and rehabilitation
of associated transmission and distribution facilities, which in turn will contribute to the improvement
of living environment and economic development of Yangon City.
(2) Scope
The scope of Phase 2 project includes construction of intake facilities to use raw water from the
Kokkowa River and construction of WTP and associated transmission and distribution facilities for
Zone 1 and Zone 9.
a) For Zone 1
・ Intake facility/ Water treatment plant (40 MGD)
・ Transmission pipe (19.9 km including 0.6 km river crossing)
・ District metered area (37 Nos.)
・ Distribution reservoir (2 Nos.)
・ Distribution main pipe (61.4 km)
・ Distribution pipe (430.3 km)
1-4
b) For Zone 9
・ Intake facility
・ Water treatment plant (20 MGD)
・ Transmission pipe (21.4 km)
・ District metered area (23 Nos.)
・ Distribution reservoir (1 No.)
・ Distribution main pipe (43.2 km)
・ Distribution pipe (636.9 km)
(3) Implementing Organization

Engineering Department (Water and Sanitation), Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC)
(4) Assistance Activities Related to The JICA Project

・ Japanese ODA Loans (Japanese ODA-loan) for “Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement
Project (Phase-1)”
・ Japanese Technical Cooperation for “The Project for Improvement of Water Supply
Management of YCDC”
・ Advisor on Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement in Yangon City
1.3 Outline of This Study
(1) Study Objectives

JICA study team is to firstly study and analyze the background, objectives and scope of the Project to
decide whether the Project is necessary or not. If the Project is confirmed necessary, JICA study team
is to study on appraisal items required for implementing the Project under the ODA loan project, such
as objectives, scope, cost, implementation schedule, implementation method (procurement and
construction), implementing organization, operation and maintenance organization, environmental
and social considerations, and so on. However, the Study itself does not mean that JICA promises
ODA loan to Myanmar counterpart.
(2) Study Method and Schedule

“The project for the improvement of water supply, sewerage and drainage system in Yangon city” was
conducted from 2012 to 2014 by JICA. It includes the preparation of water supply MP (2014 JICA
Water MP) and feasibility study of Zone 1. In this study, JICA study team has reviewed the MP and
updated in terms of future population, reflecting the 2014 census to confirm future water demand and
water balance in Yangon. Based on the updated demand, facility plan of Zones 1 and 9 was
formulated and compiled as Interim Report 1 and Interim Report 2. Considering the comments in the
Interim Reports and outcome of financial analysis, Draft Final Report was prepared and submitted.
Subsequently, the Final Report was prepared and submitted based on the result of all the study
1-5
outcomes and considering comments of counterpart on the Draft Final Report.
Table 1-2 Report Submission

Report Schedule Contents
Review of future water demand and water balance, and
Interim Report 1 August 2015
Facility plan (including cost scale)
Interim Report 2 February 2016 Outline design of facilities (including cost scale)
Draft Final Report April 2016 All study outcome
All study outcome considering comments of counterpart on draft
Final Report February 2017
final report
1-6
CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF YANGON CITY
In this chapter, characteristics of Yangon city are described using the 2014-JICA Water MP.
2.1 Natural Condition
2.1.1 Topography
Yangon city is situated at 34 km inland from the mouth of the Yangon River which traverses parts of
the Ayeyarwady delta. The relief of the city varies from flat plains to lowland hills in the central part
as shown in the following Figure. Flat plains are extensive and occur mostly in the eastern and
western parts as wide flat bottoms along the rivers. These flat lands is formed by delta deposits, areas
of which are swampy and are almost occupied by paddy fields with elevation between about 3 m (10
ft) to 6 m (20 ft) above mean sea level.
Yangon city has, in the center, lowland hills

commonly known as the faulty zone ponds
with artificial dams namely Kandawgyi
Lake, Inya Lake, Hlawga Reservoir, Gyobyu
Reservoir and Phugyi Reservoir which used
to be or are main sources of water supply
system for YCDC. There are three service
reservoirs are located on the hills. A long
and narrow spur of Pegu Yomas in the
central area runs almost in N-S direction
with an average height of 30 m (100 ft) and
slopes gradually into flat plains towards east
and west.
Source: 2014 JICA Water MP

Figure 2-1 Topography in Yangon Region
2-1
2.1.2 Geology
The geological Map of Yangon area is presented
in following Figure. The geological structure of
the city is attributed to moderate lowland hills.
The rocks of the Tertiary age contain well-
consolidated marine sandstone and shale of the
Pegu Group and semi-consolidated, continental
deltaic and marginal marine deposits of the
Ayeyarwady Formation.
The synclinal valley west of the Yangon anticlinal

ridge is filled with unconsolidated water laid
deposit of Quaternary age.
Delta sediments consist of sands and gravels,

remarkably free from clayey materials and lies
upon the eroded surface of Ayeyarwady Series.
Recent alluvium consists of gravels, clay, silt and
laterite. These deposits are widely distributed
surrounding the main City area.
Source: Win Naing,1970
The result of geological survey in target site is Figure 2-2 Geological Map of Yangon Area
shown in the Appendix-4.
2.1.3 Meteorology
(1) Climate
Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate which consists of three seasons as listed below. It has an
annual rainfall of 2,700 mm, annual evaporation of 1,347 mm, average temperature of 27.4 oC,
maximum mean temperature of 33 oC, and minimum mean temperature of 21.8 oC.
- Summer season: March–mid May
- Rainy season: mid May–October
- Dry season: October–February
(2) Temperature
The following Figure shows the mean maximum and minimum temperatures in Yangon City
(1991-2008). The difference between the monthly maximum and monthly minimum temperatures is
more than 20 C from December through February and around 10 C from June through August.
2-2

Figure 2-3 Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature in Yangon City (1991-2008)
(3) Rainfall
The following Figure shows the mean monthly rainfall from 2001 to 2008 in Yangon (Kaba Aye).
From the graph, the annual mean rainfall is 2,700 mm. About 95% of the total annual rainfall occurs
during the rainy season from May to October.

Figure 2-4 Mean Monthly Rainfall (Yangon: Kaba Aye, 1991-2008)
2.1.4 Hydrology
(1) Rivers
The following Figure shows a map which contains the rivers surrounding Yangon City. Yangon City
lies at the confluence of the Bago River and the Hlaing River. The two rivers downstream of the
confluence is called as the Yangon River, which is connected to the Gulf of Mottama. The Pan Hlaing
River and Twantay Canal, which converge and flow downstream the Yangon River, as well as the
Kokkowa River which connects with the Hlaing River, all obtain its water from the Ayeyarwady River.
Kokkowa, Pan Hlaing and Toe Rivers are candidate water sources for the expansion of Yangon City’s
water demand expected to increase in the future.
2-3

Figure 2-5 Map Showing The Rivers Surrounding Yangon
(2) Potential Water Sources

The result of water source survey on the MP is shown in the Appendix 2.
(3) Salinity Intrusion

The rivers mentioned are all tidal rivers. During dry season when the river flow is low, salt water
intrusion occurs. Therefore, it is necessary to consider salt water intrusion when developing potential
water source. As salt water intrusion is possible in the area of performance around Yangon, the
following Figure shows the salinity position having 1000 ppm concentration (circled in red) from
2009 to 2011.
2-4
At the proposed location of intakes along Kokkowa and Toe rivers, no problem related to salinity is
expected based on MP.

Figure 2-6 Salt Water Intrusion in The Rivers Surrounding Yangon City
(4) Tides
The following Table shows available tidal information taken from the Myanmar Port Authority (MPA).
Data in the following Table indicates that tidal observations have not been carried out since several
years ago. The information is based on past observation records at Yangon Port (Sule Pagoda Wharf)
and river mouth of Yangon River (Elephant point). At Yangon Port, highest high water level (HHWL)
including tidal condition is +6.74 m, and mean water level (MWL) is + 3.121 m. Ground elevation is
normally assumed as MWL, and the difference between HHWL and MWL around Yangon port is
approximately + 3.619 m (= HHWL + 6.74 – MWL + 3.121 m) on ground elevation basis.
Table 2-1 Tidal Information in Yangon Port

Items Tidal Height (m) Observed Dates
Highest High Water Level (HHWL) +6.74 September 1899
Mean Water Level (MWL) +3.121 Up to 1936
Lowest Low Water Level at Bo Aung Kyaw Street
-0.24 December 1902
Wharf
Indian Spring Low Water Mark +0.338 -
2-5
2.1.5 Hydrogeology
From the study on groundwater potential
(see the following Figure) in 2002 JICA-M/P,
the followings are concluded;
Groundwater potential is low in the
central hilly areas.
Iron contents might be high in
groundwater in areas adjacent to
hilly areas.
Groundwater potential is high in the
remaining low land areas.
Groundwater potential is very high
along the rivers.
Salinity might be high in
groundwater in CBD area.

Figure 2-7 Groundwater Potential in Yangon City
2.2 Wastewater Management Services
2.2.1 Existing Wastewater Management Services

Wastewater management practices in Yangon are categorized into sewerage, septic tank, pour flush
toilet, and other non-sanitary facilities. According to the “Water Supply Improvement Project Study
for Yangon City and Pathein City, 2014”, only a tiny portion of the population, as small as 7.3 % of
total population is benefitted by sewerage services. Most of the middle and high class houses, public
and commercial buildings are provided with mainly septic tanks, and low income houses in the
peripheral areas are provided with various kinds of toilets without treatment.
The existing sewerage system was originally constructed in 1890 which collects only toilet
wastewater (black water), and gray water is discharged to the nearby drains without any treatment.
The ejector system is used in collection of sewage that has been utilized continuously with periodical
modifications for approximately 120 years. Service area covers 8 townships in CBD. The ejector
2-6
system consists of two compressor stations, a number of ejector stations and two force mains which
run in east-west direction in the service area. Originally 40 ejector stations were constructed and 34
stations are in service at present (see the following Figure). The current situation of wastewater
treatment not only brings forth deteriorated living conditions but also involves potential health risks.

Figure 2-8 Sewerage System in Yangon City
2.2.2 Outline of Development Policies on The MP

As for wastewater treatment including sewerage, existing YCDC organization is not capable enough to
undertake full scale development, operation and management. Legal and regulatory framework
concerning wastewater treatment and water environment has not been developed properly, and
accordingly a firm basis for development and provision of finance is not evident. With these
conditions into consideration, establishment of institutional framework towards full-scale development,
staged efforts for the securement of financial resources, and basic policies for development with due
concern to phased employment of and/or shift among various wastewater treatment techniques for
realizing cost-effective treatment are indispensable for realizing efficient wastewater treatment
development.
Based on the above discussion, basic policies and a road map are articulately presented for each time
phase, i.e. short term up to FY 2025, middle term up to FY 2040, and long term from FY 2040 on, and
for each development items are listed below. Outline of development policies is illustrated in the
following Figure.
2-7
Improvement Project (Phase II)
Short term Middle term Long term
Target year
Development - FY 2025 - FY 2040 FY 2040 -
items
• Utilization of JICA Vision and M/P • Human resource developme nt by YCDC • Independent management
Institutional strengthening • Formulation of organization staff trained in the short term period • Revision of M/P by YCDC (for
Sewerage plan (construction, management, Development of related legal system • Preparation of sewerage development efficient development)
finance) • Invitation of experts and engineers plan by YCDC • Continuous facility and business
from advance d ountries • Time of full-scale sewerage expansion management system
for institutional framework
• Preparation of various basic policies

Development polcies
• Establishment of Sewerage Law,

Establishment of laws • Implementati on laws and expansion of enforcement regulations
sewerage ordinace, regulation
• Strengthening of supervision by regulation laws
concerning development activities,
regulation for industrial effluent, etc.
• No.1 projects by Japanese government • Implement sewerage development projects • Expansion of areas serviced by
loan with technical assistance in sevaral districts simultaneously sewerage system
Sewerage developmet plan
• Implementati on of C1 and W1 sewerage • Target of 50% sewerage service ratio in • Up-grading of wasterwater treatment to
zones as much as possible terms of population in 2040 sewerage system finally
• Utilization of Japanes e government • Sewerage deveolpme nt by

• Utilization of Japanese government
loan, etc. independent finacial sources
Finacial resources for development loan, etc.
• Revenue of sewerage service charge • Revenue of sewerage service charge
and government subsidies and government subsidies
Pit latrine Se parate sewerage system

De velopment of inte rceptor sewerage Note 1 with individual conne ction
In the sewerage planned areas ( - FY 2040) Exis ting septic tank
Improve d s eptic tank Note 2 or on-s ite compact tre atmeent fcilitie s (johkasou)
2-8
wastewater treatment facilities

Development policies for
Pit latrine Se parate sewerage system

Out of the sewerage planned areas (FY 2040 - ) with individual conne ction
Existing septic tank Improve d s eptic tank Note 2 or on-s ite compact tre atmeent fcilitie s (johkasou)
Es tablis hement of re gulation laws and Implme ntation of s upe rvision and its strengthening
initiation of de velopment s upervision Sewerage developme nt by private enterprises (such as in Malaysia)
Large-scale development areas
• Small sewerage system for housing development, say community plant
• Indivi dual wasterwater treatment facility for larg-sized building such as johkas ou, etc.
Es tablishement of re gulation laws and Stre ngthe ning of s upervision

Measures against industrial effluent initiation of de velopment s upervision
Installation of pretreatment facility for the connection to sewerage
Note 1: For the time being, increase of sewerage service ratio is targeted by temporary sewerage development. In the case of focusing on the increase of wasterwater volume to be treated, the construction of
wastewater treatment plant will be progressed with interceptor system. On the contrary in the case of focusing on the improvemnet of nearby living environment, the construction of sewer network will be the
first priority, leaving wastewater treatment later. Anyway in both cases, enlightment acitivites to citizens' understanding concerning sewerage such as prevention of garbage dumping to sewer, and sewerage
charge (service charge or tax as evironmental imrovement fee) are indispensible.
Note 2: Basically, sptic tanks to be newly installed are to be improved type capable of treating gray water as well as black water and improved type will be introduced at the time of rebuilding of buildings or
FINAL REPORT
redevelopment of the area for the existing buildings in exsting urbanized areas for which improved sptic tank cannot be installed right now technically.

Figure 2-9 Basic Development Policies Concerning Wastewater Treatment
2.2.3 Priorities of Tasks To Be Implemented by YCDC

YCDC is supposed to go ahead with the development of wastewater treatment systems and facilities
based on the above-mentioned development policies with the cooperation and support of JICA, etc. In
order to realize quick development and early commencement of the operation of wastewater treatment
systems, however, various tasks are to be implemented efficiently prior to construction of treatment
system. These required tasks are articulately listed as shown in the following Table.
Table 2-2 List of Tasks to be Implemented by YCDC and Their Priorities

Priority
Tasks to be implemented by YCDC 1 5
High 2 3 4 Low
1. Land acquisition or its outlook
2. Preparation of policies on sewerage service operation
a. Study on management organization for sewerage service (Administration,
planning, and operation and maintenance）
b. Role sharing for sewerage services between YCDC and townships
c. Study on the method of securing of financial sources for construction upon
consultation with national and regional governments
d. Study on service charge system for sewerage
e. Enactment of local ordinance for sewerage charge
3. Basic policies on related laws and coordination with national government
a. Study on existing related laws and regulations
b. Drafting of legal systems for environment and wastewater treatment and
consultation with national government
c. Basic policies of laws and regulation concerning environment and wastewater
treatment and consultation with national government
4. Drafting of sewerage-related laws and regulations and consultation with national
government
a. Study on framework of Sewerage Law
b. Drafting of Sewerage Law and consultation with national government
c. Request to national government for the enactment of Sewerage Law
d. Drafting of Sewerage Ordinances by YCDC and townships and consultation
among them
e. Enactment of Sewerage Ordinances
5. Study on environmental and effluent standards and consultation with national
government
a. Drafting of ambient water quality standards
b. Study on laws and regulation concerning solid waste treatment related to
sludge treatment
c. Consultation with national and regional governments, academics, and
entrepreneurs
d. Drafting of uniform effluent standards and request to national government for
enactment
e. Drafting of more stringent local effluent standards by YCDC and its enactment
6. Study on law and regulation for other wastewater treatment facilities and
establishment of subsidizing system
a. Study on methods for improving septic tanks
b. Study on laws and regulations for Johkaso and septic tanks (Structural
standards) and consultation with national government
c. Study on subsidizing system for septic tank improvement and Johkaso
installation
7. Basic policies concerning laws and regulations for development activities and
consultation with national government
a. Study on regulation required and items to be requested for cooperation to
developers
b. Coordination with City Planning Act concerning regulation and consultation
with national government
c. Study on regulation ordinance for developing activities concerning sewerage
and its enactment
8. Enactment of ordinance concerning the receipt of industrial effluent to sewerage
system
a. Water quality survey for industrial effluent for types of industries
b. Consultation with interested parties such as national and regional governments,
other departments of YCDC, and entrepreneurs
c. Enactment of ordinance for the receipt of industrial effluent to sewerage
system
9. PR to citizens concerning sewerage and wastewater treatment
2-9
Priority
Tasks to be implemented by YCDC 1 5
High 2 3 4 Low
a. Preparation of general enlightening materials, introduction of various related
systems
b. Holding of explanation meeting for citizens
10. Procedures towards system commencement and project advancement
a. Procedures and preparation of sewerage ledgers, daily and monthly reports for
operation
b. Preparation of water quality management plan
2.3 Current State of Poverty Group
It is important to ensure sufficient and safe water supply to all household, and water tariff collection
system be established with appropriate consideration to poverty level. The poverty threshold in
Yangon used to identify poor people is defined as the earning of US$3 per day (equivalent to 100,000
kyat per month). This amount is considered as the minimum expenses required for survival on food
and non-food commodities mentioned in 2013 JICA Urban Development Plan and JICA-HIS.
According to 2013 JICA-HIS, estimated average household income is 175,000 kyat per month in
Yangon region area and the poor people comprise about 18 % of all household.
Unit rate for domestic water supply is 88 kyat/m3 for metered customers. According to YCDC
officials (Water and Sanitation Department), average cost to have a new water supply connection in a
household is around 100,000 kyat, consisting of 50,000 kyat for permit fee for new connection and
50,000 kyat for plumbing work. Based on the unit rate of 88 kyat/m3, average household expense for
water supply is estimated at 1,289 kyat per month assuming household size of 4.4 persons/household
and unit water consumption of 111 lpcd, whereas the flat rate for unmetered customers is set at 1,800
kyat per month.
An international report by OECD1 states that national and international affordability criteria are often
quoted around 3% to 5% of household income. Taking 75,000 kyat per month for the approximate
average income among poor households, the above mentioned water supply expense (1,289 – 1,800
kyat per month) accounts for 1.7% - 2.4%. The current water tariff level is considered at affordable
level among poor households.
1
“Managing Water for All – An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing” OECD, March 2009
2-10
Source: 2013-JICA Urban Development Plan

Figure 2-10 Monthly Household Income
Table 2-3 Monthly Household Income
2-11
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF MASTER PLAN
Following a brief description of the outline of the water supply MP (2014 JICA Water MP) in section
1, the MP was reviewed in section 2. The population data of 2011 used in the MP was estimated and
not reliable. Now the reliable data of 2014 census data, is available and the study team compared the
census data with the data used in the MP in order to confirm whether the planning framework is still
valid or need to be modified. After the review, the study team has confirmed that the framework is
still valid with some minor modifications.
After the confirmation, water allocation up to 2040, target year of the MP, is revised in the third
section and necessity of the project is described in the fourth section. The revised water allocation is
almost the same as in the MP with some numbers changed and the study team has confirmed on the
necessity of the 60 MGD Kokkowa system till 2025, target year of this feasibility study.
3.1 Outline of The Master Plan
3.1.1 Major Technical Issues of Water Supply Service

The water supply services in Yangon commenced in 1842, and they cover extensively the central
Yangon now. However, the existing water supply system cannot cover the vast suburban areas fully so
that the water coverage ratio is still as low as 40 % below. As a result, many people are using
less-reliable groundwater, rain water and pond water. In addition, transmission and distribution pipes
have not been rehabilitated properly resulting in large quantity of non-revenue water. Water supply
hours are not continuous; water supply pressures are low.
The followings are identified as major technical issues:

・ Low water coverage
・ High non-revenue water ratio
・ Poor water quality
・ Ageing of facilities
・ Inappropriate layout of facilities
・ Insufficient of operation and maintenance of facilities
3.1.2 Service Level Targets

Overall service level targets are set in the MP as shown below.
3-1
Table 3-1 Overall Service Level Target

2011
Item By Area Unit Year 2018 Year 2025 Year 2040
(Present)
Service YCDC 38 48 58 80
%
Coverage rate Region 35 41 49 69
Served YCDC 1.93 2.74 3.76 6.81
Million
Population Region 1.93 2.74 3.92 8.09
YCDC 95 117 135 178
Per Capita Domestic
Region LPCD 95 117 133 173
Consumption
Non-domestic 40 % of total consumption
Water Pressure MPa 0.075 - More than 0.15 MPa
Supply Duration Hour 8 on average - 24
Water Quality Improvement - Not drinkable Drinkable
3.1.3 Non-revenue Water Ratio

Present (2013) non-revenue water ratio on the MP is estimated as 66 % in Yangon. YCDC has
intention to reduce it and the target level is set as 15 % in 2040. Target levels of leakage with
non-revenue water are shown in the Table below at 5 years interval.
Table 3-2 Target Level of Non-revenue Water Ratio and Leakage Ratio
Items 2013 2018 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Non-revenue Water
66 51 46 35 26 20 15
Ratio (%)
Leakage Ratio (%) 50 37 33 25 18 13 10
3.1.4 Population and Water Demand

(1) Population
Population estimated under the 2013-JICA Urban Development Plan was used for the water master
plan.
(2) Water Demand

Water demand is estimated as shown in Table below. Daily maximum demand in 2025 and 2040 is
272 MGD and 543 MGD for Yangon City (YCDC area).
Table 3-3 Water Demand in Yangon City

Items Year 2011 2025 2040
Population person 5,142,128 6,463,609 8,519,527
Served Population Person 1,933,689 3,764,310 6,810,338
Water Coverage Rate % 38 58 80
Unit Consumption Lpcd 95 135 178
Leakage Rate % 50 25 10
Daily Average Water Demand m3/day 611,952 1,125,773 2,242,961
Daily Maximum Water Demand m3/day 673,148 1,238,351 2,467,258
3-2
3.1.5 Water Source

(1) Current Water Source
The maximum water demand per day in Yangon City in 2025 and 2040 are 272 MGD and 543 MGD,
respectively. On the other hand, existing reservoirs source is 215 MGD. Therefore, the development
of potential water source from river is required to meet water demand in 2025 and 2040. About 8
MGD of groundwater is used for YCDC water supply system. However, groundwater abstraction need
to be gradually reduced and considered only as back-up sources as surface water will be developed in
the future.
Table 3-4 List of Existing Water Resources (Reservoirs)

Water Source Capacity
Name Remark
m3/day MGD
Gyobyu Reservoir (Surface water) 123,000 27
Phugyi Reservoir (Surface water) 245,000 54
Hlawga Reservoir (Surface water) 64,000 14
Ngamoeyeik Reservoir (Surface 45 MGD (Phase 2) commissioned in
410,000 90
water) 2013.
Excluding 10 MGD for Thilawa SEZ.
Lagunbyin Reservoir (Surface water) 135,400 30
Will be commissioned in 2018.
Total 977,400 215 Excluding 10 MGD for Thilawa SEZ.
Table 3-5 Planned Groundwater Source

2011 2020 2025 2030 2040
Intake volume (MGD) 8 8 0 0 0
Intake volume (m3/day) 36,000 36,000 0 0 0
(2) Future Water Source

New sources are sought to meet the increased demand. Abstraction of water from the nearest rivers is
not feasible due to either high level of salinity in river water or small water quantity, and consequently
the Kokkowa and Toe Rivers were selected. Firstly, the water supply system using water from
Kokkowa River will be developed due to nearness to Yangon and favorable water quality than the Toe
River.
3-3

Figure 3-1 Staged Water Source Development on The MP
3.1.6 Policy of Water Supply Plan

(1) Target Area
Target areas of MP are greater Yangon (YCDC 33 Township and part of surrounding 6 Townships
including Thilawa SEZ). Water sources and transmission facilities are developed for the Greater
Yangon.
(2) Policy of Improvement of Water Supply

In order to solve the problems in water supply facilities of YCDC and achieve improvement in water
supply services, the water supply facilities are planned based on the policies mentioned below.
Table 3-6 Policies to Achieve Improvement Target of Water Supply Condition

Target items New Facilities Existing Facilities
・ New development of river surface
1. Increase of the water and new construction of water ・ Abandon the use of groundwater
water service treatment plant (Water from intake (Maintain it as backup water
coverage reservoir: Lagunbyin R., Water from resource)
river: Kokkowa river and Toe river)
・ Rationalization of transmission and
distribution facilities including
・ Rationalization of transmission and division of transmission and
distribution facilities including distribution function
2. Achievement of
division of transmission and ・ Enhancement of transmission and
24 hr water
distribution function distribution capacity
supply with
・ Improvement of transmission and ・ Rehabilitation of the existing Central
appropriate water
distribution capacity S/R and the existing Kokine S/R
pressure
・ Establishment of distribution ・ Replacement of the existing pumps
facilities in 10 Zones due to rationalization of distribution
・ Abolishment of the existing Yegu
booster P/S
3-4
Target items New Facilities Existing Facilities

・ Installation of chlorination
3. Provision of the equipment in Hlawga
・ Rehabilitation of Gyobyu WTP
treated water ・ Chlorination in new service reservoir
・ Rehabilitation of Nyaunghnapin WTP
with chlorination ・ Establishment of water quality
control center
・ Establishment of DMA in the served
・ Establishment of DMA, Utilization of
4. Reduction of area
SCADA
Leakage Ratio ・ Installation of water meter in all
・ Scheduled replacement of the old
(from 50 % to household
pipes in accordance with the
10 %) ・ Establishment of distribution
establishment of DMA
management center
3.1.7 Water Supply Facility Plan
(1) Introduction of 3-Tier Water Distribution System

The water supply method to city center is currently direct distribution system except in south of the
city. The transmission and distribution water amount from WTP and SR is certain fixed volume.
Therefore, in the peak time of water demand, water is consumed in the areas near WTP or SR and
shortage of water occurs in remote places or high altitude areas.
In order to implement equal water supply and non-revenue water control, the 3-tier water distribution
system which consists of transmission from WTP to SR, transmission from SR to DMA and
distribution within DMA to house connection is proposed. The conceptual diagram is shown in Figure
below. The isolation between transmission and distribution function is planned by this 3-tier water
distribution system. Water supply to households from transmission pipes which connect between WTP
and SR is abolished and distribution is implemented from distribution branch pipes in DMA.
Transmission pipes (from WTP to SR) and distribution main pipes (from SR or distribution P/S to
DMA) are set as the specialized pipes.
Since the distribution zones are set up and SR for each zone is planned, the water supply system
corresponds to time fluctuation of water demand. Furthermore, DMA is set up by dividing distribution
zones, to monitor and control the transmission water amount to each distribution zone and water flow
to DMA in distribution zone. Equal water supply and appropriate water pressure are secured by
monitoring and control of water flow between steps. Distribution management is enabled by SCADA
which is a tool of monitoring and control of these items.
3-5

Figure 3-2 Conceptual Diagram of 3-Tier Water Distribution System
(2) Creation of Distribution Zone

Whole city is divided into several distribution zones with consideration to topographic condition and
water demand. In each distribution zone, SR is constructed and enough capacity to meet the peak
water demand is secured, it is possible to supply the required amount of water in the peak time of
demand and it finally aims to achieve 24 hours water supply. If 24 hours water supply is actualized,
people will be able to remove private wells, private pumps and roof tanks and it prevents intrusion of
contaminants due to negative pressure in the pipes, thus, it is possible to achieve safe water supply. In
order to secure water supply pressure in distribution zones, the water supply to low altitude area is
done through gravity flow and distribution is done by pumping up to high altitude area.
3-6
(3) Setting Up of DMA

Inside distribution zone, the area is segmented into several blocks of appropriate scale and DMAs are
set up. The inlet pipe to DMA is only one in principle and water pressure and inlet water amount are
monitored and controlled, and then, equal water supply is planned. Another purpose of DMA is
Non-revenue water control. It is easy to calculate non-revenue water by comparison between inlet
water amount to DMA and water consumption in DMA. Commencement of Non-revenue water
control from DMA that has high ratio of non-revenue water is effective method. The DMAs are set up
depending on the pipelines condition and road condition.
YCDC area is divided into 10 water distribution zones each of which has SR and distribution main
pipes leading to DMA with the zones. Water to the SR is conveyed through transmission pipes from
one of the WTP. Following Figure shows transmission facilities connecting the WTP and the SR in 10
Zones.
3-7

Figure 3-3 Planned Water Supply System in 2040
3-8
3.2 Review of Planning Framework
YCDC will supply water only to YCDC area and will not supply to the surrounding 6 townships2.
Therefore, in this study, YCDC area or Yangon city is considered for the target area. When facilities
are constructed to cover the surrounding townships, consensus should be reached between the
regional government and YCDC in future. Water demand is reviewed and estimated through the
following procedures described hereafter. This procedure is the same as the MP.
Table 3-7 Review of Water Demand and Estimation Procedures of The MP

Procedure of Water
Item Sections Remarks
Demand Estimation
Population of Yangon
Describes estimation procedure of
3.2.1 Population population in Greater Yangon
Growth including Yangon city in the
2013-JICA Urban Development Plan.
Population in Yangon city estimated
3.2.2 Current
in the above plan is employed after
Population and
comparing with the census
Overall Population
population.
3.2.3 Population Township populations are revised
Township Population A
Allocation using that of the 2014 census.
Water Demand by Township
3.2.4 Water Demand
by Township
Service Coverage 3.2.4(2) Service Township service coverage ratio in
B
Ratio by Township Coverage Ratio 2014 is based on the census data
Served Population by 3.2.4(3) Served
C=AxB
Township Population
Reviewed using additional data from
Per Capita 3.2.4(4) Per Capita 2012 to 2014. Per Capita
D
Consumption Consumption Consumption is the sum total of
Domestic and Non-Domestic.
3.2.4(5) NRW ratio
Leakage Ratio E The targeted values of YCDC
and Leakage Ratio
Peak Factor 110% 3.2.4(6) Peak Factor Same as the MP
Maximum Water F = (C x D) / (1 – E) x 3.2.4(7) Water
demand 110% Demand Estimation
Water Demand by Supply Zone
Converting township 3.2.5 Water Demand Name and location of both township
water demand into by Water Supply and supply zone is shown in Figure
supply zone demand. Zone of page ii.
Source: 2014 JICA Study Team
2
Townships with TS codes 34 to 39 are the surrounding 6 townships shown in Figure 3-7.
3-9
Future Population
Coverage rate
Served Population
Rate of Domestic Consumption and
Unit Domestic Consumption Non Domestic Consumption
Domestic Consumption Non-domestic Consumption
Consumption
Leakage Rate
Daily Average Demand
Peak Factor
Daily Maximum Demand

Figure 3-4 Flow Chart of Water Demand Estimation
3.2.1 Population Growth

Water supply MP was formulated under the framework of the Preparatory Study for Urban
Development Programme in the Greater Yangon (JICA) (2013-JICA Urban Development Plan). The
study areas of the MP and the development plan was Greater Yangon extending over an area of about
1,500 km2, covering YCDC area (784 km2, 33 townships) and parts of adjoining peripheral 6
townships (Kyauktan, Thanlyin, Hlegu, Hmawby, Htantabin and Twantay). Target year for both of the
plans is set as 2040 while that for feasibility study was set as 2025.
Due to absence of reliable data and anticipation of drastic economic development in future stimulated
by the economic liberalization policy of the Myanmar government, the framework (future population)
in the 2013-JICA Urban Development Plan was formulated based on
2011 estimated population and

resemblance to economic development experienced in the cities of the Southeast Asian
countries
The followings are the excerpts from the 2013-JICA Urban Development Plan;
“The JICA Study Team established appropriate socio-economic framework in Greater Yangon
through the examination of various alternatives for socio-economic development from the viewpoint
of different development scenarios.
3-10
(1) Three Demographic Alternatives for Greater Yangon

In the projection of the future population of Greater Yangon, JICA Study Team prepared three
different scenarios using the examples from other Asian cities, e.g., the population growth rate in
Bangkok was 2.61% (1975-2000), the rate in Hanoi was 2.75% (1975-2000), and the rate in Jakarta
was 3.3% (1975-2000). These scenarios are low, middle, and high population growth scenarios,
respectively. The differences of urban growth rates are described in the following table.
Table Assumption of Future Population Growth Rate

Assumption of Annual Growth
Population Growth Scenario Rate Remarks
Low Scenario 2.4 % Less than the past trend of YCDC
Middle Scenario 2.6 % Past Trend of YCDC (Bangkok level)
High Scenario 3.3 % Jakarta level
Table Population Growth Rate of Major Cities in Neighboring Countries (1975-2000)

City/Country Population Growth Rate
Bangkok/ Thailand 2.61 %
Hanoi Vietnam 2.75 %
Jakarta/ Indonesia 3.30 %
Source: ‘World Urbanization Prospect (The 2001 Revision)’, World Bank
The population volume in Bangkok City was 6.7 million in 2011 while the population in Bangkok
Metropolitan Area, consisting of not only Bangkok City but also the suburban area, was estimated to
be more than 10 million by the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB).
Industrial infrastructure in the eastern seaboard region such as road, railway, seaport, industrial port,
power, water resource, etc., namely the ‘Eastern Seaboard Development Program (ESDP)’ has
progressed remarkably from the 1980s era to the first half of the 1990s era. At the same period of the
progress of ESDP, the rapid rising yen after the Plaza Accord of 1985 has made the Japanese to invest
capital intensively in Thailand especially in the eastern seaboard region. Furthermore, the worldwide
huge production base has been formed with a central focus on the eastern seaboard region. The
appearance of huge production area has brought about absorbing redundant workers in Bangkok City
that have moved from the rural areas, and has influenced the formation of Bangkok Metropolitan Area
remarkably.
The period from the timing of the rapid rising yen to the present time is about 30 years which is the
same as the projection period of the socio-economic framework. Therefore, JICA Study Team assumed
that the future socio-economic scenario of Greater Yangon would be comparable to the past trend of
the Bangkok Metropolitan Area.
In consideration of the abovementioned circumstances, the ‘Middle Scenario’ is the recommendable

scenario to be adopted for deliberation through consultation with JICA Study Team and YCDC
officers.”
3-11
The 2013-JICA Urban Development Plan envisages that Yangon will have extensive economic
development and, proposed sub-centers and green islands system in the radius of 10 to 15 km from
the CBD as shown in Figure 3-5. Urbanization has been taking place in agricultural land and “under
developing” land. These lands are planned to use for developing housing, etc. Planned land use for
2025 is shown in Figure 3-6.
3-12

Figure 3-5 Planned City Center/ Town Core Area and Main Infrastructure in 2040
3-13

Figure 3-6 Future Urban Structure and Land Use of Greater Yangon
3-14
3.2.2 Current Population and Overall Population

The 2013-JICA Urban Development Plan used 2011 population as the base population for future
population estimates. The 2011 population was estimated by the Myanmar side in absence of census
data that was available only for 1983. The population in the Greater Yangon was estimated to increase
from 5.57 million in 2011 to 11.73 million in 2040 while for Yangon city it will increase to 8.52
million in 2040 from 5.14 million in 2011.
In 2014, a national population and housing 2014 census was carried out and, Yangon city population
in 2014 is higher than that in 2011. This is remarkable looking at the 2014 national population in
Myanmar that decreased from those in 2011.
JICA study team has compared the 2014 census population with the 2014 projected population. The
projected populations were calculated using the annual growth rate of 2.6 % for Greater Yangon in the
urban development plan. Using the annual growth rates of 1.6 % for Yangon city that were derived
from comparison of populations between 2011 and 2018, population was projected for 2014. Overall,
the projected population in 2014 is higher than the 2014 census population by 3 % (Following Table).
Table 3-8 Estimated Population in 2011 and 2014

Annual growth rate 2014 (Projected in
Items 2011 used in the urban the urban 2014 (Census)
development plan development plan)
Yangon city 5,142,128 1.6 % 5,392,920 5,211,431
Peripheral 6 townships
430,114 11.5 % 597,346 N/A.
(Part)
Greater Yangon 5,572,242 2.6 % 5,808,266 N/A.
Source: 2013-JICA Urban Development Plan for 2011 and Census for 2014
JICA study team considers that the base population and the economic development scenario used in
Yangon can be effective and estimated total population with an annual growth rate of 2.6 % can be
used in this study for the following reasons;
・ This 2.6 % was set formally expecting economic development in Yangon and Myanmar based on
the similar economic development taken place in the Southeast Asian nations.
・ The population estimated in the urban development plan is widely used for not only the water
sector but also for other sectors and, therefore the same population had better be used for all
sectors.
・ The margin of difference between the projected population and the census population in 2014 is
minimal by 3 %. It is difficult to estimate future growth rate accurately so that we cannot forecast
this 3 % may increase or decrease in future. Therefore, it is too early to change the projected
figures.
・ If population needs to be revised reflecting on the actual population, it should not be revised in a
short-term basis but in a medium or long-term basis, say every 10 years.
3-15
If trend of future development differs from the future development scenario adopted in this study, e.g.
population growth rates becomes low, estimated water demand will become lower. That means the
estimated water demand in a specific year will be deferred by some years, depending on actual
population growth. The projected water demand in 2025, for example, will become a water demand in
some years after 2025 and the proposed 60 MGD Kokkowa system can eventually be utilized.
3.2.3 Population Allocation

The urban development plan allocated the increased population of 6.16 million between 2011 and
2040 in the Greater Yangon, taking into account of developable areas and land use. As a result,
increased population was allocated extensively to developing areas, “New Suburbs Zone” and
peripheral 6 townships and not in the existing built-up areas.
Township group population was calculated using the annual growth rates that were derived from the
comparison of those in 2011 and 2018, and is shown in the following Table. The projected township
group populations are larger than the 2014 census populations except in New Suburbs zone.
Table 3-9 Township Group Population in 2014 by Urban Development Plan and 2014 census
(Unit: 1,000 persons)
(B) Calculated Annual 2014
Growth rate between Projected using 2014
Township Group 1998 (A) 2011
2011 and 2018 in the the growth rate of Census
Urban Development Plan (A) x (B)
CBD 256 252 0.03 % 253 225
Outer Ring Zone 598 596 0.17 % 599 525
Inner Urban Ring 664 848 0.27 % 855 764
Older Suburbs Zone 689 778 0.40 % 788 715
South of CBD 103 220 3.59 % 244 207
Northern Suburbs 595 805 2.20 % 860 835
New Suburbs Zone 687 1,642 2.89 % 1,788 1,940
Yangon city Total 3,592 5,142 1.59 % 5,391 5,211
6 suburban TSs (all) - 1,072 7.18 % 1,320 1,289
Grand Total - 6,214 2.60 % 6,711 6,500
6 suburban TSs (part) - 430 11.57 % 926 N/A.
Source: 2013-JICA Urban Development Plan and 2014 census
3-16
Note: Light green color areas indicate YCDC controlled area and light pink plus light green area is Greater Yangon
Figure 3-7 Greater Yangon Area and YCDC Area (33 townships)
3-17
Note: City center is composed of CBD (Orange color), IUR (Light blue color) and a part of ORZ (Light yellow color) areas
Figure 3-8 Township Group in YCDC Area
Future population in each township are either the projected population in the urban development plan
or population in the 2014 census that is lower than the projected population. Then, decreased number
of population is allocated to the New Suburban Zone.
The revision is made in the following manners;
・ Firstly it is set that total projected population remains unchanged.
・ Future population in CBD and Inner Urban Ring Zones of the built-up areas is considered to be
3-18
same as 2014 census population because population has continued decreasing since 1998 and has
been fixed as that in 2014 census.
・ (Inner Urban Ring Zone) Population in Dagon, Bahan and Dawbon is considered to be same as
2014 census population while the projected populations are employed in the remaining
townships.
Populations in Outer Ring Zone and Older Suburbs Zone of the built-up areas will increase slightly.
・ (Outer Ring Zone) Population in Yankin and Thingangyun is considered to be same as 2014
census population while the projected populations are employed in the remaining townships.
・ (Older Suburbs) Population in South Okkalapa and Thakayta is considered to be same as 2014
census population while the projected population is employed in North Okkalapa township.
Population in Northern Suburbs Zone, South of CBD and New Suburbs Zone will increase
considerably.
・ (Northern Suburbs) Population in Mayangon township is adjusted downward while the projected
population is employed in the remaining two townships.
・ (South of CBD) The projected population is employed.
・ (New Suburbs) The projected population, which is still lower than the 2014 census population, is
employed in the 4 townships in east Yangon. Population in Shwepyitha and Hlaing Tharyar
townships is considerably increased compared to the projected ones in Urban Development
Study.
As is shown in the following Figure, future increased population is allocated to the developing areas;
New Suburban Zone, Northern Suburban Zone and South of CBD Zones. The revised population is
given in the following Table.
9,000
8,000
7,000
New Suburbs Zone
6,000
Northern Suburbs
5,000 South of CBD
4,000 Older Suburbs Zone

Outer Ring Zone
3,000
Inner Urban Ring
2,000 CBD
1,000
0
2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Figure 3-9 Revised Population Projection by Township Group
3-19
Table 3-10 Revised Population of Township and Township Group in Yangon City
Area
No Township District 2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Note
(km2)
1 Latha West 0.60 25 25 25 25 25 25 C
2 Lanmadaw West 1.31 47 47 47 47 47 47 C
3 Pabedan West 0.62 33 33 33 33 33 33 C
4 Kyauktada West 0.70 30 30 30 30 30 30 C
5 Botahtaung East 2.60 41 41 41 41 41 41 C
6 Pazuntaung East 1.07 48 48 48 48 48 48 C
CBD 6.91 225 225 225 225 225 225
7 Ahlon West 3.38 55 66 67 67 68 69 D
8 Kyimyindine West 4.46 112 124 129 135 141 149 D
9 Sangyoung West 2.40 100 106 106 107 108 108 D
10 Dagon West 4.89 25 25 25 25 25 25 C
11 Bahan West 8.47 97 97 98 98 99 99 C
12 Tamway East 4.99 165 193 193 195 196 197 D
Mingala
13 East 4.94 132 158 159 161 163 165 D
Taungnyunt
14 Seikkan West 1.17 3 3 3 3 3 3 D
15 Dawbon East 3.11 75 75 75 75 75 75 C
Inner Urban Ring 37.83 764 847 856 866 877 890
16 Kamayut West 6.47 85 91 94 96 99 103 D
17 Hline West 9.82 160 160 160 160 160 160 D
18 Yankin East 4.79 71 71 71 71 71 71 C
19 Thingangyun East 13.12 209 209 209 209 209 209 C
Outer Ring Zone 34.20 525 532 534 537 540 544
20 Mayangon West 25.83 198 207 208 213 218 223 R
21 Insein North 31.40 305 327 337 349 362 377 D
22 Mingaladon North 127.96 332 427 576 704 832 907 D
Northern
185.19 835 961 1,121 1,266 1,411 1,507
Suburbs
23 North Okkalapa East 27.76 333 355 369 385 403 423 D
24 South Okkalapa East 8.22 161 161 161 161 161 161 C
25 Thakayta East 13.45 221 221 221 221 221 221 C
Older Suburbs
49.42 715 736 750 766 785 805
Zone
26 Dala South 98.41 173 254 302 357 419 490 D
Seikkyi/
27 South 12.10 34 47 53 59 66 74 D
Khanaungto
South of CBD 110.51 207 301 354 416 485 564
28 Shwepyitha North 52.69 344 369 385 448 506 602 R
29 Hlaing Tharyar North 77.61 688 741 769 794 854 962 R
30 Dagon North East 24.18 204 237 247 259 272 287 D
31 Dagon South East 37.51 372 413 441 473 509 550 D
32 Dagon East East 170.87 166 390 552 736 945 1,183 D
33 Dagon Seikkan East 42.04 167 186 229 279 335 399 D
New Suburbs
404.90 1,940 2,335 2,623 2,988 3,421 3,985
Zone
Total 828.96 5,211 5,936 6,464 7,063 7,745 8,520 D
Note:
C: 2014 Census population is used for population in 2014 which is lower than the projected population in the Urban
Development Study.
D: The projected population in the Urban Development Study is employed for future population.
R: Population is re-allocated upward in Shwepyitha and Hlaing Tharyar townships while re-allocated downward in
Mayangon township,
3-20
3.2.4 Water Demand by Township

(1) Summary of Water Demand Estimation
Population and coverage ratio have been reviewed using the latest 2014 census results while per
capita consumption has been reviewed using the latest YCDC data (April 2012 to March 2015). As a
result, the frameworks used in the MP can be applicable with some modifications in this study. The
revised frameworks are shown in Table 3-11 together with other service level targets. For reference,
the frameworks used in the MP are presented in Table 3-12.
Table 3-11 Revised Water Demand and Service Level Targets for Yangon City
Item Unit/ Year 2014 2025 2040
Unit Consumption (Domestic) City/suburbs* Lpcd 111/69 150/100 200/150
Unit Consumption (Non-domestic) Lpcd 74/46 100/67 133/100
City/suburbs*
Not
drinkable
other area.
Table 3-12 Water Demand for Yangon City as per The MP (reference)
Item Year 2011 2025 2040
Unit Consumption (Domestic) * Lpcd 95 150/100 200/150
Unit Consumption (Non-domestic) Lpcd 63 100/67 133/100
City/suburbs*
Not
drinkable
other area.
3-21
(2) Service Coverage Ratio

In the MP, the service coverage ratio of each township in 2011 was calculated using Household
Interview Survey data in 2012 (2013 JICA-HIS), which is used for the service coverage ratio for 2011
in that project. In the MP, service coverage ratio in 2040 is set as 80%.
The actual data in 2014 based on the census reflects a difference in coverage ratio by township. For
future forecast of the service coverage ratio to approach the target in 2040 set in the MP, increasing
rate of 2% per year is applied to the actual service coverage ratio of each township in 2014. In
addition, townships of Ahlon, Sangyoung, Kamayut and Hlaing Tharyar that have low actual coverage
ratio in Zone 1 and Zone 9 (target area in this Study, and see the Appendix-1), will not have high
coverage ratio in 2025 even if 2% increase per year is applied. Therefore, coverage ratio for these
townships is considered as about 45% in 2025 which is same as coverage ratio of Zone 7 and 8
(including 4 TSs; Dagon North, Dagon South, Dagon East and Dagon Seikkan) of Phase 1 project
under implementation, considering that these townships will also have same development pattern.
Using the population data in the 2014 census and the coverage ratio by township set above, the
service coverage ratio for Yangon city is estimated as 35 %, which is comparable to the coverage ratio
of 38 % in 2011 on the MP based on the 2013 JICA-HIS. With some adjustment in figures of a few
townships, the modified service coverage ratios of township is used for the target coverage ratio in
this Study as shown in the following Table. As a result, the coverage ratio in Yangon city is slightly
changed to 56 % in 2025 and 78 % in 2040 from the corresponding MP figures of 58 % in 2025 and
80 % in 2040, respectively. This decrease results from the fact that more population is allocated to the
developing areas where service coverage ratio is lower than the developed areas.

Figure 3-10 Revised Water Supply Coverage Ratio by Township Group in Yangon City (%)
3-22
Table 3-13 Revised Water Coverage Ratio by Township Group in Yangon City (%)
No Township 2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
1 Latha 85 97 100 100 100 100
2 Lanmadaw 70 82 92 100 100 100
3 Pabedan 88 100 100 100 100 100
4 Kyauktada 96 100 100 100 100 100
5 Botahtaung 98 100 100 100 100 100
6 Pazuntaung 99 100 100 100 100 100
CBD 89 96 98 100 100 100
7 Ahlon 20 32 45 55 65 75
8 Kyimyindine 4 16 26 36 46 56
9 Sangyoung 14 26 45 55 65 75
10 Dagon 47 59 69 79 89 99
11 Bahan 86 98 100 100 100 100
12 Tamway 87 99 100 100 100 100
13 Mingala Taungnyunt 96 100 100 100 100 100
14 Seikkan 66 78 88 98 100 100
15 Dawbon 29 41 51 61 71 81
Inner Urban Ring 55 66 72 77 82 86
16 Kamayut 8 20 45 55 65 75
17 Hline 27 39 49 59 69 79
18 Yankin 89 100 100 100 100 100
19 Thingangyun 48 60 70 80 90 100
Outer Ring Zone 41 52 63 72 80 89
20 Mayangon 48 60 70 80 90 100
21 Insein 26 38 48 58 68 78
22 Mingaladon 30 42 52 62 72 82
Northern Suburbs 33 45 54 64 74 84
23 North Okkalapa 86 98 100 100 100 100
24 South Okkalapa 68 80 90 100 100 100
25 Thakayta 28 40 50 60 70 80
Older Suburbs Zone 64 77 83 88 92 95
26 Dala 10 22 32 42 52 62
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto 0 12 22 32 42 52
South of CBD 9 20 31 41 51 61
28 Shwepyitha 8 20 30 40 50 60
29 Hlaing Tharyar 3 15 45 55 65 75
30 Dagon North 34 46 56 66 76 86
31 Dagon South 25 37 47 57 67 77
32 Dagon East 16 28 38 48 58 68
33 Dagon Seikkan 14 26 36 46 56 66
New Suburbs Zone 14 26 42 51 61 71
Total 35 46 56 63 71 78
Source: 2014; Census data and 2020 to 2040; JICA Study Team
(3) Served Population

The served population up to 2040 is calculated using the coverage ratio and township population set
above and shown in the following Table and Figure. The served population in Yangon city area in
2025 will be 3.6 million, which is corresponding to an increase of 1.8 million from that in 2014 or two
times of that in 2014.
3-23
Table 3-14 Revised Water Served Population by Township in Yangon City

No Township 2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
1 Latha 21 24 25 25 25 25
2 Lanmadaw 33 39 43 47 47 47
3 Pabedan 29 33 33 33 33 33
4 Kyauktada 29 30 30 30 30 30
5 Botahtaung 40 41 41 41 41 41
6 Pazuntaung 48 48 48 48 48 48
CBD 200 215 220 224 224 224
7 Ahlon 11 21 30 37 44 51
8 Kyimyindine 4 20 34 48 65 83
9 Sangyoung 14 28 48 59 70 81
10 Dagon 12 15 17 20 22 25
11 Bahan 83 96 98 98 99 99
12 Tamway 144 191 194 195 196 197
14 Seikkan 2 2 2 3 3 3
15 Dawbon 22 31 38 46 53 61
Inner Urban Ring 420 562 620 667 715 765
16 Kamayut 7 18 42 53 65 77
17 Hline 43 63 79 95 111 127
18 Yankin 63 71 71 71 71 71
19 Thingangyun 101 126 147 168 189 209
Outer Ring Zone 214 278 339 387 436 484
20 Mayangon 96 124 146 171 196 224
21 Insein 79 124 162 202 246 294
22 Mingaladon 98 180 299 436 599 744
Northern Suburbs 273 428 607 809 1,041 1,262
23 North Okkalapa 287 348 369 385 403 424
24 South Okkalapa 110 129 145 161 161 161
25 Thakayta 61 88 110 132 154 176
26 Dala 18 56 97 150 218 304
South of CBD 18 62 109 169 246 343
28 Shwepyitha 29 74 115 179 253 361
29 Hlaing Tharyar 21 111 346 437 555 722
30 Dagon North 70 109 138 171 207 247
31 Dagon South 93 153 207 269 341 424
32 Dagon East 26 109 210 353 548 805
33 Dagon Seikkan 23 48 83 128 188 263
New Suburbs Zone 262 604 1,099 1,537 2,092 2,822
Total 1,845 2,714 3,618 4,471 5,477 6,661
3-24
7,000
6,000
5,000 New Suburbs Zone

Northern Suburbs
4,000 South of CBD
Older Suburbs Zone
3,000
Outer Ring Zone
2,000 Inner Urban Ring

CBD
1,000
0
2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Figure 3-11 Revised Township Group Water Served Population in Yangon City (Unit: 1,000
persons)
(4) Per Capita Consumption

In the MP, two types of per capita consumption was proposed; one for the relatively developed city
area and another for the potential developing area, and the per capita consumption was planned to
increase according to economic development and considering the current suppressed water supply
condition, referring to the patterns of other capital cities in the Southeast Asian countries which
experienced economic developments. This scenario is applicable to this study and the same per capita
consumption as shown in the following is used in this Study.
Table 3-15 Target of Per Capita Average Consumption by Township Group (Lpcd)
Township Group 2011 2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
CBD, Inner Urban Ring
Domestic 100 111 132 150 167 183 200
Yangon Outer Ring Zone,
Non-domestic 67 74 88 100 111 122 133
City Northern Suburbs,
Total 167 185 220 250 278 305 333
Older Suburbs Zone
Yangon Domestic 60 69 86 100 117 133 150
South of CBD,
City - Non-domestic 40 46 57 67 78 89 100
New Suburbs Zone
Suburbs Total 100 115 143 167 195 222 250
The study team has collected data of the number of water service connections and billed amount for
years 2012/13 to 2014/15. Then these data are compared with the previous data for years 2009/10 to
2011/12 in the MP. Between 2009/10 and 2013/14 (Table 3-16), the number of connection and total
consumption did not change so much reflecting no additional water source increase. Hence the study
team uses the figures between 2009/10 and 2013/14 to estimate current per capita consumption. As a
result, domestic and non-domestic per capita consumption is calculated as 115 lpcd and 82 lpcd,
3-25
respectively3. These numbers are almost equal to the proposed numbers in years 2011 to 2014 on the
MP and the study team decided to use the numbers in the MP. In addition, the Nyaunghnapin WTP
Phase 2 (45 MGD) was started operation from 2014/15 (Table 3-17).
Table 3-16 Connection and Daily Consumption of YCDC between 2009/10 and 1013/14
Year Domestic Commercial Departm Total
Meter Flat Rate Sub total Meter Flat Rate Sub total ent
Connection
2009/10 145,159 60,465 205,624 13,791 3,510 17,301 1,168 224,093
2010/11 152,405 56,938 209,343 13,749 3,239 16,988 1,168 227,659
2011/12 162,890 54,937 217,827 14,359 2,725 17,084 1,168 238,920
2012/13 178,483 54,000 232,483 17,112 3,797 20,909 1,256 254,648
2013/14 159,480 51,832 211,312 16,359 1,669 18,028 1,256 230,596
Average 159,683 55,634 215,318 15,074 2,988 18,062 1,203 235,183
Daily Consumption (m3)
2009/10 69,544 38,670 108,214 19,942 6,778 26,720 43,104 179,908
2010/11 70,192 35,623 105,815 21,644 6,565 28,209 43,104 179,241
2011/12 75,782 35,552 111,334 25,139 5,828 30,967 43,104 187,186
2012/13 76,588 32,877 109,465 25,311 7,270 32,581 50,250 194,166
2013/14 79,953 31,505 111,458 25,837 3,313 29,150 50,250 192,728
Average 74,412 34,845 109,257 23,574 5,951 29,525 45,962 186,646
Note: Numbers in Italics are estimated one.
Source: JICA Study Team based on YCDC Data
Table 3-17 Connection and Daily Consumption of YCDC in 2014/15

Year Domestic Commercial Departm Total
Meter Flat Rate Sub total Meter Flat Rate Sub total ent
Connection
2014/15 197,234 33,237 230,471 21,259 0 21,259 1,256 252,986
Daily Consumption (m3)
2014/15 100,600 20,352 120,952 34,059 0 34,059 50,250 207,131
Source: JICA Study Team based on YCDC Data
(5) Non-revenue Water Ratio and Leakage Ratio

YCDC supplied water amounting 148 MGD (673,000 m3/day) to 1.85 million people in 2013; and per
capita supply amount is calculated as 365 liters per day. This amount should be adequate to consumers
if delivered properly; however there are many consumers’ complaints about supply pressure, supply
hour and so on according to 2013 JICA HIS. In fact, revenue water ratio is low, estimated to be about
30 % according to the YCDC data from 2011/12 to 2013/14. YCDC has intention to reduce it and the
target level is set as 15 % by 2040.
Leakage reduction requires continuous efforts and strong support from management side with
investment costs for replacement of old pipes, etc. YCDC has set ambitious leakage level as 10 % in
20404. Target levels of leakage with non-revenue water on the MP are shown below. Non-revenue
water ratio and leakage ratio in 2025 are 35 % and 25 %, respectively.
3
Using 4.4 persons per household in 2014 census.
4
Various measures to reduce NRW have already been initiated with assistance of international institutions. In addition, old
pipes will be replaced in Zone 1 proposed in this study and additional pipes will be installed in the eastern Yangon
(JICA-Phase 1 project) and the western Yangon (JICA-Phase 2 project that is being studied in this study). Hence, leakage is
expected to decrease considerably.
Currently, the JICA technical cooperation project, in addition to Japanese Grant Aid, assistance from France, Denmark and
Manila Water are being implemented to formulate measures for leakage rate reduction.
3-26
Table 3-18 Non-revenue Water Rate and Leakage Rate

Items 2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Non-revenue Water Rate (%) 66 46 35 26 20 15
Leakage Rate (%) 50 33 25 18 13 10
(6) Peak Factor

On the MP, referring to the past values of YCDC, Bangkok and the large cities in Japan, the peak
factor is set at 110%. The factor is applicable of the same value on this Study.
(7) Water Demand Estimation

Water demand is estimated as shown below, using an annual peak factor of 110 %.
Table 3-19 Revised Water Demand by Township Group (Daily Maximum: MGD)
No Township 2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
1 Latha 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 Lanmadaw 3 3 3 4 4 4
3 Pabedan 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 Kyauktada 3 2 2 3 3 3
5 Botahtaung 4 3 3 3 4 4
6 Pazuntaung 4 4 4 4 4 4
CBD 19 17 17 19 20 20
7 Ahlon 1 2 2 3 4 5
8 Kyimyindine 0 2 3 4 6 7
9 Sangyoung 1 2 4 5 6 7
10 Dagon 1 1 1 2 2 2
11 Bahan 7 8 8 8 9 9
12 Tamway 13 15 16 16 17 18
14 Seikkan 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 Dawbon 2 2 3 4 5 5
Inner Urban Ring 36 45 50 56 63 68
16 Kamayut 1 1 3 4 6 7
17 Hline 4 5 6 8 10 11
18 Yankin 6 6 6 6 6 6
19 Thingangyun 9 10 12 14 16 19
Outer Ring Zone 20 22 27 32 38 43
20 Mayangon 9 10 12 14 17 20
21 Insein 7 10 13 17 21 26
22 Mingaladon 9 14 24 37 52 67
Northern Suburbs 25 34 49 68 90 113
23 North Okkalapa 26 28 30 32 35 38
24 South Okkalapa 10 10 12 14 14 14
25 Thakayta 5 7 9 11 13 16
26 Dala 1 3 5 9 14 20
South of CBD 1 3 6 10 16 23
28 Shwepyitha 2 4 6 11 16 24
29 Hlaing Tharyar 1 6 19 26 35 49
30 Dagon North 4 6 7 10 13 17
3-27
No Township 2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

31 Dagon South 5 8 11 16 22 28
32 Dagon East 1 6 11 21 35 54
33 Dagon Seikkan 1 3 4 8 12 18
New Suburbs Zone 14 33 58 92 133 190
Total 156 199 258 334 422 525
600
500
New Suburbs Zone

400
Northern Suburbs
South of CBD
300
Older Suburbs Zon e
Outer Ring Zone
200
Inner Urban Ring
CBD
100
0
2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Figure 3-12 Revised Daily Maximum Water Demand by Township Group (Unit: MGD)
3.2.5 Water Demand by Water Supply Zone

Demand by township is converted to demand by water supply zone (see the MAP in the top page).
The main futures of water demand by distribution zone in 2014, 2025 and 2040 are shown in Tables
3-20, 3-21 and 3-22, respectively.
Table 3-20 Revised Main Features by Distribution Zone in 2014 for Yangon City
Coverage Served Number of Daily Max. Daily Max.
Population
Zone ratio Population Connection demand demand
1,000 % 1,000 1,000 mld MGD
1 794 62 488 111 199 44
2 637 47 299 68 122 27
3 653 47 310 70 126 28
4 653 58 380 86 155 34
5 501 15 75 17 26 6
6 133 30 39 9 16 4
7 370 26 96 22 24 5
8 539 22 117 26 29 6
9 688 3 21 5 5 1
10 243 8 19 4 5 1
Total 5,211 35 1,845 419 708 156
3-28
Population
Zone ratio Population Connection demand demand
1,000 % 1,000 1,000 mld MGD
1 866 77 667 152 245 54
2 655 68 445 101 163 36
3 673 69 463 105 170 37
4 746 75 562 128 206 45
5 659 39 258 59 80 18
6 231 52 120 27 44 10
7 799 44 348 79 85 18
8 670 43 290 66 71 15
9 769 45 346 79 85 19
10 397 30 119 27 30 6
Total 6,464 56 3,618 822 1,179 258
Population
Zone rate Population Connection demand demand
1,000 % 1,000 1,000 mld MGD
1 896 89 793 180 323 71
2 658 91 599 136 244 54
3 697 91 632 144 258 56
4 875 90 791 180 322 71
5 1,034 69 715 163 255 56
6 364 82 298 68 122 26
7 1,471 72 1,052 239 321 71
8 950 72 687 156 210 46
9 962 75 722 164 221 49
10 613 60 370 84 116 25
Total 8,520 78 6,661 1,514 2,391 525
3.3 Review of Water Allocation
3.3.1 Supply Capacity Development

The daily maximum demand in Yangon city will be 258 MGD in 2025. On the other hand, the
existing water supply capacity in Yangon city is 215 MGD excluding water from well sources and 10
MGD (out of 40 MGD) of Lagunbyin system which will be sent to Thilawa SEZ, outside of Yangon
city.
Hence, supply capacity and demand will be balanced in 2023 and additional water supply capacity is
required to cater to the demand after 2023. Required additional capacity will be 43 MGD in 2025 and
58 MGD in 2026 and the facilities of 60 MGD capacity at the Kokkowa are planned in this study.
3.3.2 New Water Source (Pan Hlaing River)

Although the Kokkowa River (2nd stage) and the Toe River have been selected as additional water
3-29
sources to meet the demand after 2025 in the MP, YCDC has identified the Pan Hlaing River as
another water source after the MP study. The Pan Hlaing River branches off from the Kokkowa River
and meets the Hlaing River downstream (see the location Map). In the MP, Pan Hlaing River was not
considered as a water source due to presence of high salinity in river water. However, if tide gates are
installed, salinity in river water is expected to reduce within drinkable level. YCDC is now
considering to construct WTP in Zone 9 upon construction of tide gates in order to use Pan Hlaing
river water as a source. This source can be a substitute of the Kokkowa River water source, and if the
Pan Hlaing River water supply system has a capacity of 60 MGD, the required capacity of the
Kokkowa would be reduced by 60 MGD.
Water treated at both Kokkowa and Pan Hlaing will be conveyed firstly to Zone 9 SR from where
water will be either distributed to Zone 9 or conveyed further to Zone 1. Conveyance pipe from Pan
Hlaing River is shorter in length than that from Kokkowa so that Pan Hlaing system is cheaper than
Kokkowa system considering the construction, and operation and maintenance costs. However, Pan
Hlaing system cannot be constructed immediately because long time is required for construction of
tide gate and agreement of water allocation between YCDC (EDWS) and MoAI. Kokkowa 1st stage of
60 MGD should be constructed first to meet water demand in 2025. After the Kokkowa 1st stage and
before the Kokkowa 2nd stage and Toe, Pan Hlaing (60 MGD) can be constructed.
3.3.3 Revised Supply Capacity Development

Considering the new water source of Pan Hlaing, water development scenario proposed in the MP is
revised in this Study as below. Kokkowa 1st stage and Pan Hlaing are to be developed with 60 MGD
capacity each by 2030. By 2040, river water supply system is to be developed for Kokkowa 2nd stage,
Toe proposed in MP, and new Pan Hlaing. Final capacity of the Pan Hlaing system will be between 60
MGD and 100 MGD according to EDWS. Final capacity will be decided after study of MoAI and
allocation agreement of MoAI.
EDWS has decided the combined capacity of the Kokkowa and Pan Hlaing as 240 MGD. Out of the
required capacity of the river system of 310 MGD in 2040, the combined capacity of the Kokkowa
and Pan Hlaing systems will be 240 MGD and Toe system will be 70 MGD. This combination of
systems is called as option “Revision” (Figure 3-16 and Table 3-24). In option “Alternative” (Figure
3-16), the capacity of the Toe system is reduced to 25 MGD, equal to demand of Zone 10 in 2040, and
45 MGD is added to the Kokkowa system.
3-30
Table 3-23 Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City under This Study
(Unit: MGD)
Year 2014 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Daily Maximum Demand 156 199 258 334 422 525
Water Source
(Reservoir (Dam) System)
Gyobyu Reservoir 27 27 27 27 27 27
Phugyi Reservoir 54 54 54 54 54 54
Hlawga Reservoir 14 14 14 14 14 14
Ngamoeyeik Reservoir 90 90 90 90 90 90
Wells 8 8 0 0 0 0
Lagunbyin Reservoir* - 30 30 30 30 30
Sub-total (1) 193 223 215 215 215 215
(River System)
Kokkowa Ph 1 - - 60 60 60 60
Pan Hlaing Ph 1 - - - 60 60 60
Kokkowa Ph 2 or Pan Hlaing Ph 2 -
- - - 100 190
or Toe
Sub-total (2) - - 60 120 220 310
Water Source Total 193 223 275 335 435 525
Balance (Supply – Demand) +37 +24 +17 +1 +13 0
Note: * Excluding 10 MGD capacity for Thilawa SEZ,
600
Water Demand 525
Water Demand and Source Development (MGD)
500
422
190 MGD
Kokkowa
400 Pan Hlaing
334 Toe
Pan Hlaing : 60 MGD
300 258
199 Kokkowa Phase1 : 60 MGD

200 Lagunpyin 30 MGD (Excluding 10 MGD for Thilawa SEZ)
148 156
100 Hlawga : 14 MGD
Phugyi : 54 MGD
Gyobyu : 27 MGD Tube wells : 0 MGD (Backup Source)
0 Tube wells : 8 MGD
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
Year
Figure 3-13 Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City
Table 3-24 Proposed River System Capacity in 2040 (Unit: MGD)

Combined system
Option Toe Total
(Kokkowa and Pan Hlaing)
Revision 240 70 310
Alternative 285 25 310
3-31
3.3.4 Water Allocation to 10 Zones

(1) Allocation to 10 Zones
Figures 3-14, 3-15, and 3-16 show water source allocation to zones for 2014, 2025, 2030, 2035 and
2040. The areas in 10 zones proposed in the MP are not changed; however, locations of the two SRs
for Zones 2 and 3 are changed by EDWS considering SRs’ sites availability. Location of the Zone 2
SR is shifted from the western side to the eastern side of the zone with name change from Tamway to
Thingangyun. As a result, transmission pipe route to Zone 2 will be changed. On the other hand,
location of the Zone 3 SR is near to the originally proposed site. As is seen in 2025 water allocation,
the Kokkowa water is allocated to the Kokine SR and the Central SR with transmission pipes from the
Kokkowa to both SRs.
(2) Allocation to Zones 1 and 9 in 2025 as The Same as The Master Plan
Additional water source is required to meet water demand of Yangon city in 2025. According to the
proposed water balance, water from the Kokkowa supply system (60MGD) will cover all demand of
Zone 9 and partial demand of Zone 1 in 2025. The remaining demand will continue to be met by
water from the reservoir system in the north of Yangon.
Out of the 60 MGD treated water, 20 MGD water and 40 MGD water will be conveyed respectively
to Zone 9 and Zone 1 separately.
1) Zone 9
The existing water supply facilities in Zone 9 is very limited; covering only industrial zones and a
small part of residential areas with 1 MGD WTP using groundwater and water from the reservoir
system diverted through 300 mm diameter pipe. Similar to Zones 7 and 8 in the Lagunbyin water
supply system, Zone 9 is a developing suburban area and distribution facilities together with new
water source are needed.
2) Zone 1
The distribution network in Zone 1 is widely developed but very old, which is causing frequent leaks
and results in high NRW. Water to some areas in this zone is distributed from the Kokine SR through
gravity and to some areas water is directly pumped from the reservoir system with inadequate
pressure. This has resulted into uneven water distribution with low or negative pressure at customers
end. In the water supply concept of the MP, water is proposed to be supplied through SR with
adequate pressure aiming at equitable water supply to all customers.
The total water demanded of Zone 1 in 2025 is about 60MGD. Out of the allocated 40 MGD water, 20
MGD water is planned to be conveyed to the Central SR, high sub-zone that is equal to demand in the
high sub-zone. On the other hand, the remaining 20 MGD water is planned to be conveyed to the
Kokine SR, low sub-zone where demand is 40 MGD in 2025 and the remaining 20 MGD water will
continue to be supplied via Yegu pumping station of the existing reservoir system.
3-32
Unit: MGD Unit: MGD

Total River Reservoir Groundwater Total River Reservoir Groundwater
Capacity 193 0 185 8 Capacity 275 60 215
Demand 156 0 156 Demand 258 55 203
Gyobyu Ngamoeyeik Gyobyu Ngamoeyeik

27 90 27 90
Phugyi Z6.North Phugyi Z6.North

Hlawga 4 Hlawga 10
68 4 68 10
Z5.Hlawga Z5.Hlawga
6 18
6 Lagunbyin 18 Lagunbyin
30
Z4.Airport Z4.Airport
34 45
Z9.Hlaing Tharyar 34 Z7.Dagon East Z9.Hlaing Tharyar 45 Z7.Dagon East
Kokkowa 1 5 Z8.Dagon South Kokkowa 19 18 Z8.Dagon South
1 Z3.Inya 5 6 60 19 Z3.Inya 18 15
28 6 37 15
28 Z2.Thingangyun 37 Z2.Thingangyun
Pan Hlaing 27 Pan Hlaing 36
Z1.Kokine 27 Z1.Kokine 36
44 37
44 19 18
Z1.Central Z1.Central
17
17
Toe Z10.Dala Toe Z10.Dala

1 6
1 6

Figure 3-14 Revised Water Allocation in 2014 (Left) and in 2025 (Right)
Unit: MGD Unit: MGD

Capacity 335 120 215 Capacity 435 220 215
Demand 334 119 215 Demand 422 207 215

27 90 27 90

Hlawga 15 Hlawga 21
68 15 68 21
Z5.Hlawga Z5.Hlawga
28 41
30 30
53 62
Z9.Hlaing Tharyar 53 Z7.Dagon East Z9.Hlaing Tharyar 39 23 Z7.Dagon East
60 26 Z3.Inya 31 23 140 35 Z3.Inya 48 34
45 23 50 34
22 23 Z2.Thingangyun 50 Z2.Thingangyun
60 Z1.Kokine 42 60 Z1.Kokine 48
40 43
40 43
20 22
20 22

11 20 18
11 18

Figure 3-15 Revised Water Allocation in 2030 (Left) and in 2035 (Right)
3-33
Unit: MGD Unit: MGD

Capacity 525 310 215 Capacity 525 310 215
Demand 525 310 215 Demand 525 310 215

27 90 27 90

Hlawga 26 Hlawga 26
68 26 68 26
Z5.Hlawga Z5.Hlawga
56 56
30 30
71 71
Z9.Hlaing Tharyar 55 16 Z7.Dagon East Z9.Hlaing Tharyar 55 16 Z7.Dagon East
140 49 Z3.Inya 71 46 180 49 Z3.Inya 71 46
56 46 56 46
56 Z2.Thingangyun 56 Z2.Thingangyun
100 Z1.Kokine 54 105 Z1.Kokine 54
46 46
46 46
25 25
25 25

70 25 25 25
25 25

Figure 3-16 Revised Water Allocation in 2040 (Revision: Left and Alternative: Right)
(3) Revised Allocation to Zone 1 in 2025 in This Project

During the study period, in consideration of safe water supply, additional method of water allocation
to Zone 1 is considered to avoid mixing of the 40 MGD treated water from the Kokkowa system with
the un-treated water from the Yegu pumping station. Instead, un-treated reservoir water via the Yegu
pumping station will be conveyed to the Central SR. This revised water allocation will increase large
number of population to be served by the treated clean water from Kokkowa system. The revised
water allocation in 2025 is shown in following Figure.
3-34
Unit: MGD
Total River Reservoir Groundwater
Capacity 275 60 215
Demand 258 56 202
Gyobyu Ngamoeyeik
27 90
Phugyi Z6.North
Hlawga 10
68 10
Z5.Hlawga
18
18 Lagunbyin
30
Z4.Airport
45
Z9.Hlaing Tharyar 45 Z7.Dagon East
Kokkowa 19 18 Z8.Dagon South
60 19 Z3.Inya 18 15
37 15
37 Z2.Thingangyun
Pan Hlaing 36
Z1.Kokine 36
37
37
Z1.Central
17
17
Toe Z10.Dala
6
6

Figure 3-17 Revised Water Allocation to Zone 1 for This Project in 2025
3.3.5 Revised Main Water Supply Facilities

The revised plans of facilities which will be built by 2025 and by 2040 are illustrated in Figures 3-18
and 3-19.
3-35

3-36

3-37
3.4 Necessity of The Project
For YCDC, increasing coverage ratio in Yangon suburbs is indispensable for improvement of water
supply service, and for this purpose new water resource requires to be developed. Capital required for
this development is huge and it is not easy for YCDC to accomplish this development on its own.
Phase 1 project, which includes development of water supply facilities including Lagunbyin WTP for
increasing water supply coverage ratio in Zones 7 and 8 in eastern part of Yangon City, is already
being carried out by the Japanese ODA loan at low-interest rate for reduction of financial burden of
YCDC.
The target of this Phase 2 project is increasing water supply coverage ratio of Zone 9 through
construction of Kokkowa WTP. Furthermore, Zone 1 is unique compared to other Zones considering
that piped water supply already exists and coverage ratio is also high. However, downtown area has
been using old pipes of over 100 years from the colonial age, and high leakage ratio from old pipes is
a big issue. The renewal of facilities is not so easy in Zone 1. YCDC is interested that the old water
supply facilities of Zone 1 be updated by high technical and management capabilities of Japan.
In the MP, it was estimated that the amount of available water resources is less than the water demand
in Yangon city. As a result, water resources development, construction of facilities from the sources to
customers, and so on was proposed in the MP. Improvement of the poor water supply services such as
decrease of leakage ratio and safe water supply were proposed. Shortage of the water resources
amount is also confirmed in this study through review of water demand estimation based mainly on
the 2014 census population, and the same measures are still valid and proposed again in this study as
listed below.
Development of New Water Sources for Yangon City

Achievement of Stable Water Supply in Yangon City Center (Distribution Zone 1) and
Other Zones
Decrease in Leakage in Yangon City Center (Distribution Zone 1)
Provision of Safe and Clean Water Supply in Zone 1 and Zone 9
(1) Development of New Water Sources for Yangon City

The maximum water demand per day in Yangon City in 2025 and 2040 are 258 MGD and 525 MGD,
respectively. On the other hand, planned water source is 215 MGD only, which can be supplied from
the existing reservoirs and the development of new reservoir is not possible anymore. To cope with
rapidly increasing water demand, new water sources should be developed. In the MP, river water
sources are planned to meet the increasing demand and at first Kokkowa River will be developed. In
this project, Kokkowa River water system is planned. For this reason, the project requires to initiate
the development of new water source for the Yangon City to meet the increasing water demand.
3-38
(2) Achievement of Stable Water Supply in Yangon City Center (Distribution Zone 1) and
Other Zones
The city center has the largest population area (about 800,000 residents) and a business and economic
center in Yangon City. However, the water supply condition in this area is the worst; low or negative
water supply pressure and intermittent supply due to far distance from the existing water source of
reservoir. Therefore, direct transmission line is required from the new source to this area to improve
supply condition or stable water supply, for the purpose of improved city life and business opportunity
as a center of the economic capital of Myanmar. If additional water is supplied to this area, the
existing water volume supplied to this area will be transferred to the other areas, which indicates
improvement of water supply condition in other areas.
(3) Decrease in Leakage in Yangon City Center (Distribution Zone 1)

The oldest pipe is located in the Yangon city center, which is equivalent to Distribution Zone 1. Many
pipes are older than 100 years and the average age is estimated as 80 years or so in Zone 1. The life of
pipes has expired long ago and pipes have frequent leakage. Currently, this area has low water
pressure but if pressure will become higher for stable water supply in future, leakage will increase
more. To reduce current and potential increasing leakage in future and to increase supply volume,
aged pipes should be replaced by the project. Otherwise, increased water supply by the project will be
reduced considerably by leakage.
(4) Provision of Safe and Clean Water Supply in Zone 1 and Zone 9
Currently, no disinfection is adopted to YCDC piped water supply so that safe and clean water is not
achieved anywhere in Yangon city. To supply safe and clean water to Zone 1 and Zone 9, disinfection
is required in the project. The project will construct new WTP using Kokkowa river water and
disinfection will be adopted.
Implementation of the above measures will have the following effects;
Affordable Safe Water Supply for Poverty Group in Supply Area

Decrease of Water Borne Diseases
Increase of Water Coverage Ratio with Safe and Clean Water in Hlaing Tharyar
(Distribution Zone 9)
Improvement of Water Supply Services in Supply Area
(5) Affordable Safe Water Supply for Poverty Group for Supply Area
Poverty group is most affected by bad water supply conditions; they have to purchase expensive
bottled water for drinking purpose spending large share of their income or rely on unhygienic water
for drinking purpose if they cannot buy bottled water. Therefore, possible water borne disease is more
prevalent in poverty group than average income or richer group. This project is required to provide
safe and clean water to the residents for drinking purpose, including poverty group, for which water
3-39
tariff setting for poverty group will be considered.
(6) Decrease of Water Borne Diseases

The number of incident and frequency of water-borne and mosquito-borne diseases are shown in the
following Table. Although the number and percentage of each disease is low, the resident are
occasionally affected with diarrhea and dysentery. To reduce water borne disease, the project which
adopts disinfection for safe and clean water supply is required.
Table 3-25 Experience of Water- and Mosquito-borne Diseases in 2012
Note: Sample number is 10,069 households

(7) Increase of Water Coverage Rate with Safe and Clean Water in Hlaing Tharyar
(Distribution Zone 9)
The population and YCDC piped water supply coverage rate in 2014 by township are shown in the
Table 3-13. According to this, the piped water coverage in Hlaing Tharyar is only 3 % and one of the
least in townships. In addition, the total population in Hlaing Tharyar is 688,000 and the largest
township and the number of unserved population is approximately 660,000 the largest, most of whom
are using unhygienic or low water quality shallow wells for living purposes. The project is required to
supply safe and clean water to large un-served population.
(8) Improvement of Water Supply Service for Supply Area

The satisfaction level with water supply by YCDC piped water supply in Zone 1 and Zone 9 is shown
in the following Table. The project is required to improve the satisfaction level of existing YCDC
customers and potential customers, especially water quality in Zone 1 and all items of water supply
condition in Zone 9.
3-40
Table 3-26 Unsatisfaction Level with Water Supply
Note: ×indicates more than 20 % and indicates 10-20 % respondents are unsatisfied respectively with items given in Table
above
3-41
CHAPTER 4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT
4.1 Planning Conditions
4.1.1 Completed/ On-going Plan Related to Kokkowa Project

a) F/S for Kokkowa system in July 2013 by Capital Engineering & Research Incorporation
5
Limited (China)
6
b) F/S for Kokkowa system in March 2013 by SKEC (South Korea)
c) Irrigation project of Pan-Hlaing River: MoAI has constructed two tide gates, one at the
location upstream where river branches out of Kokkowa River and the other one at location
just before its confluence with Hlaing River. The Netherlands prepared design of a
downstream tide gate. The river will stop being affected by salt water intrusion due to high
tide, and the river water is expected to have low salinity. YCDC is planning to obtain the
water rights of 60-100MGD from MoAI to withdraw water from Pan-Hlaing River.
d) Out of 240 MGD of planned expansion of WTP in 2014 JICA Water MP, Kokkowa WTP is
planned to be constructed with a capacity of 140-180 MGD considering that the capacity of
Pan Hlaing project WTP will be about 60-100 MGD.
e) YCDC purchased a part of proposed land for 140 MGD Kokkowa WTP by the end of May
2015, and the site was surveyed by May 2015. They are planning to continue with purchase
of additional required land.
f) Moreover, YCDC constructed the access bridge and expansion of the access road from route
No. 5 to the WTP.
4.1.2 Expansion Plan of Kokkowa WTP

The overall capacity in the plan of Kokkowa WTP will be set to be 140-180 MGD as it changes
depending on the amount of water rights which can be obtained for Pan-Hlaing River. Based on a
series of discussions with EDWS, the following expansion plan is tentatively formulated for this
Study.
Kokkowa Stage 1: 60 MGD (Total 60 MGD)
Construction of Pan-Hlaing WTP: Total 60-100 MGD (Under negotiation with MoAI)
Kokkowa Stage 4: +40 MGD (Total 180 MGD) Will be decided depending on the capacity
of Pan-Hlaing WTP.
Although Stage 4 is indefinite, YCDC’s current targets are 140 MGD until Stage 3. The target of this
study is Stage 1 (60 MGD) from overall plan of Kokkowa WTP.
5
The report is not disclosed.
6
The report is not disclosed.
4-1
Source: JICA Study Team based on discussion between MoAI and YCDC
Figure 4-1 Expansion Plan of Kokkowa WTP and Pan-Hlaing WTP
4.1.3 Land Acquisition Status of YCDC

Existing situation of the land obtained by YCDC is as follows (as of July 2016). An illustration of the
acquisition of the sites that would be required for Project facilities is shown in the following Figure.
For Intake Facility : 16,187 m2 (4 Acre)
First obtained land for WTP : 137,593 m2 (34 Acre)
Additional obtained land for WTP : 31,379 m2 (7.754 Acre)
Total of obtained land by YCDC : 185,159 m2 (45.754 Acre)
(1) Land Acquisition Status of the Project Sites

Existing situation of land acquisition of sites are described below. Main treatment facilities are
planned in area along the body of Rat - shaped land.
According to YCDC, lands along riverbank for intake have been obtained with difficulty and
negotiations for acquiring other lands has not been successful. Moreover, even for the currently
obtained lands for WTP, in case of many landowners, agreement has not been reached in terms of
expected price. Although the obtained land area is sufficient for construction of only the water
treatment facility with the capacity of 60 MGD, the area of acquired land is insufficient with 20 Acres
for 60MGD of pre-sedimentation pond with the required retention time of 48 hours as proposal of the
studyteam (reasons are described in Section 4.1.6.(6)).
EDWS and JICA Study Team have carried out water quality tests for planning of pre-sedimentation
pond, and discussed with EDWS about insufficient area. As a result, YCDC will re-start negotiation
with land owners for the required land of 60MGD of pre-sedimentation pond with 48 hours retention
time under 2016/17 budget.
4-2
Source: YCDC and edited by JICA Study Team

Figure 4-2 Land Acquisition Status of YCDC as of 31 July 2016
(2) Situation of Land Acquisition for Intake and WTP Site

4 acres of land is already acquired for the construction of intake facility and 34 acres of land is
acquired for the treatment facility. Both lands are already registered as YCDC property.
Compensation has already been made to all 7 farmers.
Additional 7 acres of land is already registered.
Entire rat-shaped land area and access road has been raised up to + 3.5 m through land filling and
levelled.
There is no crop farming in the YCDC registered land.
There exists a natural drain with about 1 m width in the land area proposed for Kokkowa WTP.
Diversion drain to connect to the existing natural drain is planned in affected stretch (refer to
Section 11.6.1 in Chapter 11 for details).
(3) Access Road to Sites

MoAI’s embankment with a top level of about 7 m is used as an access road to Intake/ WTP area.
Access to WTP: can access from the Route No. 5 to WTP (the tip of rat nose) using the existing
road towards ANYASU village. YCDC expanded the existing 1 lane village road to 2 lanes road
and carried out road surface improvement.
ANYASU village is situated to the north-east side of the proposed site for WTP. It has a
population of 1,042 in 240 households, and a typical village in Yangon. Rice is the main crop
there with some vegetables. In the village, pond is used as drinking water while the river water
and salty tube well water are used for miscellaneous purposes.
4-3
(4) Additional Land Acquisition

The size of the acquired land up to July 2016 is adequate for the 60 MGD WTP including the
pre-sedimentation pond (with retention time of 12 hours), sedimentation tank, filter, clear water
reservoir, pumping station and so on, however, is not sufficient for the 60 MGD of pre-sedimentation
pond which will require 48 hours of retention time. This is explained later (reasons are described in
Section 4.1.6.(6)).

Figure 4-3 Additional Land Acquisition with Already Registered Land of YCDC (Yellow Area)
4.1.4 Appropriateness of The Site Location

The above-mentioned obtained lands are selected based on following considerations. The considered
location is one of the best options, and is determined to be appropriate in consideration of the
technical viewpoint and O&M. Consequently, it is judged that the selected site is the most appropriate
one.
(1) Since there is no appropriate place for development of dam as water source, River source
needs to be developed newly for Yangon.
(2) High priority project within the proposed new resource developments
・ Through survey of salt concentration in river stream of Ayeyarwady, MoAI investigated the
locations with salt concentration of 1,000mg/L (Red lines in the following Figure 4-4) which
influences rice crop (2008 to 2010). The salt concentration of less than 250 mg/L is the Myanmar
standard of drinking water.
4-4
・ Four (4) locations, Pan-Hlaing, Kokkowa, Toe, and Hlaing, which are not influenced by salt
water intrusion, were proposed as candidate sites of intake. The order of these locations in terms
of nearness to city center (Shwedagon Pagoda) is Pan-Hlaing, Kokkowa, Toe, and Hlaing (See
Table 4-1 and Figure 4-4).

Figure 4-4 Reasons for Selection of The Kokkowa WTP
Table 4-1 Comparison for Proposed WTP Site

Distance from Conclusi
River Comparison Examination
the center on
① Pan-Hlaing YCDC and MoAI are discussing to develop water supply
25 km source from Pan-Hlaing River, however, the location and
capacity of system has not been decided yet.
② Kokkowa The conditions of access to site, distance from city center,
35 km ○
available water quantity, and land availability are all satisfied.
③ Toe Toe river is distant from the city, therefore preference order of
40 km
this option is after Kokkowa.
④ Hlaing Hlaing was proposed in 2000 MP, however, in 2014 JICA
50 km Water MP this option was not selected considering low
volume.
(3) The raw water quality near intake point must satisfy standards in terms of salt
concentration.
Development of Kokkowa has been decided by Yangon Region based on the result of comparison in
the above Table. More detailed information on salt water concentration in Kokkowa River is
4-5
described below.
・ Data on salt water intrusion in Hlaing River was obtained from MoAI. MoAI carries out the
water quality survey in dry season of every year and plots locations with salt concentration
greater than 1000 mg/L. The Figure indicates that the junction of Kokkowa and Hlaing River has
a salt concentration of 1000 mg/L. Although there is no data on salt concentration along
longitudinal direction of Kokkowa River, it is considered that yellow color hatched section in
Figure below is unsuitable for intake location considering standard value of 250 mg/L as source
of drinking water.
・ Water quality can be regarded as almost the same along the entire stretch of the Kokkowa River
excluding the salt concentration. As is clear from Figure 4-4 and 4-5, salt water intrusion in
Hlaing River is up to the stretch upstream of its confluence with the Kokkowa River, and water
intake is preferable at a location upstream.
・ The Kokkowa River is located in the delta region of Ayeyarwady River and Yangon (Hlaing)
River. Since this river is a tidal stream, salinity intrusion occurs at low flow rates during the dry
season. In the MP and this Study, situation of salinity intrusion was investigated during the dry
season (September 2012, March 2013 and February 2016, refer to the Appendix-3). According to
the results of investigation, measured chloride ion is under 100 mg/L at the candidate location of
intake and in the stretch of river about 15-km downstream of the intake location in case of
occurrence of high and low tide. It is confirmed that the water at these locations satisfies the level
of salt concentration as a drinking water source.
・ From these reasons, purchased land located in the upstream stretch of the Kokkowa River which
is not influenced by salt water concentration,
Intake Point
Source: MoAI and edited by JICA Study Team

Figure 4-5 Salt Water Intrusion in The Hlaing River
4-6
(4) Stabilization of the River Course

The alignment of Kokkowa River in the past 50 years is shown in the following Figure for the years
for which data is available. The width of river and its course near the intake point has not changed
from the point upstream, and it is considered that river shape near the intake point is stabilized.
Intake Point Intake Point
In the Year 1955 In the Year 2000

Source: (US) Army Map service, corps of engineers, Souce: JICA and Department Ministry of Forestry of
University of Texas Libraries Myanmar
Figure 4-6 Alignment of The Kokkowa River in Past 50 Years
(5) Downstream Water User

In the 2014-MP, in order to estimate flow of water, the water level and flow near proposed intake
points were observed at the same time, and the relation of flow with water level was produced. This
result estimates that flow of ten-year return-period is 1,045 m3/s (9,861 MGD). It was found that
downstream water use for irrigation is 12.0 m3/s. The proposed WTP of 60 MGD (2025) and 140
MGD (2040) are only 0.6 % and 1.4 % of the flow of ten-year return period, respectively. For that
reason, it is judged that the amount of water in the river is sufficient and withdrawal of water will not
have large influence on the water availability of downstream users.
(6) Availability of large land area in the Yangon region.

Considering the availability of large land area in the Yangon region, and the land use plan of the
Yangon region, construction of WTP is possible at this location.
(7) Location has good access using the Route No. 5.

The distance between Yangon city, particularly Zone 9 and any location along the Kokkowa River is
almost the same (considering Zone 9 SR) so that any intake point can be selected in terms of length of
transmission pipe. The selected location of intake in this plan is near to the Route No. 5 that runs in
4-7
the east-west direction in western Yangon. Therefore, access to the selected site for WTP is easy.
Moreover, Intake facility which is to be installed near the river and treatment facility shall adjoin each
other.
(8) Flood Protection

Western Yangon is a low-lying area with relatively small difference in ground elevation. Along the
bank of the River Kokkowa near the selected site of WTP, there exists a flood protection embankment
constructed by the MoAI. Its crest level is 7 m while the recorded highest water level in Kokkowa
River at this location is about 6 m. Therefore, it is expected that the WTP will not have any impact
due to flood. In addition, YCDC is raising the ground level of proposed area for WTP by 3.5 m to 7.1
m, to make the level same as the crest level. Consequently, the proposed site will be about 4 m higher
than the surrounding area, and even if river water overflows the embankment, it will soon drain to the
surrounding area. At the proposed location of WTP, there has been no damage caused by a flood,
because land is protected by the embankment of MoAI.
The outcome of interview of residents in nearby Anyasu village and some of the photographs along
with maps of historical events are given below.
About 70 years-old man

- Although living in the village since last 40 years, has never observed flood in the village.
- Surrounding rice field is inundated with rain water during the rainy seasons.
- The ditch crossing the proposed site of WTP is drainage canal for rice fields.
- The elevation of village is higher than the rice fields. (Note: The elevation of raised ground of
proposed WTP site and access road are same as the ground level of the village.)
28 years-old man, 28-year living, Farmer
- Has never heard of flood damage in the rice field located in proposed WTP site.
- Rice fields are inundated during rainy season and the footpath along border of fields breaks
sometimes.
- There is a depressed ground in village that gets inundated due to poor drainage.
4-8
WTP WTP
In the Year 2008 In the Year 2015

Figure 4-7 Inundation Situation at The WTP Site in 2008 and 2015
Photo 4-1 Situation of the irrigation canal Photo 4-2 Situation of the WTP site on the same
nearing high water level on 19th August 2015 time of Photo 4.1 (Not flooded)
4-9
Photo 4-3 Situation of the intake point after high

water level on 19th August 2015
4.1.5 Setting of Intake Location

The water level of the Kokkowa River almost
reached the record maximum of +5.8 m due to
occurrence of the Komen cyclone as mentioned
above (refer to Photo 4-1 to 4-3). This flood level
exceeded the existing ground level (+3.3 – 4.6 m) of
the acquired land for intake by about 2 m at the
maximum. On the other hand, the irrigation canal in
the dry season causes the back flow to Kokkowa
River and due to low water level in canal, sand
accumulation is visible (refer to Photo 4-4).

Photo 4-4 Situation of the irrigation canal nearing low water level on 23rd November 2015
In order to set the intake location considering above-mentioned conditions, JICA Study Team
proposed EDWS to change intake point and then a series of meeting were held during August to
December 2015 among the MoAI, EDWS and the Team. The result of discussion of these meetings is
as follows.
(1) General
・ Water right: There are no ministries and government offices which have jurisdiction over all
rivers. MoAI has jurisdiction over water for irrigation, and Ministry of Transport and
Communications has jurisdiction over the cruise of ships in rivers.
・ It is expected that Yangon region government will allow the development of Kokkowa River
water supply system with water rights in the same procedure as in case of Lagunbyin WTP.
However, clear response is not visible at present.
4-10
(2) Intake Water Amount

・ The capacity of existing Kokkowa irrigation canal is about 900 ft3/s (460 MGD). Total required
flow amount is 1200 ft3/s (614 MGD) including about 300 ft3/s (154 MGD) of raw water for
WTP.
・ Since the total flow rate of 614 MGD is only 6.2% of the minimum water discharge of 9,861
MGD with ten years return period, the withdrawal of water from the Kokkowa River is feasible.
(3) Possibility of Intake from Irrigation Canal

・ The following proposal was discussed in the meeting held in August 2015. If a leading canal for
WTP is branch from the irrigation channel of MoAI, the location of intake point shall be more
than 200 ft (about 60 m) upstream of the existing gate in the canal, and then the start point of
irrigation canal in Kokkowa River shall be excavated and widened in order to secure sufficient
channel width for this required flow (MoAI should construct it).
・ In the meeting on 8 December 2015, MoAI claimed that the effect of amount decrease in the
irrigation canal should be avoided. As a result, it agreed that intake point of WTP is shifted to
Kokkowa River directly.
(4) Intake Point/ Form of Leading Canal for WTP

・ In the above meeting, the Team proposed that the perpendicular alignment from the Kokkowa
River is ideal form for leading canal (Refer the following Figure).
・ The form of leading canal for WTP will be finally decided according to the availability of land
form which will be purchased under 2016/17 budget of YCDC.
Source: JICA Study Team using background map of Google Earth

Figure 4-8 Setting of Intake Location under Consideration
4-11
(5) Proposed Drawing of Gates by MoAI

・ In the above meeting, MoAI proposed that three steps of gates be installed. These gates include
manual gate, electric gate for water level adjustment and flap gate on pre-sedimentation pond
side. A flap gate is installed in order to prevent backflow when the water level in
pre-sedimentation pond is higher than Kokkowa River in case of low water level in the River.
・ Moreover, upon the proposal of MoAI, a removable stop log is set in front of each gate.
・ As measures against the flood, the concrete structure attached to the gate will be built higher than
the flood level (+19.3' and embankment level will be raised to 21'). Based on the following
Figure.
Source: MoAI
Figure 4-9 Proposed Drawing of Intake Gates by MoAI
(6) Construction near the MoAI’s Embankment

・ From the center line of embankment, 30 m wide land on both sides is MoAI’s property. Gate
system within riverbank and concrete structure such as a box culvert for crossing embankment
will be allowed by MoAI.
・ MoAI has jurisdiction over the construction near a river embankment. Since there was no law
and ordinance, they answered that MoAI determined all rules.
・ Discussion with MoAI should be required continuously during detailed design stage.
4-12
4.1.6 Water Quality and Treatment Process

(1) Drinking Water Quality Standard
The target treated water quality is set as shown below, the same as in the 2014 JICA Water MP,
considering standards in Myanmar and WHO.
Table 4-2 Target Water Quality after Treatment with Reference to Other Standards
pH 6.5 – 8.5 N/A 6.5 – 8.5
Taste Foul smell and taste are not detected Acceptable Acceptable
Odor Foul smell and taste are not detected Acceptable Acceptable
Color 5 true color units 15 true color units 15 true color units
5 NTU (1 NTU for target turbidity of treated
Turbidity 1 NTU for target 5 NTU
water in WTP)
Standard plate
< 100CFU/mL N/A N/A
count
Fecal
Not to be detected Not to be detected 0
coliforms
To be detected (at service tap by direct supply
and before storage tank of customer)
Residual
The residual chlorine at the exit of WTP shall < 5.0 mg/L N/A
chlorine
be set separately, considering the travel time to
the end of the service area.
Zinc (Zn) < 1.0 mg/L N/A < 3.0 mg/L
Aluminum
< 0.2 mg/L N/A < 0.2 mg/L
(Al)
Iron (Fe) < 0.3 mg/L N/A < 1.0 mg/L
Copper (Cu) < 1.0 mg/L < 2.0 mg/L < 2.0 mg/L
Manganese
< 0.05 mg/L < 0.4 mg/L < 0.4 mg/L
(Mn)
Hardness < 100 mg/L N/A < 500 mg/L
Chloride ion < 200 mg/L N/A < 250 mg/L
Sulfide < 200 mg/L N/A < 250 mg/L
Source: 2014 JICA Water MP, WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality, fourth edition and National drinking water
quality standards Myanmar (September 2014)
(2) Raw Water Quality

EDWS’s laboratory has started water quality tests of the Kokkowa River since May 2015. Report of
EDWS laboratory and Study Team is attached as Appendix-3.
Water quality was also tested during Phase 1 study and other F/S(s). The combined quality results are
shown in the following Table. Variation in average turbidity is 517 NTU in rainy season and 150 NTU
in dry season based on the following Table.
The following salient features are observed in terms of water quality of Kokkowa River.
In general, high level of Turbidity, Color and Iron are observed.
These parameters generally increase during rainy seasons.
4-13
Table 4-3 Water Quality in Kokkowa River near Intake Point
Source: Results compiled by EDWS Laboratory
(3) Water Treatment Process

The main aim of water treatment is to reduce turbidity, color, iron and manganese to acceptable levels.
The removal of turbidity, color, iron and manganese by jar-test conducted by EDWS Laboratory and
the Team are shown in the following Figures. High turbidity, color, iron and manganese concentration
can be removed by process of coagulation-sedimentation and rapid sand filtration. Therefore,
conventional treatment process is applicable considering raw water quality of Kokkowa River.
4-14
Turbidity Color
Iron Manganese
Source: EDWS Laboratory and JICA Study Team
Figure 4-10 Removal of Turbidity, Color, Iron and Manganese from Raw Waters in 2015
(4) Sedimentation Characteristics

The sedimentation characteristic of Kokkowa River water is shown in the following Figure. The water
sample was filled in measuring cylinder, and turbidity of surface water was measured at specified
intervals of settling. The left graph shows trend of turbidity in rainy season (May – October, 2015),
and the graph on right side is trend of turbidity in dry season (November, 2015- April, 2016).
Both these figures (red lines in the Figures) indicate that average turbidity reaches a constant level
after 12 hours of settling. On the other hand, the turbidity of river water exceeding 1,000 NTU was
observed during about ten (10) days when the long duration rain continued during the end of July to
early August 2015. In case of such high level of turbidity, just after settlement of 36 hours the
turbidity reduces to less than 100 NTU, and it attains steady value of nearly 50 NTU after 48 hours of
settlement (blue dotted line in the left graph).
4-15
Precipitation Test of Kokkowa River Raw Water in Rainy season

1000 Max. 2520 NTU
Precipitation Test of Kokkowa River Raw Water in Dry season
27-May-15 1-Jun-15
900 400
7-Jun-15 14-Jun-15
800 21-Jun-15 28-Jun-15 3-Nov-15 16-Nov-15 30-Nov-15
5-Jul-15 17-Jul-15 18-Dec-15 11-Jan-16 25-Feb-16

700
Turbidity (NTU)
5-Aug-15 11-Aug-15 300

AVERAGE
Turbidity (NTU)
600 17-Aug-15 25-Aug-15
500 7-Oct-15 21-Oct-15

AVERAGE 指数 (11-Aug-15) 200
400
y = 842.58e-0.061x
300 R² = 0.7681
200 100
100
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Time (hr) Time (hr)
in Rainy Season (From May to Oct 2015) in Dry Season (From Nov 2015 to Feb 2016)
Notes: Turbidity shown above is for water sample collected at 1 cm depth from the water surface in measuring cylinder.
Figure 4-11 Precipitation Test of Raw Water from Intake Point of Kokkowa River (May 2015 -
February 2016)
The situation of precipitation test for 0 to 72 hours is shown in the following photographs. There is no
photograph for case of 12 hours of settlement due to limitation of working hours. These photographs
indicate that turbidity is settled gradually with time and surface water becomes clear compared to
water at the bottom.
0hr 3hr 9hr 24hr 36hr 48hr 72hr

Photograph 4-5 Situation of Precipitation Test (Sample water: 17 August 2015)
(5) Plan Turbidity and ACH Dosing Rate

Raw water turbidity level for planning is set based on results indicated in the following Table and
from precipitation curve of high turbidity situation in the above left figure (blue dotted line).
Table 4-4 Maximum Raw Water Turbidity for Facility Planning (NTU)
Season Raw Water After 12hrs After 24hrs After 36hrs After 48hrs
Rainy 2500 400 200 100 50
4-16
From the result of five jar tests which EDWS laboratory implemented during this study, relationship
between raw water turbidity and ACH dosing rate is shown in the following Figure. Although, small
number of data is available to define correlation coefficient and reliability is low, this graph shows a
trend that ACH injection rate decreases with decrease in raw water turbidity. For inflow turbidity
range of 0 - 200 NTU, flocculation and sedimentation can be done by injection-rate of less than 25
ppm in general.
Initial turbidity and ACH injection ratio
500
450
400
350 y = 47.111x0.4668
R² = 0.3112
300
NTU
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
ACH (ppm)
Source: EDWS laboratory

Figure 4-12 Relation of Raw Water Turbidity and ACH Dosing Rate (Result of Five Jar Tests)
(6) Cost Comparison of Coagulant and Additional Land for Pre-sedimentation Pond
Pre-sedimentation pond with 48 hours retention time requires large areas of lands; however that could
be compensated by small amount of ACH dosing that has a high-cost. Therefore, the land acquisition
cost could be recovered in a short period of time.
As alternate method, the amount of coagulant will increase and as a result, operation cost of chemical
will rise up. Based on the data collected in relation to chemical procurement cost in Yangon, the Team
has estimated that chemical cost of 3.3 million USD/ year will be required for ACH injection at the
rate of 10 mg/L for 60 MGD WTP.
Therefore, the team proposes that size of pre-sedimentation pond should be equivalent to 48 hours of
storage volume based on the result of jar tests. The cost comparison of pre-sedimentation pond for 12
and 48 hours is shown in the following Table. Pre-sedimentation pond with 48 hours can reduce the
chemical cost of about 28.2 million USD in ten years. Therefore, the study team proposed and agreed
that size of pre-sedimentation pond should be equivalent to 48 hours of storage volume based on the
result of jar tests by EDWS laboratory.
4-17
Table 4-5 Cost Comparison of Obtained Form and Ideal Form for 60 MGD WTP
Obtained Land for 60 MGD WTP 60 MGD WTP with 48hrs Pre-Sedimentation
Pond (Ideal Form)
Sketch
Total Area 168,972 m2 (41.754 Acre) About 250,000 m2 (62 Acre)

Pre-Sedim. 12 hrs for 60MGD, Area 37,000 m2 48 hrs for 60MGD, Area 120,000 m2
Technical Since the form is not good, sedimentation Since form is good, sedimentation performance
viewpoint performance like tests is not expected. is expected to be same as test.
Land Additional area required is 81,028 m2 (20.2
Acquisition Acre)
-Excavation, Back filling and Disposal: 4.7 Mil.
Initial Cost
-- USD
Gap
-Land price: 0.08 Mil. USD (3,850 USD/Acre)
Coagulant 5.0 Mil. USD /year as ACH dosing rate = 15
1.7 Mil. USD /year as ACH dosing rate = 5 mg/L
cost/year mg/L
Cost in 10
5.0*10 years =50.0 Mil. USD 4.7 +0.08+1.7*10 years =21.8 Mil. USD
years
Save 28.2 Mil. USD in 10 years
Conclusion
(Ave. 2.8 Mil. USD/year)
4.2 Planning Policy of WTP
(1) Facility Planning and Planning Parameters

The facilities are planned for 60 MGD of the daily maximum demand based on the Section 3.3.4
“Water Allocation to 10 Zones”. Treatment facilities are designed as 63 MGD including operational
loss amount within WTP. Transmission facilities will be designed for daily maximum demand of 60
MGD. On the other hand, distribution facilities will be designed for 1.5 times of 60 MGD considering
diurnal fluctuation of demand.
Treatment facilities can be designed for 60 MGD by 2025 and intake facilities are planned for 140
MGD, the final design capacity by Kokkowa WTP Stage 3, because repeated construction of the
intake facilities is not preferable that might damage embankment structure.
4-18
Table 4-6 Parameters for Facility Planning

Item Amount Note Remarks
Intake flow for gates 700,000 m3/day 140MGD x110 % Japanese design guideline
Intake flow for 300,000 m3/day 60MGD x110 % Japanese design guideline
Pre-sedimentation pond
Treated flow 286,400 m3/day 60MGD x105 % Considering loss within WTP
Transmitted flow 272,800 m3/day 60MGD As same as maximum demand
(2) Points of Concern in Design of WTP

The following items should be taken into consideration as policies related to design of WTP.
1) Selection of simple method

The type of equipment of facility is selected considering operation and maintenance aspects.
Equipment with many mechanical functions requires periodical rest of equipment for maintenance
and replacement work. Such equipment must stop for a significant period of time when the spare
parts are not ready at the time of a breakdown. Therefore, less maintenance system shall be selected
as much as possible.
2) Knowledge application from existing YCDC’s WTPs

YCDC has constructed the Nyaunghnapin WTP (90 MGD), and the construction of Lagunbyin
WTP (40 MGD) is now ongoing in 2015. For these WTPs, EDWS carried out or is carrying out
detailed design, construction and supervision works. The pre-sedimentation ponds at these WTPs
have been working and will work to remove high turbidity and same process will be planned in this
study.
3) Weak Soil Layers and Pile-driving

WTP needs to be constructed in the western part of Yangon where layers of soil at surface and
shallow depths are relatively weak in most cases. Pile-driving is a counter-measure against this and
the bottom end of pile should reach a strong soil layer below the weaker layers such as bedrock or
basal conglomerate to support weight of structures.
4) Consideration of YCDC and JICA loan scope

Planning of WTP will be decided considering YCDC’s existing facilities and JICA ODA loan of
Phase1 Project.
(3) Concept Related to Planning of Kokkowa WTP

For planning of Kokkowa WTP, the following 5 targets are considered to be achieved and this WTP
can provide as a model in Myanmar.
4-19
Target- 1: Scalable System

A simple train system with easy extension: One train unit is planned from lift pump to clear
water tank, one train has the capacity of 20 MGD, and then, 7 trains will be installed to achieve
the planned capacity of 140 MGD finally.
Target- 2: Stable Supply
Secure stabilized amount of water from the river
Secure the process of sludge treatment to deal with large amount of mud
Raising up of WTP’s ground level as measure against flood and inundation
Target- 3: Water Quality Control
Process that can treat raw water having high turbidity
Water quality monitoring by introduction of automatic measuring equipment
Avoiding dangerous chemicals by using sodium hypochlorite for disinfection
Target- 4: Operation and Maintenance
Collection of data on flow rate in each treatment process by SCADA
Adjustable equipment of chemical injection considering the fluctuation in raw water quality
Target- 5: Environmental Consideration
Reduction of power consumption of pump by inverter control
Introduction of back-washing method for filters to reduce consumption of unnecessary pump
power
(4) Scope of YCDC and Possible JICA Loan

JICA and YCDC agree the proposed scope of the facilities as follows;
Table 4-7 Proposed Allocation of Work of WTP Construction

Pre- Chemical
chlorination Dosing Intermediate-
chlorination
M
Post-
chlorination
Leading Canal
Pre-sedimentation
Pond Receiving Rapid Flocculation Sedimentation Filter
Ｐ
Well Mixing Basin Basin
Ｐ
Basin Clear Water Transmission
Reservoir Pump
Intake Gate Lift Pump Wash Water Drainage Basin
Sludge Sludge Sun Drying

Basin Thickener Bed
Described
Facility JICA Fund YCDC Own Budget
section
4.3.4 Leading canal 140 MGD -
4.3.3 Intake gate 140 MGD -
4.3.5 Pre-sedimentation pond 60 MGD -
4.1.4.(7) Banking up to 7.1 m - 60 MGD
4.3.6 Lift pump 60 MGD -
4.4.3 Receiving Well cum Rapid Mixing Basin 60 MGD -
4.4.4 Flocculation Basin and Sedimentation Basin 60 MGD -
4-20
4.4.5 Filter 60 MGD -

4.4.6 Clear water reservoir 60 MGD -
5.3.4 Transmission pump 60 MGD -
Sludge Treatment (Wash Water Drainage Basin,
4.4.7 Sludge Basin, Sludge Thickener and Sun Drying 60 MGD -
Bed)
4.4.8 Chemical Dosing Facility 60 MGD -
4.4.9 Chlorination Facility 60 MGD -
Electrical Facility (Main Power Supply and
4.4.10 Emergency Power Supply) 60 MGD -
4.4.11 SCADA 60 MGD -
4.4.12 Administration Facility 60 MGD -
(5) Layout Plan of Kokkowa WTP

As is proposed in the preceding section and as YCDC has agreed to acquire additional land in the
fiscal year 2016/17 to have 60 MGD of pre-sedimentation pond with 48 hours retention time, layout
of the WTP is planned for 60 MGD capacity. Firstly, layout of the 140 MGD WTP (Kokkowa WTP
3rd Stage) is considered and then, layout of the 60 MGD WTP is proposed for this Study.

Figure 4-13 Proposed Layout of WTP (for 140 MGD)
4-21

Figure 4-14 Proposed Layout of WTP (1st Stage of 60 MGD)
4.3 Intake Facility
4.3.1 Planning Policy

(1) Policy of Intake Planning
The location of intake point and WTP in this study is close to the Kokkowa River. Since fluctuation in
water level of the river is large, fluctuation in pump head is also large. However, using the river water
level effectively as natural power at the time of high-water level in river, the pump head becomes
small and electric power cost can be reduced. Therefore, Kokkowa water is led to WTP by gravity,
and lift pumps are installed at the starting point of treatment process. In addition, policy of intake
planning considering the below reason is as follows.
【Policy of Intake Planning】

Effective use of natural power sources
In order to avoid interruption in operation of WTP, intake gates are set below L.L.W.L of the
Kokkowa River.
High turbidity in raw water is reduced using pre-sedimentation pond in order to reduce
consumption of chemical.
To use surface water with low turbidity (of pre-sedimentation pond) than using low layer
water.
4-22
(2) Fluctuation of the River Water Level

The periodical water level measurement in the Kokkowa River is carried out at the Pandaing village
(Refer to Figure 4-2 for the village location) by MoAI. They record the river water level three (3)
times (at 6:00, 12:00, and 18:00) every day. Based on the daily data obtained from MoAI, which was
recorded at 12:00, following Figure shows that average water level is +2.81 m (+9.2 feet: January
2011 - November 2015), HHWL as +5.88 m (+19.3 feet in August 2015), and LLWL as +0.30 m
(+1.0 feet on 9 days during January and April 2011) as the extreme value in the record. The range of
fluctuation of water level is as high as about 5.6 m. The difference in water level during one day is
about 2 m.
In recent years, many times water levels of about +1.0 m (about +3 feet) are observed in November -
May, and occurrence of LLWL +0.30 m is expected also in the future. For this reason, leading canal,
intake gates and lift pumps should be installed below LLWL in order to avoid interruption in
operation of WTP.
Source: MoAI and edited by JICA Study Team

Figure 4-15 Fluctuation of Daily Water Level of The Kokkowa River at Pandaing Village
(2008 to 2015)
(3) Measures against high turbidity

In the above Figure, the observed water levels exceeding the average level are occurring mainly
during the months of July - October. In general, and the period of raw water turbidity exceeding 500
NTU (Table 4-3) overlaps with the above period. In addition, occurrence of the turbidity exceeding
1,000 NTU continued for ten days in 2015 and is expected to occur in the future also. Therefore,
pre-sedimentation pond is planned for the purpose of reducing high turbidity in raw water.
The turbidity of inflow to WTP can be reduced, as observed in the precipitation tests (Figure 4-11), by
4-23
increasing the retention time from the Kokkowa River to entrance of WTP. Based on the results of
tests carried out for high turbidity water in the rainy season (left graph in Figure 4-11), retention time
of pre-sedimentation pond is set to over 48 hours where turbidity is stabilized. On the other hand, in
the dry season, river water level is also low, and average turbidity of 150 NTU is within the range of
flocculation, consequently retention time is set to over 12 hours only.
(4) To take Supernatant Water

The result of sedimentation in Figure 4-11 shows that surface water has low turbidity. In order to use
the surface water of low turbidity, the structure of pump well is accordingly planned.
4.3.2 Proposed Capacities

There exists the MOAI’s embankment along the Kokkowa River that is an important facility to
protect against flood water. No facilities had better be constructed across the embankment that might
weaken the embankment. Therefore, repeated construction of the intake facilities should be avoided
and one-time construction is proposed. Hence, intake facilities need to be constructed with 154 MGD
(140 MGD x 110%) capacity which is the final capacity at this moment. It is considered that
pre-sedimentation pond and lift pumps of 66 MGD (60 MGD x 110%) be the candidate under this
plan.
Table 4-8 Proposed Planned Capacities
Facility Overall plan Capacity
Total Intake Flow 154 MGD
Intake point and leading canal 700,000 154 MGD
Intake Gate m3/day 154 MGD
Pre-sedimentation Pond (154 MGD) 66 MGD
Lift Pump 66 MGD
4.3.3 Intake Point and Leading Canal

Raw water is to be directly taken from Kokkowa River for WTP.
The section of leading canal is calculated using the following
Manning formula.
＝0.7 m/s
Flow rate=A x V=11.92 m3/s > 8.10 m/s =154 MGD
Where:
V: velocity (m/s), n: Gauckler-Manning coefficient 0.017 (as
gravel bottom), R: Hydraulic radius=A/P (A: cross sectional area 17.0 m2, P: wetted perimeter (m)), I:
slope of the hydraulic grade line (1/10,000)
4.3.4 Intake Gate

In order to withdraw water continuously for 24 hours, intake gates are to be installed below LLWL.
Six (6) gates are installed as described below. An intake gate is used in the constantly open condition.
4-24
Planned flow : 154 MGD

Gate Size : 1500 mm x 1500 mm
Installation level : G.L.-1.2 m ∼ +0.3 m as LLWL
Bottom level of leading canal : G.L.-2.2 m (Height of a margin as 0.5∼1.0 m as
Japanese guideline)
Planned velocity : 0.4∼0.8 m/s (as Japanese guideline)
4 Duty+2 Standby : 0.90 m/s > 0.8 m …NG
5 Duty+1 Standby : 0.72 m/s < 0.8 m …OK
6 Duty+0 Standby : 0.60 m/s < 0.8 m …OK
River water level changes by several meters within the same day. Flap gate is installed in order to
prevent backflow when the water level of pre-sedimentation pond is higher compared to Kokkowa
River in case of low water level in Kokkowa River.
Table 4-9 Outline of Intake Gate

Quantity
No Facility Specification
Target In future
1 Intake Gate W 1500 mm x H 1500 mm of Square Gate with Screen 6 units -
2 Flap Gate W 1500 mm x H 1500 mm 6 units -
4.3.5 Pre-sedimentation Pond

Pre-sedimentation pond is planned between intake gates and lift PS to improve raw water quality. This
facility will reduce consumption of high-cost coagulant.
As measures against the high-water level in Kokkowa River, the top level of dam body for
pre-sedimentation pond is set to +7.10 m as equivalent to the MoAI embankment level.
Since the target of this plan is only 66 MGD of total volume 154 MGD by the 3rd Stage, increasing the
number of pre-sedimentation pond should be reviewed according to area available for these facilities
in the future. For this purpose, bypass pipe of dia. 1800 mm RC is to be installed between intake gates
and pit of lift pumps.
The result of water quality test of SS indicates that about 20 cm of sediment will accumulate at the
bottom of pond in one year. YCDC backhoes will dredge mud at the bottom during dry season when
water level is low. Before starting the dredging work, a bypass pipe will be used for WTP and
pre-sedimentation pond will be emptied. Therefore, the slope for heavy machines is to be installed in
the pond.
【Design conditions】
Design flow: 66 MGD
Average velocity of pond: 2 - 7 mm/s < 20 - 70 mm/s as the velocity which does not
cause settled sand to float again, as Japanese guidelines
Retention time in case of High turbidity and the highest water level:
About 64 hrs > 48 hrs
4-25
Retention time in case of Average water level: About 40 hrs

Retention time in case of the lowest water level: About 20 hrs > 12 hrs
【Design】
Mud Pocket: 0.5 m Height (Not including effective depth)
HWL: +5.88 m (+15.0’), Effective depth 8.12 m (excluding Mud pocket) →
Storage volume = 812,000 m3
MWL: +2.81 m (+9.2’), Effective depth 5.05 m →Storage volume =505,000 m3
LWL: +0.30 m (+1.0’), Effective depth 2.54 m →Storage volume =254,000 m3
Bottom Level: -2.74 m (-9.0’): LWL+0.3 m - Effective depth 2.54 m - Mud pocket 0.5 m
Top Level: +7.10 m > Level of MoAI embankment +7.00 m
Accessories: Bypass pipe; dia. 1800 mm and Slope for heavy machines.
4.3.6 Lift Pumping Equipment

The lift pump equipment consists of auto screen, lift gate and lift pump (see the Table 4-10). The
screen will be installed to prevent fallen leaves or garbage entry into the receiving well.
(1) Lift Gate

Fluctuation in the water level of Kokkowa River is large, and in order to withdraw surface water of
low turbidity (see the Photo 4-5), two or more inflow gates are planned. Here, if maximum water level
fluctuation is 5.6 m, and opening is 1.5 m in height, the number of gates is three tiers (5.6 m / 1.5 m =
3.7≒3). The lift gates are respectively installed in zigzag alignment as shown in the following Figure.
Motor operated gates are employed for easy operation. However, for design of gates operation, the
water level data of Kokkowa River with frequency of at least 5-minute interval is required. Therefore,
water level data shall be collected during the detailed design stage. The automatic water level
measuring instrument, which uses computer is effective for this kind of data collection.

Figure 4-16 Layout Planning of Lift Pump Gates
4-26
(2) Auto Screen

A screen is to be installed in order to protect the pump from inflowing trash. The height of this
equipment is 9 m, and since manual operation is difficult, automatic type is adopted.
(3) Lift Pump

5 lift pumps (3 duty and 2 standby) will be installed. Each duty pump should send raw water to the
corresponding attached receiving well one-to-one in order to make easy operation of each of the
3-trains (sedimentation-filter-clear water tank). Standby pumps should be able to send raw water not
only to its corresponding receiving well but also to another well by switching valves, whenever
required.
Because water level fluctuation in the pre-sedimentation pond is large, horizontal double suction
volute pump with variable-frequency drive (VFD) is selected considering the following key points
and the Table 4-11 and 4-12;
Horizontal double suction volute pump has high efficiency.
Horizontal double suction volute pump is widely used at existing WTPs and Pump Stations in
Yangon city and operators of YCDC are skillful in maintenance of this type of pumps.
VFD can follow fluctuation in the water level, and thereby power costs can be reduced.
Table 4-10 Outline of Lift Pump Equipment

Quantity
No. Facility Specification
Duty Standby
Motor operated Lift Gate for
1 W 1500 mm x H 1500 mm 2 units -
HWL
2 W 1500 mm x H 1500 mm 2 units -
MWL
3 W 1500 mm x H 1500 mm 2 units -
LWL
4 Auto Screen Auto Fine Screen 2 units -
Double suction volute pump with VFD
5 Lift Pump 3 units 2 unit
67 m3/min x H 18 m x Approx. 300 kW
6 Water gauge in the pre-pond Ultrasonic type for pump control 1 unit 1 unit
4-27
Table 4-11 Comparison of Lift Pump

Volute Pump Mixed Flow Pump Axial Flow Pump
Horizontal shaft type Horizontal shaft type
Double Suction Horizontal shaft type

Appearances
Vertical shaft type

Single Suction Vertical shaft type Vertical shaft type
Pump Weight Heavy Medium Light ◎
Required Area for
Large Less than Volute Pump ◎ Almost same as Mixed Flow Pump ◎
Installation
Horizontal shaft: 10-150 m ◎ Horizontal shaft: 2.5-15 m × Horizontal shaft: 6 m or less ×
Pump Head
Vertical shaft: 10-200 m ◎ Vertical shaft: 4-60 m ◎ Vertical shaft: 8 m or less ×
High efficiency in a wide range of
Pump Efficiency ◎ Slightly lower than Volute Pump Slightly lower than Mixed Flow Pump
water discharge
Low in a region of a small water Constant in a wide range of water Shutoff power is more than twice as
Shaft Power ◎
discharge discharge large as that of rated value
Suction Performance High ◎ Slightly lower Low
Narrow
Narrower than Volute Pump,
Operational Range Wide ◎ (Approx. 140% or less than designed
Wider than Axial Flow Pump
pump head)
Experiences in Yangon Many ◎ Little Little
Overall ◎ ×
4-28
Table 4-12 Methods of Pump Operation Control

Speed Control (VFD) Valve Control Number of Operating Pumps Control
P H P
H N min-1
P’ P’
H’ N’ min-1 H’ H P
P’
n=1 n=2 n=3
Q’ Q Q Q Q’
Outline Q’= N’/N x Q Q’= Q Q’= n x Q
H’= (N’/N)2 x H H’= H – KQ2 H’= H
L’= (N’/N)3 x L L’= L *n : Number of operating pumps
*N, N’ : Revolution speed *K : Coefficient based on valve opening
The discharge quantity should be controlled The discharge quantity should be controlled The discharge quantity should be controlled
by the changing revolution speed of motor. by changing the valve opening. by the number of operating pumps.
Continuous flow setting is possible. Continuous flow setting is possible.

Special devices are not required.
Power cost will be saved. Operation is simple.
Operation is simple.
Advantage Pump will be operated effectively. Equipment cost will be small.
The risk distribution will be possible by
To cope with the variation of water level is To cope with the variation of water level is
increasing pump number.
possible. possible.
Power cost will be wasteful.

Equipment cost will be slightly expensive. Continuous flow setting is impossible.
Vibration and noise will occur.
Disadvantage Required area for installation of the related To cope with the variation of water level is
In case that the valve-outlet pressure is
equipment will increase. impossible.
low, cavitation will occur.
Running Cost* 1.0 1.4 - (relation condition is different) -
Overall ◎ △
* Numbers show comparative number assuming Speed Control as 1.0.
4-29
4-30
4-31
4-32
4-33
4-34
4.4 Treatment Facility
4.4.1 Proposed Facilities for WTP

Summary of the proposed facilities are shown in Table below and calculation sheet is attached as
Appendix-5.
Table 4-13 Summary of The Proposed Facilities for WTP

Facility Size per unit Total
Design Capacity : 63MGD
1 Receiving Well W 4.5 m x L 4.5 m x H 6.0 m 3
2 Rapid Mixing Basin W 4.5 m x L 4.5 m x H 5.1 m 3
3 Flocculation Basin Average W 1.08 m x L 145.2 m x H 4.35 m 3
4 Sedimentation Basin W 24.2 m x L 31.1 m x H 4.0 m 6
Tube settler of dimension W 23.9 m x L 24.4 m
5 Filter W 9.5 m x L 12.0 m 24
6 Clear Water Reservoir W 25.0 m x L 30.0 m x H 5.5 m = Vol. 4,125m3 3
7 Wash Water Drainage Basin W 12.0 m x L 12.0 m x effective depth 3.0 m 3
8 Sludge Basin W 12.0 m x L 12.0 m x effective depth 3.0 m 3
9 Sludge Thickener Diameter 12.0 m x effective depth 1.5m 3
10 Sun Drying Bed 15.0 m x 18.0 m = Area 270 m2 9
11 Chemical Dosing 3
12 Sub Power Station Facilities 1
13 Administration Facilities 1
4.4.2 Treatment Process

Soluble components such as odor, color, organic, inorganic substances and by-products of disinfection,
and insoluble components such as turbidity, algae and microorganism are to be removed in treatment
process. Process of “Coagulation – Sedimentation – Filtration” is generally used for treating surface
water with higher turbidity. This treatment process is employed for the Nyaunghnapin WTP, judging
from the raw water quality analysis. This process has been adopted in other WTPs in Yangon.
The type of chemicals to be used and their dosing rates will be decided based on “jar tests” during the
detailed design stage. For planning purpose, ACH (PAC) as a coagulant is considered. Sodium
hypochlorite is recommended for disinfection in water distribution networks. In addition, three steps
of chlorine injection in treatment process is planned to remove iron/manganese in case if
concentration of these elements are high or coagulation process is not able to remove these elements
effectively. The following is the treatment process adopted for Kokkowa WTP.
4-35
Kokkowa River Intake Gate Pre-Sedimentation Pond Lift Pump
Pre-Chlorine Injection Intermediate-Chlorine Post-Chlorine Injection

Coagulation Injection
Receiving Well Flocculation Basin Rapid Sand Clear Water

Mixing Well Sedimentation Basin Filter Reservoir (Tank)
Sludge Treatment Transmission

Process Pump
Figure 4-17 Treatment Process
4.4.3 Receiving Well cum Rapid Mixing Basin

The raw water is to be conveyed from pre-sedimentation pond to receiving well. Receiving well cum
rapid mixing basin is attached to sedimentation basin. Chlorine (as pre-chlorination) and coagulant
(ACH) shall be injected and mixing shall be carried out in the receiving well.
Rapid mixing will be made utilizing turbulent flow energy by mechanical mixing because reliable
mixture is required for water with high turbidity (the turbidity of water remains high although it is
reduced significantly by passing it through pre-sedimentation pond).
However, since Myanmar has few suppliers of such equipment, if equipment breaks down, repair will
require long time. Therefore, hydraulic jump for rapid mixing is also adopted between rapid mixing
basin and flocculation basin in consideration of occurrence of any mechanical trouble. In addition, it
is installed with the main purpose of flow rate measurement by overflow weir.
Retention time (more than 1- 5 minutes as Japanese guidelines)
Receiving well: 1.8 minutes
Rapid mixing basin: 1.8 minutes
【Design】
Receiving well: W 4.5 m x L 4.5 m x H 6.0 m x 3 nos., RC Structure
Rapid mixing well: W 4.5 m x L 4.5 m x H 5.1 m x 3 nos., RC Structure
Accessories: Flash mixer, Overflow weir, ACH/Chlorine injection point
The following Table shows comparison for selecting rapid mixing method.
4-36
Table 4-14 Coagulant Mixing Method

Hydraulic Jump Pump Mixing Mechanical Mixing
Structure Motor
Treated
water
Treated
Pump water
Raw
Raw water water
Mixing Effect Large due to large water falling ◎ Flexible due to change of water ◎ Flexible due to change of impeller rotation ◎
circulation volume speed
Effect by Flow Agitation Index will change △ Agitation Index will slightly change ○ Agitation Index will be constant. ◎
Volume
Change
Operation and Easy due to no mechanical ◎ Needs operation and maintenance of △ Needs operation and maintenance of △
Maintenance parts. mechanical parts. mechanical parts.
Required
1.5 △ 1.4 ○ 1.0 ◎
Motive Power
Required Area Small ◎ Large (Need Pump Room) △ Small ◎
Initial Cost* 0.1 ◎ 1.6 △ 1.0 ○
Operation
1.5 △ 1.4 ○ 1.0 ◎
Cost*
Experiences Large ◎ Small △ Large ◎
Reliable mixture is required for high turbidity and
Overall ○ △ Advantage of running cost
◎
* Numbers show comparative number assuming mechanical mixing method which has been used widely in Japan, as 1.0.
4-37
4.4.4 Flocculation Basin and Sedimentation Basin

(1) Flocculation Basin
Micro flocs will be produced after injection and rapid mixing of coagulants with raw water. These
micro flocs need to be developed into large ones so as to settle down effectively in sedimentation
basin. Flocculation basin is planned for this development after rapid mixing basin and before
sedimentation basin.
Of the mechanical and non-mechanical flocculation methods, non-mechanical one is employed in this
WTP. Horizontal and vertical zigzag flow flocculation method is adopted in which water after rapid
mixing is guided to the flocculation basin from bottom.
Retention time: 20.5 minutes (more than 20~40 minutes as per Japanese Guidelines)
【Design】
Dimension: Average W 1.08 m x L 145.2 m x H 4.35 m x 3 nos., RC Structure
Mixing method: Horizontal and vertical zigzag flow
Accessories: Up-and down weir
【Selection reasons (see Table 4-16)】
Since Myanmar has few suppliers of plant equipment, mechanical employment has a high risk
at the time of trouble.
Low initial cost
Low operation cost compared to mechanical type when enough water drop is possible
(2) Sedimentation Basin

Large flocs formed in flocculation basin are settled in sedimentation basin. In general, sedimentation
basin is categorized as three main types: horizontal-flow basin, horizontal-flow basins with inclined
plate or tube settler, and high-speed accelerator (flocculent settling basin).
Horizontal flow with inclined plate and upward flow with tube settler are recommended as
sedimentation basin for raw water with wide fluctuation in turbidity. Horizontal-flow sedimentation
basins with inclined plates require much maintenance in cleaning when sludge is accumulated on the
plates in case of high turbidity raw water. There is high possibility of breaking and falling of inclined
plates. Therefore, inclined tube settler should be selected to reduce required land for sedimentation.
Retention time: 1.5 hours (more than 1 hour as per Japanese Guidelines)
Average flow velocity: 0.4 m/min
Average up-flow velocity: less than 80 mm/min
Surface load: less than 7 to 14 mm/min
【Design】
Dimension: W 24.2 m x L 31.1 m x H 4.0 m with Tube settler of dimension W
23.9 m x L 24.4 m x 2 units x 3 trains = 6 basins, RC Structure
Sedimentation method: Upflow type with tube settler and Mechanical sludge collector
4-38
Sludge discharge valve: Automatic eccentric valve with timer control

Accessories: Inclined tube settler, guiding walls, collecting troughs for water
collection, monorail type sludge collector, de-sludging equipment
(valves, pipes)
【Selection reasons (see Table 4-17)】

Requires relatively smaller land area
Many examples of use in neighboring countries
The purpose of installing the tube settler is to help the settlement of coagulated flocs effectively using
a small surface area of sedimentation basin. The settled sludge is collected at the pit at the bottom by
sludge collector, and discharged into the sludge basin periodically through the de-sludging valve.
Table 4-15 Outline of Sedimentation Equipment

Quantity
No Facility Specification
Duty Standby
1 Tube Settler Upflow type 6 units -
2 Sludge Collector Monorail type 6 units -
(3) Intermediate Chlorination

Chlorine will be also injected into settled water channel in the sedimentation basin to remove iron and
manganese and prevent formation of hazardous tri-halo-methane, when raw water contains high
amount of organic compound. The injection point of chlorine will be set as the end of sedimentation
basin.
4-39
Table 4-16 Mixing Method of Flocculation Basin

Method Using Flow Energy Mechanical Mixing Method
Vertical and Horizontal Zigzag
Horizontal Zigzag Flow Horizontal Shaft Paddle Vertical Shaft Paddle
Flow
Inflow
Mixing vane
Mixing vane
Water level Inflow Outflow
Structure difference
Inflow Outflow
(2) Horizontal baffled channel method

Outflow
(top view)
0.5 meters water level 0.5 meters water level Better by adjusting rotation Better by adjusting rotation
Mixing Effect ◎ ◎
difference is required. difference is required. numbers in each stage. numbers in each stage.
Effect by Flow Agitation Index will change Agitation Index will change Agitation Index will be constant. ◎ Agitation Index will be ◎
Volume (mixing is stronger than constant.
Change horizontal baffling)
Operation and Easy due to no mechanical ◎ Easy due to no mechanical ◎ Needs operation and Needs operation and
Maintenance parts. parts. maintenance of mechanical maintenance of mechanical
parts. Drive part is submerged parts. Drive part is not
and durability is not so good. submerged and durability is
good.
Required
0.1 ◎ 0.1 ◎ 1.0 1.0
Motive Power
Required Area Large Medium Small ◎ Small ◎
Initial Cost* 0.2 ◎ 0.2 ◎ 1.0 0.6
Running
0.1 ◎ 0.1 ◎ 1.0 1.0
Cost*
Easy due to no mechanical parts
Overall and Advantage of running cost ○
◎
* Numbers show comparative number assuming horizontal-shaft paddle mixing method which has been used widely in Japan, as 1.0.
4-40
Table 4-17 Sedimentation Method

Horizontal Flow with Sedimentation Effect Enhancement
Conventional Horizontal Flow
Horizontal Flow with Inclined Plate Upward Flow with Tube Settler
Structure
Retention Time 3-5 hours Approximately 1 hour Approximately 1 hour

Surface Load 15-30 mm/min 4-9 mm/min 7-14 mm/min
Velocity Less than 0.4 m/min Less than 0.6 m/min Less than 0.08 m/min
Basin Depth 3-4 m 4-5 m 4-5 m
Required Area Large (100 %) Small (30 to 40 %) ◎ Medium (50 to 70 %)
Turbidity of Low due to intermediate flow guiding Low due to uniform flow ◎ Low due to uniform flow ◎
Settled Water wall, however, sometimes not low due to
short-circuit and/or density flows
Flexibility to Not good for variation in raw water Good for variation in raw water turbidity. ◎ Good for variation in raw water turbidity. ◎
variation turbidity. Good for variation in raw water temperature. Good for variation in raw water temperature.
Not good for variation in raw water Good for variation in raw water flow volume. Good for variation in raw water flow volume.
temperature.
Good for variation in raw water flow
volume.
Operation and Continuous monitoring is required because ◎ Periodical cleaning is required to remove settled Periodical cleaning is required to remove
Maintenance density flow and short-circuit flow may sludge on the plates. Removal of plates is settled sludge on the tubes. Cleaning is not
occur often. Cleaning is easy. required during cleaning. difficult.
Initial Cost* 1.0 ◎ 2.5 2.0
Running Cost* 0 ◎ 0 ◎ 0 ◎
Experiences Many ◎ Little (however many in Japan) Relatively many ◎
Overall ◎
* Numbers show comparative number assuming conventional horizontal flow basin as 1.0.
4-41
4.4.5 Filter
Micro flocs which cannot be settled down in sedimentation basins should be separated out in filters.
Two-layer filter media of anthracite and sand is employed in the Nyaunghnapin WTP. However, its
operation in the existing Nyaunghnapin WTP does not show good results; since particles in the filter
media are small and backwashing speed is high, resulting in filter media being washed away. To
overcome this issue, single-layer filter media (silica sand) is adopted for this WTP. Filter bed
thickness is set as 600 mm considering the particle diameter which can be procured in the Yangon
suburbs. And filtration speed will be reduced to the maximum level of 150 m/day for single layer
filter.
A first example in Yangon, self-back-washing method is adopted for this WTP considering energy
saving. Conventionally, the pump backwash system is employed in other WTPs. In Nyaunghnapin
WTP, valves operation is conducted manually and heavy manpower of operators is required.
Therefore, filtration and backwash processes in this WTP are automatically operated with the
sequence control using motor-operated valve as same as Lagunbyin WTP.
The duration of washing of each filter is considered as 30 minutes, such that back-washing of all the
proposed 24 filters can be finished during daytime within 12 hrs for 60 MGD WTP.
Filter flow speed: Less than 150 m/day
Conventional rapid sand filter
【Design】
Dimension: W 9.5 m x L 12.0 m x 8 filters x 3 trains =24 filters, RC Structure
Filter media: Single layer (Silica sand: 600 mm thickness), Uniformity coefficient: less
than 1.7 mm
Washing method: Self-backwashing (see Table 4-19) with Air washing or Surface washing
Accessories: Air wash equipment (blower), under drain plate (porous block), drain
trough, drain pipe, inlet, outlet and drain valves (electrically driven)
Table 4-18 Outline of Rapid Sand Filter Equipment

Quantity
No Facility Specification Duty Standby
1 Rapid Sand Filter Gravity and Single Media Filtration 24 units -
2 Air Blower (Example) Rotary Blower 6 units 3 units
4-42
Table 4-19 Back Washing Method of Filtration Basin

Constant Rate Filtration with Back wash
Self-Balancing Filtration with Self-washing
pump or Elevated tank
Schematic
diagram
Configuration Consists of catchment, inflow culvert, Same as in left column

various motor-operated valves, drain
trough, etc.
Filters are independent of each other. All Filters are connected to each other.
Flow Speed 120 - 150 m/day 120 - 150 m/day
Backwashing 0.6 - 0.8 m/minute 0.6 - 0.8 m/minute ◎
Speed and
Method Backwashing is performed by Backwashing is performed using
pressurized water by pumps or filtered water by clear water with
elevated tank via other filters connected, utilizing the
motor-operated valves. difference in water level in clear
water weir and drain trough.
Backwashing pump or elevated water
tank is not required.
Flow Control Requires valves to balance Inflow and outflow volume balance ◎
inflow and outflow volume. naturally.
Requires various valves of
Operation and Requires various valves of inflow,
inflow, outflow, drainage and ◎
Maintenance outflow and drainage.
back-washing.
Initial Cost* 1.0 0.8
Running
1.0 0.3 ◎
Cost*
Experiences Many ◎ Relatively many
Advantage of running cost
Overall
◎
* Numbers show comparative number assuming constant rate filtration control as 1.0.
4.4.6 Clear Water Reservoir (Tank)

Theoretically, the amount of treated water and treated water pumping should be the same. However, in
case that the two flows are not same, clear water tank will be required to adjust the flows difference.
The design volume is set as one hour of the daily treatment capacity according to the Japanese Design
Guidelines. Three trains with horizontal-flow mixing by baffle wall are proposed with 1 injection
point per train for post-chlorination.
Retention time: 1.0 hour of the daily treatment capacity (more than 1 hour as Japanese
Design Guidelines)
Mixing method: Horizontal zigzag flow type
【Design】
Dimension: W 25.0 m x L 30.0 m x H 5.5 m (Volume 4,125 m3) x 3 trains, RC
Structure
Accessories: Chlorine injection point, water level gauge, overflow pipe, drain
equipment (pipe and valve) and ventilator
4-43
4.4.7 Sludge Treatment

Sludge treatment method is decided considering raw water quality, quantity and quality of waste or
washed water, characteristics of sludge, disposal method of generated sludge, operation requirements,
land size of each method, construction cost of each method and so on. Sludge treatment facilities
generally consist of sludge basin (for sludge from sedimentation basins), wash water drainage basin
(from filters), sludge thickener and dehydration facilities such as lagoon, sun drying bed or
mechanical facilities.
Since satisfactory concentration of sludge is confirmed by the jar test, use of sun drying bed for
dehydration is a cheaper option. Thickened sludge is transferred to sun drying bed where sludge is
dried under natural sunlight. Its supernatant is discharged to drain.
From Sand Filter Return

Wash Water
Pre-Sedimentation Pond
Drainage Basin
Sludge
From Sedim. Basin Dried Sludge
Sludge Basin Thickener Sun Dry Bed
Transport to Landfill
Return Return Return
Drain

Figure 4-18 Sludge Treatment Process
(1) Wash Water Drainage Basin (from Filter)

Wash water drainage basin temporarily stores back-wash water from filters. Volume of basins should
be equal to at least one day’s back-washed water volume. Discharge pumps are provided for the
basins.
【Design】
Dimension: W 12.0 m x L 12.0 m x effective depth 3.0 m x 3 trains
【Facilities Specifications】
Design Parameter: 3 basins, RC Structure
Discharge Pump: 6 duty and 3 standby (2 duty and 1 stand-by for each basin)
(2) Sludge Basin (for sludge from Sedimentation basins)

Sludge basins are installed before thickeners to adjust flow and quality of sludge discharged from
sedimentation basins. Volume of the basins are planned to receive one day’s discharged volumes from
the above basins during rainy season when raw water turbidity is high.
4-44
【Design】
Dimension: W 12.0 m x L 12.0 m x effective depth 3.0 m x 3 trains
Design Parameter: 3 basins, RC Structure
Sludge Withdrawal Pump: 3 duty and 3 standby (1 duty and 1 stand-by for each basin)
(3) Sludge Thickener

Thickeners are provided to accelerate dehydration of sludge and reduce sludge volume. Of the three
types of commonly used sludge thickening processes; gravity thickening, floating thickening, and
filtration thickening, generally used gravitational thickening is selected for this WTP. The thickener
will be provided with rotational sludge rake system. Collected sludge at the bottom will be sent to sun
drying beds by gravity flow.
【Design】
Dimension: Diameter 12.0 m x effective depth 1.5m x 3 trains
Design Parameter: 3 tanks, RC Structure, Cylindrical-shape type with rotational
sludge rake system
De-sludging valve: 3 duty (1 duty for each tank)
(4) Sun Drying Bed

Sun drying bed is planned to store and settle sludge discharged from thickeners. Supernatant from the
sun drying bed is discharged to canal by gravity. Sludge is dried in the beds, settled and accumulated
sludge is raked and collected. Access road is provided for that purpose. Dried sludge may be used for
land reclamation purpose as land filling for extension area of WTP or as covering materials.
【Design】
Design Parameter: W15.0 m x L18.0 m x 9 basins =Total Area 2,430 m2, RC
Structure
4.4.8 Chemical Dosing Facility

(1) ACH Dosing Equipment
Alum and ACH (PAC) are generally used as coagulants. Although expensive, the use of ACH is
suitable when large variation in raw water quality is expected, and therefore, it is used in YCDC
systems. For this WTP, ACH is recommended same as in other existing WTPs. Accordingly, storage
tanks and dosing pumps are provided for ACH dosing.
(2) ACH Dosing Rate

For this WTP, pre-sedimentation pond with 48 hours of retention time is planned to reduce high
turbidity in raw water. Based on the water quality tests, the raw water turbidity level is reduced to 50
NTU after pre-sedimentation. Considering these values and jar test result, dosing rates are planned in
the range as given below.
4-45
Theoretically, alkalinity of 0.15 mg/L is consumed per ACH 1 mg/L, in case of the proposed injection
rate, alkalinity is expected to drop by 1 - 4 mg/L. Based on the available water quality data it is
analyzed that the alkalinity of raw water is about 20 mg/L, and it is determined that Alkali aid is
unnecessary in this plan.
Table 4-20 Proposed ACH Dosing Rate

Expected turbidity after pre-sedimentation pond Dosing rate
Less than 50 NTU 5 - 25 mg/L
Note: Dosing rate is tentative and needs verification during detailed design period.
(3) Design Value of Chemical Dozing Equipment

The chemical dosing facility is designed considering following design criteria.
Chemicals: Liquid ACH
Doing rate: 1 to 30 mg/L
Injection Pump: (1 duty and 1 standby) x 3 trains
Incidental equipment: Chemical storage tank
4.4.9 Chlorination Facility

Chlorination facility is planned to provide safe water to consumers and holding of disinfection in
water distribution pipelines. Moreover, three steps of chlorine injections are recommended for iron/
manganese removal. Key points related to dosing and purposes are as follows:
Pre-chlorination: Average dosing rate is set as the minimum rate in order to prevent algae
generation/ growth and removal of iron/manganese based on the result of chlorine demand test.
Intermediate-chlorination: Removal of iron/manganese and used as an alternative of
pre-chlorination when the raw water is polluted by wastewater along the intake canal.
Post-chlorination: Providing residual chlorine to take care of potential pollutants seeping into
the distribution system.
Chlorine injection rates are set based on the result of water quality test by EDWS and the Study Team
as given in the following Table.
Table 4-21 Chlorine Dosing Rate

Dosing Rate(mg/L)
Item
Maximum Average Minimum
Pre-chlorination 6.0 3.0 1.5
Intermediate chlorination 6.0 3.0 1.5
Post chlorination 1.0 0.5 0.25
Note: Dosing rate should be decided based on water quality tests in the detailed design.
Avoiding dangerous chemicals by adopting use of sodium hypochlorite for disinfection, Liquid
sodium hypochlorite is planned as chlorination agents based on the comparison shown in the
following Table. Although hypochlorite’s costs are relatively high, dosing facilities are simple.
4-46
However, considering the outcome of implementation of Phase 1 Project, it is necessary to review

again in detailed design of Phase 2 Project.
Table 4-22 Chlorination Agents

On-site Sodium Hypochlorite
Liquid Chlorine (Gas) Liquid Sodium Hypochlorite
Generator
Liquid Chlorine contained in Liquid, Produced from salt
Characteristics Liquid
Gas Cylinder by electrolysis
Approximately 1 % by
Effective
non-diaphragm type
Chlorine More than 99.4 % Approximately 12.0 %
Approximately 5 % by
Concentration
diaphragm type
High Alkalinity
Low Alkalinity
More unstable when
Less stable than Liquid
effective chlorine
Stability Stable Chlorine but more stable
concentration is higher.
than purchased liquid
More dissolved when salt
hypochlorite.
concentration is higher.
Should follow “Safety
Concentration may become
regulation on general Long-term storage is possible
Storage lower, Long-term storage is
high-pressure gas” etc. in as salt.
difficult.
Japan.
Dosing
Complex Simple Relatively Complex
Devices
- Air bubble is generated by
- Small chances of obstacles
electrolyzing sodium
from air bubble and scale
Careful handling is required hypochlorite.
Handling generation
due to strong poisonous gas - So consideration should be
Remarks - Discharge after dilution of
with irritating odor. taken to prevent pumps and
hydrogen generated during
pipes from airlock
electrolysis.
generation.
Lead to heavy accidents
when chlorine gas leaks. Barrier is required to prevent
Barrier is required to prevent
Gas detector, neutralizer and overflow.
Measures overflow.
absorbers are mandatory for Hydrogen should be
Against Prevention of mixing with
small-sized facility. discharged sufficiently
Leakage ACH is required, which
In addition, neutralizing otherwise it will explode or
generates poisonous chlorine.
reaction towers are required catch fire.
for large-sized facility.
Chlorine dosing device,
Operation and
vaporizer, detector, Dosing device Electrolyzer
Maintenance
neutralizer, absorbers etc.
Running
0.3 1.0 1.6
Cost*
Safest and Simple Devices
Overall 〇〇
◎
* Numbers show comparative number assuming Liquid Hypochlorite as 1.0.
Source; Guideline of Treatment Technology 2010, Waterworks Technology Research Center, Japan
4-47
4.4.10 Electrical Facility

(1) Basic Philosophy of Electrical Facilities
It is strongly advisable to adopt electrical equipment conforming to IEC standards and/or Japanese
standards (JIS, JEC & JEM) with the type test records, in order to assure the quality and personnel
safety. On the contrary, products of electrical manufacturers in Myanmar are generally used in the
existing YCDC’s WTPs as these products have advantages to EDWS personnel in operation,
maintenance and upgrading. Based on the results of survey, the type-tested electrical equipment is
limited to low capacity transformers only, and therefore there is less chance to apply those until they
proceed with the type tests and pass them. The proposed WTP does not have any critically unsafe
facilities in the system, electrical facilities should have very basic fundamental protection only, and
the WTP does not require any special devices.
Electrical cables have large impact on the WTP operation by their product quality. Cables from India,
China, etc., are normally used in electrical construction in Myanmar, but for many of these, the
factory inspection records for quality control cannot be traced. The cables provided with individual
test records in accordance with IEC standards and/or Japanese standards shall be used in these WTPs.
As for electrical construction, there are several companies involved in the existing YCDC’s WTP
constructions. They are recommended to participate in this WTP construction for YCDC scope so that
they will help EDWS to proceed with proper maintenance and upgrading after start-up. However,
these construction companies shall be strictly evaluated in view of construction safety control.
(2) Electricity Supply in Yangon

YESC governs the electricity transmission and distribution in the area of the proposed WTP located in
Yangon. Their main transmission network is 230kV and the sub network is 66kV and 33kV. YESC
Electricity Network Diagram is shown in the following Figure. The town distribution for industry and
home is 6.6kV and 400V, respectively, and there are planned or accidental power shutdowns very
often. Electricity is available during working hours in the day time in some industrial areas, and the
main receiving switches have been open for several months in some other industrial areas.
The WTP should receive electricity from 33 kV sub network transmission line which corresponds to
the YESC regulation for the WTP with the receiving transformer capacity of 1 MVA and above but
less than 10 MVA. There are existing YESC 33 kV overhead lines dedicated for public utilities such
as existing YCDC’s WTPs, and they are supplying electricity for 24 hours.
4-48
Kokkowa WTP
Source: YESB (now YESC) Infrastructure of Yangon City Electricity Supply Board in July 2013
Figure 4-19 230 kV & 66 kV Network Diagram of YESC in 2015-16
(3) Main Power Supply

Incoming power will be supplied by YESC in 3 phase 33 kV 50 Hz. A sub-station will be located in
WTP. The power received at 33 kV will be stepped down to 6.6 kV by a main transformer to meet the
motor voltage requirement of pump motor. The transformer will be of the outdoor, oil immersed, and
natural cooling type. The capacity of the main transformer is estimated as 6.0 MVA for 60 MGD WTP.
Power Supply Diagram is shown below.
4-49
Note: The component inside thick line indicates the construction to be undertaken by YCDC.
Figure 4-20 Main Power Supply for Zone 9 (Prior Construction)
(4) Electricity (Incoming Line)

YCDC has already obtained YESC’s permission for new power line for the project provided that
YCDC extend 20 km of transmission line themselves for 33 kV. The permitted capacity by YESC is
for 10.0 MVA instead of required capacity of 6.0 MVA.
The detail of power line and its construction schedule are shown in the following Table and Figure.
Table 4-23 Detailed Power Line and Construction Schedule by YCDC

Transmission Voltage 33 kV 3 Phase 50 Hz
Transmission Method Overhead Line
Transmission Capacity 10.0 MVA (approved)
Short Circuit Capacity 31.5 kA
Expected Commencement Date August 2015
Expected Completion Date August 2016
After completion of the work, this transmission line will be handed over to YESC and operation and
4-50
maintenance will be conducted by YESC. Therefore, main power supply is out of scope of the
Japanese ODA loan.
Notes: Yangon – Pathein road is National Highway No. 5

Source: YCDC
Figure 4-21 Electrical Transmission Line for Kokkowa WTP
(5) Emergency Power Supply

Although there is new plan of power transmission for the future expansion of facilities, there is no
plan to make electrical main power supply more reliable such as way of duplex supply or looping
supply. The result of investigation related to power outage in similar facilities in the past 10 years,
where the power is supplied by overhead line, indicate that the longest record of outage was more
than one month due to terrible cyclone “Nargis”. Excluding the case of Nargis, there were 72 outages
for which duration was more than 10 hours and in case of 9 of these 72 outages the duration was more
than 24 hours. The reasons of outage were accidents in the transmission line or power cuts by the
power company. Although supply condition is improving year by year, in consideration of the current
situation, stand-by power generator will be required for stable water supply. Especially, planned water
supply system will use pumps for water transmission and distribution and the interruption of main
power supply will cause total interruption of water supply immediately. Therefore, stand-by generator
will be planned in this study.
4-51
Type of generator will be diesel engine generator, built-in radiator that is required for easy operation
and maintenance and also being used in Yangon in many cases. The capacity of generator will cover
the power requirements of facilities from water intake to water distribution because duration of outage
is much longer than the retention time of tanks. Fuel tank capacity of generator needs to be sufficient
for 72 hours operation in order to cope with 24 hours outage by supplying additional fuel the next day.
Stand-by generators will be included in the scope of Japanese loan because the manufacturer of all
generators should be unified and be synchronized together as single power source.
4.4.11 SCADA
SCADA system will be planned for purposes of monitoring with centralization, automatic control and
supporting better O&M. SCADA System will be divided into three systems which are SCADA for
WTP, SCADA for Zone 9/Relay Pump Station and SCADA for Zone 1. The systems will be installed
in Administration Building at WTP, Relay Pump Station in Zone 9 SR and PS in Central SR,
respectively (see the following Figure).
These systems will be connected with each other by a data backbone which has high speed data
transmission (laying cost of optical fiber cable is included in this project). Important data, such as
equipment alarms and transmission flow, will be shared in real time in each system. Main monitoring
and control items for each SCADA System are shown below.
Water quality monitoring should be carried out continuously for producing good quality treated water
to meet the water quality standards. The water quality parameters and flow to be monitored at
different locations are listed in the following Table.
Table 4-24 Monitoring Points of Water Quality

Item Monitoring location Monitoring items
Raw water - Pre-sedimentation pond ・Turbidity: ACH dosing rate control
・pH: ACH dosing rate control
Settled water - In settled water channel ・Turbidity
・pH
・Residual chlorine
Filtered water - Filtered water channel ・Turbidity
・pH
Treated water - After pumping ・Turbidity
・pH
Distributed - At the distribution points ・Turbidity
water ・pH
4-52
Intake
monitoring Intake flow, Pressure, River water level, Water quality,

INTAKE Pump status
Lift pump
SCADA control
for WTP
WTP WTP monitoring Transmission flow, Pressure, Reservoir level, Water
quality, Equipment status
control
Filtration, Transmission pump
data sharing
Pump Station
ZONE 9 monitoring Distribution/Transmission flow, Distribution/Transmission
Pressure, Reservoir level, Water quality, Pump status
SCADA control
Distribution pump, Transmission Pump
for
ZONE 9 DMA for ZONE 9
monitoring DMA flow, DMA pressure (not real time)
data sharing
Pump Station
monitoring Distribution flow, Distribution Pressure, Reservoir level,
ZONE 1
Water quality, Pump status
SCADA control
Distribution pump, Flow control valve
for
ZONE 1 DMA for ZONE 1
monitoring DMA flow, DMA pressure (not real time)
Note: These systems will be linked through optical fiber cable in this Project.
Figure 4-22 Proposed SCADA System for WTP, Transmission, Distribution and DMAs
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4-54
It is assumed that in future there will be many individual SCADA Systems for each WTP and each
distribution zone and these systems will be scattered widely in Yangon city. To monitor water balance
in each supply zone and control water supply comprehensively, centralization of SCADA integrating
each system is recommended. To integrate systems easily in future, it is required to use open system
such as open protocol, open data base and open hardware through the use of OPC server. In this
Project, SCADA system will be designed using such a standard system for future provision and it is
recommended to use open system for other projects also. Concept of SCADA system integration is
shown in the following Figure.
Central Monitoring Room

(Future Plan)
CENTRAL
SCADA
Interface Interface Interface

Server Server Server
SCADA SCADA SCADA SCADA

SCADA SCADA
for for for for
for for
Kokkowa ZONE Lagunbyin ZONE
ZONE 1 ZONE 8
WTP 9 WTP 7
Kokkowa LAN Lagunbyin LAN
SCADAs for Future

Figure 4-23 Proposed Concept of SCADA System Integration in The Future
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4.4.12 Administration Facility

Administration facilities are planned as shown in the following Table.
Table 4-25 Administration Facility

Item Contents
Central Administration Building Water control room for SCADA with UPS (Uninterruptible Power
Supply)
Water Quality Laboratory Space for Jar test and simple water quality test
Water Supply Small pumps units are installed in transmission PS
Warehouse For chemicals storage
Workshop For pump maintenance
Parking Lot
Security Room and Guard Post
Temporary Road Concrete pavement and green buffer belt: Settlement of landfill is
taken into consideration
Fence Steel and/or brick fence along the boundary
4-56
CHAPTER 5 TRANSMISSION FACILITY
5.1 Outline of Planning

(1) Outline of Planning
This facility is planned to convey treated water from Kokkowa WTP to Zone 9 SR. In the JICA Water
M/P, Kokkowa WTP, with capacity of 60 MGD, is planned to be constructed and convey water from
WTP to Zones 1 and 9 in 2025. In the future plan, the WTP will be expanded to convey water to some
other Zones on the eastern side of Hlaing River.
From the WTP, all treated water is planned to be conveyed to Zone 9 SR because of the geographical
conditions; therefore water which is to be conveyed to the Zones on the eastern side of the River
passes through Zone 9. The distance between WTP and Zones is far.
As a result, Zone 9 SR is planned to perform both as a service reservoir for Zone 9 and as a Relay PS
(hereinafter referred to as “RPS”) to convey water to other Zones.
(2) Outline of Water Operation

A total of 56 MGD of treated water is to be conveyed to Zone 9 SR/RPS from the WTP, of which 19
MGD water is to be distributed to Zone 9 by pumps, and 37 MGD water is to be conveyed to Kokine
SRs in Zone 1. Therefore, required capacity of transmission facility in this Study is 60 MGD.
In future, Kokkowa WTP will be expanded to capacity of 140 MGD. Additional transmission facility
will be constructed when the WTP is expanded.
Development of
Pump & Network
Transmission Pipeline (60 MGD) Zone 9
60MGD WTP P P To Zone 9
SR/RPS
Area
P
To Zone 1
Pumps and Pipelines SR
for Transmission
(i) Planned Water Supply in 2025 (For This Project)
Development of
Pump & Network
Transmission Pipeline (60 MGD) Zone 9 To Zone 9
60MGD WTP P P
SR/RPS Area
P P
Additional Transmission Pipeline
Expanded WTP P To SRs in
Zone 1 +
Pumps and Pipelines Other
for Transmission Zones
(expansion)
(ii) Planned Water Supply in the Future
Figure 5-1 Stepwise Transmission Plan to Zone 9 SR/RPS
5-1
(3) Route and Laying Position of Transmission Pipeline

During the 60 MGD Kokkowa WTP development by 2025, following large diameter pipelines are
Transmission pipeline from the WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS (This Project)
Transmission pipeline from the Zone 9 SR/RPS to Zone 1 SRs (This Project)
Distribution main from Zone 9 SR to Zone 9 area (YCDC Project)
above are planned to be laid along the Route No. 5. Detail of route and laying position of these
pipelines are described in the Appendix-7.
In the first section, the transmission facilities for Zone 9 are described while in the following section
those for Zone 1 are described.
5.2 Transmission Facility for Zone 9

(1) Planned Scale of Transmission Facility
Capacity of Kokkowa WTP is planned to be 60 MGD by 2025. In this Study, 60 MGD of transmission
facility is planned for Zone 9 and Zone 1. Transmission pumps are required due to the ground
elevation difference between the WTP and Zone 9 SR. Therefore, transmission pump equipment and
approximately 21.4 km of transmission pipeline is planned.
(2) Planning Diameter of Transmission Pipe

Pipe diameter in case of pumping flow is planned considering the velocity range of 1 to 3 m/s and the
required pump head.
(3) Planning of Transmission Pump Facility

a) Selection of Pump Type
Basically, double suction volute pump is used considering the type of the existing pumps in Yangon
city. This type of pump is efficient, economical, and easy to maintain. Also, EDWS is familiar with
handling of this type of pumps.
b) Number of Transmission Pump Units

Number of pump units is decided considering installation cost. Minimum units of pumps installed are
two (2) in conformity with the fluctuation in water demand.
c) Countermeasure against Water-Hammer

Generally, if countermeasure against water-hammer is required, flywheel or surge tank are considered
5-2
as candidate for selection of the countermeasure. In this Study, the flywheel method is basically
recommended considering the ease of maintenance and competitiveness of Japanese technology. This
method has been already installed at Intake PS of Lagunbyin WTP.
d) Corresponding to Fluctuation of Water Demand

Basically, advanced control system, such as variable speed control, is not required for transmission PS
at the Kokkowa WTP because relation between WTP and SR/RPS is one-to-one.
5.2.2 Transmission Facility

(1) Transmission Pipeline
a) Diameter of Pipeline and Pump Head
Pipeline diameters and pump head are planned based on the result of the hydraulic calculation. As a
result of the calculation, 1600 mm is planned as the suitable diameter of pipe for 60 MGD of
Transmission.
【Hydraulic calculation sheet is attached as Appendix-6】

Transmission flow : 60 MGD
LWL of Kokkowa WTP : +3.20 m
HWL of Zone 9 SR : +3.00 m
Length of transmission pipeline : 21,350 m
Formula : Hazen-Williams formula, flow rate coefficient C=110
Residual water head : minimum 5.0 m
Water head loss around pumps : 0.5 m
Upper limit of pump head : 100 m
Table 5-1 Result of Hydraulic Calculation

Item Result
Diameter of pipeline 1600 mm
Velocity 1.57 m/s
Friction loss 32.39 m
Transmission pump head 38.0 m
(2) Selection of Pipe Material

SP, DCIP and HDPE are selected as candidate materials for transmission pipe. Since this pipeline is
one of the most important facilities for water supply to Zone 9 and Zone 1 and requires durability,
HDPE is excluded and comparison is made between SP and DCIP. Comparison of pipe material of
1600 mm is shown in the following Table. As a result of the comparison, SP is recommended as
material for 1600 mm pipeline because construction cost of SP is reasonable and Japanese
manufacturer has a comparative advantage for manufacturing of SPs. Since the price of iron is always
fluctuating, the material will be decided after the studies of cost and detailed construction method
during the design stage.
5-3
Table 5-2 Comparison of Pipe Material of 1600 mm

Comparative
Item Steel Pipe (SP) Ductile Cast Iron Pipe (DCIP)
Evaluation
High strength of pipe body, sufficient in High strength of pipe body, sufficient in Equivalent
Strength
toughness and strong in shock toughness and strong in shock
Durability Durable Durable Equivalent
Welded joints require expertise. Good workability DCIP is
Workability
preferable
Unit price SP is preferable
222 thousand JPY/m 276 thousand JPY/m
(Direct Cost)
Although, pipe joining is more difficult Construction cost and comparative SP is preferable
Recommen- than DCIP, construction cost is advantage are worse than steel.
dation reasonable and having a comparative
advantage.
(3) Transmission Pump Facility Plan

a) Planned Transmission Flow
60 MGD water is to be conveyed to Zone 9 SR/RPS in 2025. In future after 2025, a PS will be added
with expansion of WTP.
b) Pump Equipment Plan

Three (3) units of operational pumps and one (1) stand-by pump are planned.
Table 5-3 Transmission Pump Plan for Zone 9

Item Specification Remarks
20 MGD (63.1 m3/min)×38 m×720 kW×4 units (including 1 stand-by) All pumps under
Pump
Horizontal Double Suction by On/off control method ODA loan
5.3 Transmission Facility for Zone 1
5.3.1 Outline of Planning

This facility, to be constructed under JICA loan project, is planned to convey water from Zone 9
SR/RPS to Kokine SR in Zone 1 in 2025 - the target year of this project. In the M/P, water from
Kokkowa WTP is planned to be transmitted to both Kokine and Central SR, and Kokkowa water and
Reservoir water is planned to be mixed at Kokine SR in 2025. YCDC is planning to supply water with
turbidity level of 1 NTU according to the WHO guidelines, and to achieve the target, JICA and YCDC
agreed that the Kokkowa and Reservoir water is to be conveyed separately to Kokine SR and Central
SR respectively in order to avoid mixing water from two sources. Therefore, water is transmitted from
Kokkowa WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS, then from the RPS to Kokine SR. On the other hand, Reservoir
water from Yegu is transmitted to Central SR.
Pumping is required due to the ground elevation difference between the RPS and Kokine SR in Zone
1. Therefore, transmission pump facility at the RPS with approximately 20 km of transmission
5-4
pipeline from the RPS to Kokine SR shall be planned. Since Transmission to the other Zones besides
Zone 1 is planned in the future, facility plan shall consider the future water operation plan as well.
5.3.2 Outline of Water Operation

(1) Change in Transmission Plan Caused by the Change in WTP Construction Plan
In the MP, it is planned to expand the capacity of Kokkowa WTP to 60 MGD by 2025 and to 240
MGD by 2040. However, as mentioned earlier in Chapter 4, YCDC intends to construct both
Kokkowa WTP and Pan Hlaing WTP. Therefore, Zone 9 and some Zones in Yangon city area will be
supplied water from the two (2) WTPs in the future.
In general, operation and control of pumps become complicated in case of Transmission from
multiple numbers of WTPs to multiple numbers of SRs. Therefore, all water conveyed from the two
WTPs should be received once at the RPS in the same site of Zone 9 SR for easy operation. Separate
pipes are also planned; one is along the route No. 5 from the Kokkowa WTP, and another one is along
the YCDC roads within Zone 9 from Pan Hlaing WTP. Consequently, RPS is planned to convey water
from two WTPs to SRs in Zone 1 and some other Zones of Yangon city area in the future.
(2) Water Operation for Zone 1

Transmission facilities are planned based on increase in water demand and capacity of WTP from
2025 to 2035. The water operation for each step is as follows:
2025: 56 MGD of clear water is to be transmitted from Kokkowa WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS.
Then, the 37 MGD water is to be transmitted to Kokine SR by transmission pumps. 17 MGD
of Reservoir water is to be transmitted from Yegu PS to Central SR.
2030: 60 MGD and 48 MGD of clear water is to be transmitted from Kokkowa WTP and Pan
Hlaing WTP respectively to Zone 9 SR/RPS of which 26 MGD water is to be distributed to the
Zone 9 supply area by pumping. The remaining water is to be transmitted to the Zone 1 SRs
and Zone 3 SR by transmission pumps.
2035: 129 MGD and 60 MGD of clear water is to be transmitted from Kokkowa WTP and Pan
Hlaing WTP respectively to Zone 9 SR/RPS of which 35 MGD water is to be distributed to the
Zone 9 supply area by pumping. The remaining water is to be transmitted to the Zone 1 SRs,
Zone 3 SR and Zone 4 SR by transmission pumps.
5-5
Zone 1
Year 2025
Zone 1
Year 2030
5-6
Zone 1
Year 2035
Figure 5-2 Water Operation Diagram from 2025 to 2035
(3) Water Operation for Zone 1 in 2040

There are two ways of Transmission to Zone 1 in 2040. One option is from Toe WTP and another one
is from RPS. It is too early to decide on it at this stage. Therefore, transmission facilities in this Study
are planned based on the water operation until 2035, and the water operation in 2040 is examined as a
reference.
5-7
Area of Kokkowa WTP System
Year 2040 (Option 1: Water Operation based on the Master Plan)
Area of Kokkowa WTP System
Year 2040 (Option 2: Alternative Water Operation)

Figure 5-3 Water Operation Diagram in 2040
(4) Water Operation of System Switching

Direct water distribution from the RPS to Zone 1 is necessary during the process of switching from
the existing system to Kokkowa system due to suspension of using Kokine SR for inspection and
repair works. Therefore, pumps and other facilities at RPS should have sufficient capacity to enable
5-8
temporary water supply to Zone 1 during that period (See the Chapter 7).
(5) Transmission Pipeline for Zone 1

RPS will transmit water not only to Zone 1 SRs but also to other Zones in the future, and two (2)
transmission pipelines are planned for Zone 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the M/P. As mentioned in 5.3.4 (3), to
avoid excessive initial investment, one (1) transmission pipeline out of two (2) is planned as
exclusive-use transmission pipeline for Zone 1 in this Study. Transmission facility for other Zones
will be planned and constructed in the future.

(1) Planned Scale of Transmission Facility
a) Transmission Facility from Kokkowa WTP to RPS
Capacity of Kokkowa WTP will be 60 MGD by 2025, and 140 MGD by 2035. In the future,
additional transmission pipeline to transmit 80 MGD of water will be constructed. As a result, two (2)
transmission pipelines, with capacity of 60 MGD and 80 MGD respectively, are planned between the
WTP and Zone 9 SR/RPS.
Table 5-4 Planned Transmission Flow (From the WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS)
Year Flow From Destination Diameter/Fund
2025 56 MGD Kokkowa ① 1600/JICA
60 MGD Kokkowa ① 1600/JICA
2030
48 MGD Pan Hlaing ② 1600*/YCDC
Zone 9 SR/RPS
60 MGD Kokkowa ① 1600/JICA
2035 60 MGD Pan Hlaing ② 1600*/YCDC
80 MGD Kokkowa ③ 1800/YCDC
*Diameter calculation condition: critical hydraulic gradient under 2 per mille
b) Transmission Facility from RPS to Zones 1, 3 and 4

Transmission flow in years 2025, 2030, and 2035 from RPS to Yangon city area is planned as shown
in the following Table. Transmission facilities are planned to be available for increased flow and
planned destinations.
Table 5-5 Planned Transmission Flow (From Zone 9 SR/RPS to SRs in Zone 1, 3 and 4)
Year Flow From Destination SR Diameter/Fund
2025 37 MGD Kokine SR (Zone 1) ① 1600,1400/JICA
40 MGD Kokine SR (Zone 1) ① 1600,1400/JICA
2030 20 MGD Central SR (Zone 1) ② 1000/YCDC
22 MGD Zone9 SR Inya SR (Zone 3) ③ 1800,1600/YCDC
43 MGD and RPS Kokine SR (Zone 1) ① 1600,1400/JICA
22 MGD Central SR (Zone 1) ② 1000/YCDC
2035
50 MGD Inya SR (Zone 3) ③ 1800,1600 /YCDC
39 MGD Airport SR (Zone 4) ④ 1500/YCDC
5-9
c) Transmission Facility from Yegu PS to Central SR

There are two (2) existing PSs (old and new) in Yegu PS. Reservoir water from Gyobyu, Hlawga and
Nyaughnapin is received at underground tank of the new PS in Yegu PS, and then transmitted to
Kokine SR through 56” transmission pipe. Furthermore, water is transmitted to Shwedagon SR, and
distributed to downtown area from there. These transmission pipelines distribute water to a part of
Bahan TS on the way.
Overflow from the tank of the new PS is transmitted to underground tank of the old PS in Yegu PS,
then, distributed to the part of Mayangon TS.

Figure 5-4 Existing System of Yegu PS
Transmission flow in year 2025 from Yegu PS to Central SR is planned as shown in the following
Table. In the future, Transmission from Yegu is not necessary because Central SR is planned to
receive Kokkowa water.
Table 5-6 Planned Transmission Flow from Yegu PS

Year Flow Destination SR
2025 17 MGD Zone 1 (Central SR)
(2) Planning Diameter of Transmission Pipeline

Refer to the section 5.2.1 (2).
(3) Planning of Transmission Pump Facility

a) Transmission facility scale considering increasing transmission flow
Scale of pump facility is planned based on the water operation shown in Figure 5-2.
5-10
b) Selection of Pump Type

Refer to the section 5.2.1 (3), a).
c) Number of Transmission Pump Units

Refer to the section 5.2.1 (3), b).
d) Countermeasure against Water-Hammer

Refer to the section 5.2.1 (3), c).
e) Pump Control Method at RPS

Since the RPS is expected to transmit water to two (2) SRs by 2030, pumps should be operated with
monitoring water level of tank and transmission flow. Therefore, automatic pump operation by on/off
control method cannot be used. Furthermore, operation of transmission pump becomes complex
because transmission flow to each SR fluctuates depending on the season and status of distribution
network development. To ease the pump operation and reduce the energy consumption, advanced
pump control which enables complex control shall be selected for Pumps at RPS.
f) Pump Control Method at Yegu PS

Relation between Yegu PS and Central SR is one-to-one and existing pump control is through on/off
control method, therefore on/off control method is adopted for the transmission pump at Yegu PS.
5.3.4 Transmission Facility

(1) Transmission Pipeline
a) Diameter of Pipe and Pump Head between RPS and Kokine SR
Transmission flow from RPS to Zone 1 SRs
2025 : 37 MGD
2030 : 60 MGD
2035 : 65 MGD
LWL of Relay Tank : -3.00 m
HWL of destination
Kokine SR in Zone 1 : +42.60 m
Central SR in Zone 1 : +41.94 m
Upper limit of pump head : 100 m
Table 5-7 Result of Hydraulic Calculation between RPS and Kokine SR

Item Outline of Facilities Remarks
1600 mm x 16.95 km
Diameter/length 1400 mm x 2.85 km Total: 21.95 km
1000 mm x 2.15 km
Pump head 87.0 m Based on the calculation result in 2035
5-11
b) Diameter of Pipe and Pump Head between Yegu PS and Central SR

As a result of calculation, replacement of pumps is required to transmit water by using existing
pipeline. Furthermore, pipeline construction between existing 1400 and 1050, and branching by
using non-stoppable tapping method are necessary.
Transmission and Distribution flow from Yegu PS to Central SR in 2025

Transmission : 17 MGD
Distribution : 5.1 MGD (for Bahan Township)
Pipe Diameter/Length : 1400 x 5,360 m, 1050 x 2,670 m (Existing)
Pump Head : 47.0m (Existing)
LWL of Yegu P.S : +3.70 m
HWL of destination : +41.94 m
Table 5-8 Result of Hydraulic Calculation between Yegu PS and Central SR

Item Outline of Facilities Remarks
1400 mm x 5.36 km Existing Pipeline (Yegu – Kokine SR)
1050 mm x 2.67 km Existing Pipeline (Kokine SR- Central SR)
Diameter/length
1050 mm x 0.15 km New Connection Pipeline with non-water
suspension branch
Pump head 53.0 m Pump replacement is necessary.
Zone 1

Figure 5-5 Diameter of Transmission Pipeline for Zone 1 in 2025
(2) Selection of Pipe Material

Steel and DCIP are selected as candidate materials for 1600 mm and 1400 mm transmission pipes.
Comparison of pipe material is shown in the following Table. As a result of the comparison, SP is
5-12
recommended as material for 1600 mm, 1400 and 1000 mm pipeline because construction cost of
SP is reasonable and Japanese manufacturer has a comparative advantage for manufacturing of SPs.
Since the price of iron is always changing, the material will be decided after the studies of cost and
detailed construction method during the design stage.
Table 5-9 Comparison of Pipe Material

Comparative
Item Steel Pipe (SP) Ductile Cast Iron Pipe (DCIP)
Evaluation
High strength of pipe body, sufficient High strength of pipe body, sufficient Equivalent
Strength
in toughness and strong in shock in toughness and strong in shock
Durability Durable Durable Equivalent
Welded joints require expertise. Good workability DCIP is
Workability
preferable
241 thousand JPY/m: 1600 295 thousand JPY/m: 1600 SP is preferable
Unit price
204 thousand JPY/m: 1400 244 thousand JPY/m: 1400
(Direct Cost)
118 thousand JPY/m: 1000 153 thousand JPY/m: 1000
Although pipe joining is more difficult Construction cost and comparative SP is preferable
Recommen- than DCIP, construction cost is advantage are worse than steel.
dation reasonable and having a comparative
advantage.
(3) Transmission Pump Facility Plan at Relay Pump Station

a) Separation of Transmission System
In the future, two (2) lines of transmission pipelines from RPS will be installed. One is toward
south-east of RPS, and another is toward north-east of RPS. Furthermore, these two (2) lines will
be connected together. Therefore, there are following 2 plans as Transmission facility structure.
1 transmission system: transmit water from RPS as one system
2 transmission systems: transmit water from RPS using divided 2 systems (south and north
systems)
As shown in the following Table, Two (2) transmission systems have advantage especially in terms
of energy efficiency because pump head can be decided in accordance with elevation difference
between RPS and destination SRs of each system. On the other hand, 1 transmission system has
advantage especially in terms of emergency water supply operation because pump head of both
lines is same.
To emphasize energy efficiency at ordinary times is better than to emphasize emergency water
supply operation which occurs rarely. Therefore, plan of 2 transmission systems is recommended,
and transmission facility of south line is planned for Zone 1 Transmission in this plan.
5-13
North System
South System

Figure 5-6 Schematic Flow of Transmission in 2035
Table 5-10 Comparison of Transmission Systems

Item 1-System (Integrate North and South) 2-Systems (North and South)
Basic idea Pumps of same head are used Pumps of different heads are used in north
and south system
Destinations of Zone 1: Kokine, Central North: Zone 2 to 4
Transmission SR of Zone 2 to 4 South: Kokine, Central in Zone 1
Ordinary Time Large residual water head is expected to Energy efficiency is better than in case of
occur at University, Airport and 1-system because pump head of north
Thingangyun SR. system is lower than 1-system.
× ○
Emergency Since pump head of all pumps is same, Since pump head of each system is
water supply in emergency between north different, water supply in emergency
and south line is easy when accidents occur between north and south system is
on the pipeline. restricted when accidents occur on the
pipeline
○ ×
Facility Planning In this system, stand-by pump can be Each system requires a stand-by pump.
shared. Therefore, number of pump units Therefore number of pump units becomes
becomes few. large.
○ △
Operation Water operation is conducted in a lump. Water operation is conducted in each
Since number of destinations is larger than system. Since number of destinations of
the 2-system, operation becomes complex each system is few than the 1-system,
and difficult. operation is easier than the 1-system.
△ ○
5-14
b) Planned Transmission Flow

RPS is main transmission facility to convey clear water from Kokkowa and newly planned Pan
Hlaing WTP to the center of Yangon city. Destination of Transmission in 2025 is Kokine SR, then,
Central (Zone 1), Inya (Zone 3) and Airport (Zone 4) SR will be added as the destinations in 2030
and 2035, respectively.
The maximum flow is 65 MGD in case of south route from Zone 9 SR in 2035. Therefore, number
of pump units is decided to convey water in 2035. And then, number of pumps meeting the flow in
2025 is considered as the facility that is planned in this Study for installation in 1st stage. Number of
pump units of north route is decided considering the water demand in 2035.
Table 5-11 Transmission Flow from RPS (for Southern Route)

Year Flow Destination
2025 36 MGD to Zone 1 (Kokine SR)
2030 60 MGD to Zone 1 (Kokine and Central SR)
2035 65 MGD to Zone 1 (Kokine and Central SR)
Table 5-12 Transmission Flow from RPS (for Northern Route)

Year Flow Destination
2030 22 MGD to Zone 3 (Inya SR)
2035 89 MGD to Zone 3 and 4 (Inya and Airport SR)
c) Pump Equipment Plan for Southern Route

(i) Comparison of pump specification and cost
Comparison of transmission pump specific plans has been made as shown in the following Table.
As a result of the comparison, Plan-B is considered as better option in terms of cost.
Table 5-13 Comparison of Transmission Pump Specific Plan (for Southern Route)
Item Plan-A: 3 operational units Plan-B: 4 operational units Plan-C: 5 operational units
Discharge flow 21.6 MGD (68.2 m3/min) 16.3 MGD (51.5 m3/min) 13.0 MGD (41.0 m3/min)
Pump head 87 m 87 m 87 m
Pump type Double suction centrifugal single stage pump
Approx. Motor output 1600 kW 1250 kW 1050 kW
Number of units 4 units (3 duty + 1 5 units (4 duty +1 6 units (5 duty +1
stand-by) stand-by) stand-by)
Rough estimation 1,378 million JPY 1,085 million JPY 1,107 million JPY
(335 million JPY/unit) (217 million JPY/unit) (185 million JPY/unit)
(ii) Plan of Transmission pump equipment

As the detail is described in Chapter 7, this planned pump facility is required to have sufficient
capacity to distribute water to Zone 1 directly and temporarily during the period when system is
changed from the existing to Kokkowa. Required pump discharge capacity for temporary
distribution is 1.875 MG/hr (45 MGD, hourly maximum demand). This demand can be
sufficiently covered if three (3) units of pumps are operated. Furthermore, Plan-B pumps
5-15
mentioned above have adaptability to water demand fluctuation. Therefore Plan-B is adopted.
Table 5-14 Proposed Transmission Pump of RPS (for Southern Route)

Pump 16.3 MGD (51.5 m3/min) × 87 m×1250 kW × 5 units (4 duty +1 4 pumps under ODA
stand-by), Horizontal Double Suction by Variable Speed Control loan
Method
d) Pump Equipment Plan for Northern Route

(i) Comparison of pump specification and cost
Comparison of transmission pump specific plan is as shown in the following Table. As a result of
the comparison, Plan-B is better option in terms of cost.
Table 5-15 Comparison of Transmission Pump Specific Plan (for Northern Route)
Item Plan-A: 3 operational units Plan-B: 4 operational units Plan-C: 5 operational units
Discharge flow 29.7 MGD (93.8 m3/min) 22.3 MGD (70.4 m3/min) 17.8 MGD (56.2 m3/min)
Pump head 50 m 50 m 50 m
Pump type Double suction centrifugal single stage pump
Approx. Motor output 1500 kW 1000 kW 820 kW
Number of units 4 units (3 duty +1 5 units (4 duty +1 6 units (5 duty +1
stand-by) stand-by) stand-by)
Rough estimation 1,623 million JPY 1,457 million JPY 1,494 million JPY
(406 million JPY/unit) (291 million JPY/unit) (249 million JPY/unit)
(ii) Plan of Transmission Pump Equipment

As a result of the study, Plan-B is adopted. Transmission pumps for Northern route are planned
to transmit water to Zone 3 SR (near Inya lake) in 2030, and to Zone 3 SR and Zone 4 SR (near
Airport) which will be constructed in location with different elevation. Therefore, Transmission
flow and destinations are different by the year. Consequently, variable speed control method is
proposed because the method can transmit water flexibly under the changing Transmission
condition and thereby can reduce electricity consumption.
Table 5-16 Proposed Transmission Pump of RPS (for Northern Route)

Pump 22.3 MGD (70.2 m3/min) × 58 m×1000 kW×5 units (4 duty + 1 In the future
stand-by), Horizontal Double Suction By Variable Speed Control
Method
e) Plan of Relay Tank

(i) Capacity of the Relay Tank
Relay tank of Zone 9 SR/RPS should have the capacity for water distribution to Zone 9 and
Transmission to SRs in Zone 1 and other Zones. Therefore, design capacity of the tank is planned
considering 8 hours of retention time for water distribution and 1 hour retention time for
Transmission.
5-16
There are two (2) options of planned transmission flow in 2040, option 1 and 2, for planning of
the relay tank capacity as shown in Figure 5-3. In this plan, 191 MGD based on the option 1 that
conform to the MP is adopted as the planned Transmission flow to avoid overinvestment.
Required capacity in each year is shown in Table below.
Table 5-17 Required Capacity of Zone 9 SR

Item 2025 2030 2035 2040
Daily Maximum Demand in Zone 9 (MGD) 19 26 35 49
Planned Transmission Flow (MGD) 37 82 154 191
Required Capacity for SR (MG) 6.33 8.67 11.67 16.33
Required Capacity for Transmission (MG) 1.54 3.42 6.42 7.96
Required Capacity of the Tank (MG) 7.87 12.09 18.09 24.29
24.3 MG capacity in 2040 and 7.9 MG capacity in 2025 is required. Therefore, following 2 plans
were extracted;
3 Tanks Plan: 8.1 MG×1 tank (3 tanks in the future, 24.3 MG)
2 Tanks Plan: 12.2 MG×1 tank (2 tanks in the future, 24.4 MG)
In the case of 3 tanks plan, capacity of the tank to be constructed in 1st stage is almost same as
the required capacity in 2025. However, it is not rational that continuous construction of tanks be
carried out in the short period in response to the increase in the required capacity. Therefore,
Tanks is proposed and 12.2 MG tank for SR/RPS is planned.
(ii) Capacity verification of the Relay Tank under the Temporary Water Distribution to Zone 1
Temporary water distribution from the Relay Tank to Zone 1 will be implemented at the first step
of the distribution system switching shown in 7.5.3, and planned distribution flow at the time is
30 MGD. At this time, retention time of the Relay Tank is 9.8 hours, and it meets the necessary
capacity.
5-17
5-18
(4) Plan of Transmission Pump Facility at Yegu Pump Station

a) Planned Transmission Flow
Planned transmission and distribution flow of planned pipeline from Yegu PS to Central SR is 22.1
MGD including 5.1 MGD of distribution flow for Bahan Township in 2025. Central SR is planned to
receive Kokkowa water from RPS in the future.
Table 5-18 Transmission Flow from Yegu PS to Central SR

Year Flow Remarks
2025 22.1 MGD Including distribution flow
b) Pump Equipment Plan

Existing four (4) pumps is planned to be removed, and two (2) new operational pumps and one (1)
stand-by pump are planned to be installed for Transmission to Central SR.
Table 5-19 Proposed Transmission Pump at Yegu PS

11 MGD (35 m3/min)×53 m×450 kW×3 units (2 Duty + 1
Existing pumps to be removed
Pump stand-by), Horizontal Double Suction by On/off control
by YCDC
method
5.3.5 Electrical Facilities for Relay Pump Station
(1) Main Power Supply

Incoming power will be common for both water distribution in Zone 9 and Transmission to Zone 1
and will be supplied by YESC in 3 phase 33 kV 50Hz. The power received at 33 kV will be stepped
down to 6.6 kV by a main transformer to meet the motor voltage requirement of MV motor such as
distribution pump and transmission pump. Type of transformer will be of the outdoor, oil immersed,
and natural cooling type, similar to the case of WTP. Required capacity of transformer in 2025 is
estimated as 9 MVA. Negotiations with YESC to obtain main power supply for Zone 9 SR/RPS will
be under the scope of YCDC. Main power supply will be included under the scope of Japanese ODA
loan. Power Supply Diagram is shown below.
For transmission pumps of Northern line, additional incoming power and transformer will be
necessary in future (2035).
5-19

Figure 5-7 Main Power Supply Diagram
(2) Emergency Power Supply

As mentioned in the plan of WTP, stand-by power generator will be required for stable water supply.
Especially, planned water supply system will use pumps for Transmission and distribution and the
interruption of main power supply will cause total interruption of water supply immediately.
Therefore, stand-by generator is planned in this Study.
Type of generator will be diesel engine generator, built-in radiator that is required for easy operation
and maintenance and also being used in Yangon in many cases. The capacity of generator will cover
the total power requirement of the PS and it is estimated as 9.0 MVA (3.0 MVA x 3 sets) considering
the planned facilities in 2025. Fuel tank capacity of generator needs to be sufficient for 72 hours
operation in order to cope with 24 hours outage by supplying additional fuel the next day.
Stand-by generators will be included in the scope of Japanese loan because the manufacturer of all
generators should be unified and be synchronized together as single power source.
5.3.6 SCADA
Description on SCADA is made in 4.4.11 in Chapter 4.
5-20
5.4 Laying Position of Transmission Pipe
For the 60 MGD of Kokkowa WTP development by 2025, following large diameter pipelines shall be
laid along the route 5;
Transmission pipeline from the WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS ( 1600: 60 MGD capacity constructed
under ODA loan)
Transmission pipeline from the Zone 9 SR/RPS to Zone 1 SR ( 1600: 65 MGD capacity
constructed under ODA loan)
Distribution main from Zone 9 SR to Zone 9 area (constructed by YCDC)
For the future expansion plans of Kokkowa WTP, the following large diameter pipelines are planned.
Transmission pipeline from the WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS ( 1800: 80 MGD capacity future plan)
above are planned to be laid along the Route No. 5.
5.4.1 Route of Transmission Pipeline from Kokkowa WTP to Hlaing River

(1) Pipeline Development Plan and Outline of the Route 5
As shown in the following Table, proposed transmission pipelines of 1600 mm will be laid in
section-1, and 1800 mm of transmission pipeline will be additionally laid when the Kokkowa WTP
is expanded. Therefore, pipeline laying position is decided considering the availability of space for the
additional pipelines which shall be laid by 2035.
Table 5-20 Proposed Pipeline and Jurisdiction Area of The Route 5

Section Jurisdiction Area Pipeline Planned to be Laid
Yangon Region 1600 mm new transmission
Section-1: From the WTP
(Htantabin TS) 1800 mm new transmission (future plans)
to Zone 9 SR
1600 mm new transmission
(Pipeline length: approx. YCDC
1800 mm new transmission (future plans)
21 km) (Hlaing Tharyar TS)
1000 mm - 1600 mm new distribution main
Section-2: From Zone 9
SR to Hlaing River YCDC 1600 mm new transmission
(Pipeline length: (Hlaing Tharyar TS) 1000 mm - 800 mm new distribution main
approx.10 km)
As shown in the following Figure, section-1 is divided into YCDC jurisdiction area (Hlaing Tharyar
TS) and Regional Government jurisdiction area (Htantabin Township TS). Entire stretch of section-2
is located in the YCDC jurisdiction area.
5-21
Administrated
by Htantabin
Township
Administrated
by YCDC
Route 5

Figure 5-8 Transmission Pipeline Route to Zone 9 SR
Basically, width of ROW of the route 5 is approximately 150 feet (45 m) as shown in Figure 5-10.
Route 5 is a combination of a 9.1 km paved 4-lane road and a 17.6 km paved 2-lane road running
from Hlaing River. As a general rule, the 75 feet area of the both sides of ROW is public land as
described below.
Htantabin TS: Both north and south sides belong to regional government
Hlaing Tharyar TS: North side – YCDC, south side - MoC
The land on both sides of ROW in Htantabin TS is used as an irrigation canal (Figure 5-9). In Hlaing
Tharyar, the sides are formed as diches but not used for irrigation.
5-22
Irrigation Canal
Kokkowa WTP
Zone9 SR
Relay Pump Station
Route 5
Source: MoAI
Figure 5-9 Irrigation Canals along with Route 5
(2) Basic Policy of Pipe Laying Position

As indicated in Table 5-20 above, two or three large diameter pipelines will be laid along the Route 5.
Therefore, decision on pipe laying locations is made ensuring space for future pipes. Following basic
policies are proposed in terms of pipeline laying position.
(a) Common for All Areas

Route 5 is a major main road with industrial areas and long-distance bus terminals along the route,
hence the traffic is heavy with large vehicles. For this reason, laying pipelines under the road will
have a large influence on the traffic. The possibility of pipeline damage for the pipes after
construction beneath the road is higher than the pipes laid outside the roads because of the weight of
the vehicles, and works for repair/maintenance of the pipes will be difficult and may have negative
effects on the traffic.
The main policy is to not lay pipes under Route 5. And since there are future plans to expand the road
width (although it is not currently concrete), said policy shall be adopted in the areas which are
expected to be included in the future expansion plan.
5-23
(b) Within Yangon Region Area (Htantabin TS)

As mentioned before, one transmission pipe of 1600 is planned for this area by 2025, and in the
future a plan for another 1800 pipeline shall also be carried out following the Kokkowa WTP
expansion. The details are mentioned in the following item (c), but it is better if the Htantabin TS
pipeline is laid in the north side of the road, since the pipeline for Hlaing Tharyar TS is also planned
on the north side and it will not be necessary to cross Route 5. However, according to the field survey,
there are many obstructions in pipe laying on the northern side of the road through entire length of
this stretch, such as trees, electric poles, communication cable, irrigation channels and so on.
On the other hand, obstruction (gas pipe only) on the southern side of the road is less than the
northern side. For these reasons, the transmission pipe of 1600 constructed by the loan project and of
1800 constructed by future plans are planned to be laid on the relatively spacious southern side of
Route 5.
(North Side)

Figure 5-10 Cross-section Drawing of Limited Laying Area, North Side
Southern Side of Route 5 Northern Side of Route 5

Photo 5-1 Yangon Region Jurisdiction Area (Htantabin TS)
5-24
Steel Tower and Blue Boundary Wall Existing 600 Dia. Pipe Next to the Steel Tower
Photo 5-2 Obstruction in Pipeline Installation in Htantabin TS
(c) Within YCDC Jurisdiction Area (Hlaing Tharyar TS: Zone 9)

The land south of route 5 is a jurisdiction area of MoC, and the north belongs to YCDC. For the upper
stream area of Zone 9 SR, the south side of the street does not belong to YCDC and in addition, it is
heavily populated by illegal squatters.
For the lower stream area of Zone 9 SR, the south side of the route 5 is the industrial area where many
factories are located and new factories are expected to be established in future. The north side of the
road is residential area. Pipe laying on the southern side of the road is not preferable because the area
does not belong to YCDC, and in addition, many heavy vehicles is expected to cross over the pipeline
to enter the construction site, and high voltage power transmission line and steel towers are also
located on southern side of road in this stretch. Furthermore, number of illegal squatters on the
southern side of route 5 in MOC’s property is much larger than the northern side. Therefore, in this
stretch, the northern side of the road is proposed as the pipeline laying position.
Northern Side of Route 5 Southern Side of Route 5

Photo 5-3 YCDC Jurisdiction Area (Hlaing Tharyar TS: Zone 9)
5-25
(3) On-Site Confirmation of Number of Illegal Houses

Illegal houses are occupying on the proposed pipeline from Htantabin TS to Hlaing Tharyar TS along
Route 5. This survey detailed is later described in 11.8.2.
(4) Conclusion
From the result of comparative evaluation and further study (see the Appendix-7), pipe laying location
for Htantabin TS shall be inside the road land south of Route 5, since it will not have an impact on
irrigation canals.
For Hlaing Tharyar TS, in areas which have side roads, the transmission pipes are to be laid under the
side roads to avoid relocation of residents and removal of bridges crossing the canals along Route 5.
In areas which do not have side roads but have crossing bridges, the pipe position shall be shifted
toward Route 5 by crossing the canals to avoid the removal of the bridge superstructures of the
bridges.
YCDC informed the result of the study and had discussions about this matter with institutions
concerned, such as MoC, MoAI, MoEE, and land administration. As a result of the discussion, the
laying plans mentioned above have been agreed.
5-26
Figure 5-11 Schematic Diagram of Transmission Pipeline Route
5-27
B Section
ROW
Htantabin TS
A
South side of route 5, within ROW
North side of route 5, within jurisdiction area of YCDC
5-28
North side of route 5, under a side road

North side of route 5, within jurisdiction area of YCDC (Gutter)
A
Hlaing Tharya TS
B
A Section
FINAL REPORT
ROW
Figure 5-12 Plan of Transmission Pipeline Position and Sections

5.4.2 Route of Transmission Pipeline from Hlaing River to Zone 1

Route Plan of transmission pipeline is shown in the following Figure 5-13. Yellow line shows routes
proposed in the MP. As shown in red line in Figure 5-13, some parts of the route are modified based
on route confirmation through field visit conducted by EDWS and the Team in this Study. The reasons
of route modification are described below.
a) Reviewed Route-1
This portion is near the Hlaing river crossing, and pipeline route is restricted by the location of the
river crossing. As mentioned in 5.4.3, shield tunnel method is selected as the method of the crossing,
and this method requires space for departure and arrival shafts. As a result of the field confirmation,
planned route is selected to ensure availability of necessary space for shield tunnel construction.
b) Reviewed Route-2
In the master plan, transmission pipeline route is planned along Bayint Naung road. Although traffic
volume on this road is heavy, pipeline has to be laid under the roadway because there is no space for
laying a pipeline beside the roadway. Especially, traffic jam occurs every day at the intersection of
Bayint Naung road and University Avenue road. To alleviate the occurrence of traffic jam around this
intersection even to some extent, an alternative route is selected.
c) Reviewed Route-3
MP’s route includes two crossing places of railway as shown in Photos 5-6 to 5-8. As a result of site
reconnaissance, especially crossing of railway at site-1, it is expected to have difficulties in
installation work due to lack of enough space for the work.
On the other hand, the alternative route plan shown as red line in the Figure 5-13 includes railway
crossing at only one location (Railway crossing-3; as shown in Photo 5-9). Excavation work at this
location is possible because railway is crossing over the road. Furthermore, in this case it is
economical and has lower friction head loss due to shorter total length of transmission pipeline.
Considering the above and based on the discussion with EDWS, alternative route plan is selected.
5-29
Reviewed
Railway Crossing-1
Reviewed Route -2
Railway Crossing-3
Proposed Route in the MP Reviewed Route -3

Proposed Route in this Plan
Railway Crossing-2

Figure 5-13 Proposed Transmission Pipeline Route
Photo 5-6 Railway Crossing-1 (North side) Photo 5-7 Railway Crossing-1 (South side)
Photo 5-8 Railway Crossing-2 Photo 5-9 Railway Crossing-3
5-30
5.4.3 Hlaing River Crossing

(1) Applicable Methods
Installation of the transmission pipeline from Zone 9 SR to Zone 1 area requires crossing of Hlaing
River. Pipe-bridge method and tunnel method are conceivable as the possible options for the river
crossing.
(2) Outline Plan of Pipe-Bridge and Tunnel Method

(a) Pipe-Bridge Method
(i) Type of pipe-bridge
Since the pipe diameter is large and pipe weight filled fully with water is heavy, bridge-attached type
cannot be adopted. Therefore, independent pipe-bridge type is selected. There are many types of
independent pipe-bridge such as pipe-beam bridge, stiffened pipe bridge and dedicated bridge for
water pipe. Dedicated bridge for water pipe is selected among these types referring to the condition of
existing road bridge crossing Hlaing River.
Type of bridge: Dedicated bridge for water pipe

Diameter of water pipe: 1600 mm
Number of span: 3 spans
Length of span: 160 meters
(ii) Structure of the bridge

The dedicated bridge is required to be reinforced due to the length of span of the bridge. Stiffening
underside of the bridge is not preferable because it might obstruct traffic of ships. Considering the
above explanation, Lohse bridge is selected.

Figure 5-14 Plan of Pipe Bridge
5-31
(b) Tunnel Method

(i) Type of tunnel method
Tunnel is used for casing of the transmission pipe as premise. In general, shield method and
pipe-jacking method are conceivable as tunnel methods. Shield method is selected of these two
methods considering the site conditions (see the following Table).
Tunnel method: Shield method

Diameter of water pipe: 1600 mm
Length of tunnel: 550 meters
Water pipe laying method: Pipe laying inside casing tunnel
Table 5-21 Comparison of Pipe-jacking and Shield Method

Pipe-jacking Method Crossing of Hlaing River Shield Method
Diameter of pipe (mm) Inner Diameter 1,600 (lies in range of Inner Diameter
3,000 or less 1350~3000 so both method 1,350 or more
applicable)
7
General Length (m) 20∼400 550 (Only Shield method can be For any Length
adopted as length exceeds upper
limit of Pipe-jacking method)
Source: Construction Prices Research Institute in Japan, Actual Sewer Construction Integration,
(ii) Planning of shield method

Type of shield method
High ground water pressure is expected because tunnel passes under the river. Therefore, reverse
circulation type shield method is selected.
Diameter of the casing tunnel
Standard shield tunnel and reduction diameter shield tunnel are conceivable if the tunnel is used
as a casing tunnel of the transmission pipe. Since the alignment of the tunnel is almost straight,
reduction diameter shield tunnel is to be adopted. Outer and internal diameter of the reduction
tunnel is 2350 mm and 2200 mm respectively.
Cover of tunnel from the river bed
Cover of tunnel shall be decided by 2.0 m of scour margin of river bed plus 1.5 times of O.D. of
tunnel or 5.0 m, whichever is larger. Since O.D. of the tunnel is 2.35 m, minimum tunnel depth
becomes 5.525 m. Planned cover of tunnel is set as 6.0 m leaving some leeway.
Cover of Tunnel = 2.0 m + 2.35 m x 1.5 = 5.525 m ≒6.0 m > 5.0 m
7
Pipe-jacking method also has particular methods of 400 m over, however these methods have limitation of soil condition,
and it needs verification to adopt.
5-32

Figure 5-15 Plan of Shield Tunnel
(3) Comparison of Each Method

In this Study, shield method, which has competitiveness in terms of technology of Japan, is
recommended as a result of the comparison of each method as shown in the following Table.
The site for arrival shaft on the right bank of the river is administrated by YCDC, and the site for
departure shaft on the left bank of the river is administrated by MoAI. Accordingly, land acquisition is
not necessary. YCDC already obtained the verbal permission for land use and occupying pipeline in
the land from MoAI.
Table 5-22 Comparison of River Crossing Method

Item Pipe-Bridge Method Shield Tunnel Method
･It is possible to appeal to people about ･No effect on landscape
Japanese assistance because the ･No effect on traffic of ships during the
Advantage
pipe-bridge is exposed. construction
･Basically, maintenance-free
･Since repainting of pipe and bridges is ･It is difficult to appeal to people about
necessary, maintenance cost will be Japanese assistance because the tunnel is
required. underground and invisible.
･Since construction of temporary bridge
Disadvantage
and coffering need to consider the traffic
of ships, construction workability is poor.
･Consideration of effect on landscape is
necessary.
･Superstructure: 997 ･Vertical Shaft: 50
Approximate
･Substructure: 205 ･Shield Tunnel: 950
construction cost
･Temporary work: 309 ･Pipe laying: 495
(Direct cost base)
(unit: Mil. JPY) ･Piping work: 240
Total 1,751 Total 1,495
Comparing to the shield tunnel method, Comparing to the pipe-bridge method,
construction cost is more expensive, the construction cost is cheaper and there are
Comprehensive construction work is more difficult and some advantages on workability of
evaluation maintenance is laborious. construction and maintenance.
× ○
5-33

Figure 5-16 Location of The River Crossing Site
Photo 5-10 Site for Departure Shaft Photo 5-11 Site for Arrival Shaft
5-34
5-35
5-36
5-37
Zone 9 consists of township of Hlaing Tharyar. This township is mainly comprised of residential areas
and industrial Zones. Currently water is supplied to this area through 600 mm pipe from Thephyu
Station (small WTP) located in another township (in the north-west of Hlaing Tharyar TS) and through
300 mm pipe receiving water from Hlawga PS. Existing water distribution pipelines are shown in the
following Figure.
The water is mainly distributed to Industrial Zones 1 to 4 and ward number 10, and Dagon Ayeyar
Highway station area. Existing distribution networks is located mainly in areas south of Route No. 5
and in ward 10 north of this route only. In wards 15 and 19, water is distributed from the local tube
wells of YCDC. The existing network is not old and most of them are installed in 2009 or later. Total
length of existing distribution mains is about 17 km (diameter 300-600 mm) and distribution pipes are
126 km in length (diameter 50-150 mm). The total length of existing pipes is about 143 km only.
The area lies in suburbs of Yangon with many industries located in this Zone and the industries and
residential areas are expected to extend widely in this area. Therefore, this Zone is expected to have
high population growth in future also. Most of the inhabitants are still relying on water from local
tube-wells due to lack of distribution networks of YCDC pipes water supply.
6.1.1 Concept of Distribution System

In Zone 9, the existing distribution network does not include any SR. The water is directly supplied
through pipe from Thephyu Station and Hlawga PS. Some of the areas have low water pressure
specially the areas in ward number 10 (north of Route No. 5) due to insufficient capacity of
distribution networks.
In this plan, a new SR is proposed in Zone 9 which will receive water from Kokkowa WTP. Water of
this SR will be distributed through distribution pumps to Zone 9. The existing pipes are not very old so
will continue to be used. However, a large part of the area does not have any distribution network yet.
New distribution pipes are planned in all the areas that do not have any distribution network in the
existing situation.
6.1.2 Planning Parameters

Planning parameters for Zone 9 are given below in the following Table. Existing coverage ratio of
supplied water of 3 % is expected to increase to 45 % by year 2025 and to 75 % by year 2040.
Consequently, the daily maximum demand of 1 MGD will increase to 19 MGD by 2025 and to 49
6-1
MGD by 2040 considering the increasing population and industrial units in this Zone.
Table 6-1 Main Features in 2014, 2025 and 2040

Served Daily Max. Daily Max.
Population Coverage rate
Year Population demand demand
1,000 % 1,000 mld MGD
2014 688 3 21 5 1
2025 769 45 346 85 19
2040 962 75 722 221 49
6.1.3 Water Amount for Distribution

In 2025 and 2040, water will be conveyed to the planned SR in this Zone from Kokkowa river system.
Pumps at planned WTP in Kokkowa will be used to convey entire 20 MGD of water to Zone 9 SR
through planned transmission pipelines.
6-2

Figure 6-1 Existing Water Supply Pipes in Hlaing Tharyar (Zone 9)
6-3
6.2 Service Reservoir
6.2.1 Zone 9 SR and Distribution Pump

A SR is planned in Zone 9 to receive water conveyed from Kokkowa WTP. The required volume
depends on diurnal demand pattern; however, due to lack of accurate demand pattern data, 8 hours
demand volume is recommended. It is planned to be constructed at the location of existing Park which
is owned by the YCDC. SR is planned as underground structure based on request of YCDC and the top
of SR will be used as park and landscape.
[Facilities Specifications]
Park in the area
Structure: Underground RC made with flow guiding walls
Distribution Pump Room: RC made
Inlet Valve: Motor operated valve, controlled by SCADA
Outlet Valve: Motor operated valve, Amount of outflows is controlled by SCADA
[Volume or Capacity]
For Zone Demand: Daily Maximum Demand x (8 hours/ 24 hours)
For Transmission Demand: 1 hour retention capacity
Volume is set as 12.2 MG including Relay pump tank (Two cases have been considered from
following the Table).
Table 6-2 Considered Capacity of Zone 9 SR

Item 2025 2030 2035 2040 Remark
Zone 9 Water Distribution Amount (MGD) 19 26 35 49 *
Zone 1 Water Transmission Amount
37 60 65 26 **
(MGD)
Other Zones Water Transmission Amount
22 89 165 **
(MGD)
Necessary Distribution Reservoir Capacity
(MG)
7.8 12.1 18.1 24.3
(8 hrs* capacity of Zone 9 and 1 hr**
capacity of Zone 1 and Other Zones)
1 Tank in 2025,
In case of Total 2 Tanks (MG) 12.2 12.2 24.4 24.4
1 Tank in 2035
2 Tanks in 2025,
In case of Total 3 Tanks (MG) 8.1x2=16.2 16.2 24.3 24.4
1 Tank in 2035
6.2.2 Distribution Pump

Distribution facilities consist of distribution pumps (see the following Table). The distribution pumps,
horizontal double suction volute pump with VFD, are planned for controlling the pressure to set value.
6-4
Table 6-3 Outline of Distribution Facilities at Hlaing Tharyar SR

Quantity
Duty Standby
1 Inflow control valve Motorized Flow Control Valve 1 unit -
Outflow control
2 Motorized Flow Control Valve 1 unit -
valve
Distribution Pump 76 m3/ min x 40 m x 720 kw, Horizontal Double
3 1 unit 1 unit
(large) Suction Volute Pump with VFD
Distribution Pump 32 m3/ min x 40 m x 375 kw, Horizontal Double
4 1 unit 1 unit
(small) Suction Volute Pump with VFD
6.3 Distribution Main Pipes
For equitable distribution of water, the entire area of Zone 9 is divided into 27 DMAs (excluding the
area of Golf course located in the south eastern corner of this Zone). Also, one demand point is
considered for Kyimyindine TS assuming that water to the part of this township lying in west of
Hlaing River will be supplied water from Zone 9 SR till 2025. The DMAs have been delineated
considering the topography, roads, number of customers, and administrative boundaries. For easy
operation of distribution, the size of DMAs has been kept large initially.
The water demand has been allocated to each DMA of Zone 9, for both 2025 and 2040 considering the
total demand as 19 MGD and 49 MGD in these years, respectively. It is reported in the MP that about
17 % of water is consumed by the industrial sector, the remaining 83 % of water is consumed by
domestic, department and expatriates. It is expected that in 2025, all the wards in the central part will
accommodate increasing population till it is saturated (to about 80 households/ha) and in 2040, the
wards located in the peri-urban areas will accommodate increased population. Industrial demand is
allocated considering existing level of average industrial demand. Considering the above key points,
demand has been allocated to each DMA.
Network hydraulic analysis has been carried out using EPANET2 to decide the suitable diameter of
distribution main pipes that will enable water supply at appropriate pressures to DMA inlet. The
minimum water pressure at the DMA inlet is considered as 18 m. The results of network analysis for
year 2025 and 2040 are shown in Figures 6-2 and 6-3, respectively.
As a result of the hydraulic analysis, distribution main pipe network for the demands of 2025 and 2040
have been decided. The length and diameter of proposed pipes in this plan is given in the following
Table and the alignment of proposed pipes is shown in Figures 6-4 and 6-5, respectively. Subsequently,
the following table shows the pipes length of distribution main in 2025 and in 2040.
6-5
Existing distribution pipes are not suitable in terms of capacity for required demand in 2025 and 2040
and therefore are not used among the planned distribution pipes and hence new pipes are planned. The
diameter of planned distribution main pipes considering demand of 2025 is 800 mm where currently
300 mm pipe exists and diameter of planned pipe is 1000 mm where 400 mm pipe exists. Existing 400
mm and 600 mm pipes are concrete pipe and will be abandoned. Existing 300 mm pipe is PVC pipe
installed in 2002 and is planned to be used as distribution pipes.
Table 6-4 Length of Distribution Main Pipe for Zone 9 in 2025 and in 2040
Additional New
Pipe Total Length of Length of Existing New Pipe Length
Pipe for 2040
Diameter Existing Pipe to be Pipe to be Used in 2025 Notes
Demand
(mm) Abandoned (m) (m) (m)
(m)
Existing 300 mm pipe is
PVC pipe installed in 2002
which is not sufficient to be
300 13,691 921
used as distribution mains
and will be used as
distribution pipe.
Existing pipe is concrete
400 1,095 0 4,164 2,278
pipe and will be abandoned.
This pipe is only for 2025
as Kyimyindine is assumed
450 6,743 1,519
to receive water from other
side after 2025.
500 7,894 1,735
Existing pipe is concrete
600 6,086 0 1,376 3,329
pipe and will be abandoned.
700 399 2,894
800 4,545 5,897
900
1000 4,180 1,849
1200
1400 883
2000 198
Total 7,181 0 43,190 21,305
6-6

Figure 6-2 Simulated Network Analysis Result for Demand of 2025 in Zone 9
6-7
Pressure
0.00
18.00 22.01
35.00 25.72
40.00 22.47
26.89 19.11
m
19.04
29.06
20.84
18.13 28.29
28.55
19.22 22.95 21.46
20.78 20.91
24.04
28.96
29.59 21.90
26.55
29.36 27.13 23.46
20.82
29.10
28.82 20.75 28.22
27.45 18.81
24.43
31.27
30.42 21.12 23.39 23.86
29.30 31.08 31.14
31.23 18.16
22.17 37.86
37.94
-2.06
0.00
26.13
35.42
34.49 24.57
32.28 21.84
26.34
26.12
28.17
21.96
21.34 19.51
21.75
22.29
23.05
20.44
0.73
1.43
0.61
1.31
1.09
1.321.12
0.53
Velocity 0.90
0.95 1.98
0.01 1.51
0.50 0.72
1.50
2.00 0.97
m/s 1.54 0.84 1.60
0.90
1.57 0.84 2.02 0.72
0.99 1.81
1.00
1.54
0.94 1.70
1.14 2.11
1.33 1.11 1.64 1.62
1.63 0.58
1.02 1.42 2.08 1.18
0.69
1.67 1.18
0.98
1.22 1.14
1.22
1.23
0.00
1.02 1.47
2.18 1.36
1.53
0.81 0.98 0.61
1.80
0.43
1.78
0.81
1.19

Figure 6-3 Simulated Network Analysis Result for Demand of 2040 in Zone 9
6-8

6-9

6-10
6.4 Distribution Pipes
6.4.1 DMA and Distribution Pipe

(1) DMA Plan
DMA is planned within Zone 9 for equitable water distribution by monitoring and controlling inflow
to each DMA. The planned DMA can also be utilized to monitor NRW for each DMA by comparing
inflow amount with total consumed amount. The smaller the DMA size, the more equal is water
distribution to each DMA. However, to start with an attempt towards efficient distribution, considering
ease of distribution operation, larger DMA size has been considered at initial stage.
Boundaries of DMA are planned considering the ground elevation, natural drains, roads, number of
customers and administrative boundaries for ease in operation and to have equitable distribution.
Initially, DMA is planned to have on average about 3,435 connections for Zone 9 as shown in the
following Table.
Table 6-5 DMA Planning in Zone 9 by 2025

Demand in 2025 Service population in Estimated No. of Service
No. of Connection/DMA
(m3/d) and (MGD) 2025 (1000 person) connection *
86,374 m3/d, (19 MGD) 346 79,000 3,435
Number of Bulk Meter with Chamber Household survey & Installation of Service Connection
DMA Data Handling with Customer Meter
Qty. (Nos.) Qty. (Nos.) Qty. (Nos.)
23 23 79,000 79,000
Note: * 4.38 person/connection
(2) Distribution Pipe within DMAs for Zone 9

Length of distribution pipe is planned as shown below based on the network analysis. Distribution
pipe layout is shown below together with DMA. Use of existing pipes that are new is considered along
with new pipes planned in this Study as indicated in the following Table and shown as green lines in
the Figure below.
Table 6-6 Length of Distribution Pipe for Zone 9
Total Length of
Total Length of
Length of Existing New Pipe Length Proposed
Pipe Diameter Existing Pipe to be
Pipe to be Used (m) (m) Distribution Pipe
(mm) Abandoned (m)
(m)
(1) (2) (3) (2+3)
50 27,179
75 0 31,395 31,395
100 0 35,327 577,513 612,840
150 0 32,540 33,834 66,374
200 17,821 17,821
250 6,482 6,482
300 9,570 1,256 10,826
Total 27,179 108,832 636,906 745,738
6-11

Figure 6-6 DMA and Distribution Pipe for Zone 9
6-12
6.4.2 SCADA
Refer to 4.4.11 in Chapter 4.
The flow and operation status to be monitored by SCADA at different locations are listed in the
following Table.
Table 6-7 Monitoring Items by SCADA for Zone 9

Item Contents Quantity
Central monitoring
RPS in Zone 9 SR 1 unit
system
Water level meter 1 unit
Inlet flow meter from Kokkowa WTP 1 unit
Outlet flow meter of Transmission 1 unit
Outlet flow meter of Distribution 1 unit
Open rate of inlet valve from Kokkowa WTP 1 unit
Zone 9 SR/RPS
Open rate of outlet valve of Transmission 1 unit
Open rate of outlet valve of Distribution 1 unit
Pump Status 1 set
Water pressure of Transmission 1 unit
Water pressure of Distribution 1 unit
Inlet pipe of DMA Flow meter and Water pressure 23 DMA
6-13
The water supply area of Zone 1 consists of CBD and IUR (see the Figure 3-8). These areas were
initially developed by the British rulers along with the existing water supply systems in this zone. This
water supply system has been used for long and is most likely in deteriorated condition with high
leakage rate. Therefore, rehabilitation/renewal of the water supply system is required and study has
been conducted keeping this in mind.
7.1.1 Review of Master Plan and Existing Condition

In the MP, construction of Kokkowa WTP, and related transmission facilities are proposed considering
the increasing water demand and use of river water as alternative water source. Also, reconstruction of
Central SR along with new pumping station is proposed for High subzone. For Low subzone, use of
existing Kokine SR is suggested. Distribution pipes are also proposed to be constructed both in High
as well as Low subzones.
Existing distribution system including SRs is illustrated in the following Figure. Presently, water
distributed to Zone 1 is coming from Hlawga, Gyobyu and Ngamoeyeik reservoirs through the Yegu
booster PS. According to the MP, in 2025 also, a part of this water (reduced amount) will be used for
distribution to Kokine sub-Zone along with water from Kokkowa water supply system to be developed.
The Yegu PS will be demolished when the Kokkowa water is available for Zones 1 and 3 by 2030.
7-1
Source: METI Study

Figure 7-1 Existing SRs of Zone 1
7.1.2 Existing Condition of Yegu PS

Yegu PS receives raw water from Gyobyu and Hlawga (gravity) reservoirs and Nyaughnapin WTP and
water from all these sources are mixed at Yegu PS before sending it to Kokine SR. Yegu PS consists of
2 systems: old and new systems/
There are 4 new pumps (installed in 2007) in the new system and all of them are in working condition.
Of these, 2 pumps are duty and the other 2 are stand by), sending 20 MGD of water to existing Kokine
SR through 1400 mm pipe. Water from Kokine SR is distributed via Shwedagon SR to entire southern
and western areas of zone 1 excluding some eastern areas to which water goes directly from Yegu PS.
There are 7 old pumps (initially installed in 1964 and changed in 1990) in the old system, of which
only 4 pumps are in good condition. The old pumps are used to pump small amount of water to
downtown area through 1050 mm pipe.
7-2
Source: JICA study team

Figure 7-2 Schematic Diagram Showing Water Distribution from Yegu PS
Data on water quality in 2015 at Yegu PS is given in Table below. Water quality data indicates that
despite mixing of water from three water sources, the maximum turbidity is 5.80 NTU and average
turbidity is 2.71 NTU. In general, the water supplied is within the water quality standard.
7-3
Table 7-1 Water Quality Data at Yegu PS in 2015
Source: YCDC
7.1.3 Existing Condition of Kokine SR

(1) Outline
The Kokine SR was constructed in 1926 for supplying water to high area at that time. The condition of
structure itself is not known; however, based on discussion with YCDC no leakage is reported.
Concrete test of the structure was carried out in May 2016 and it is observed that compressive strength
of existing concrete is about 36 MPa, which indicates that concrete structure is strong enough.
On the other hand, in 2007 about 1.5 m (5 feet) high deposition of silt was reported, resulting in
decrease of its effective storage volume. It was once desilted in 2007; however, the silt could be again
accumulated and therefore, periodical cleaning of this SR is required. More fundamentally, turbidity
needs to be removed from the raw water in the WTPs.
Table 7-2 Existing Characteristics of Kokine SR

Item Specification
Construction Year 1925 to 1926
Site Size 559 feet x 286 feet
Structure Underground RC
7-4
Item Specification
Volume 90,920 m3 (20MG)
Water Level HWL +42.7 m (140 feet), LWL +36.6 m (120 feet)
Water Depth 6.1 m
Inlet Pipe 1400 mm Steel Pipe from Yegu PS
Existing Outlet Pipe 1050 mm Iron Pipe for Shwedagon SR
1050 mm Iron Pipe for north townships
1050 mm Iron Pipe for southwest townships
(2) Retention Time

Retention time of the Kokine SR (excluding small 1 MG capacity Shwedagon Pagoda SR, constructed
in 1894) to the total demand of Zone 1 is given in the following Table. Retention time is more than 8
hours up to 2025, which is the minimum retention time for diurnal demand fluctuation. However, after
2025, additional SR capacities are required to maintain the retention time of 8 hours.
Table 7-3 Forecast of Retention Time of The Kokine SR

Item 2014 2025 2030 2035 2040
Daily Maximum Demand of
44 MGD 54 MGD 60 MGD 65 MGD 71 MGD
total Zone 1
Retention Time* 11.0 hr 8.9 hr 8.0 hr 7.4 hr 6.8 hr
*Retention time is calculated as 20 MG divided by daily maximum demand.
(3) Leakage from the Reservoir

In this Study, a survey was conducted to understand the situation of leakage in Kokine reservoir. At
Kokine SR, the water level in reservoir was measured in order to check if there is reduction in water
level even after stopping all the inflow to and outflow from this SR. For this purpose, the operation of
Yegu PS was stopped and two inlet valves to Kokine SR were closed completely. Also, three outlet
valves were closed completely.
After closing all valves, the water level in Kokine SR was measured every 15 minutes. Two
measurements were recorded, one of the water level gauge installed at reservoir and another measured
manually. The change in water in Kokine SR for two cases is shown in Figure below. The brown line
represents water level measured by gauge installed at SR, and blue line indicates the water level
measured manually. It is observed that in both measurements, water level in SR reduces by about 8
cm/hr. Thus, the total drop in water level of Kokine SR at this rate would be about 192 cm/day which
will result into loss of a large amount of water.
7-5

Figure 7-3 Reduction in Water Level of Kokine SR
Upon discussion with EDWS it was learnt that the bottom level of pipe connecting to check valve is at
about 10 feet and if there is less than 4 feet of head over the check valve on SR side, the check valve
does not close properly and may result into leakage through check valve.
Considering the above explanation, the water level in SR was lowered (through supplying water)
below the level of pipe connecting to check valve. Subsequently, after closing the outlet valves again,
the reduction in water level was recorded to understand the situation of leakage in the SR without the
influence of check valve leakage. The water level of Kokine SR thus recorded is shown in Figure
below. In this case, the drop in water level of SR is observed as 6 cm/hr.

Figure 7-4 Reduction in Water Level of Kokine SR without Influence of Check Valve
7-6
(4) Reason of Leakage and Necessity of Reservoir Rehabilitation

From above Figures, it is clear that the reduction in water level of SR is caused by leakage. However,
it is not clear whether the leakage is through the valves or through the reservoir walls itself. It is
possible that leakage occurs through inlet valves, check valve or outlet valves, as all of these structures
are very old and may not be closing appropriately. It is also possible that there is leakage through the
walls in reservoir itself. To confirm this, all the inlet and outlet valves will require to be changed first.
Hence, it is proposed that during construction works, all the valves be changed first with new ones.
Upon installation of new valves, the water level in SR needs to be monitored after closing all inlet and
outlet valves. If the monitored data indicates reduction in water level of SR, then there is certainly
leakage through the SR structure itself. In that case, the SR should be emptied, cleaned and checked
for leakage areas. Locations of leakage need to be repaired necessarily to enable the use of this SR
safely again. Depending on the leakage locations, repair methods shall be selected and repair be
carried out. Available space is limited at Kokine SR, therefore attention need to be paid during
construction works and required space need to be made available.
Considering that concrete structure of Kokine SR is still strong enough, EDWS prefers to continue
using this reservoir upon confirmation of leakage and rehabilitation (if required).
7.1.4 Existing Condition of Central SR and Shwedagon Pagoda SR

It is located at the top of hill near the Shwedagon Pagoda. The site belongs to the Army Department
and is surrounded by pagoda and housing in the north and west sides. The existing RC flat slab
structure is covered with earth on top and bottom-half is underground. It has no partition wall and total
capacity is 10 MG (=45,460 m3).
Structure has been left un-used for almost half a century. Rehabilitation efforts were made in the past;
in 2009 by SIKA, Switzerland recently by SEGA, Thailand. However, it cannot be used anymore;
Cracks are observed and reinforced bars are seen without concrete as shown in photos below.
Therefore, reconstruction is planned in this Study.
The small-sized (1 MG) Shwedagon Pagoda SR exists near the Central SR. After the Central SR is put
into operation, it will be demolished due to small-size and weak structure of its roof.
Table 7-4 Existing Characteristics of Central SR

Item Specification
Construction Year 1965
Site Size W 347 feet X L 220 feet
Structure Underground RC
Volume 45,460 m3 (10 MG)
Water Level HWL +38.1 m (125 feet), LWL +32.0 m (105 feet)
7-7
Item Specification
Water Depth 6.1 m
Outlet/Inlet Pipe Existing inlet pipe is used both as inlet and outlet, and type is 1200 mm cast iron pipe.
Connection Pipe 1050 mm Iron Pipe branched off from “Kokine – Shwedagon” transmission Pipe
Photo 7-1 External Top View (Roof) of the SR Photo 7-2 Internal View of the SR
Photo 7-3 Deteriorated Column Photo 7-4 Rehabilitated Trace by SIKA

Source: METI Study
7.1.5 Planning Parameters

(1) Concept of Distribution System
Zone 1 will be divided into 2 sub-zones; high subzone including areas with relatively high ground
elevation to be supplied water by pump distribution system and low subzone including areas with
lower elevation to be supplied by gravitational distribution system (see the following Figure).
a) Existing reservoirs and their capacities

The existing two working SRs and abandoned one SR are located on the hills. The Kokine SR (20
MG) which is operational is located in the north of the Zone 1 while the operational Shwedagon SR (1
MG), and the abandoned Central SR (10 MG) are located in the south. Total capacity of existing SR is
31 MG.
7-8
b) Two sub-zones
Hill stretches along north-south direction will be included in the high subzone and low areas along the
rivers located in west, south and east of Zone 1 will be in the low subzone.
Water supply is not continuous and duration is less than 24 hours in townships of Dagon, Bahan,
Sangyoung, etc., because they are located in the hilly areas with elevation ranging more than 10 to 20
m. Therefore, supply system in these areas is planned to be converted from the currently used
gravitational system to pumping system. Although pump can be used at any SR, pumps are planned in
the Central SR after its reconstruction. Kokine SR with elevation slightly higher than the Central SR
will be used for gravitational flow system.
c) Water resource
From Kokkowa system, 40 MGD of water is planned to be delivered to Kokine reservoir to be
distributed in Low subzone through gravity. On the other hand, water from Yegu system is planned to
be conveyed to Central reservoir to be distributed in High subzone.

Figure 7-5 Existing Pipe Network of Zone 1 with Proposed High and Low Sub-Zones
(2) Planning Parameters

Planning parameters for Zone 1 are shown in the Chapter 3 and reproduced here in the following Table.
Daily maximum demand will increase by 1.2 times in 2025 and by 1.6 times in 2040 compared to the
7-9
demand in 2014. Distribution main pipes are planned for the demand in 2040 considering that it is not
easy to lay large diameter pipelines in densely populated city area with heavy traffic on roads. Zone 1
is divided into 37 DMAs as shown in the following Figure including proposed distribution main pipes
also.
Table 7-5 Main Features by Distribution Zone in 2014, 2025, and 2040
Population Coverage Served Daily Max. Daily Max.
Year rate Population demand demand
1,000 % 1,000 mld MGD
Low Subzone
2014 506 70 354 144 32
2025 557 81 452 166 37
2040 577 89 516 210 46
High Subzone
2014 288 47 134 55 12
2025 309 70 215 79 17
2040 318 87 277 113 25
Zone 1
2014 794 62 488 199 44
2025 866 77 667 245 54
2040 896 89 793 323 71

Figure 7-6 DMAs and Distribution Main Pipes for Zone 1 in 2025 (same as 2040)
(3) Water Amount for Distribution

Allocation of water sources to 10 Zones in Yangon is planned in the previous Chapter and
corresponding allocation of water sources to Zone 1 is reproduced in the following Table. In 2014, the
7-10
demand of Zone 1 is supplied entirely from existing SR system using Kokine SR. In 2025, water will
be conveyed to Zone 1, both from existing SR system as well as Kokkowa river system to be
developed. In 2040, water to Zone 1 will be conveyed from Kokkowa or Toe river system.
Table 7-6 Water Supply from Source to Zone 1

(Unit: MGD)
Existing River System
Sub-Zone or SR Year Total
Reservoir System including Kokkowa
2014 44 44 N/A
Low subzone
(from Kokine SR) 2025 37 0 37
2040 46 0 46
2014 N/A N/A N/A
High subzone
2025 17 17 0
(from Central SR)
2040 25 25 0
2014 44 44 N/A
Total 2025 54 17 37
2040 71 25 46
7.1.6 Comparison of Distribution Plan Options

Initial plan was prepared considering the distribution of mixed water from Kokkowa system and Yegu
system as presented in the MP (both mixed at Kokine SR). In consideration of the effectiveness of
project through supply of safe water, JICA upon discussion with YCDC decided to distribute 40 MGD
of Kokkowa water without mixing with Yegu water. This can be achieved through construction of
WTP, transmission pumps, transmission pipelines and installation of distribution networks up to house
connection to distribute 40 MGD of Kokkowa water separately in areas that has demand equivalent to
40 MGD. Considering these points, it is decided to distribute Kokkowa water in Low subzone of Zone
1.
Taking the above discussion into account, water distribution options are considered and comparison is
made in terms of water quality and required water supply facilities in case of each plan as presented in
Table below.
In Plan 0 (Original), Kokine SR supplies mixed water received from Kokkowa and Reservoir systems
to Low Zone and Central SR supplies Kokkowa water to High Zone. This plan is considered not safe
in terms of water quality because treated water from Kokkowa system is mixed with untreated water
from Reservoir system before distribution and turbidity of supplied water cannot be maintained less
than equal to 1 NTU in this case.
Plan 1 is basically same as Plan 0. However, in this plan, Kokine SR supplies only Kokkowa water to
Low Zone and Central SR supplies only Reservoir water to High Zone, thus water from Kokkowa and
Yegu sources are distributed separately. Also, in this case, replacement of pumps will be required at
Yegu PS to convey the water to Central SR for high zone.
7-11
Table 7-7 Comparison of Water Distribution Plan Options

Item Plan-0 (Original) Plan-1 (JICA-YCDC discussion) Plan-2 Plan-3 Plan-4
Kokine SR supplies mixed water of Kokine SR supplies Kokkowa water to Kokine SR supplies Reservoir water to Kokine SR supplies Reservoir water to Kokine SR supplies Reservoir water to
Kokkowa and Reservoir to Low Zone. Low Zone. High Zone. High Zone and Kokkowa water to Low High Zone and Kokkowa water to western
Outline of Water
Central SR supplies Kokkowa water to Central SR supplies Reservoir water to Central SR supplies Kokkowa water to Zone. and eastern part of Low Zone.
Supply
High Zone. High Zone. Low Zone. Central SR supplies Kokkowa water to
southern part of Low Zone.
Schematic Diagram
Required Capacity Kokine: 20 MG (Existing/Repair) Kokine: 20 MG (Existing/Repair) Kokine: 8.3 MG (Replace) Kokine: 23.6 MG (Replace) > 20 MG Kokine: 16 MG (Replace)
of SR Central: 8.3 MG Central: 8.3 MG Central: 15.3 MG > 10 MG Central: 0 MG Central: 7.7 MG
WTP WTP WTP WTP WTP
Kokkowa WTP (40 MGD) Kokkowa WTP (40 MGD) Kokkowa WTP (40 MGD) Kokkowa WTP (40 MGD) Kokkowa WTP (40 MGD)
Transmission Transmission Transmission Transmission Transmission
Pump Station at WTP (40 MGD) Pump Station at WTP (40 MGD) Pump Station at WTP (40 MGD) Pump Station at WTP (40 MGD) Pump Station at WTP (40 MGD)
Transmission Pipe Transmission Pipe Transmission Pipe Transmission Pipe Transmission Pipe
WTP – Relay PS ( 1600) WTP – Relay PS ( 1600) WTP – Relay P.S ( 1600) WTP – Relay PS ( 1600) WTP – Relay PS ( 1600)
Relay PS (40 MGD) Relay PS (40 MGD) Relay PS (40 MGD) Relay PS (40 MGD) Relay PS (40 MGD)
Transmission Pipe Transmission Pipe Transmission Pipe Transmission Pipe Transmission Pipe
Relay PS - Junction ( 1600) Relay PS - Junction ( 1600) Relay PS - Junction ( 1600) Relay PS - Junction ( 1600) Relay PS - Junction ( 1600)
Required Facilities
Junction - Kokine SR ( 1400) Junction - Kokine SR ( 1400) Junction – Kokine SR ( 1600) Junction - Kokine SR ( 1400)
in 2025
Junction - Central SR ( 1000) Junction - Central SR ( 1600) Junction - Central SR ( 1000)
Pump Replacement at Yegu PS
Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution
Central SR/PS (17 MGD) Central SR/PS (17 MGD) Central SR/PS (17MGD) Central SR/PS (17MGD)
Kokine SR Replacement Kokine SR/PS Replacement Kokine SR Replacement
Distribution Main (Low Zone) Distribution Main (Low Zone) Distribution Main (Low Zone) Distribution Main (Low Zone) Distribution Main (Low Zone)
Distribution Network (Low Zone) Distribution Network (Low Zone) Distribution Network (Low Zone) Distribution Network (Low Zone) Distribution Network (Low Zone)
Distribution Main (High Zone) Distribution Main (High Zone) Distribution Main (High Zone) Distribution Main (High Zone) Distribution Main (High Zone)
Distribution Network (High Zone) Distribution Network (High Zone) Distribution Network (High Zone) Distribution Network (High Zone) Distribution Network (High Zone)
In this plan, Kokkowa water and Reservoir At Yegu PS, replacement of pumps is Capacity of Central SR becomes larger. Kokine SR replacement is necessary. Kokine SR replacement is necessary.
water are mixed at Kokine SR. ⇒ necessary. Kokine SR replacement is necessary. Capacity of Kokine SR becomes larger. Water to Low Zone is distributed from 2
Salient Features
Rejected. Construction of Central SR is not required SRs.
in this case.
51.016 52.932 59.001 56.528 51.693
(Pipe: 44.779, (Pipe: 44.779, (Pipe: 48.374, (Pipe: 45.900, (Pipe: 41.020,
Construction Cost
Cen SR: 3.737, Cen SR: 3.737, Cen SR: 6.890, Cen SR: 3.468,
(Mil. USD)
Ko SR: 2.500) Ko SR: 2.500, Ko SR: 3.737) Ko SR: 10.628) Ko SR: 7.205)
E&M: 1.916)
Result ◎
Source: JICA Study Team, details as Appendix 8
7-12
In Plan 2, Kokine SR supplies Reservoir water to High Zone and Central SR supplies Kokkowa water
to Low Zone. In this case, to distribute 37 MGD of Kokkowa water from Central to low zone, the
capacity of this SR will require to be increased to 15.3 MG and hence the height of Central reservoir
will be more compared to other plans, which is not acceptable to YCDC in consideration of the
location being near to Shwedagon Pagoda and relevant social issues. This plan will also require
reconstruction of Kokine SR for PS.
In Plan 3, Kokine SR supplies Reservoir water to High Zone and Kokkowa water to Low Zone. For
this purpose, Kokine SR will require to be reconstructed with higher capacity of 23.6 MG with 2
chambers, one for water from Reservoir system and another for Kokkowa system. Also, PS will be
required at Kokine SR. On the other hand, central reservoir would not be required. Considering the
reconstruction of larger Kokine SR and no possibility of use of Central SR, this option is excluded by
EDWS due to risk management of water supply during the construction period of Kokine SR.
In Plan 4, Kokine SR supplies Reservoir water to High Zone and Kokkowa water to the western and
eastern part of Low Zone. Central SR supplies Kokkowa water to southern part of Low Zone. This
case will also require reconstruction of Kokine SR of 16 MG capacity with 2 chambers, one for
Kokkowa water and another for Reservoir water.
In the opinion of Study Team, Plan 4 is the most suitable option considering cost and reliability.
However, EDWS prefers to use the existing Kokine SR without reconstruction (refer to Section
7.1.3(4)) and therefore Plan 1 is selected. In consideration of the above discussed factors and based on
discussion with EDWS on these plans, Plan 1 is considered as the most suitable option under this
Study.

Figure 7-7 Schematic Diagram showing Water Distribution in Case of Plan 1
7-13
7.2 Planned Service Reservoir and Distribution Pump
Two SRs are planned in Zone 1; existing Kokine SR for gravity sub-Zone and reconstructed Central
SR for pump sub-Zone. The capacity of these SRs is given in the following Table.
Table 7-8 Rehabilitation of Kokine SR and Reconstruction of Central SR

Item Kokine SR Central SR
Name of Sub-zone Low High
Distribution Method by Gravity by Pumping
Capacity 20 MGD x 4,546 = 90,920 m3 (Existing) 8.3 MGD x 4,546 = 37,882 m3
Rehabilitation or Rehabilitation depending on Leakage
Reconstruction Required
Reconstruction Test
7.2.1 Kokine SR
Structural soundness of the Kokine SR needs to be analyzed after cleaning the internal surfaces of SR.
During the time of cleaning, operation of this SR will require to be stopped. Leakage check and repair
is planned in this Study considering that structure is very old and may require repair or reconstruction.
The distribution facilities consist of Kokine SR, inflow control valve and outflow control valve (see
the following Table). The inflow control valve is capable of controlling the inflow to set value. The
outflow control valve is capable of controlling the pressure to set value. SCADA system will be
introduced for these flow controls.
Table 7-9 Outline of Distribution Facilities at Kokine SR

Quantity
Duty Standby
1 Kokine SR Reinforced Concrete Structure of 20 MG 1 unit -
2 Inflow control valve Motorized Flow Control Valve 2 units -
3 Outflow control valve Motorized Pressure Control Valve 3 units -
In this plan it is considered that Kokine SR will be used for distribution of water to relatively low
areas in Zone 1 through gravity in future. Retention time of Kokine SR considering the demand of
Low subzone only is given below. The result indicates that retention time is more than normal required
8 hours.
Table 7-10 Retention Time of Kokine SR (considering Demand of Low Subzone of Zone 1)
Item 2025 2040
Daily Maximum Demand of Low Subzone of Zone 1 37 MGD 46 MGD
Retention Time* 13.0 hrs 10.4 hrs
*Retention time is calculated as 20 MG divided by daily maximum demand. In 2014, Kokine SR serves the high areas
also which is proposed later to be served through pumped system.
7-14
7-15
7.2.2 Central SR with Distribution Pump

(1) Reconstruction of Central SR
The central SR should be reconstructed because of the unreliability of the existing structure. The
reconstruction of this SR will have the following advantages:
Increase retention time in the Zone 1 to the required 8 hours (Refer Table 7-3; if only Kokine SR
is used, the minimum retention time of 8 hours cannot be maintained for demand of Zone 1 after
2030).
It will serve water to pumped sub-Zone.
Operation of Kokine SR can be interrupted, if required, for maintenance works such as cleaning,
inspection and repair.
(2) Reconstruction Plan

Constraints and basic policy for the reconstruction is explained below.
【Constraints】
・ High water level should be the same as that of the Kokine SR.
・ Increase in the volume is rather difficult considering limitation in terms of structures surrounding
the site.
・ Therefore, new SR with storage capacity of 8.3 MG will be reconstructed.
【Basic Policy】
・ Water to Central SR will be supplied from Yegu PS and pumps at Old Yegu PS will require
replacement to supply water to Central SR.
・ To be made of RC structure half-underground.
・ Guiding walls will be provided to prevent short-circuit flow.
・ Excavation area will be minimized because of the surrounding structures like a Pagoda.
・ Demolishing works and construction works will be planned considering mitigation of noise and
vibration.
・ The existing wall will be utilized as a temporary retaining walls during construction.
(3) Facility Planning

Retention time of the Central SR for pumped High subzone is shown in the following Table.
Table 7-11 Retention Time of Central SR (for High Subzone)

Item 2025 2040
Daily Maximum Demand (MGD) 17 25
Retention Time* 11.7 hrs 8.0 hrs
Note: *Retention time is calculated as 8.3 MG divided by daily maximum demand.
Demands are for pumped High subzone only.
7-16
The distribution facilities consist of Central SR, inflow control valve and distribution pump (see the
following Table). The inflow control valve is capable of controlling the inflow to set value. The
distribution pump, horizontal double suction volute pump with VFD, is planned which is capable of
controlling the pressure to set value. SCADA system will be introduced for these flow controls.
Table 7-12 Outline of Distribution Facilities at Central SR

Quantity
Duty Standby
1 Central SR Reinforced Concrete Structure of 8.3MG 1 unit -
2 Inflow control valve Motorized Flow Control Valve 2 units -
3 Outflow control valve Motorized Flow Control Valve 2 units -
Distribution Pump 67 m3/ min x 42 m x 660 kw, Horizontal
3 1 unit 1 unit
(large) Double Suction Volute Pump with VFD
Distribution Pump 32 m3/ min x 42 m x 375 kw, Horizontal
4 1 unit 1 unit
(small) Double Suction Volute Pump with VFD
7-17
7-18
7.2.3 Electrical Facilities for Central SR with Pump

(1) General
Design parameters of the electrical facilities are shown below. Electricity supply situation is explained
in 4.4.10 in Chapter 4.
Table 7-13 Design Parameters of Electrical Facilities for Zone 1

Design Parameters
1) Receiving Voltage 33kV, 50Hz, 1 circuit
2) Receiving Transformer 3,000 kVA
3) Installed Capacity 2,400 kW
4) Operating Capacity 1,800 kW
Source: Phase 1 FS
(2) Power Receiving Circuit

The receiving capacity of pump station is 3 MVA, and the receiving voltage is 33 kV. A 33 kV cable
shall be installed underground from the nearest YESC substation. The estimated length of the cable is
less than 1 km.
Source: Phase 1 FS (YESB is now called as YESC)

Figure 7-8 Zone 1 PS and Expected 33 kV Cable Route
(3) Receiving Transformer and Distribution Equipment

Negotiations with YESC to obtain main power supply for Central SR will be under the scope of
YCDC. Main power supply will be included under the scope of Japanese loan. Receiving transformer
is not planned. Alternatively electricity is to be directly connected to the indoor closed-switchboard in
the Central SR with PS.
7.2.4 SCADA
Refer to 4.4.11 in Chapter 4.
The flow and operation status to be monitored by SCADA at different locations are listed in the
7-19
following Table.
Table 7-14 Monitoring Items by SCADA for Zone 1

Item Contents Quantity
Central monitoring
PS in Central SR 1 unit
system
Inlet flow meter 1 unit
Outlet flow meter 1 unit
Kokine SR
Open rate of inlet valve 1 unit
Open rate of outlet valve 1 unit
Water pressure 1 unit
Inlet flow meter 1 unit
Outlet flow meter 1 unit
Central SR Open rate of inlet valve 1 unit
Open rate of outlet valve 1 unit
Pump Status 1 set
Water pressure 1 unit
Inlet pipe of DMA Flow meter, Water pressure 37 DMA
7.3 Distribution Main Pipe
Zone 1 has been divided into 37 DMAs (See Figure 7-6). Distribution main routes are selected
considering short route between SR to DMAs inlet and roads with less traffic intensity.
The distribution pipes will be aligned along the edges of the road within city. Most of the wide roads
are 6 lane roads and of these the outermost lane on each side is often used for parking. These lanes will
be used for distribution pipe installation to avoid traffic jam during construction. In the 2014 JICA
Sewerage MP, sewers are planned to be installed in the middle of road at a depth of 3 m or below.
Therefore, water supply distribution pipelines will be installed at 2-3 m depth.
Pipe sizes are determined through hydraulic analysis using EPANET2 which uses Hazen-Williams
formula. Minimum water pressure at inlets of DMA is considered as 18 m. Ground elevation data is
obtained from the available YCDC contour data in GIS and topographic survey data. Nodal demand is
calculated as the demand of area served by a particular node.
Network analysis has been carried out separately for Gravity system and Pump system of Zone 1.
Results of network analysis for gravity system are shown in Figure 7-9 and results for pump system
are shown in Figure 7-10.
7-20
The distribution main pipes (lengths, sizes and locations) proposed in this plan are as shown in the
following Table and Figure 7-11. Very few sections of existing large size pipelines are new and have
been considered to be used along with proposed distribution main pipelines.
Table 7-15 Length of Planned Distribution Main Pipe of Zone 1

Total
Length of New Pipe New Pipe Total Length of
Length of
Existing Length Length Proposed
Pipe Diameter Existing Pipe
Pipe to be Gravity (Low) Pump (High) Distribution Main
(mm) to be Used (m)
Abandoned Zone (m) Zone (m) (m)
(m)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (2+3+4)
200 1,181 1,181
300 50,898 1,647 5,836 7,483
375 1,750
2,368
400 1,439 (823 for Low + 7,663 4,446 14,477
1545 for High)
425 1,371
450 3,357 252 252
500 546 893 (for High) 7,126 4,588 12,607
600 2,458 3,863 1,603 5,466
675 13,014
750 5,154
800 4,938 2,252 7,190
900 1,313 1,369 1,369
1,000 1,862 826 2,688
1,050 11,189
1,200 10,738 377 11,115
1,400 1,408 455 455
1,800 156 156
2,000 223 223
Grand Total 93,897 3,261 38,468 22,933 64,662
Note: Most of the existing distribution pipelines are very old and is planned to be abandoned.
7-21

Figure 7-9 Simulated Network Analysis Result for Gravity System (Kokine SR) of Zone 1
7-22

Figure 7-10 Simulated Network Analysis Result for Pump System (Central SR with PS) of
Zone 1
7-23

Figure 7-11 Distribution Main Pipes for Zone 1 of Gravity System from Kokine SR (upper
figure) and Pump System from Central SR (lower figure)
7-24
For laying of distribution main pipes, trenchless method of pipe laying will be required at 2 locations
where large diameter pipes are required to cross the existing railway lines (Figure below). Along the
Sule Pagoda road, the pipe diameter is 1200 mm and for installation of shafts for pipe jacking,
permission will be required from Railway authority. For pipe crossing of railway along Majid road
also permission will be required from Railway authority. Space for shafts is available at both of these
locations.
Location of pipe crossing railway along Sule Location of pipe crossing railway along Masjid
Pagoda Road near Yangon central railway station Road in Pazuntaung
(φ1200 mm, L=200m) (φ600 mm, L=200m)
Figure 7-12 Distribution Main Crossing Railway
7-25
7.4 Distribution Pipes and DMA

7.4.1 Distribution Facilities
Currently, water is being distributed from groundwater wells also located in different spots in Zone 1
in addition to water from Yegu system. Eventually, it is considered that water distribution from wells
will not be used when water supply starts from Kokkowa system. When Kokkowa system starts
operation, it is considered that zones (Zone 1, 2 and 3) will be appropriately isolated using valves at
the boundary.
7.4.2 DMA and Distribution Pipe

(1) DMA Plan
DMA is planned within Zone 1 for equitable water distribution by monitoring and controlling inflow
to each DMA. The planned DMA can also be utilized to monitor NRW for each DMA by comparing
inflow amount with total consumed amount. The smaller the DMA size, the more equal it water
distribution to each DMA. However, for practical and ease of distribution operation, DMA size is
enlarged. IWA recommends DMA size in the range of 500 to 3000 connections.
Boundaries of DMA are planned along backyards of the high-rise buildings, resulting in short lengths
of distribution pipes for gravity flow area where high-rise buildings exist with high population density.
On the contrary, areas with pump system distribution have mostly large sized bungalow-type housing.
So roads constitute DMA boundaries. As a result, DMA is planned to have about 5,400 connections in
Low subzone and about 2,700 connections in High subzone of Zone 1 which are shown in the
following Table.
Table 7-16 DMA Planning for Low subzone of Zone 1

(m3/d) and (MGD) 2025 (1000 persons) connection *
168,202 m3/d (37 MGD) 452 103,200 5,432
Number of Bulk Meter(BM) with Household survey & Replacement/Installation of Service
DMA Chamber Data Handling Connection with Customer Meters
19 39 103,200 103,200
Table 7-17 DMA Planning for High subzone of Zone 1

(m3/d) and (MGD) 2025 (1000 persons) connection *
77,282 m3/d (17 MGD) 215 49,100 2,728
Number of Bulk Meter(BM) Chamber Household survey & Replacement/Installation of
DMA Data Handling Service Connection with
Customer Meter
18 20 49,100 49,100
7-26
(2) Distribution Pipe within DMAs

Length of distribution pipe is planned as shown below based on the network analysis. Distribution
pipe layout is shown below together with DMA. Use of existing pipes that are new is considered along
with new pipes planned in this Study as indicated in the following Table and shown as green lines in
the Figure below. Many existing distribution pipes are not suitable for required water pressure,
because, re-use of overage pipe will trigger a huge number of water leakage by water pressure rising,
and therefore are not used among the planned distribution pipes and hence new pipes are planned.
Table 7-18 Length of Planned Distribution Pipe for Zone 1

Total Length
Pipe Length Gravity from Kokine Pipe Length Pump from Central of Proposed
Total SR/Low Zone (m) SR/High Zone (m) Distribution
Pipe Length of Pipe (m)
Diameter Existing Existing
Existing Sub-Total
(mm) Pipe (m) New Pipe to New Pipe Sub-Total
Pipe to be Gravity
Pipe (m) be Used (m) Pump (m) (4+7)
Used (m) (m)
(m)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
40 2,284
50 6,609
75 13,675 2,123 2,123 151 151 2,274
100 71,146 7,127 153,278 160,405 3,734 123,986 127,720 288,125
110 1,435
125 1,516
150 220,792 14,838 42,968 57,806 2,632 67,754 70,386 128,193
160 3,672
200 4,726 12,932 12,932 17,094 17094 30,026
225 19,181
250 3,714 9,185 9,185 3,122 3,122 12,307
275 2,609
300 473 473 473
Total 351,359 24,561 218,363 242,924 6,517 211,956 218,473 461,397
7-27

Figure 7-13 DMA and Distribution Pipe for Zone 1
(3) House Connection

In the existing condition, many households are using water from private wells and from piped supply
after being mixed in their private reservoir or storage tank. In this Study, it is considered that the house
connections will be directly connected to distribution pipes after achievement of 24 hrs supply.
In the existing condition, in the downtown area along the main roads, the customers are connected to
the distribution pipes as shown in Figure below. On both sides of roads, drains are located which
collects both rainwater and wastewater from neighboring houses. To connect the houses to the water
supply distribution pipes, the house connections have to cross across the drains which can be a point of
supplied water getting contaminated in case of leakage before reaching the user. To avoid this situation,
the connection shall be through the backyard of the houses as shown in Figure below.
7-28
Figure 7-14 Existing House Connections

Figure 7-15 Candidate of House Connection through Backyard
(4) Water Meters

Water meter is planned to be installed for 152,300 customers. The meters should be pressure tight and
strong enough not to be tampered illegally. The meters should also be resistant to corrosion or elusion
to have a high longevity. The material of meter should not be lead in any case. An example of water
meter is given in Figure below.
Figure 7-16 Example of Flow Meter
7-29
7.5 Water Operation Plan during Construction Implementation
7.5.1 Change from The Existing Distribution System to New System (Additional Water from
Kokkowa WTP)
In the existing distribution system (Figure 7-17), water comes to the new Zone 1 from the followings;
directly from Yegu PS.
from Kokine SR receiving water from Yegu PS.
from Shwedagon SR receiving water from Kokine SR.
The zone 1 will be sub-divided into high and low. Change to the 2 sub-zones cannot be implemented
instantly but should be implemented step-wise. The following key points need to be analyzed and
confirmed before start of the implementation works:
1. Demands of the DMAs, and of high subzone and low subzone are almost matching as
presented in this Study.
2. WTP and transmission pipe installation works to be implemented are already completed.
3. Yegu PS operates properly in order to convey sufficient amount of water to Central SR.
4. Kokine SR shall not be reconstructed, only cleaning shall be carried out and repair of SR, if
needed, shall be implemented.
7.5.2 Step 1: Commencement of Water Supply from Kokkowa WTP

The salient features and necessary conditions of this step (Figure 7-18) are listed below:
The construction of 40 MGD Kokkowa WTP will be implemented along with installation of
transmission pumps, relay pumps in Zone 9, and transmission pipes from WTP to Zone 9 and
from Zone 9 to Kokine SR in Zone 1.
The transmission pipe from Zone 9 to Kokine SR will be connected to existing 56” (1400 mm)
pipe at the inlet to Kokine SR.
Kokine SR’s valves from Yegu will be closed to change water supply from Kokkowa.
Using water from Kokine SR to Shwedagon SR, most of the areas in low subzone will be
supplied Kokkowa water.
Some parts of Pazuntaung, Botahtaung, Mingala Taungnyunt, Bahan and entire Tamway will
be supplied Reservoir water from Hlawga PS using existing 42” (1050 mm) pipe.
【Required Pipe Laying Works】

Laying of transmission pipe from WTP to Relay PS in Zone 9 and from Relay PS in Zone 9 to
Kokine SR
7.5.3 Step 2: DMA Development in Low Subzone (1)

7-30
The distribution main pipes from Kokine SR to DMAs of Low subzone will be installed.
Transmission from Zone 9 will be connected to newly constructed distribution mains at the
outlet from Kokine reservoir along with installation of new valves.
Transmission from Zone 9 will also be connected to existing pipe in the western part of Low
subzone
Subsequently, the distribution pipes will be installed and DMAs will be established in the
western and southern townships of Low subzone of Zone 1.
Yegu PS will convey Reservoir water to Shwedagon SR to supply water to Bahan and Dagon
townships.
Major areas of eastern part of Low subzone will still be supplied water directly from Hlawga
PS.
A new distribution main pipe from Kokine will be connected to existing main pipe of diameter
750 mm (30”) on Bargayar Rd through tapping method without water supply suspension
through existing pipe (Under pressure tapping method, Non-stoppable tapping method).
Consequently, Kokkowa water will be continuously supplied through the existing main to high
subzone in Zone 1 till the new distribution system is installed and becomes operational in this
area.
At this stage, leakage of Kokine SR can be tested upon confirmation that all the inlet and
outlet valves are new and can be closed properly. If required, repair works of Kokine should
also be undertaken.

Laying of distribution main pipes in Low subzone (west and central)
Laying of bypass pipe of dia.1000 mm at Kokine SR
Non-stoppable tapping of dia.1400 mm x dia.1000 mm (Figure 7-22)
Non-stoppable tapping of dia.1050 mm x dia.1000 mm (Figure 7-22)
Connection work of new distribution main pipe from Kokine SR and existing main on
Bargayar Rd. by non-stoppable tapping of dia. 750 mm (30”) x dia. 700 mm (Figure 7-22)
Installation of non-stoppable insert valve of dia. 750 mm (Figure 7-22) and Removal of
existing main pipe from Kokine SR to Bargayar Rd
Improvement of DMAs and pipe network in Low subzone (11 DMAs)
7.5.4 Step 3: DMA Development in Low Subzone (2)

Distribution pipes will be installed and DMAs will be established in the eastern townships of
Low subzone of Zone 1. DMA establishment in Low subzone of Zone 1 will be completed.
Yegu PS will continue conveying water to Shwedagon SR to supply water to Bahan and
Dagon townships.
7-31
Eastern townships of Tamway and some part of Mingala Taungnyunt of High subzone of Zone
1 will still be supplied water directly from Hlawga PS.

Laying of distribution main pipes for Low subzone (east)
Improvement of DMAs and pipe network in remaining part of Low subzone (8 DMAs)
7.5.5 Step 4: DMA Development in High Subzone

Central SR will be reconstructed.
Water from Yegu PS will be conveyed to Central SR using 56” and 42” pipes.
Distribution pipes will be installed and DMAs will be established in the townships of High
subzone of Zone 1.
Shwedagon SR and 27” pipes from Shwedagon SR will be abandoned.

Laying of distribution main pipes for High subzone (All DMAs)
Replacement of pumps in Yegu PS
Improvement of DMAs and pipe network in High subzone (all 18 DMAs)
7-32
Over View of Zone 1 Supply Area
Source: JICA Study Team Figure 7-17 Schematic Diagram of Current Water Supply
7-33
Figure 7-18 Water Supply Changing Procedure [Step -1: Commencement of Water Supply from Kokkowa WTP]
7-34
Figure 7-19 Water Supply Changing Procedure [Step -2: DMA Development in Low Subzone (1)]
7-35

Figure 7-20 Water Supply Changing Procedure [Step -3: DMA Development in Low Subzone (2)]
7-36

Figure 7-21 Water Supply Changing Procedure [Step -4: DMA Development in High Subzone]
7-37
Location of connections to existing distribution

Location of connections to existing distribution pipe of φ750
pipes of φ1400 mm andφ1050 mm along
mm along Bargayar Road
Kabar Aye Pagoda Road
Figure 7-22 Locations of Non-stoppable Tapping Connections
7-38
CHAPTER 8 OPERATION, MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY
Issues to be considered for the proposed facilities are summarized considering the review of the
current situation of management, system and capacity in the existing facilities as described in detail in
Appendix-9.
8.1 Summary of Issues
8.1.1 Water Treatment Plant

(1) Maintenance
・ Daily inspection and repair should be implemented and water quality and flow rate should be
managed in order to purify water to the desired level.
・ Washing process and quality management of filter media should be reconsidered in order to
optimize washing cycle in case of filtration basin.
・ Daily inspection and consumption of chemicals and electricity should be recorded in order to
improve management of WTP.
・ Documents of specifications and drawings of facilities and equipment should be managed in
order to maintain them properly.
・ Initial and operation cost including cost of spare parts should be considered and technical
capacities of electrical and mechanical engineers should be developed in order to continue using
the facilities properly for a long time.
・ Equipment ledgers including data on installation year, manufacturer, item number and history of
breakdown and repair/replacement should be prepared and updated in order to plan replacement
effectively in the future.
(2) Equipment
・ Intake flow meters should be installed in order to decide appropriate injection rate of coagulant.
・ Coagulant injection point should be changed, coagulant should be added at required rates, inflow
rate of water to each flocculation basin should be controlled by valves and outlets of flocculation
basin should be renovated in order to improve coagulation and sedimentation.
・ Chlorine injection equipment should be installed in order to remove algae of sedimentation and
filtration basin and to disinfect treated water.
・ Water quality monitoring equipment should be installed at the locations to monitor quality of raw
water, water after sedimentation and treated water in order to optimize coagulant injection rate.
・ Daily water quality test should be done by specific equipment for each indicator not by simple
measurements, and reliability of the test should be improved by clarifying calibration process and
frequency.
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(3) Quality control

・ Delivered products should be checked using the composition table provided by the suppliers to
confirm if the products are meeting the ordered specifications.
(4) Structure
・ Some portions in Nyaunghnapin WTP; including aged concrete structures, damaged and leaking
gates, broken surface washing pipes, etc. should be renovated.
(5) Others
・ Measures against inundation should be implemented in rooms of electrical equipment.
8.1.2 Transmission Pipe

(1) Equipment
・ Flow meters should be installed on transmission pipes.
(2) Maintenance
・ Transmission pipelines should be patrolled regularly in order to find leakages and unregistered
connections.
・ Leakages above ground should be repaired immediately and countermeasures should be
implemented against unregistered connections.
8.1.3 Distribution Pipe

(1) Standardization of specification, regulation and procedure
・ Specifications of materials and regulations of quality control and construction management
should be standardized.
・ Procedure of designing distribution pipe network should be established.
(2) Systematic facilities

・ Distribution facilities such as service reservoirs and pipe network should be designed and
constructed systematically.
(3) Maintenance
・ Leak detection should be implemented after preparing leakage repair equipment.
・ Old distribution pipes should be replaced effectively by using distribution pipeline maps, reports
on repairing leakages and leakage history maps.
8.1.4 Water Supply Equipment

(1) Standardization of specifications, regulations and procedure
・ Specifications of water meters and service equipment and regulations on service pipe connection
with distribution pipe, quality control and construction management should be standardized.
8-2
・ Plumbing models from distribution pipe to water meter should be defined.

・ Procedure of defining meter size by calculating water head should be established.
(2) Meter owner

・ Meter owner should be changed to YCDC from customers in order to facilitate easy maintenance.
8.1.5 Customer Management

(1) New customer registration
・ New customers should be registered not at the township offices but at the head office in order to
manage them uniformly.
(2) Water charge collection

・ Individual water consumption should be compared with average consumption in case of each
customer on the new system every month in order to find leakage and illegal connections
effectively.
8.1.6 Measures
(1) Water treatment plant
・ As for the issues of maintenance, equipment, quality management, structure and others related to
existing water treatment facilities, it is expected that the activities of the JICA technical
cooperation project, the JICA long term expert and the JICA training program in Japan will solve
these issues. In addition, technical cooperation project should be continued to deal with the O&M
issues related to the Kokkowa WTP that will treat river water, the first time experience for
YCDC.
(2) Transmission and distribution pipe

・ As for the issues of standardization of specifications, guidelines and procedures, systematic
development and maintenance, it is expected that the activities of the JICA technical cooperation
project, the JICA long term expert and the JICA training program in Japan will help solving these
issues. Also, it is necessary to continue using the procedures and utilizing experiences that YCDC
acquires from these activities to operate and manage the facilities constructed in this project.
(3) Water supply equipment

・ As for the issues of standardization of specifications, guidelines and procedures related to water
meters and meter owners, it is expected that the activities of the JICA technical cooperation
project, the JICA long term expert and the JICA training program in Japan will help solving these
issues. It is necessary to continue using the procedures and utilizing experiences that YCDC
acquires from these activities to operate and manage the facilities constructed in this project.
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(4) Customer management

・ As for the issues of new customer registration and of water charge collection, it is expected that
the activities of the JICA technical cooperation project, the JICA long term expert and the JICA
training program in Japan will help solving these issues. It is necessary to continue using the
procedures and utilizing experiences that YCDC acquires from these activities to operate and
manage the facilities constructed in this project.
8.2 Required Organization Structure for Kokkowa Project

8.2.1 O&M Plan of The Kokkowa WTP
Considering that SCADA system will be installed at Kokkowa WTP, the operation and maintenance
of Kokkowa WTP will be managed like WTPs in Japan and not like Nyaunghnapin WTP. Therefore,
some information such as organization structure in case of WTP in Japan, proper maintenance of
installed equipment in Myanmar and some manuals which are used in Fukuoka City Waterworks
Bureau are described as reference. (Fukuoka City and Yangon City are friendship towns).
(1) Organization Structure in WTP

Organization chart of Kokkowa WTP is planned to be established under Reservoir division of EDWS.
Since EDWS has a large number of civil engineers, including engineers/experts of 3 fields (such as
civil, M&E and water quality) would be simple to begin operation of WTP. Mechanical and Electrical
engineers should be placed at the WTP and their capacities should be developed in order to carry out
operation and maintenance of facilities properly. This structure of WTP will be changed gradually in
steps according to the capacity development of EDWS engineers. Therefore, a basic organization
chart, duties of various staff-members, the number of staffs and their specialized field for the
Kokkowa WTP is introduced and corresponding example data for WTPs in Japan is also included for
future reference.

Figure 8-1 Proposed Organization Chart of Kokkowa WTP
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Table 8-1 Proposed Duties of Each Unit of Kokkowa WTP

Unit Duties
Plant Manager To manage WTP
Civil Engineer To operate and maintain WTP facilities including reservoir, intake,
transmission
Mechanical and Electrical To operate and maintain mechanical and electrical components of WTP
engineer
Laboratory To implement water quality test
Table 8-2 Proposed Number of Staff in Various Technical Fields for Kokkowa WTP
Kokkowa WTP Capacity
Capacity (m3/day) 273,000
Number of staff 25
Plant Manager 1 Civil, Mechanical and/or Electrical
Civil Engineer 3 Civil
(Shift operations) 10 Any Field
3 Mechanical and/or Electrical
Mechanical and Electrical engineer
5 Mechanical and/or Electrical
Laboratory 3 Chemist
Plant manager
(Director)
O&M of facilities O&M of facilities Renovation of

outside WTP Laboratory
inside WTP WTP, etc.
(Chief)
(Chief) (Chief) (Chief)
Water quality
Engineers Engineers Engineers
specialist
Source: Fukuoka City

Figure 8-2 Reference of Basic Organization Chart of WTPs in Fukuoka
Table 8-3 Reference of Duties of Each Unit at WTPs in Fukuoka

Unit Duties
Plant manager To manage WTP
O&M of facilities inside WTP To operate and maintain purification facilities inside WTP
O&M of facilities outside WTP To operate and maintain facilities including reservoir, intake, and
conveyance outside WTP
Laboratory To implement water quality test
Renovation of WTP, etc. To supervise construction works in WTP
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Table 8-4 Reference of Number of staffs at WTPs in Fukuoka

WTP A B C D E
Nominal capacity (m3/day) 110,500 199,000 122,000 174,000 15,000
Total number of staffs 22 27 24 24 19
Plant manager 1 M 1 E 1 M 1 M 1 E
O&M inside WTP 6 E 7 E 6 E 8 E 7 E
7 M 8 M 8 M 7 M 5 M
O&M outside WTP 2 E 3 E 2 E 3 E 2 E
2 M 3 M 2 M 1 M 1 M
Laboratory 3 Q 3 Q 4 Q 3 Q 3 Q
Renovation of WTP, etc. 1 3 2 M 1 E 1 E - -
* E: Electrical Engineer, M: Mechanical engineer, H: Water Quality Specialist
(2) Efficient Operation and Maintenance

1) Efficient operation
・ Operation of WTP can be made more efficient by reduction in electricity cost through use of
following measures.
・ Gravity system of facilities planning
・ Installation of rotation speed controlled pumps
・ Optimization of operation time of washing pumps by checking head loss in filtration basin and
by carrying out washing at proper intervals
・ Automation of filtration basin washing
・ Optimization of pump operation by monitoring flow rate at intake and transmission pumps
・ Installation of high-efficiency motor and transformer installation of solar panels is also effective
in future
2) The cost on chemicals can be reduced by use of following measures.

・ Chemical injection at proper rate by implementing water quality test and jar test and deciding
chemical injection rate based on the result of water quality test for samples of each purification
stage
・ Optimization of chemical injection rate by managing flow rate through each purification stage
・ Reduction in unit cost of chemical by executing long-term contract with suppliers
(3) More efficient maintenance for future

1) Inspection
・ Facilities and equipment are to be inspected using portable device and the record of the
inspection should be managed on a master computer.
・ Efficient daily inspection route is defined considering the locations of facilities and equipment.
2) Facility and equipment
・ Sample water from location of each purification processes are pumped up to the water quality
laboratory with pumps.
・ Conditions of flocculation and filtration basins are monitored by surveillance camera in order to
8-6
purify efficiently.
・ Equipment ledgers are prepared in order to consider replacement cycle and repair plan of
equipment.
(4) Manual of Operation Management of Facilities

1) General
The main purpose of operation management is to achieve the function of the facility sufficiently. It is
made possible through efficient operation and control of facilities including associated equipment.
Operation and management of water treatment plant includes a wide range of facilities (e.g. Intake
facilities, water treatment facilities, distribution facilities, chemical injection facilities, waste water
treatment facilities, other treatment facilities, etc.). It is important to operate all these facilities
satisfactorily to achieve the purpose of WTP.
In addition, it is most important to operate the entire plant as a water treatment system effectively and
with integrity. Even if the water treatment conditions changes to some extent (e.g. raw water quality is
worsened, emergency occurs, etc.), operation management must be performed considering buffer for
such conditions. For this purpose, the collection of sufficient data is required (e.g. the situation of
water sources, intake points, water distribution) for the operation and management of each facilities.
2) Intake facilities
It is important that intake facilities are operating in desired condition and is able to draw continuously
high-quality raw water from the water source to cater to the demand. To intake raw water in better
condition, it is important to carry out basic inspection and maintenance of facilities. If the gates,
screen, water intake pump, etc., are not maintained adequately, it may have negative impact on water
intake which subsequently will affect the treated water amount as a whole. By performing the daily
inspection of water source, it is possible to find the abnormality in the water source quality at an early
stage.
a) Water intake gate, solid waste removal machine

Water intake gate and solid waste removal machines are sometimes clogged due to deposition of
floating objects and mud of the river, resulting into malfunctioning of intake facilities and poor
raw water quality. The monitoring of these structures by daily visual inspection and performing
regular cleaning is important to maintain the equipment in good condition.
b) Sand basin
Sand basin is a facility to remove pebbles and heavy sand that is present in the raw water by
sedimentation. When there is excess deposition of the pebbles and sand in the sand basin, water
intake function is reduced due to the following reasons.
- Insufficient sedimentation due to reduced residence time in the sand basin
- Clogging of the screen, etc.
It is important to keep the equipment in good condition by regular monitoring of sediment
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deposition and removing sediments and cleaning screen whenever required.

c) Intake pump
Intake pump is a facility for feeding the raw water in stable amounts to water treatment facilities.
Raw water contains sediments and suspended solids and in case of pumping surface water,
reduction in amount of water is likely to occur due to suction of foreign matter and wearing of
impeller resulting into low performance of pumps. Thus, during pumping operation in order to
grasp the state of the pump, it is desirable to do the following.
- Regularly checking and recording pump electric current value
- Periodically performing the confirmation of the pumping amount
d) In addition to the inspection described above, to perform daily visual inspection and periodic
inspections, and to carry out maintenance and upgrading based on analysis of inspection data, in
order to maintain satisfactory level of pump operation.
3) Water treatment facility

a) Receiving well
Receiving well is used to stabilize the raw water and a facility for adjusting the raw water
quantity. Also, receiving well can be used as an injection point for chemicals such as acid or
alkaline agent used in the water purification process. Receiving well is initial location of WTP,
and in order to perform the water purification process properly, the condition of raw water
quality shall be understood accurately. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the inspection of
sampling pump and also visual inspections of the raw water quality.
b) Coagulation basin
i) Mixing basin
Mixing basin is a facility for uniformly diffusing the coagulant into the raw water after injecting
through quick rapid agitation. In a typical flash mixer, mixing is achieved by rotating at a
peripheral speed of more than 1.5m/s. It is also possible to adjust the injection intensity by
monitoring and controlling water and injection volume.
ii) Flocculation basin
Flocculation basin is a facility for making agglomerates of small flocs and finally to large flocs
by appropriate stirring to enable easy sedimentation. When the growth of the flocs is not
sufficient, the outflow from sedimentation basin has higher turbidity, or due to reduction in the
filtration duration, suspended matter flows out to the filtered water.
c) Coagulation sedimentation basin

Coagulation sedimentation basin is a facility to separate and remove majority of the flocs formed
in flocculation basin by sedimentation through gravity. In managing the coagulation
sedimentation basin, it is necessary to pay special attention to water quality of outflow from the
sedimentation tank, and therefore it is important that a target turbidity level is set for outflow
from sedimentation tank and water quality be monitored. When any abnormality is detected in
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the outflow from sedimentation basin, the jar test should be carried out and appropriate chemical
injection and equipment operation should be made based on result of the jar test. When excess
amount of sludge is deposited in the sedimentation basin, the residence time is reduced and flocs
do not settle sufficiently. To avoid this, sludge deposition in sedimentation basin should be
monitored periodically and sludge should be removed whenever required. In addition, algae
growth may occur in the sedimentation basin. If any adverse effect is expected on the treatment
process, algae needs to be removed using chemicals (such as chlorine agent) or by cleaning the
sedimentation basin after emptying. Also, once a year, it is desirable to perform cleaning of the
inner surface of sedimentation basin, and inspect and carry out maintenance of the accessory
equipment, after emptying it.
d) Filtration basin
Filtration basin is a facility to remove the contaminants from outflow of sedimentation basin by
sieving action in the filter layer and through attachment to the filter media.
i) Washing of the filtration basin
Washing of the filtration basin is carried out when it reaches one of the following states.
- When turbidity of outflow from filtration basin exceeds the target value
- When the head loss reaches a set value
The head loss is water head difference before and after filtration. Head loss is larger in case
of clogging filter layer. When the head loss becomes excessive, it causes formation of air
bubbles by the negative pressure in the filter layer, the filter layer surface contraction and
cracking. In such case, filtered water quality is likely to be worsened.
- When the filtration duration reaches a set value
A constant filtration duration is set such that the target value of the filtered water quality is
maintained (approximately 24 hours to one week in normal condition), and when the
filtration duration reaches to set value, washing will be required. It is effective for demand
management contract.
After stopping the operation of filtration basin for long-time, when the operation is planned
to restart
- When a filtration basin is not operated for long time, it is possible that filtration may not be
achieved due to growth of algae or microorganisms. Therefore, it is necessary to clean the
filtration basin before restarting the operation.
ii) Washing method
Washing is performed by a combination of backwashing and surface washing or air washing.
Washing through only backwashing is not appropriate as formation of mud ball is likely to occur.
It is important to set the amount of washing water, washing pressure and time so that sufficient
cleaning effect can be achieved. The washing duration of filter is decided based on the quality of
washed water and considering economical washing method. The final washing effect is judged
good or bad by comparing the degree of contamination of the filter media taken from the filter
layer before and after washing. Since the washing effect will vary with the water temperature,
8-9
and the particle size and thickness of filter layer, the drainage after washing is required to be
examined regularly and the washing time adjusted accordingly. When the washing method is not
appropriate, in the long term the following disorders may occur, leading to deterioration in
quality of filtered water, and increase in head loss.
- Mud ball formation
- Crack initiation on filter layer surface
- Generation of gap between the filtration basin side wall and filter layer
- Coarsening of the effective diameter of the filter medium
- Reduction in filter layer thickness
- The unevenness on the boundary surface of the gravel layer and the filter layer, filter bed
e) Clear water reservoir

Clear water reservoir is used to store treated water to take care of imbalance between the filtered
water volume and water supply volume. Regular inspection of clear water reservoir is essentially
required in terms of quality and hygiene. In particular, the residual chlorine level should be
maintained in the range of target value. Moreover, water level in the clear water reservoir should
be maintained in defined range in order to avoid cavitation in pumps. The entrance to water
treatment plant should be locked appropriately. In addition, inspection and maintenance of the
insect screen, ventilation facilities and rattle should be carried out periodically to prevent entry of
rainwater, dust, insects and small animals from outside and to avoid water pollution.
4) Water transmission and distribution facilities

a) Transmission and Distribution pump
Water distribution amount varies with time and to carry out stable water distribution, it is
important to control the pump operation appropriately. In case of change in distribution water
amount, if the pipe flow rate increases rapidly, it may result in the generation of red water and
also it is necessary to pay attention to occurrence of water hammer due to sudden stopping of the
pump. In addition, as mentioned in the previous section (related to clear water tank), there is
possibility of occurrence of cavitation in pump due to high drop in water level in clear water
reservoir. Therefore, water level in the clear water reservoir should be monitored and maintained
within defined range. Monitoring of pump operation should include continuous or scheduled
measuring and record of data on suction and discharge pressure, water flow, voltage, electric
current, and power. The pumps should include standby units and also spare parts such that each
pump can be given rest at regular intervals and in case of breakdown without affecting the water
supply services.
5) Chemical injection facility

- Chemical injection equipment for coagulation
Flocculants is used in treatment process to facilitate formation of flocs and easy sedimentation of
colloidal particles present in raw water. It is important to ensure optimum injection rate and
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injection volume considering the quality and quantity of the raw water. Therefore these
parameters should be accurately measured, and maintenance of the chemical injection equipment
is important. Also, inspection and cleaning of the injection pipe should be carried out regularly to
avoid clogging of injection pipe due to coagulant. In order to achieve the optimum effect of the
flocculants, it is important to carry out adjustment of the injection amount and agitation
conditions. The processes are described below.
i) Injection rate
Factors affecting injection rate of flocculants are stirring, pH value, alkalinity, water temperature,
etc. In order to determine the injection rate of the coagulant, basically the jar tests should be
carried out regularly for raw water. The injection rate should be decided considering the result of
jar test, based on the variation trend of raw water quality and actual mixing tank conditions.
When the raw water quality changes suddenly (at the time of change of river water quality due to
rainfall, etc.), the jar test should be carried out immediately. Also, it is important to monitor the
situation of floc formation and sedimentation whether it is at desired level.
ii) pH value
pH value is an important factor for coagulation of colloids. The flocculants functions well in
defined range of pH values, and if the pH level is outside this range, agglomeration effect is
drastically deteriorated. Therefore, if the pH value of the raw water is too high or too low, it is
necessary to adjust the pH value by addition of appropriate amount of acidic or alkaline agent.
Incidentally, PAC is acidic, and when the injection rate is increased, the pH value is lowered.
Therefore, it is necessary to add alkali in such case.
iii) Alkalinity
Alkalinity is an important factor affecting the flocculation process. To form good flocs, it is
desirable that alkalinity after injecting the flocculant is at least about 20mg/L. If the alkalinity is
low, there is need for addition of alkali in order to maintain the alkalinity within appropriate
range.
iv) Water temperature
The water temperature is an important factor that affects the sedimentation, coagulating reaction
and formation of floc. If the water temperature is higher, the growth of the floc is accelerated. If
the water temperature is lower, the growth of the floc is slow. For poly aluminum chloride, the
coagulating effect can be expected even at low water temperature. ()
v) Automatic injection of flocculant
Automatic injection rate of chemical can be executed by two ways. One is determining the
injection rate by jar test. The other method uses an injection rate equation that has been
determined based on the historical data of water quality or jar test. However, even in the case of
using this method, it is required to confirm the injection rate using the data of regular jar test.
b) Disinfection equipment
Disinfection of tap water prevents contamination of water due to pathogenic organisms, and it is
8-11
carried out for the purpose of keeping the distributed water safe. Using chlorine as disinfectant, a
large amount of water can be easily disinfected and there is an advantage that the effect remains.
On the other hand, use of chlorine as disinfectant can result into generation of by-products such as
trihalomethanes, strong odor by reacting with a specific substance and weakening the disinfecting
effect by reacting with ammonia nitrogen. At high level of turbidity, the effect of chlorination is
reduced. Injection rate of chlorine should be set considering the residence time and water quality
such that the residual chlorine concentration of the faucet water is maintained at the specified level
all times. Attention is needed toward level of residual chlorine which should not be excessively
high.
i) Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite is a pale yellow liquid, and is characterized by strong alkalinity, and
corrosiveness. It is rapidly decomposed by an acid, and releases chlorine gas. It is dangerous.
Thus, care should be taken not to mix sodium hypochlorite with the acid solution. In addition, it
is strongly alkaline, and care should be taken while handling it not to adhere to the skin and
mucous membranes. In addition, sodium hypochlorite is unstable, and easily decomposes
releasing oxygen during storage at room temperature, which is accelerated due to increasing
temperature, sunlight, or ultraviolet radiation. For this reason, it is stored in a cool, dark place.
Furthermore, since its effective chlorine content is reduced during storage, it is desirable to store
it for only short period. Furthermore, when the sodium hypochlorite is exposed to water with
high level of hardness, the scale may occur due to precipitation of calcium carbonate. Therefore,
it is important to implement the inspection and cleaning near the injection point.
ii) Pre-chlorination
Pre-chlorination is carried out through injection of chlorine agent in the receiving well or mixing
basin before sedimentation basin to ensure sufficient reaction time for the chlorine. .
Pre-chlorination results into the biological killing and prevents algae breeding in the mixing
basin and coagulation sedimentation basin. Moreover, it is also effective in case of raw water
containing ammonia nitrogen. When pre-chlorination is used as countermeasure against
ammonia nitrogen, the injection amount should be about 10 times the amount of ammonia
nitrogen. However, if raw water contains trihalomethane precursor and musty odor producing
blue-green algae, etc., there is a high possibility of formation of trihalomethane and generation of
musty odor. So, care is required in this respect.
iii) Intermediate chlorination
Intermediate chlorination is carried out at a location between the sedimentation basin and
filtration basin. In this method, chlorine is added after possible removal of the trihalomethane
precursors or musty odor-producing cyanobacteria from raw water by coagulation and
sedimentation, and therefore, it is effective countermeasure against trihalomethanes and musty
odor producing materials.
iv) Post-chlorination
Post-chlorination is carried out in case when it is necessary to supplement the residual chlorine
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consumed by filtration basin to bring it to desired level. Chlorine is added at a location between
the filtration basin and clean water reservoir.
6) Wastewater treatment facility

Wastewater treatment facility is required to treat the sludge collected from sedimentation tank. The
collected sludge is processed to separate liquid and solids. Separated liquid is either reused by
returning to the raw water, or it is discharged into public water body. Separated solid can be used at
landfill site after drying. In general, wastewater treatment includes processes of stabilization,
thickening, dewatering, drying and disposal. The amount of generated sludge can be analyzed and
estimated for the amount of treated water considering raw water condition for entire year and the data
can be used for preparation of treatment plan for each season and each month. In addition, it is
required to be careful because the sludge quality deteriorates due to long-term deposits in
sedimentation tank and dewatering tank.
7) Power distribution equipment

In the operation management of the power distribution equipment, it is important to keep track of the
normal operating condition of each device, and it is necessary to act quickly in case of any
abnormality. In addition, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and operation interlock
condition of the device. For early detection of abnormalities, it is necessary to carry out regular
inspection of devices to measure and record values of current and voltage. If performance of the
power distribution equipment is deteriorated, it will not only cause the failure or further reduction of
efficiency of its own parts, but it may also cause disaster through other equipment failure, water
supply interruption, electric shock and fire.
(5) Manual of maintenance inspection and repair

The purpose of maintenance inspection and repair is to supplement the deterioration of the function of
the facility and to retain the original function. Main contents are described below.
1) Daily inspection
Daily inspection is based on the daily or weekly inspection of the equipment and includes activities of
investigation, confirmation and recording of operating conditions of the equipment. At the time of
inspection, it should be clearly recorded whether there is no change in data compared to the previous
inspection and whether the value matches with the standard value using the check sheet. During the
inspection the facilities are checked, data is measured and recorded and remarks are made in the
check sheet. An example checklist is shown below for inspection of every facility.
・ Main inspection contents: abnormal visual appearance, abnormal noise or offensive smell,
reading of each instrument, etc.
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Table 8-5 Daily Inspection Checklist (Example)

Inspection Frequency
Inspection contents
Location (time/day)
Water intake gate The deposition of solid wastes and contaminants, etc. near intake
1∼3
gate
Abnormality in the raw water quality of the river and in the gate
Intake facilities
Abnormal turbidity and chromaticity, oil contents, 1∼3

dead fishes
Settling basin Abnormality in the raw water quality
pump well Abnormal turbidity and chromaticity, oil content, 1∼3
dead fishes
Intake pump Record of water flow rate, suction and discharge pressure, electric
1∼3
current value
Abnormality in terms of noise, smell, vibration and temperature 1∼3
Receiving well Abnormality in the raw water quality
Abnormality in turbidity and chromaticity or presence of oil 1∼3
surface or carcasses of fish
Mixing basin Uniform spread of injected chemicals 1∼3
Abnormal sound, nasty smell, vibration, etc., in case of flashing
1
mixer
Flocculation Floc formation 1∼3
Suspended solids and scum 1∼3
Purification facilities
Sedimentation Floc settling 1∼3

Basin Suspended solids and scum 1∼3
Filtration Basin Suspended solids 1∼3
Condition of filter bed surface 1
Abnormality in terms of turbidity and smell 1∼3
Clear water Abnormality in terms of turbidity and smell 1
reservoir Record of water level meter reading 1
Presence of Insect 1
Pump facility Record of the current, suction and discharge pressure 1
Abnormal sound, smell, extreme vibration 1
Electrical facility Record of the indicated value of each instrumentation indicator 1
Abnormality in appearance 1
Water quality Dirt of degassing vessel and measuring tank 1
Instrument Record of each measurement value 1
Distribution Record of the current, suction and discharge pressure and
1
Pump facility pumping flow
Abnormal sound, smell, extreme vibration 1
PAC injection Abnormal sound, nasty smell, leakage 1
facility Record of injection flow rate and other data (opening and rotation
1
speed, etc.)
Record of storage amount 1
Others
Leakage from reservoir and piping, etc. 1

Hypochlorous Abnormal sound, nasty smell, leakage 1
Acid injection Record of injection flow rate and other (opening and rotation
1
facility speed, etc.)
Record of storage amount 1
Leakage from reservoir and piping, etc. 1
Substation Record of each measurement value 1
Equipment Abnormality in appearance 1
Others, abnormality or alarm 1
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2) Regular inspection
In general, regular inspection is carried out visually and focusses on the identification of any
accidental damage and checking of maintenance status of the facilities. Main contents of this type of
inspection are: refueling and cleaning of lubricant, damage in case of packing, checking operation and
damage of the switch, adjustment of zero point and range, adjustment of input and output values,
checking stock of consumables and spares, etc.
・ Main Contents
a) Machines: Refueling and cleaning of lubricant, adjustment of ground section, etc.
b) Measuring equipment, etc.: Adjustment of input and output value by actual measurement,
adjustment of span and zero, etc.
Table 8-6 Regular Inspection Checklist (Example)

Inspection contents
Location (time/Mon)
Water intake gate Check and clean situation of deposition 1
Intake facilities
Opening and closing operation check 1

Pre-Settling pond Record of the deposit amount 1
Check clogging of the screen 1
Intake pump Check if adjustment of ground portion packing normal or not 1
Inspection and refilling of lubricating oil 1
Mixing basin Inspection and refilling of lubricating oil 1
Flocculation Inflow into each floc formation tank or equivalent 1
Removal of scum and other substance 1
Check if deposited sediment amount normal or not 1
Sedimentation Check clogging in sedimentation facilities 1
Purification facilities
Basin Check for algae growth 1

Record amount of deposition of sediment 1
Filtration Abnormality such as formation of mud ball after washing 1
Basin Appropriate amount of wash water 1
Confirmation of drainage water quality after washing 1
Pump facility Adjustment such as ground portion packing 1
Inspection and refilling of lubricating oil, condition of the V-belt,
1
etc.
Electrical facility Checking dust on the panel 1
Water quality Cleaning such as degassing vessel and measuring tank 1
Instrument Implementation of the span adjustment by actual measurement 1
Pump facility Adjustment such as ground portion packing 1
Inspection and refilling of lubricating oil 1
PAC injection Formation of scale in the injection pipe and location 1
Facility Abnormality in the injection volume and the adjustment width 1
Others
Hypochlorous Formation of scale in the injection pipe and location 1

Acid injection
Abnormality in the injection volume and the adjustment width 1
facility
Substation Check of dust on the panel 1
equipment Others, abnormal or alarm 1
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3) Consignment inspection
Normally, for the measuring equipment, the inspection is carried out through analysis and operation
test. In case if any special equipment indicates error in its original function during ordinary and
periodic inspection, precise inspection and maintenance should be carried out by skilled person with
required expertise and knowledge. In particular, for large pumps and special equipment, the inspection
should be carried out by the manufacturer or its agents because it requires specific expertise and
knowledge to inspect.
Table 8-7 Consignment Inspection Item Description Example (Pump Facility)

Inspection contents
Location (time / year)
Check of the ground portion packing 1
Ground portion
Other necessary inspection, test and record 1
Condition of the lubricating oil 1
Lubricant
Other necessary inspection 1
Condition of the shaft coupling 1
Coupling Confirmation of centering 1
Tightening 1
Bolts, nuts
Condition of the pressure gauge 1
Meters and gauges Condition of the pressure switch 1
Ground pump

Bearing Check of temperature 1
temperature Other necessary inspection 1
Abnormality in terms of vibration, abnormal noise at the time of
1
Operation start and stop
condition Normality of pressure for fully closed discharge valve 1
Insulation resistance measurement 1
Electric motor
Dirt in the inner surface 1
Overall Checking damage of board wiring and lose terminal 1
Pump control panel

Confirmation of the indicated value 1
Meters and gauges
Electromagnetic Damage of electrical contact 1
conductor
Auxiliary relays
Movement examination 1
Protective relay
Confirmation of setting value 1
timer
Primary power supply voltage measurement 1
Voltage measurement of control circuit 1
Measurement
Voltage and current measurement during pump operation 1
Ground resistance measurement 1
Linked Operation in case of various type of control mode 1
examination Other necessary inspection 1
Abnormality in vibration, abnormal noise, nasty smell and
devic
Surface 1
er
abnormal vibration
8-16
Inspection contents
Location (time / year)
Operating condition of cooling fan 1
Main circuit voltage measurement 1
Measurement Insulation resistance measurement 1
Table 8-8 Consignment Inspection Item Description Example (Chlorine Injection Facility)
Frequency
Inspection points Inspection contents
(time / year)
Normally operating float switch and output signals from the
1
devices
Linked
examination Verification and adjustment of the operation range by proportional
Control panel
1
setter
Other necessary inspection, examination, record 1
Damage and cracks in each part 1
Control panel Damage of panel and wiring 1
Normal operation of float switch and output signal from chlorine
1
injection control panel
Control unit Normal operation for various control mode in case of both manual
1
or automatic
Injection facility
Damage of panel and wiring 1

Damage, cracking and deformation in each part 1
Leakage liquid 1
Dirt in strainer and clogging 1
Pump body
Insulation resistance, current and voltage 1
Discharge rate and discharge pressure 1
Leakage in siphon valve, damage, etc. 1
Others
Inspection of pipeline 1
Table 8-9 Consignment Inspection Item Description Example (Electrical Instrumentation

Facility)
Frequency
(time / year)
Inspection before Input and output Examination 1
maintenance, testing
Record of setting Value 1
and data collection
Visual inspection and cleaning 1
Common facility
Appearance Inspection of installation condition 1

inspection Inspection of connecting parts 1
Damage and corrosion 1
Visual inspection and cleaning 1
Lubrication 1
Internal inspection Inspection of mechanical parts (sliding part, link, rotation
1
unit, etc.)
Inspection of electrical parts (cable, connector, board, etc.) 1
8-17
Frequency
(time / year)
Damage and corrosion 1
Preventive Check and maintenance of deterioration, wear parts,
1
maintenance consumable parts, etc.
Input and output Examination 1
Inspection of transmission and reception 1
Ultrasonic flowmeter Inspection of power parts 1
Insulation resistance measurement of coaxial cable 1
Transmitter

Float-type water Inspection and cleaning of wire float part 1
gauge Lubrication and cleaning of bearing and gear 1
Immersion-type level
Transmitter input and output test 1
gauge
Other transmitter
Computi

ng unit
Acceleration
Calculation function inspection 1
calculator
Power supply unit inspection 1
Setter
Alarm unit Setting function inspection 1

Inspection of power parts 1
Alarm function inspection 1
Recorder
Automatic Motor part inspection 1

equilibrium shape Link and slide part inspection 1
Inspection of power parts 1
instrument
quality
Water
Residual chlorine Cleaning of electrode 1

analyzer Performance test and calibration 1
Confirmation of power and voltage 1
Controller
Confirmation of memory backup battery 1

Sequencer Cooling fan cleaning 1
Confirmation of operation indicator 1
Confirmation of operating condition 1
Calibration of indicating instrument 1
Uninterruptible power system
Inverter Output voltage waveform measurement 1

Alarm operation test 1
Switching test 1
Confirmation of operating condition 1
Calibration of indicating instrument 1
Rectifier
Output voltage waveform measurement 1
Operation test 1
8-18
Frequency
(time / year)
Storage battery cleaning 1
Inspection of catalyst stopper and liquid amount 1
Storage battery Battery voltage and electrolyte specific gravity
1
measurement
4) Routine repair
Routine maintenance should be carried out to prevent aging of the equipment and continue normal
functioning even after passage of time. Once a few years (which should be about half of the service
life), overhaul of the equipment should be carried out.
In order to take the expertise for the relevant equipment, it is appropriate to procure special part also
from the manufacturer.
8.2.2 Priority Parameter of EDWS Laboratory for Water Quality Management

In Yangon, surface water has high turbidity and ground water has problem due to presence of Fe and
salinity. To check the quality of distributed water, YCDC usually refers to the Myanmar National
Drinking Water Quality (MNDWQ) Standard and WHO drinking water quality guidelines (4th).
Priority parameters of present EDWS laboratory are given in Table below. Residual chlorine and
alkalinity which are not included in the parameters currently should also be tested and monitored in
order to check the operation conditions of WTP.
Table 8-10 Priority Parameters of EDWS Laboratory

Standard Value for
Priority parameters Current Standard value
Additional Parameters
pH 6.5 – 8.5
Taste Acceptable
Odor Acceptable
Color < 15 TCU
Turbidity < 5 NTU
Total coliform 0 CFU/100ml
Fecal coliform 0 CFU/100ml
Residual chlorine N/A > 0.1 mg/l
Salinity 0 - 0.5 ppt
Alkalinity N/A > 20 mg/l
Total Hardness < 500 mg/l as CaCO3
TDS < 1,000 mg/l
Arsenic < 0.001 mg/l
Chloride < 250 mg/l
Iron < 0.3 mg/l
Lead < 0.01 mg/l
Nitrate < 50 mg/l
Manganese < 0.4 mg/l
Sulphate < 250 mg/l
Source: EDWS Laboratory and Additional parameters are added by JICA Study Team
8-19
8.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Plan for Pipelines

(1) Organization structure
Transmission pipeline will be maintained by existing transmission pipeline maintenance section,
distribution pipeline by NRW control section which is to be established in cooperation with JICA
technical assistance program and water supply equipment by township offices (see the Figure 8-3).
(2) Transmission pipeline

・ Route Map of transmission pipeline should be prepared and updated.
・ Transmission pipeline should be patrolled regularly in order to find any abnormality.
(3) Distribution pipeline

・ To control leakage, it is important to control water pressure in distribution networks and to
replace distribution pipes wherever required.
・ Distribution pipeline maps should be updated regularly.
・ Data on leakage repair and leakage history maps should be collected and managed properly for
taking decision on effective pipe replacement in future.
・ Water pressure and flow rate within DMA should be monitored by SCADA system.
・ Leak detection should be implemented effectively by using information on water pressure and
flow rate by SCADA system and data on water consumption from e-governance system.
・ Valves should be inspected and maintained regularly in order to implement leak detection
systematically.

・ Water supply equipment is installed based on the plumbing models in order to identify leakages
easily in future.
・ Meter readers should also collect information on meter condition, leakage and illegal connections
at the time of meter reading.
・ Leak detection should be implemented effectively by using leakage record maps and so on.
8.2.4 Improvement in Meter Reading, Billing and Collecting Water Charges

・ New customers should be registered not in the township offices but in the head office in order to
manage the database uniformly.
・ Individual water consumption should be compared with usual one (of previous month) in case of
each customer every month at the time of meter reading in order to find leakage and illegal
connection effectively.
・ Meter reading terminals should be utilized and direct debit from bank account should be
introduced for payment of bills in order to reduce human errors in future.
・ The e-governance system should be utilized for improving procedure of application for new
connection, water charge collection and making decision on water suspension due to
nonpayment.
8-20
8.2.5 Proper Maintenance Measures of Installed Equipment in Myanmar

(1) Asset management
・ It is necessary to develop and replace facilities systematically and to secure funding to realize
sustainable water utility management by drawing up the middle-long term facility development
and replacement plans and to secure fiscal balance.
・ It is necessary to consider equalizing annual budget with prolonging the lives of equipment and
facilities by proper maintenance in the case of drawing up these plans.
・ The asset management method is very useful for YCDC. The asset management on water supply
management is a method for managing facilities effectively in terms of the life-cycle-cost on the
middle-long term vision to realize projects developed in the Master Plan.
・ As for the implementation of the asset management method, it is necessary to inspect and
evaluate conditions and soundness of existing assets based on the technical knowledge, to
estimate the middle-long term replacement quantity, and to consider securing the fund for
replacement based on the fiscal balance, and to guarantee the feasibility of projects.
(2) Maintenance
・ O&M manuals are provided and demonstrated by suppliers based on the provided manual at the
time of delivery.
・ It is difficult to inspect equipment that requires supplier’s own techniques such as monitoring
system and measurement equipment by third party, so contracts for maintenance should be made
with suppliers in order to use such equipment properly for a long time.
・ Existing facilities and equipment should also be maintained properly in order to prolong their
life.
(3) Cost reduction

・ Delivery countries of equipment should be selected such that that the transportation cost of repair
parts is minimized.
・ Spare, repair and accessory parts of equipment should be procured at the time of installation.
(4) Life of facility and equipment

・ The life of all facilities and equipment should be prolonged through proper maintenance. For
reference, the statutory durable years and target life duration of mechanical and electrical
equipment in water utility in case of Japan is given below.
Table 8-11 Statutory Durable Years and Target Life for Mechanical Equipment
Name Statutory durable years Target life
Pump 15 30
Submersible pump 15 25
Automatic dust collector 17 25
Rapid mixing pump 15 30
Flocculator 17 30
Sludge scraper 17 30
Activated carbon injection equipment 15 20-25
8-21

Coagulant injection equipment 15 20
Caustic soda injection 15 20-25
Sulfuric acid injection equipment 15 25
Sodium hypochlorite injection equipment 10 20
Desludging equipment 17 25
Table 8-12 Statutory Durable Years and Target Life for Electrical Equipment
Power receiving and transforming facility 20 23
DC power supply device 20 23
Power generation 15 25-27
Building and electrical equipment 20 23
Closed circuit television equipment 9 23
Central monitoring control facility 10 23
Multiplex radio equipment 9 20
Remote monitoring 9 15
Water quality measuring instrument 10 15
8.2.6 Public Relations and Awareness

It is important to have a good relationship with customers, so activities related to enhancing public
relations and awareness should be implemented. For reference, some of such activities are introduced
below.
Visiting lecture in schools
Lecture for students during WTP

Homepage Public relations paper
visit
8-22
8.3 Staffing and Capacity Development Plan
8.3.1 Organization Structure

(1) Kokkowa WTP
Refer to Section 8.2.1.(1)
(2) Pipelines
Refer to Section 8.2.3.(1)
8-23
NRW Management Sec.
Kokkowa River
Figure 8-3 New Organization Chart of EDWS (Tentative)
8-24
8.3.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost

Refer to Section 9.5.
8.3.3 Capacity Development Plan

(1) Kokkowa WTP
For reference, the capacity development program in case of a WTP in Fukuoka in Japan is introduced
below.
Table 8-13 Capacity Development Program in WTPs

Type Contents
Lecture General
・ Organization and duties of each section
・ Water purification and desludging processes
・ Facilities and equipment
・ Repair and construction plan for facilities and equipment in the fiscal year
・ Outsourcing contents
Emergency response
・ Electricity suspension
・ Chemical leakage
・ Oils, ammonium and others
Practical training General
of O&M ・ Daily report
・ Daily inspection report
Central monitoring system
・ Monitoring
・ Operation
・ Security system
Sedimentation basin
・ Desludging
・ Cleaning of walls and plate settler in sedimentation basin
・ Measurement of sediment sludge
Filtration basin
・ Surface and back washing
Daily inspection
・ Electrical room
・ Water quality instrument room
・ Inspection gallery of sedimentation and filtration basin
Chemical injection
・ Coagulant, sodium hypochlorite and caustic soda
・ Receipt/Stock of chemicals
Water quality management
・ Outline of water quality test in the WTP
・ Water sampling
・ Daily water quality test
・ Jar test
Site visit Facilities outside of the WTP
・ Reservoir, gaging basin and air pumping cylinder
・ Routes of conveyance and transmission
・ Distribution reservoir
・ Sludge disposal site
8-25
(2) Pipelines
The capacity development program related to distribution management in Fukuoka in Japan is
introduced below for reference.
Table 8-14 Capacity Development Program on Distribution Management

Type Contents
Lecture & General
Practical training ・ Guidelines related to design of distribution pipe network
・ Guidelines on construction supervision
Distribution pipes
・ Connection types
・ Flange types
・ Practical training on connection and disconnection
Valves and fittings
・ Valves; line valves, air valves, stop valves, air valve and fire hydrants
・ Fittings types
Water supply equipment
・ Plumbing; polyethylene, PVC and galvanized iron pipes
・ Ferrule with saddle
Leakage
・ Method of leak detection
・ Leak detection equipment; acoustic bar, leak detector, leak sound correlator, and
correlation method with multiple loggers
・ Methods of repairing leakages; wooden plug, stoppage service saddle and three
pieces repair clamp
・ Examples of leakage accidents
・ Emergency response; water truck, emergency water taps and plastic water bags
Water distribution control
・ Planning of water supply suspension
8.4 Key Technical Fields of Capacity Development

Technical fields that are required to be focused during capacity development programs are as follows.
For capacity strengthening of YCDC, the JICA technical assistance projects for other facilities
(excluding operation of WTP) are being carried out in parallel from 2015.
(1) Water treatment plant

・ Inspection and repair skills
・ Management of water quality and flow rate
・ Operation record, document management and equipment ledger
・ Quality control of delivered products during procurement (equipment, materials, etc.)
(2) Distribution management

・ Standardization of specification, regulation and working procedures
・ Design of distribution pipeline network
・ Construction supervision
8-26
・ Leak detection and repair

・ Old and damaged pipes replacement
・ Patrol of main pipelines

・ Standardization of specifications, regulations and working procedures
・ Calculation of proper meter size
・ Construction supervision
(4) Customer management

・ New customer registration
・ Water charge collection
8.5 Technical Assistance Fields by JICA Technical Assistance Project and by

This Project
8.5.1 JICA Technical Assistance Project

JICA technical assistance project is on-going since 2015, and the activities are mainly undertaken in
the following fields.
・ Improvement of water utility management: Establishment and reorganization of the Planning
Division for strengthening of water supply management is planned.
・ NRW reduction: Establishment of water leakage Control Division and implementation of pilot
projects for the reduction of unaccounted water is to be carried out.
・ Water quality management: Human resource development and capacity building related to water
quality management in Yangon is to be carried out.
8.5.2 Proposal of New Technical Assistance Program for This Project and Cooperation with
Japanese Local Governments
(1) Capacity development related to design and construction supervision of water distribution
network of Zone 9
The design and construction of water distribution mains, distribution pipes and establishment of
DMAs of Zone 9 are planned to be carried out by YCDC on its own. EDWS has no experience in
design and construction of water distribution system applying establishment of DMA and SCADA,
although it has experience of design and construction of distribution network. In order to carry out the
works smoothly and to ensure the quality of works to the same level as in case of Zone 1, supporting
activities will be provided through capacity development on design and construction supervision of
distribution facilities of Zone 9.
For this purpose the following activities are expected to be carried out. Duration of activities will be
8-27
27 months, and will require about 30 MM of International experts input, 30 MM of local experts input.
The components will include capacity development support in:
・ Survey of water pipe routes and creation of GIS data of Zone 9,
・ Basic planning and assistance of detailed design of distribution network and SCADA of
Zone 9,
・ Preparation of specification of SCADA equipment, and assistance in evaluation and
procurement of Contractor,
・ Assistance in construction supervision of distribution network and SCADA of Zone 9
(during 1 year).
(2) Capacity development related to operation and maintenance of 60 MGD facilities

A technical assistance program is proposed for 60 MGD facilities in which information on operation
and maintenance will be shared by a local government or a maintenance company in Japan online and
the organization will transfer skills of O&M to YCDC by analyzing the information and by preparing
manuals of O&M for achieving proper O&M of new facilities by YCDC.
By using an on-line remote monitoring system, operation data on monitor screen and the situation of
the central supervision room of WTP and/or PS can be obtained simultaneously, and the actual
situation of operation can be understood by experts in Japan. Moreover, through use of such real time
communication system, experts in Japan can discuss with relevant staff-members of YCDC in case of
occurrence of specific problem in operation and management of WTP and technical assistance of
Japan shall be provided effectively.
In addition, the organization should make a relationship of trust with YCDC because the information;
status of purification process, water amount, water quality and daily inspection records, etc., have to
be managed strictly. Security measures shall be implemented by installing authentication ID and
access limits. The contents and schedule of technical assistance program are planned as follows.
8-28
Table 8-15 Proposal of New Technical Assistance Program
Program title Capacity development program on O&M of new facilities constructed under ODA
loan
Goal YCDC can properly operate and maintain new facilities by itself.
Overview Sharing information with an organization in Japan and transferring skills of O&M to
YCDC
Shared information Status of purification process, water amount, water quality and daily inspection
records in the new facilities constructed under ODA loan
Shared organization A Japanese local government and/or maintenance company which has a relationship
of trust
Language Burmese, Japanese and English
Schedule
(First year) Dispatching engineers to YCDC
・ To review O&M manuals prepared by loan consultant
・ To install data communication devices in the organization in Japan to receive
information from YCDC’s equipment
(Next 2 years) Providing technical advices and Monitoring remotely from Japan
・ To transfer skills of O&M to YCDC regularly a few times a year
・ To revise the manuals of O&M
Remarks Implementing security measures by installing authentication ID and access limits
Source: JICA Study Tem
YANGON

Figure 8-4 Schematic Illustration of Support System by Remote Surveillance System
8-29
CHAPTER 9 COST ESTIMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

SCHEME OF THE PROJECT
Execution Scheme, Overall Project Cost, Preparation of Implementation Schedule, Financing Plan,
Estimated Operation and Maintenance Cost, and Organizational Structure for Implementing the
Project are described in this chapter.
9.1 Execution Scheme
Execution scheme of project is formulated considering the situation of the present construction
practices, market, and based on interviews of local constructors/ Japanese company undertaking
business in Myanmar.
9.1.1 Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project
(1) Outline of the Scope of Project

The outline of the scope of works of Phase 2project is summarized as below.
: Scope of YCDC
: Scope of ODA Loan Zone 9
: Phase1 Project Area DMP L=43.2 km
DP L=636.9 km
Land Fill for WTP DMA=23 Nos.
Kokkowa WTP 60 MG
P
P
P
TP Φ1600, L=21.4 km
Zone 9 SR/RPS V=12.2 MG P
P
TP Φ1600, L=16.4 km
TP Φ1400, L=2.9 km
Hlaing River Crossing L=0.6 km 1 P Pump Replacement
Abbreviations at Yegu PS
WTP: Water Treatment Plant Zone 1 High sub-zone
SR: Service Reservoir Zone 1 Low sub-zone
PS: Pumping Station Repair of Kokine SR V=20 MG Central SR V=8.3 MG
RPS: Relay Pumping Station DMP L=38.5 km DMP L=22.9 km
TP: Transmission pipe DP L=218.3 km DP L=212.0 km
DMP: Distribution Main Pipe DMA=19 Nos. DMA=18 Nos.
DP: Distribution Pipe
DMA: District Metered Area
Figure 9-1 The Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project
9-1
(2) Allocation of The Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project

Distribution
Kokkowa Intake Kokkowa Transmission Facility in Zone 9 Transmission Distribution
River Facility WTP Facility to Zone 9 Facility to Zone 1 Facility in Zone 1 Yegu PS
Zone 9
Lift Pump Dist. Main P
Pump Station Dist. with DMA Existing
P P Main Pipe
Intake Pre- Transmission
WTP Pipeline Kokine Central
Gate sedimentation P P Zone 9 P
60MGD SR SR
140 MGD 60 MGD Transmission SR
P P Pipeline P P
Earth Fill
Pump Station
Zone 1 Low Zone 1 High
: Scope of YCDC Dist. Main Dist. Main
: Scope of ODA Loan Dist. wi th DMA Dist. with DMA

Figure 9-2 Schematic Diagram of The Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project
Table 9-1 Allocation of The Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project

ODA loan’s Component YCDC’s Component
・Leading canal and Intake gate (140 MGD) ・Earth fill for WTP site (60 MGD)
・Pre-sedimentation Pond (60 MGD)
・Kokkowa WTP (60 MGD)
・Transmission Pipe (41.3 km including 0.6 km river
crossing
・Zone 9 SR (12.2 MG)
・Relay Pump Station (Transmission pump for Zone 1
and Distribution pump for Zone 9)
・Pump replacement at Yegu PS
For Low subzone in Zone 1 For Zone 9
・Reservoir: Repair of existing Kokine SR (20 MG) ・Distribution Main Pipe (43.2 km)
・Distribution Main Pipe (38.5 km) ・Distribution Pipe (636.9 km) with DMA (23 Nos.)
・Distribution Pipe (218.3 km) with DMA (19 Nos.)
For High subzone in Zone 1
・Re-construction of Central SR (8.3 MG) with Pumps
・Distribution Main Pipe (22.9 km)
・Distribution Pipe (212.0 km) with DMA (18 Nos.)
Vehicle procurement (8 single four-wheel drive
vehicles)
(3) Detailed Project Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project

The detailed project scope of works to be considered under Phase 2 project is given in the Table below.
Table 9-2 Detailed Project Scope of Works of Phase 2 Project

Eligible
Scope1: Construction of Kokkowa WTP
Leading Canal with River W 1500 mm x H 1500 mm of
Bank Protection, 1 Unit 140 MGD Square Gate with screen x 6 nos.
1 Intake Facilities
A
Pre-Sedimentation pond 1 Unit 60 MGD
Storage volume =812,000 m3
2a Lift Pump House (Civil 1 Unit 60 MGD Auto Screen x 2 nos.
9-2

work)
Lift Pump House Pump Unit: 5 nos. 20 MGD x H
Double suction volute pump by
2b (Mechanical and (3 operation + 2 18m x Approx.
VFD control
Electrical) stand-by) 300 kW
3 Receiving Well 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD
Rapid Mixing Basin 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD Flash mixer, Overflow weir
Horizontal and vertical zigzag
Flocculation Basin 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD
4 flow
Upflow type with tube settler
Sedimentation Basin 1 Unit (6 Basins) 60 MGD
and Mechanical sludge collector
5 Rapid Sand Filter 1 Unit (24 Filters) 60 MGD Self-backwashing type
V=4125 m3 x3
6 Clear Water Tank 1 Unit (3 Lots)
Lots
Chemical Dosing Liquid ACH, Liquid
7 1 Unit (3 Lots) 60 MGD
Facilities Hypochlorite
Transmission Pump
8a 1 Unit 60 MGD
Station (Civil work)
Transmission Pump Pump Unit: 4 nos. 20 MGD x H Double suction volute pump
8b (Mechanical and (3 operation + 1 38m x Approx. with Flywheel by ON-OFF
Electrical) stand-by) 720kW control
Wash Water Drainage
9 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD Discharge Pump x 9 nos.
Basin
Sludge Withdrawal Pump x 6
10 Sludge Basin 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD
nos.
11 Thickener 1 Unit (3 Basins) 60 MGD
12 Drying Bed 1 Unit (9 Basins) 60 MGD
Central Administration
Administration Facility,
Building, Laboratory, SCADA
Laboratory,
13 1 Unit 60 MGD Room, Warehouse, Road,
Accomodation Building
Lighting, Drainage, Fence,
for WTP staff, etc
Landscaping etc.
Sub Power Station
14 Facilities, 1 Unit 60 MGD
built-in radiator
Generator System
15 SCADA System of WTP 1 Unit 60 MGD
Scope 2: Construction of Transmission Facilities from Kokkowa WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS
Diameter: 1600
B 1a Transmission Pipe Length: 21.4 km Pipe Material: DCIP and/or MS
mm
Zone9 SR including
Relay Tank (Civil work)
a 1 Unit 12.2 MGD
including Administration
Facility (Civil work)
Relay Pumps Station at
Pump Unit: 4 nos. 16.3 MGD x H
Zone9 SR/RPS Double suction volute pump
(3 operation + 1 87 m x Approx.
C (Mechanical and with Flywheel by VFD control
stand-by) 1250 kW
Electrical) for Zone1
b Sub Power Station
Diesel engine generator 9 MVA,
Facilities, 1 Unit
built-in radiator
Generator System
SCADA System of
1 Unit
Transmission Flow
Distribution Pumps Pump Unit: 2 nos. Capacity: 76 m3/
Station for Zone 9 (1 operation + 1 min x H 40 m x
Z 1 with Flywheel by VFD control
(Mechanical and stand-by) Approx. 720 kW
Electrical) Pump Unit: 2 nos. Capacity: 32 m3/ Double suction volute pump
9-3

(1 operation + 1 min x H 40 m x with Flywheel by VFD control
stand-by) Approx. 375 kW
Scope 3: Construction of Transmission Facilities from Zone 9 SR/RPS to Zone 1
1b Transmission Pipe
Shield Dia. 2400
Transmission Pipe Under
mm
2 Crossing Hlaing River by Length: 0.6 km Pipe Material : DCIP and/or MS
Pipe Dia. 1600
shield method
mm
Dia. 1400 mm x
B 1000mm,
Dia. 1050 mm x
Tentative Connection
1000mm,
pipe to Existing pipe by
3 4 locations Dia. 750 mm x
Non-stoppable Tapping
700mm,
method
and Dia. 700
mm Valve
Insertion
Scope 4: Modernization and Restructuring of Distribution Facilities of Zone 1 (Low subzone)
Repair of Kokine SR
including Installation
1 1 Unit 20 MGD
Infrow and Outflow
Valves
Pipe Material: DCIP and/or MS
Distribution Main Pipe
Dia. 300 ~2000 Pipe jacking method (Railway
2 (including Pipe Jacking Length: 38.5 km
mm crossing): 2 nos. ; Dia. 600 mm
method)
and Dia. 1200 mm
D
Length: 218.3 km
DMA mm DCIP
Service Connection
103,200 nos.
3 Replacement
Customer Meter
Installation
Scope 5: Modernization and Restructuring of Distribution Facilities of Zone 1 (High subzone)
Reconstruction of Central
5a 1 Unit 8.3 MGD
SR (Civil work)
Pump Unit: 2 nos. Capacity: 67 m3/ Type: Double suction volute
Distribution Pumps for (1 operation + 1 min x H 42 m x pump with Flywheel by VFD
Zone 1 (High) stand-by) Approx. 660 kW control
5b
(Mechanical and Pump Unit: 2 nos. Capacity: 32 m3/ Type: Double suction volute
Electrical) (1 operation + 1 min x H 42 m x pump with Flywheel by VFD
stand-by) Approx. 375 kW control
D Power Line and Sub
6 Power Station Facilities, 1 Unit
built-in radiator
Generator
Dia. 200 ~1400
7 Distribution Main Pipe Length: 22.9 km Pipe Material : DCIP and/or MS
mm
Length: 212.0 km
DMA mm DCIP
8 Service Connection
49,100 nos.
Replacement
Customer Meter 49,100 nos.
9-4

Replacement &
Installation
Replacement of Pump Capacity: 11
Pump Unit: 3 nos.
Equipment and Related MGD x H 53 m Type: Double suction volute
10 (2 operation + 1
Electrical Facilities at x Approx. 450 pump by ON-OFF control
stand-by)
Yegu Pump Station kW
Scope 6: Procurement of vehicles
Purchasing 4WD Used
Car for Consulting
Service
Non Eligible
Amount of earth
Landfill (Civil work) for
Y 1 fill soil: about
WTP
210,000 m3
Scope 8: Distribution Facilities of Zone 9
Dia. 300 ~2000 Pipe Material : HDPE, DCIP
2 Distribution Main Pipe Length: 43.2 km
mm and/or MS
Z Distribution Pipe with Dia. 100 ~300
3 Length: 636.9 km Pipe Material : HDPE
DMA mm
(4) Applications of Japanese Technology in Case of the WTP

Following facilities and equipment are considered for application of Japanese technology and for
providing training during the technical trip to Japan in case of WTP.
Table 9-3 Applications of Japanese Technology to The WTP

Facility/ Equipment Specifications
Mixing tank Flush mixer
Sedimentation basin Tube settler
Desludging equipment Mechanical Sludge Collector
Back washing filtration basin Self-washing type
Measure against water hammer Pumps with flywheel
Monitoring and control system for WTP SCADA system
(5) Application of Japanese Technology to The Transmission and Distribution Facilities

Following materials and method are considered for application of Japanese technology and for
providing training during the technical trip to Japan in case of transmission and distribution facilities.
Table 9-4 Applications of Japanese Technology to The Transmission and Distribution Facilities
Item/ Location Specifications
Pumps with system for controlling flow Rotation speed controlled pumps
Measure against water hammer Pumps with flywheel
Monitoring and control facility in SR Flow control valve
Monitoring and control system for PS SCADA system
Transmission pipe Steel Pipe/ Ductile Iron pipe
9-5
Item/ Location Specifications

Connection to existing pipe Non-stoppable tapping and/or insert valve
(under pressure tapping method)
River crossing section Trenchless construction; Shield Method
Railway crossing Trenchless construction; Pipe Jacking
Monitoring and control system for DMAs SCADA system
9.1.2 Natural Conditions

Natural conditions have significant impact on construction period and cost. Therefore, understanding
of natural conditions is important for planning of the execution scheme, and calculation of appropriate
cost of construction. The natural conditions which should be taken into consideration are described
below.
(1) Rainfall
Yangon belongs to Tropical monsoon climate, and is roughly divided into Summer season during
March to mid-May, Rainy season during mid-May to October, and Dry season during October to
February as described in “2.1.3 Meteorology”.
Air temperature in summer season exceeds 35 degrees Celsius. However, particular measures against
high air temperature may be unnecessary since construction works in the city are ordinary.
On the other hand, rainfall increases rapidly during rainy season (especially during July to August).
Heavy rain occurs for long part of the day. During period of heavy rains, construction work needs
attention, and working efficiency usually drops.
According to actual experiences during Japanese grant aid project (2014 - 2016), working days ratio is
60% (18 days/month) of annual average and on days of heavy rainfall during July – August working
days ratio drops to 20% (6 days/month). Many excavation works will be carried out in this project. In
consideration of safety measures, in conditions such as rising of groundwater level and collapsing of
trench sides by heavy rainfall, large-scale works shall be avoided during rainy season.
(2) Geological Condition and Groundwater Level

Geological survey results of this study are shown in the Appendix-4.
a) Kokkowa WTP
At the site of Kokkowa WTP, geological formation includes weak silt/clay layers from ground
surface to a depth of about GL-30-50m, and below that sand layer exists, which is the load-bearing
layer. The average groundwater level is about GL-1 m and it is observed as stable in bore hole
during surveyed period.
9-6
b) Zone 9 SR/Relay PS
Planned construction site of Zone 9 SR/RPS is located in the premises of YCDC garden. The
present geological formation at this location comprises weak silt layer from surface to 4 m, and then
sand layer continues to a depth of GL-20 m, which is the load-bearing layer. The average
groundwater level is about GL-5 m and it is observed to rise in bore hole during surveyed period.
c) Zone 1 SRs
Planned construction sites of two SRs in Zone 1 are located in the YCDC’s property. The present
ground has sand layer from surface and it continues, the load-bearing layer starts at about GL-8 m
as bearing layer. The average groundwater level is about GL-8 m.
d) Hlaing River Crossing

Planned construction sites of river crossing section are public road and MoAI’s property along the
riverside, respectively. The present geological formation consists of weak silt/clay layers from
surface to about GL-25m, and then sand layer continues which is the load-bearing layer. The
average groundwater level is about GL-3m and it is observed to rise in bore hole during surveyed
period. Soil boring survey must be carried out on the river bed during detailed design stage.
e) Transmission and Distribution Pipe

Laying locations of transmission pipe from WTP is along drainage channel beside Route No. 5
towards the center of Yangon city. Moreover, most of the transmission and distribution pipes are
proposed to be installed along city roads. The geological formation of these sites consists of clay
layers.
(3) River Water Level

a) Kokkowa River for Intake and WTP construction
In order to install intake gates in the river, water level in river is expected to influence the
construction work. Excavation works should be avoided during rainy season to avoid any negative
impact of high water level on construction works.
b) Hlaing River Crossing

Departure/ Arrival shafts are to be installed near Hlaing River. Construction work should be avoided
during rainy season to avoid any negative impact due to high water level.
9.1.3 Procurement of Construction Materials and Related Machines/Equipment

Materials required for construction that are procured in Yangon is basically conveyed to a temporary
site by land transportation. Proposed locations of WTP/SRs in this project exist along main roads, and
the access to these locations is good.
9-7
On the other hand, imported materials transported through ocean are unloaded at Yangon port, and
conveyed from Yangon port to construction sites through land transportation. Heavy vehicles are
restricted to pass through the city during daytime. To take care of this, heavy vehicles will require to
be operated during nighttime.
(1) Construction Material

Main construction material is concrete, reinforcing bar, temporary material, etc. According to the
interview of local contractors, most of the construction materials can be supplied without delay.
Concrete: cement and aggregate can be readily procured in Yangon city. A ready-mixed concrete
manufacturer which carries out adequate quality control exists in Yangon. The mentioned
manufacturer has a supply capacity of 1,500 m3/day.
Reinforcing bar: BS standards made in China are available in the market.
Temporary material: earth retaining material (such as steel sheet pile or bracing, etc.), shuttering
material, scaffolding/ supporting material, heavy temporary material can be also procured in
Yangon city.
(2) Pipe Material

Decision on using a steel pipe, a ductile iron pipe or a HDPE pipe is taken appropriately after taking
into consideration pipe size, intended purpose and cost.
Steel pipe and ductile iron pipe are not manufactured in Myanmar. Currently, most of steel and
ductile iron pipes are imported from China. On the other hand, Japanese company has a steel
fabrication factory in Yangon and has the possibility of steel pipe procurement in the future.
The HDPE pipe is manufactured at the Yangon factory of Myanmar private companies, and its use
is already being practiced in several projects of YCDC. Its quality is based on the ISO standard.
In case of construction of pipeline crossing Hlaing River, the material should be water proof and
leakage proof. Therefore, shield machine, segment of outer shell, materials and equipment, etc.
should be imported from Japan.
Jacking method is proposed to be applied for pipeline crossing railway and main road intersections
in Yangon City. Based on the actual experiences of Japanese grant aid project, clay layer having
sufficient cohesion exists predominantly on the surface in the city. Therefore, high strength shell is
required for jacking method. All material should be imported from Japan.
In addition, based on the experiences of Japanese grant aid project, material related to connection of
new pipes with existing pipe through method of tapping pipe without suspension of water supply
(Non-stoppable Tapping) should be also imported from Japan.
9-8
Table 9-5 Procurement of Pipe Material

Material Suppliers Notes
HDPE pipe Yangon - 150 mm
Ductile iron pipe Japan or neighboring countries 200 – 1,600 mm
Steel pipe Yangon, Japan or neighboring countries 1650 mm -
Shield tunneling method Japan River Crossing
Pipe jacking method Japan Railway crossing
Perforator Japan Non-stoppable Tapping
(3) Mechanical and Electrical Equipment

Mechanical and electrical equipment is imported because of absence of related factory in Myanmar.
These equipment are to be procured from Japan or neighboring countries. Reliable products are
desirable in order to use equipment for a long duration. For this purpose, technical requirements for
equipment are specified, and then, these equipment should be procured from reliable manufacturers
who have experience of delivering good quality products for a long term.
Table 9-6 Procurement of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment

Equipment Suppliers
Large size pump Japan or neighboring countries
Chemical feed pump ditto
Auto screen ditto
Tube settler ditto
Sludge collector ditto
Perforated block type underdrain ditto
Motor operated valve ditto
Power receiving and transforming Equipment ditto
Electrical distribution panel ditto
VFD panel ditto
Diesel power generation equipment ditto
Instrumentation equipment (Flow meter, Water quality meter) ditto
Monitor and control equipment (SCADA) ditto
(4) Construction Machine

WTP and SRs can be built by general machines that are used for construction of infrastructures.
Presently, construction machines are widely used in construction works, such as hotel and housing
complex in the Yangon city or in neighboring areas. Key machines and equipment used in construction
works are listed below.
Excavation and site preparation
Backhoe, Shovel loader, Clamshell, Bulldozer,
Dump truck, Vibration roller, Road roller, Grader
Framework construction
Crawler crane, Tower crane, Concrete pumping truck
Piling work
9-9
Pile driver
Earth retaining work
Rough terrain crane, Truck with crane, Vibratory hammer
Other construction machine
Generator, Welding machine, Compressor, Submersible pump
(5) Local Workers and Constructors

In recent years, the construction market is very active in Myanmar. Movement and headhunt of
capable workers and skillful technicians is on rise, and therefore rates are varying frequently.
Construction works of WTPs and SRs are not new to YCDC as they have experience of such works.
However, since high water tightness is required in case of proposed facilities, experienced constructor
should be selected.
EDWS has experience of only pipe installation works in Yangon City. However, in this project,
sections of pipelines are also proposed to be installed through shield tunneling method and pipe
jacking method. EDWS does not have any experience of these works, and there is also very few
examples of similar work in Myanmar. Therefore, experienced constructor should be selected.
9.1.4 Outline of Execution Scheme
(1) WTP
The geological conditions mentioned above should be taken into consideration, and studies of
construction method of landfill, land subsidence measures, foundation pile, the measures against
groundwater level, etc., are required during the detailed design. Outline of execution scheme of this
project is described below.
a) Access
The planned WTP site is near the Route No. 5, about 300 m north side of this road, which runs
east-west in Zone 9, and access from Yangon city is also good. The access road from Route No. 5 to
WTP has already been filled up by EDWS to level of +3.5 m as measures against inundation.
b) Earthwork
Backhoe, bulldozer and dump truck, etc., are used for excavation and backfilling.
c) Temporary works
Steel sheet pile method is adopted for stopping entry of water and earth-retaining when construction
works is carried out near the river. On the other hand, main buildings will be built on the levelled
9-10
ground after landfill, and particular temporary works is unnecessary.
d) Earthwork and Landfill

The surroundings of planned WTP site are paddy field and damp area. The existing ground level of
WTP was filled up to +3.5 m to avoid inundation by EDWS. YCDC will raise WTP site to +7.1 m
level same as the existing embankment level as countermeasure against flood. The HHWL of
Kokkowa River is about +6 m against planned ground level of WTP as +7.1 m.
Construction of landfill for WTP site is under YCDC’s scope. The soil generated from excavation of
pre-sedimentation pond can be used as landfill material for proposed WTP site. A large amount of
unused soil should be used either for landfilling or should be disposed.
Amount of excavated soil of Pre-Sedimentation Pond: about 750,000 m3
> Amount of earth fill soil: about 210,000 m3
e) Settlement Level of Landfill

Settlement will start immediately after the landfill, because excavated soil is mainly clay. The
settlement level is calculated using data of No. 7 bore hole, one of the worst conditions within the
surveyed boring data. The comparison of land filling method is shown in the following Table. The
consolidation settlement amounts are calculated by the following formula.
where,
S: the consolidation settlement amount (m)
Cc: the compression index; 0.23 from data of No. 7 bore hole
e0: the initial void ratio; 0.85 from data of No. 7 bore hole
H: the height of the compressible soil (m); 53.5 m from data of No. 7 bore hole
pc: the initial vertical stress in the underground calculating point (kN/m2); 454.8 kN/m2 =53.5 x 8.5 (soil
constant)
σv: the vertical stress before a landfill (kN/m2); pc+Δσv
Δσv: the increased vertical stress by landfill (kN/m2); calculated by the Boussinesq approximation
9-11
Table 9-7 Comparison of Land Filling Method

Slow Banking 6 Height of Filling
Method Final consolidation settlement (m)
Assumed consolidation settlement (m)
5 Slow Banking Building
G.L. +7.1 m
4
Height of Filling (m)

3
1
settlement (m)
Consolidation
-0.010 -0.018 -0.032 -0.048 -0.058 -0.066 -0.073

0 G.L. +2.7 m
-0.167
-1
0 1 2 Year3 4 5 6
Finished by YCDC Earth Fill by YCDC Building
The height of landfill rises year by year.

Surcharge Height of Filling
6
Final consolidation settlement (m)
Method Assumed consolidation settlement (m)
5
Surcharge Building
G.L. +7.1 m
4
Consolidation Height of Filling (m)
1
settlement (m)
-0.010 -0.018 -0.101 -0.143 -0.151 -0.158

G.L. +2.7 m
0
-0.169
-1
0 1 2 Year 3 4 5
Finished by YCDC Earth Fill under Loan Building
In order to accelerate settlement, the height of initial landfill exceeds the planned ground
level. Finally, the top soil is removed such that the level reduces to planned ground level.
Items 【Slow Banking】【Surcharge】
Construction Total: 6 years Total: 5 years
Period Landfill: 3 years + WTP: 3 years Landfill: 2 years + WTP: 3 years
Direct Cost 1.9 Mil. USD 2.5 Mil. USD
However, fortunately a time gap is available up to the start of ODA loan project work. For that
reason, Slow Banking Method is applicable.
Precondition: Structures shall be supported by foundation piles and shall not sink.
Slow Banking Method: Estimated settlement amount is 16 cm as max.
f) Against settlement
Measures against settlement are:
1) Employment of Foundation pile for Structures,
9-12
2) Employment of flexible joint to pipelines,

3) Construction of roads is postponed to after 140 MGD completion (2040 year).
Especially the joints of structure and pipeline are weak point that may have negative impact due to
settlement. Impact of settlement on structure can be prevented by foundation pile. However,
pipeline sinks with settlement of the neighborhood ground, and a large difference occurs at the
joints. Therefore, installation of flexible joint is recommended for pipe joints.
The overall development plan of Kokkowa WTP is to the capacity of 140 MGD, of which under this
project only 60 MGD WTP is to be constructed as the first step. It is not necessary to hurry
completion of landscaping work. Moreover, it requires a long period for settlement and stabilization
of filled land. Therefore, it is better to postpone completion of landscaping work until after
completion of 140 MGD facilities.
g) Piling Work
Foundation pile is needed in order to support a heavy mass, since planned construction site and
surface layer are weak. In Yangon, cast-in-place concrete pile is commonly used as foundation pile.
Following applicable scopes (length and diameter of pile) of foundation pile are taken into
consideration, and cast-in-place concrete pile is adopted.
Cast-in-place concrete pile (Dia.3,000 mm or less): applicable length≧60 m
Pre-stressed concrete pile (Dia.400-600 mm): applicable length≦40 m
Steel pile (Dia.400-600 mm): applicable length≦60 m
Long foundation pile is required for thick weak layers of the planned ground. And negative
frictional force by clay layer is produced by the pile surface. The study result is shown in the
following Table as compared with the actual result of WTP till now. A bottom widening
construction method is adopted for foundation pile.
Table 9-8 Comparison of Foundation Pile

Item Nyaughnapin WTP Lagunbyin WTP Kokkowa WTP
Structure Type Imported steel pile Cast-in-place concrete pile Cast-in-place concrete pile
Length 12 – 18 m 30 – 35 m About 60 m
Model of Bore hall ---- ---- No. 7
1200 mm or
Diameter
400 mm 800 mm 800 mm with bottom
(reference only)
widening to 900 mm
Negative frictional force * Low Low 1290 kN/m x circumference
Notes: Negative friction causes on the circumferential surface of foundation pile by settlement.
* Negative frictional force is for reference only.
9-13
h) Framework Construction
Although the amount of required concrete is huge, many ready-mixed concrete plants exist in
Yangon, and required concrete will be supplied from a nearby plant.
i) Equipment installation
Mechanical/electrical equipment is to be installed after civil work, to avoid securing storage place
for equipment, and prevention from degradation. However, if required, storage place should be
arranged for such equipment.
j) Exterior Work
Completion of exterior work is postponed considering description of the measures against
settlement in item f) above. However, fence should be installed on the site boundary in
consideration of security. This work is included in the scope of YCDC.
k) Construction Schedule
The construction period is expected to be about 41 months from mobilization to completion of
commissioning.
(2) Zone 9 SR/RPS

The geological conditions described above should be taken into consideration, and studies of
construction method with respect to land subsidence measures, foundation pile, the measures against
groundwater level, etc. are required during the detailed design. Outline of execution scheme of this
project is described below.
a) Access
The planned site of Zone 9 SR/RPS, exist along Route No. 5, and access from Yangon city is good.
b) Earthwork
Backhoe, clamshell and dump truck, etc., are to be used for excavation and backfilling.
c) Temporary works
A Soil Mixing Wall method is adopted for stopping entry of water and earth-retaining of sand layers,
because SR is underground type, and excavation is deep. The advantage of this construction method
is that bracing and waling material is not needed and widely used for construction works in Yangon
city.
d) Against Settlement
Measures against settlement are;
9-14
1) Use of Foundation pile for Structures,

2) Use of flexible joint in case of pipelines.
e) Foundation Pile
Foundation pile is needed in order to support a heavy mass, since planned construction site and
surface layer are weak. In Yangon, cast-in-place concrete pile is commonly used as foundation pile.
Length of foundation piles are about 20 m based on the existing soil condition.
f) Framework Construction
g) Equipment Installation
for equipment, and prevention from degradation. However, if needed, storage place should be
h) Construction Schedule
The construction period is expected to be 24 months from mobilization to completion of
commissioning.
(3) Kokine SR
Repair of existing Kokine SR based on the study result is planned as proposed in Chapter 7.
a) Access
Kokine SR is the existing distribution facility for downtown area. The aged SR is located beside
Kaba Aye Pagoda Road which runs through north and south in city center, and access is good.
b) Working space
Some buildings are located in the surroundings of SR and working space has limitations.
c) Repair Procedure (Refer to Chapter 7)

The inside of Kokine SR shall be cleaned and inspected after new transmission pipe from Kokkowa
and existing pipes are connected, and Kokkowa water is directly supplied by Relay PS using
existing pipes.
d) Construction Schedule
For inspection of the Kokine SR, reduction of water level in the tank shall be monitored after
9-15
closing all newly installed inlet and outlet valves, and leakage points must be determined. Then,
repair methods shall be studied and measures shall be implemented. 22 months are taken into
consideration as construction period for inspection, study and repair.
(4) Central SR
Existing SR is to be demolished and SR be rebuilt.
a) Access
Central SR is abandoned currently. The aged SR is located beside Shwedagon Pagoda Road in city
center, and access is good.
b) Working Space
Working permission must be obtained through YCDC, because SR is located in military area.
Working space is limited and is surrounded by Pagodas and related structures on northern and
western sides.
c) Removal Work
Effect on surrounding Pagodas may not be avoided with the removal work of entire existing SR.
Therefore, lower part of the wall of the existing SR is to be left untouched, and these will be utilized
as earth retaining walls. Demolishing work of the structures other than some parts of walls should
be carried out with low-noise and low-vibration methods not to affect the adjacent pagodas and
houses. The wall-sewing method using hydraulic breaker can meet this requirement as shown in
following Figure. If relevant machines are not available in Yangon, these will be imported from
Japan or neighboring countries.
PLAN
SECTION
Soundproof wall Hydraulic breaker
backhoe
Backhoe
Wall sewing method

ウォールソー切断
Hydraulic breaker
Passageway

Figure 9-3 Outline of Removal Method of Existing Structure
9-16
d) Temporary Works
Bracing and waling material is applied for retaining wall and is widely used for construction work
in Yangon city.
e) Foundation Type
The new foundation is to be constructed upon the existing floor. Spread foundation type will be
adopted.
f) Framework Construction
g) Equipment Installation
for equipment, and prevention from degradation. However, if required, storage place should be
h) Construction Schedule
The construction period is expected to be 24 months from mobilization to completion of
commissioning.
(5) Transmission Pipeline along Route No. 5
a) Planning of Construction Season

This construction should be carried out during dry season to have low water level in ditch along
which construction is to be carried out.
b) Buried Location of Pipe

Steel pipe or ductile iron pipe is to be laid underground of ditch along Route No. 5. Earth covering
on pipe should be more than 1.5 m based on request of MoAI. An open space shall be set in a ditch,
because some sections are used for irrigation canal.
c) Earthwork
Backhoe and dump truck, etc. are used for excavation and backfilling.
d) Temporary Works
In dry season, when water level in the ditch drops, partitions will be set in the ditch using earth wall
to get rid of remaining water, and open cut method will be used. The same construction method is
9-17
adopted basically for pipe laying.
e) Pipe Laying
A crane will be employed for hanging, lowering in ditch, and installing pipe.
f) Construction Procedure
① Sandbags are placed along the ROW boundary to avoid water influx into excavated trench
for pipe installation from the irrigation canal.
② Trench is excavated for pipe installation. Since depth of trench is around 3 meters, open-cut
method is adopted. During the excavation, dewatering is conducted by drainage pump, and
water is returned to irrigation canal.
③ Hanging and placing of pipes and welding joint (in case of steel pipe) are conducted.
④ After the completion of joint connection, back fill is conducted.
⑤ Sandbags are relocated to move pipe installation site ahead.
⑥ After this, procedure ② to ⑤ is repeated.
In the place where is difficult to excavate by open-cut method due to the obstructions, earth
retaining by sheet piles is used.
Sandbags Piling

Figure 9-4 Cross Section of Pipe Installation along Route 5
g) Construction Schedule
The construction is divided into 2 scopes, and the construction periods for these scopes are expected
to be respectively 41 months and 42 months as 9 m length pipe is installed per day including
procurement.
9-18
(6) Hlaing River Crossing

The geological conditions mentioned above should be taken into consideration, and studies of
construction method with respect to the measures against groundwater level, etc. are required during
the detailed design. Outline of execution scheme of this component is described below.

This construction should be carried out during dry season to have as low water level of river as
possible.
b) River Crossing Method

Shield driving method is applicable to the section (Casing of Outside Dia. 2,350 mm, Dia. 1600 mm,
L = 550 m) of Hlaing River crossing as described in Chapter 5. The constructors in neighboring
countries have little working experience of the shield driving method of river crossing. Therefore,
construction work material (tunnel machine/ mine mouth/ muddy water treatment equipment, etc.)
is to be imported from Japan.
c) Buried Location of Pipe

The width of Hlaing River is about 400 m and the maximum depth of water is about -22.0 m. The
top of casing pipe should be at least 6.0 m below the present river bed (see Chapter 5).
d) Temporary Works for Shafts

Depth of shaft bottom is around 30 m, and wall depth considering depth of embedment against
boiling becomes about 43 m. From the views of water-stopping performance and stability against
forces such as earth pressure, methods mentioned below are considerable. However, underground
cast-in-site wall method and soil-cement-mixing wall method are applicable by the depth limitation
of each method.
Underground cast-in-site Wall Method (RC underground wall): applicable depth ≦ 150 m
Soil-cement-mixing Wall Method (SMW Method): applicable depth ≦ 45 m
Sheet Pile Method (Vibro-hammer Press Jack Method): applicable depth ≦ 25 m
SMW Method is cheaper and commonly used in local. Thus, SMW Method is planned for shaft
construction. In addition, dewatering will be carried out by pump during construction period to
avoid accumulation of water.
e) Construction Schedule
The construction period is expected to be 24 months from mobilization to completion works.
9-19
(7) Transmission and Distribution Pipeline under City Road

In rainy season, the average rainfall in July - August is 500 mm/month. In order to avoid occurrence
of any accident, excavation work shall be reduced during this season. Instead, operations during
night time are planned during dry season.
b) Buried Location of Pipe

Steel pipe or ductile iron pipe is to be laid underground of Yangon roads. Although it depends on
situations of other underground utilities, pipe depth should be 2 -3 m for big diameter pipe and
about 1 - 1.5 m for small diameter pipes.
c) Earthwork
Backhoe and dump truck, etc., are used for excavation and backfilling.
d) Temporary Works
Trench and retaining wall is required for sections having deep excavation. The disadvantage of
pitching type trench sheet plate and Liner plate used by Japanese grant aid project is that they
require unnecessarily large machines and cause reduction of available road for traffic. In addition,
dewatering should be carried out by pump during construction period.
e) Pipe Laying
A crane is to be employed for hanging and installing pipe.
f) Underground Utility of Other Organizations

Although buried cable certainly exists in the city area, there is little information on these utilities.
When a buried cable would be found in a trench, solutions shall be discussed on-site upon
discussion with representatives of power supply and telecommunication companies.
g) Railway Crossing
Railway crossing is planned at two locations in this project. Ductile pipe is adopted from the
viewpoint of microcell/ macrocell corrosion. Subsidence limits and countermeasures in case of a
railway shall be decided by discussion with the railway company during the detailed design. The
level of railway profile should be measured during construction works.
h) Reduction in Traffic Congestion

Most of the pipe laying works is along roads with heavy traffic, therefore, the outline of construction
work should be discussed with YCDC and traffic police in advance. The construction period and
9-20
location of affected road should be clarified. In order to alleviate the impact of traffic congestion,
work outline including diversion if any should be informed to citizens in advance before pipe laying.
i) Safety Measures
Continuous barricade shall be set up on construction sites so that walker may not come into working
space and construction equipment is not operated out of the working space. Moreover, exclusive
flagman should be arranged for working time.
j) Reduction of the Effect of Suspension of Water Supply

In this project, large-scale suspension of water supply will not occur, because connection of the
large pipe is planned by tapping pipe method without water supply suspension. However, short-time
suspension of water supply is expected to occur, when connection of small size pipe changes.
Therefore, connection works shall be carried out at night as much as possible and arrangement of
water truck shall be made suitably as alternative water source.
k) Construction Schedule
The length of pipe of dia.1000 mm that can be installed in a day is 6 m/day during day and night
work based on the actual result of grant aid project. In addition, the corresponding length of pipe in
case of small pipe is 25m/day in daytime work. The construction period is expected to be 63 months
for Low subzone and 62 months for High subzone including procurement.
(8) Study of Supplementary Facilities

Supplementary works to be carried out in this project include ① Exterior work in WTP, ②
Gardening in relay pump station, ③ Exterior work in Zone 1 SRs, and ④Power supply.
① Exterior work in WTP: Completion of exterior is to be postponed until settlement of the

landfill stabilizes as mentioned above. However, fence is to be set on the site boundary from
the viewpoint of security. This work is included in the scope of YCDC.
② Gardening in Zone 9 SR: Gardening work in park is not included in this project for jurisdiction
of park department of YCDC.
③ Exterior work in Zone 1 SRs: Some expenses are added.
④ Power supply: Installation of power line to WTP was completed by YCDC, and provision of
Sub-station of WTP is included in this project. Power supply to Zone 9 SR and Central SR
with sub-station are also included in this project.
9.1.5 Safety Control

The Study Team organized a seminar related to the safety control for YCDC in December, 2015. The
contents are shown in the Appendix-10.
9-21
9.1.6 Risk Management

During implementation of this Project, the steps to mitigate or avoid risk shall be undertaken.
Reference shall be made to the framework given in Appendix-14.
9.2 Overall Project Cost

9.2.1 Conditions of Cost Estimate
9.2.2 Proposed Package

Table 9-9 Candidate Packages of Eligible Portion for JICA ODA Loan Project
Non-disclosure
Table 9-10 Non-eligible portion for JICA ODA Loan (YCDC own budget)
Non-disclosure
9.2.3 Conditions of Construction Cost Estimate
Table 9-11 Breakdown of Construction cost
Non-disclosure
9.2.4 Estimated Overall Project Cost

Table 9-12 Estimated Overall Project Cost
Non-disclosure
9.3 Preparation of Implementation Schedule
9.3.1 Implementation Schedule

Table 9-13 Implementation Schedule for Each Package
Non-disclosure
Table 9-14 Detailed Implementation Schedule of Selection of Consultant
Non-disclosure
9-22
Table 9-15 Detailed Schedule of Selection of Contractor
Non-disclosure
Table 9-16 Breakdown Schedule of Construction Works
Non-disclosure
9.3.2 Disbursement Schedule

Table 9-17 Disbursement Schedule
Non-disclosure
9.4 Financing Plan
Table 9-18 Annual Fund Requirement
Non-disclosure
Table 9-19 Preliminary Funding Structure
Non-disclosure
Table 9-20 Breakdown of Cost
Non-disclosure
Table 9-21 Cost by Year (million Yen)
Non-disclosure
(3) Funding Sources

Eligible component will be financed by ODA loan. In accordance with the Phase 1 implementation
and discussions with YCDC, the ODA loan proceeds will be on-lent to YCDC from the Union
Government as a subsidiary loan. Its loan conditions will be the same as those of the original ODA
loan and YCDC will be responsible to the repayments in full amount (See following Figure).
9-23
ODA Subsidiary YCDC Own Fund

Loan Loan + Loan Proceeds
Union
JICA
Government
YCDC Project
Loan Loan
Repayment Repayment
Figure 9-5 Financing Structure of JICA ODA Loan
For YCDC own-fund portion, YCDC is primarily responsible to the budgeting for the investment;
because usually YCDC does not receive subsidy for capital expenditure from Union Government or
Yangon Region Government. However, due to the project’s massive investment requirement and low
profitability of water supply service, YCDC may need the subsidy from Union Government as grant
assistance. In that case, both ODA loan obligation and own-fund portion (or either one) should be
borne by the Union Government (See following Figure). The needs for grant subsidy from the Union
Government will be further discussed in Chapter 10.
Grant Subsidy
ODA (Own Fund Portion)
Loan
Union
JICA
Government
YCDC Project
Loan
Repayment Grant Subsidy
(ODA Loan Portion)
Figure 9-6 Case of Grant Subsidy from Union Government
9.5 Estimated Operation and Maintenance Cost
Table 9-22 Quantity and Unit Cost
Non-disclosure
Table 9-23 OM Cost for Phase 2 Project

(Unit: USD/year)
Non-disclosure
9-24
9.6 Organizational Structure for Implementing The Project
9.6.1 Administrative Organization on Water

(1) Yangon Region Government
Construction and operation/maintenance of irrigation canals and drainages are clearly defined in the
Constitution as duties of the central and regional governments while the responsible agencies for
construction of water supply, sewerage and urban drainage facilities is not explicitly defined under the
Constitution. However, collection of water tax is defined as the regional government’s responsibility.
Department of Development Affairs in the regional government assumes the role of providing water
supply systems. So it is not clear to us whether the regional government still assumes water supply
sector in Yangon region.
Chief Minister
Ministry of Ministry of
Ministry of
Ministry of Ministry of Agriculture, electricity, Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of
Karen State State
Security and Planning and Livestock, Industry and Development Social Rakhine
Ethnic Advocate Auditor
Border Affairs Finance Forest & transportatio Affairs Affairs Ethnic Affairs
Affairs
Energy n
YCDC
Figure 9-7 Yangon Regional Government Organogram
(2) Yangon City Development Committee

YCDC was established based on the “City of Yangon Development Act” aiming to foster development
project in Yangon city independently. The law defined that YCDC is authorized to implement their
own project by using their own funding resources. However, YCDC is not appropriately able to
exercise their authority under current procedure, for instance, 1) YCDC needs to apply for permissions
for implementation of projects to the central government, and 2) the funding sources of YCDC’s
activity are incorporated into the national budgetary system.
An organogram of overall YCDC is shown as the following Figure. YCDC is headed by the mayor,
and supported by the secretary and the joint-secretary under the mayor. The committee members
consist of mayor, secretary, joint-secretary, and other 2 members (committee 4 and 5). 20 departments
in YCDC belong to these committees.
YCDC is responsible for water, sewerage and sanitation projects in 33 townships out of 45 townships
of Yangon division. The law defines the role and the responsibility to establish policies, and to manage
and implement them.
9-25
Mayor
(Chairman of YCDC)
Minister of Development Affairs
Yangon Region Government
Secretary
Joint Secretary
Committee Member 4 Committee Member 5
The Administration Budget & Accounts Work Inspection Co-ordination Assessors' Revenue Markets
Department Department Department Department Department Department Department
Engineering
Veterinary & Pollution Control Engineering Engineering Motor Transport &
Department Central Stores
Slaughter House & Cleansing Department Department Workshop
(Water & Department
Department Department (Roads & Bridges) (Buildings) Department
Sanitation)
City Planning and
Playgrounds, Parks Security & Public Relations
Land Production
& Gardens Disciplinary Health Department and Information Committee Office
Administration Department
Department Department Department
Department
Source: YCDC
Figure 9-8 Overall YCDC Organogram
(3) Engineering Department (Water Supply and Sanitation)

Engineering Department (Water Supply and Sanitation) consists of 7 divisions under the Head of
Department and Deputy Head of Department. Total number of staff members is 2,152 as of 30 June
2016 (refer to Appendix- 9 for details.).
A re-organization is under study currently by assistance of technical cooperation project as described

in Chapter 8.
9-26
Source: EDWS
Figure 9-9 EDWS Organogram
9-27
9.6.2 Organizational Structure for Implementing The Project

An organizational structure for the Project consists of Project Coordination Committee (PCC) and
Project Management Unit (PMU).
Table 9-24 Roles and Responsibilities of Project Organizations

Project organization Institutions responsible Role and responsibility
Project Coordination Committee: Regional government, Project coordination for planning and
PCC YCDC, Related ministries implementation
Project Management Unit: PMU EDWS Project management
Supervision
Monitoring and coordination
Allocation of budget

Figure 9-10 Proposed Organizational Arrangement for Project Implementation
9.6.3 Project Coordination Committee (PCC)

PCC is a supreme organization related to project implementation. The committee meeting will be held
regularly, for instance quarterly in addition to the beginning and completion of the project. PCC shall
be co-chaired by YCDC. PCC coordinates the necessary issues for agreement, discussion and
cooperation on the project activities. It regularly reviews the progress of project activities and gives
instruction and guidance for project implementation.
9-28
The key member of PCC will be development affairs of regional government, department of finance,
accounting, road and bridge and township offices of YCDC and so on. The main functions of PCC will
be as follows:
Approving work plans and budgets for the project
Monitoring and reviewing progress of activities of various concerned agencies
Opening of regular meetings for committee
Coordinating stakeholders relevant to the project activities of other institutions, dispute
settlement, enhancing smooth project implementation
Monitoring and reviewing the activity progress by the relevant institutions
Identifying problems and bottlenecks in course of implementing various activities by the
concerned agencies and suggest ways and means to solve the problems and bottlenecks
Identifying issues which need to be considered, discussed, and coordinated
Coordinating follow-up actions
9.6.4 Project Management Unit (PMU)

EDWS has the experience to establish PMU for Phase 1 project already.
(1) Role
PMU shall be established within EDWS and ad-hoc entity to be established for the project
implementation. PMU is aimed at enhancing management and monitoring of the project, and be an
independent organization to implement the specified project during the limited period. It will be
headed and staffed by a full-time Project Director (PD), probably by the Chief Engineer, and the PMU
shall establish the project office consisting of the staff members of technical and management section
in the EDWS.
PMU shall be tasked with managing and monitoring the day-to-day activities of the project at the field
level. The Project Director has the responsibility and authority for overall activities including
coordination between sections and with construction companies to ensure the progress of the project
within the implementation period. The main functions are listed as follows.
To be comprehensively responsible for project implementation in accordance with the loan
contract
To coordinate and manage the Project activities
To establish a monitoring and evaluation system that would track the progress of the Project
Supervising and monitoring the day-to-day project activities
Preparing project implementation and work plan and reporting the progress of the project with
the assistance of the consultant
Arranging and supervising construction works
Arranging procurement of goods, works and services for the project
9-29
Receiving and distributing funds for project activities

Maintaining accounts of the project and arrange audit
(2) Staffing of PMU

The following staffing for PMU is recommended. The duty of Project Director may be undertaken by
Chief Engineer supported by the Deputy Chief Engineers and that of project manager will be carried out
by Assistant Chief Engineer. It is desirable that these personnel are appointed from EDWS from the
viewpoint of capacity development of staff members and synergy effects.
The number of persons suggested in the following Table is just an indicative figure and shall not be
necessarily limited to these numbers.
Table 9-25 Proposed Staffing of PMU

Areas Position Section No.
Management
1 Project Director Chief Engineer 1
2 Deputy Project Director Deputy Chief Engineer 2
3 Project Manager Assistant Chief Engineer 1
Technical section (including manager)
4 Engineer Civil (EE) 2
4
Procurement (EE) 2
5 Assistant Engineer Civil (AE or SAE) 2
Procurement (AE or SAE) 2
6
Water quality (AE or SAE) 1
Environment (AE or SAE) 1
Administration and Finance (including manager)
6 Finance Financial division 1
7 Accounting staff Accounting division 1
Total 16
9.6.5 Technical Level of Executing Agency and Relevant Experiences

EDWS has been conducting planning and design of water supply system in addition to maintenance of
facilities. Various training is also organized and implemented by YCDC. Hence, it can be said that
some knowledge and expertise on water supply system has been accumulated to a certain level by
engineers in EDWS.
In terms of construction work and construction supervision experience, EDWS has dispatched some
engineers for supervising the construction works of Nyaunghnapin WTP (phase 1 and 2) and
Lagunbyin WTP and employed many daily labors. In this sense, EDWS has experiences of the
construction and supervision of water infrastructure, consequently it can be said that EDWS has some
experience of project management to a certain level.
9-30
9.6.6 Financial Management Capability of The Executing Agency

As for the financial management to implement the project, EDWS has limited but certain experience
of ODA loan project implementation in Phase 1 project. However, overall financial management of
EDWS as a water utility agency is still on a developing stage and requires significant capacity
development. Analysis of financial management capacity of EDWS is summarized as follows:
- Budgeting: Budget decision is made by the union government based on YCDC’s
proposal. YCDC or EDWS does not have external funding/ financial sources for its project
implementation and operation.
- Accounting: YCDC maintains government accounting system applying single-entry
bookkeeping. Since its water tariff is very low and revenue and expenditure are separately
budgeted and recorded, EDWS heavily relies on internal subsidy from revenue of other
departments. EDWS is not managed as a financially independent entity.
- Water tariff: Issues such as lower rates for government agencies and inequality between
fixed rate and metered rate customers are being solved by YCDC. However, Water tariff rate in
general is set extremely low and far from the cost recovery level. There is no standardized
procedure or guidelines to follow to establish an appropriate water tariff schedule to ensure
financial soundness of EDWS.
- Meter reading, billing and bill collection: EDWS has not prepared a operational procedure/
manuals for consumer meter readers. Monitoring mechanism of water bill collection is uncertain.
- Asset management: Asset database has not been developed.
To cope with the challenges mentioned above, YCDC has launched the JICA technical cooperation
project “Project for Improvement of Water Supply Management of YCDC” to enhance its financial
management capacity in financial management, asset management, accounting, water tariff setting, etc.
Further analysis of fiscal status of EDWS is presented in Appendix- 12.
9.6.7 Selection Policy for Consulting Firms
9.6.8 Consulting Services

Table 9-26 Consulting Services
Non-disclosure
9.6.9 Bidding Methods and Setting of Contract Conditions
9.6.10 Selection Policy for Contractors
9-31
CHAPTER 10 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
10.1 Financial Analysis

(1) Introduction
In the present section, financial evaluation of the proposed project is carried out to analyze its
profitability, financial efficiency and sustainability from the point of view of the implementing agency
i.e. YCDC through financial cash flow analysis.
Unless otherwise specified, the present analysis applies the general assumptions used in the cost
estimation in Chapter 9, which are summarized in the Table below.
Table 10-1 General Assumptions for Financial Analysis

No. Item Assumption Reference / Remarks
1 Exchange Rate Kyat 1.00 = JPY 0.0923 See Chapter 9
2 Price Escalation FC = 1.6% LC = 5.8% See Chapter 9
3 Physical Contingency Construction: 5% See Chapter 9
Consulting Services: 5%
4 Administration Cost 5% See Chapter 9
5 VAT and Import Tax VAT: 5% Import Tax: 2%
6 Interest Rates (% p.a.) - ODA Loan: 0.01% JICA ODA loan conditions for Low-Income Least
(40 years repayment period Developed Countries as of July 2016
including 10 year grace period)
- Front end fee: None (0%)
- Exchange risk premium JICA Survey Team assumption based on the
assumption: 6.0% difference of average inflation rate estimates
(percentage change in end-of-period consumer
prices) for 2016-2020 period between G7
countries average (1.8%) and Myanmar (7.8%)
referring to the estimates by IMF in World
Economic Outlook Database, October 2015
7 Project Lifetime 40 years from 2016 JICA Survey Team assumption
8 Prices All prices are expressed in constant JICA Survey Team assumption based on
price at July 2016 level excluding generally-accepted practice in similar analysis
inflation.
9 Interest During Since the analysis aimed to calculate JICA Survey Team assumption based on
Construction the project IRR of the total capital generally-accepted practice in similar analysis
used, interest during construction is
excluded from the calculation.
Source: JICA Study Team based on various sources
(2) Initial Investment Cost

Table 10-2 Initial Investment Cost
Non-disclosure
(3) Reinvestment Cost

Table 10-3 Reinvestment Cost
Non-disclosure
10-1
(4) O&M Cost

Incremental O&M cost as difference from the existing water supply facilities is calculated based on
the estimation presented in Chapter 9 (See the following Table).
Table 10-4 O&M Cost

Kokkowa WTP Central SR
O&M Cost per year Relay PS for
and Trans. PS Dist. for Zone9 including Yegu Kokine SR Total
(million Kyat) Zone1
to Zone 9 PS
Salary 61 12 0 12 0 86
Electricity 1,924 2,125 712 1,972 11 6,744
Maintenance (Spare parts) 962 326 151 150 0 1,588
Sludge cake 380 0 0 0 0 380
Chemical Chlorine: Liquid Hypochlorite 801 0 0 0 0 801
Chemical Coagulant; ACH 2,474 0 0 0 0 2,474
Other cost 132 49 17 43 0 241
Total 6,733 2,513 879 2,177 11 12,314
3
Average daily demand (m ) 229,118 151,382 77,737 69,554 151,382 298,672
3 3
Cost per m (Kyat/m ) 81 45 31 86 0 113
(5) Water Tariff and Non-revenue Water Ratio
Water tariff applied in the projection is the currently applicable for YCDC water service customers, i.e.
88 Kyat/m3 for domestic customers and 110 Kyat/m3 for non-domestic customers. Non-revenue water
ratio projection is assumed as per the following Table.
Table 10-5 Non-revenue Water Ratio Assumption

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 ~
Non-revenue water ratio 60% 35% 10% 10% 10% 10%
Leakage ratio 55% 30% 5% 5% 5% 5%
(6) Weighted Average Cost of Capital

As reviewed in Chapter 9, the initial investment is financed by the subsidiary loan from the Union
Government (100% of ODA loan portion i.e. 100% of the eligible portion) and YCDC own fund (rest
of the initial investment i.e. 100% of the non-eligible portion). Weighted Average Cost of Capital
(WACC) as the threshold of financial viability is estimated as per the following Table.
Table 10-6 Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Non-disclosure
(7) Financial Cash Flow Projection

Following Table shows the financial cash flow projection based on the aforementioned assumptions
and estimates. Since the project only produces negative cash flow during the entire project lifetime, it
is impossible to calculate the financial internal rate of return (FIRR) unless the negative cost inclusion
for the residual value of reinvestment. FIRR is estimated at -18.7% including the said negative cost.
Net present value (NPV) of the project at 5.04% WACC is estimated as ■■Kyat. The project is
deemed extremely unprofitable and financially not viable.
10-2
This is mainly because the current water tariff level is extremely low and cannot even cover the O&M
cost (annual operational revenue amounts to ■■Kyat as compared to annual O&M cost of 12.3
billion Kyat). In order to cover the annual financial cost of 5.04% and achieve full-cost recovery of
capital and O&M costs, the current water tariff level must be increased by +805% (9.1 times) in real
terms excluding inflation.
Table 10-7 Financial Cash Flow Projection
Non-disclosure
(8) Combined Cash Flow Projection with Phase 1 Project

The present section evaluates the project’s financial viability when combined with cash flow
projection of the Phase 1 project. Construction cost of Phase 1 project is converted as given in
following Table from the original estimates provided by JICA.
Table 10-8 Initial Investment Cost of Phase 1 Project
Non-disclosure
O&M cost of Phase 1 project is also converted as given in following Table. Out of Lagunbyin WTP’s
capacity of 40 MGD, it is assumed that 10 MGD is used to cover the demand of Thilawa SEZ (9 MGD
or 40,900 m3/day on average), where the water tariff for foreign non-domestic customers of 880
Kyat/m3 is applied; whereas 30 MGD of the WTP capacity (average production of 124,000 m3/day)
covers the demand of Zone 7 and Zone 8 customers with the same NRW projection of Phase 2 (See
following Table) and water tariff (88 Kyat/m3 for domestic and 110 Kyat/m3 for non-domestic
customers).
Table 10-9 O&M Cost of Phase 1 Project

O&M Cost per year million Kyat
USD thousand
(million Kyat) equivalent *
Manpower 278 270
Electricity 1,837 1,784
Replacement of Parts 400 388
Chemical Dosing 14,776 14,346
Others 359 349
Total 17,650 17,136
* Exchange rate applied: USD 1.00 = 970.9 Kyat
Source: JICA Study Team based on JICA information
Combined cash flow projection based on the aforementioned information is presented in Table 10-11.
Even combined with the Phase 1 which has the Thilawa SEZ operation with favorable water tariff of
880 Kyat/m3, the project generates only negative cash flow over the project life except for the residual
value at the end due to heavy investment cost. FIRR is estimated at -18.8% showing no significant
10-3
difference from the case with Phase 2 alone. NPV is estimated as minus 793,395 million Kyat on the
discount rate of 5.04%. Similar to the results of Phase 2 project, this is mainly because of the
extremely low water tariff level to the general public (domestic and non-domestic customers except
for Thilawa SEZ) which cannot even cover the O&M cost. In order to cover the annual financial cost
of 5.04% and achieve full-cost recovery, the current water tariff level for the general public must be
increased by +659% (7.6 times) in real terms excluding inflation.
However, since the combined project has the Thilawa SEZ, the project’s O&M cost coverage is
significantly improved as compared to that of the Phase 2 project (See following Table).
Table 10-10 Comparison of Average O&M Cost and Water Tariff Revenue (2035)
Average Cost and Revenue per Revenue Phase 1 + Phase 2
Phase 1 Phase 2
Water (Kyat/m3) in Year 2035 Combined
O&M Cost 308 164 225
Water Tariff Revenue 307 97 186
O&M Cost Coverage 100% 59% 83%
Phase 1 (excluding Thilawa SEZ) 71 - 30
Phase 1 (Thilawa SEZ) 236 - 100
Phase 2 - 97 56
(9) Further Analysis

Further financial analysis of the project on fiscal status of YCDC, water tariff setting and subsidiary
loan conditions is presented in Section 10.3.
Table 10-11 Combined Cash Flow Projection
Non-disclosure
10.2 Economic Analysis

(1) Introduction
In the present section the quantifiable socio-economic impact and efficiency is evaluated in economic
terms through the economic analysis. The economic evaluation applies cost-benefit analysis of cash
flow projection to calculate an economic internal rate of return (EIRR) as the primary indicator of the
analysis.
Unless otherwise noted, the present economic analysis applies the same assumptions as those of the
financial analysis. Other assumptions particular to the economic analysis is summarized in Table below.
10-4
Table 10-12 General Assumptions for Economic Analysis

No. Item Assumption Source / Reference
1 Prices All prices are expressed in constant JICA Survey Team assumption based on
price at 2016 level excluding generally-accepted practice in similar analysis
inflation.
2 Transfer Items in Transfer items such as tax (VAT and JICA Survey Team assumption based on
Estimated Costs import tax) and interest during generally-accepted practice in similar analysis
construction are excluded from the
cash flow projection.
3 Standard Conversion Standard Conversion Factor of 0.975 JICA Study Team assumption based on the Report
Factor for Local is applied to convert financial value and Recommendation of the President on
Currency Cost of local currency costs into economic Mandalay Urban Services Improvement Project
value. (ADB, October 2015)
4 Land Opportunity It is assumed that compensation cost JICA Survey Team assumption
Cost for land acquisition represents
opportunity cost of land
5 Social Discount Rate 10% JICA Survey Team assumption based on
generally-accepted practice in similar analysis
Source: JICA Study Team based on various sources
(2) Economic Cost

Table 10-13 Initial Investment Cost
Non-disclosure
Reinvestment cost is converted to economic value as given in the following Table.
Table 10-14 Reinvestment Cost
Non-disclosure
O&M cost is converted to economic value as given in the following Table.
Table 10-15 O&M Cost

Distribution to
Distribution to
O&M Cost per year Distribution to Zone 1
WTP Transmission PS Central SR
Zone 1 Total
(million Kyat) Zone 9 Kokine SR
(including Yegu PS)
Salary 60 12 0 12 0 84
Electricity 1,876 2,072 694 1,923 11 6,576
Maintenance (Spare parts) 938 318 147 146 0 1,548
Sludge cake 370 0 0 0 0 370
Chemical Chlorine: Liquid Hypochlorite 781 0 0 0 0 781
Chemical Coagulant; ACH 2,412 0 0 0 0 2,412
Other cost 129 48 17 42 0 235
Total 6,565 2,450 857 2,123 11 12,006
(3) Economic Benefit

In accordance with the generally-accepted practice of the economic analysis of water supply projects,
economic benefit of the project is recognized as (i) non-incremental benefit and (ii) incremental
benefit.
10-5
Non-incremental benefit
Non-incremental benefit of the water supply is estimated from the cost of alternative water sources. It
is assumed that the beneficiaries of the project would use the alternative water sources in the
without-project case; therefore, the project will reduce such costs that would be spent on those
alternatives.
The Preparatory Study for Urban Development Programme in the Greater Yangon (JICA) conducted
a household interview survey (2013 JICA-HIS) which contains questionnaire regarding water
consumption among households who do not have access to piped water supply from YCDC.
According to the survey results, majority of the households without access to YCDC water service
uses bottled water for drinking and domestic tube wells for other purposes. Alternative water source
costs are estimated based on the combination of those two sources.
Firstly, average water consumption is estimated based on the survey results. As shown in the following
Table, a household without piped water service by YCDC consumes 90.9 gallons (413 liter) per day.
Assuming the average household size of 4.4 persons, it is equivalent to 94 lpcd. It is assumed that an
average household consumes 20 liter per day of purchased bottled water for drinking and cooking
purposes, and the rest (393 liter per day) is provided from the domestic tube well for other purposes.
Table 10-16 Average Water Consumption without YCDC Water Service

To who answered not having connection with "Piped water supply system by YCDC"
Q49e: How much is the average water consumption in a day? (Gallon/day)
Less than More than
Water consumption per day (Gallon) 51 - 100 101 - 200 201 - 300 301 - 400 No Answer Answered Total
50 400
Number 1,813 3,190 1,198 277 110 74 41 6,662 6,703
% to Total 27.0% 47.6% 17.9% 4.1% 1.6% 1.1% 0.6% 99.4% 100.0%
% to Answered 27.2% 47.9% 18.0% 4.2% 1.7% 1.1% 100.0%
Median value assumptin 25.0 75.0 150.0 250.0 350.0 450.0 Gallon/day/HH L/day/HH LPCD
Weighted Average 6.8 35.9 27.0 10.4 5.8 5.0 90.9 413 94
Source: JICA Study Team based on Phase 1 Study and 2013 JICA-HIS
Cost of the alternative water sources are estimated through JICA Study Team’s assumptions based on
interviews with local residents. The following Table shows the cost estimates of a domestic tube well
consisting of capital cost of 1,420,000 Kyat and recurrent cost (electricity cost) of 6.17 Kyat/m3.
Table 10-17 Domestic Tube Well Cost

Capital Cost (Kyat) Recurrent Cost (Electricity Cost) Estimation
Well Construction 1,000,000 Pump Capacity 2,100 L/hour
Electric Pump (0.5HP) 150,000 Pump Output 370 Wh
Water Tank 200,000 Electricity 0.176 kW/m3
Piping 70,000 Unit Cost 35 Kyat/kWh
Total Capital Cost 1,420,000 Electricity Cost 6.17 Kyat/m 3
The following Table illustrates the cash plow projection to estimate the average domestic tube well
cost per water consumption. Assumed that replacement of electric pump is required every three years
10-6
during the economic lifetime of 20 years, average present value of tube well water is estimated as
1,380 Kyat /m3 at the social discount rate of 10%.
Table 10-18 Average Cost of Domestic Tube Well Water

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Capital Cost 1,420,000 0 150,000 0 0 150,000 0 0 150,000 0
Wel l Cons tructi on 1,000,000
El ectric Pump (0.5HP) 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000
Wa ter Ta nk 200,000
Pipi ng 70,000
Electricity Cost 917 917 917 917 917 917 917 917 917 917
Total Cost (Kyat) 1,420,917 917 150,917 917 917 150,917 917 917 150,917 917
3
Water Consumption (m ) (393 L per day) 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5
Year 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Capital Cost 0 150,000 0 0 150,000 0 0 150,000 0 -50,000
Wel l Cons tructi on
El ectric Pump (0.5HP) 150,000 150,000 150,000 -50,000
Wa ter Ta nk
Pipi ng
Electricity Cost 917 917 917 917 917 917 917 917 917 917
Total Cost (Kyat) 917 150,917 917 917 150,917 917 917 150,917 917 -49,083
3
Water Consumption (m ) (393 L per day) 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5
Present Value at 10% Social Discout Rate

Present Value of Cost 1,662,949 Kyat
3
Present Value of Water Consumption 1,205 m
3
Average Well Water Cost 1,380 Kyat/m
As shown in the following Table, combined alternative water source cost is calculated based on the
assumed price of bottled water of 500 Kyat per 20 liter bottle and the domestic tube well water cost
estimated above (1,380 Kyat/m3). Average alternative water cost per volume, non-incremental benefit
of the project, is estimated as 2,524 Kyat/m3.
Table 10-19 Alternative Water Cost (Combined)

Alternative Water Source Consumption per day (L/HH) Cost per day (Kyat)
Average watercost
Water for drinking and cooking: Bottled water 20 500 3
3
393 543 (Kyat/m )
Water for other use: Domestic tube well (1380Kyat/m )
Total 413 1,043 2,524
Incremental benefit
The project will not only substitute the beneficiaries’ existing water consumption from other sources
(non-incremental benefit), it will also increase the water consumption at the price of beneficiaries’
willingness to pay for the new piped water service (incremental benefit). Incremental benefit is
estimated from the willingness to pay for the piped water supply among residents surveyed in 2013
JICA-HIS. According to 2013 JICA-HIS, the average willingness to pay per household is estimated at
2,530 Kyat/month (See following Table).
10-7
Table 10-20 Willingness to Pay for Better Water Supply Services

For 24 hour drinkable water supply Less than 1001 - 2001 - 3001 - 5001 - More than
501 - 1000 No Answer Answered Total
(Kyat/month) 500 2000 3000 5000 7000 7000
Number 2,279 2,191 1,557 1,221 1,040 264 1,516 1 10,068 10,069
% to Total 22.6% 21.8% 15.5% 12.1% 10.3% 2.6% 15.1% 0.0% 100.0%
% to Total Answered 22.6% 21.8% 15.5% 12.1% 10.3% 2.6% 15.1% 100.0%
Median value assumption 250 750 1,500 2,500 4,000 6,000 8,000 Kyat/month
Weighted Average 57 163 232 303 413 157 1,205 2,530
Source: JICA Study Team based on 2013 JICA-HIS
Likewise, incremental water volume that the beneficiaries are willing to consume the better water
supply is estimated at 1.23 times on average based on the 2013 JICA-HIS results (See following
Table). This is equivalent to 116 lpcd or 15.26 m3 per month for an average household of 4.4 persons.
Based on the estimates above, the average willingness to pay per cubic meter is calculated at 166
Kyat/m3 (2,530 Kyat/15.26 m3).
Table 10-21 Water Consumption Volume of Better Water Supply

Q50: How many times do you want to consume more water comparing to the current cunsumption if possible?
Times to the current consumption 1 1.25 1.5 2 3 More than 3 No answer Answered Total
Number 7,432 778 424 1,125 131 178 1 10,068 10,069
% to Total 73.8% 7.7% 4.2% 11.2% 1.3% 1.8% 0.0% 100.0%
% to Total Answered 73.8% 7.7% 4.2% 11.2% 1.3% 1.8% 100.0%
Median value assumptin 1 1.25 1.5 2 3 4 Times LPCD
Weighted Average 0.74 0.10 0.06 0.22 0.04 0.07 1.23 116
Economic benefit calculation

Based on the non-incremental and incremental benefits estimated above, the estimation of average
economic benefit is calculated at 1,681 Kyat/m3 (See following Figure).

Figure 10-1 Economic Benefit Calculation
(4) Calculation of EIRR

Economic cash flow projection over the project life is presented in following Table based on the
aforementioned assumptions and estimates. EIRR of the project is estimated as 14.3%. As compared to
the social discount rate of 10%, the project is deemed economically viable.
10-8
Table 10-22 Calculation of EIRR
Non-disclosure
(5) Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity analysis has been carried out to see sensitivity of EIRR to decrease of water consumption
volume (demand) and cost increase. Results show that the demand decrease is slightly more sensitive
than increase in project cost (See following Table). Switching values to achieve 10% EIRR are 38%
increase in cost and 27% decrease in water demand respectively.
Table 10-23 Sensitivity Analysis

EIRR Water Consumption (Demand) Decrease
0 0% -5% -10% -15% -20% -25% -30%
0% 14.3% 13.5% 12.8% 12.0% 11.2% 10.4% 9.6%
5% 13.6% 12.9% 12.1% 11.4% 10.6% 9.8% 9.0%
10% 12.9% 12.2% 11.5% 10.8% 10.0% 9.2% 8.4%
Cost
15% 12.3% 11.6% 10.9% 10.2% 9.5% 8.7% 7.9%
Increase
20% 11.8% 11.1% 10.4% 9.7% 9.0% 8.2% 7.4%
25% 11.2% 10.6% 9.9% 9.2% 8.5% 7.7% 7.0%
30% 10.7% 10.1% 9.4% 8.7% 8.0% 7.3% 6.5%
10.3 YCDC Financial Projection for This Project

(1) Introduction
As seen in Section 10.1, the project is not financially viable mainly due to the extremely low water
tariff. The financial analysis results show that, in case the subject customer base is limited to that of
the project (Zone 1 and 9), the current water tariff level must be increased by 9.1 times in real terms
except inflation (See 10.1(7)), which is very unlikely.
In the present section, the financial projection will be carried out to estimate (i) the project’s tariff
increase effect for the whole YCDC customer base; and (ii) subsidy and subsidiary loan conditions in
order to enhance financial viability of the project.
The projection will follow the same assumptions made for the financial analysis in Section 10.1 except
for the prices expressed in current value including inflation in the present projection, applying 1.6%
inflation rate for FC and 5.8% for LC in the base case scenario, which are the same as the price
escalation precondition applied in the cost estimates presented in Chapter 9. The subsidiary loan
conditions for the base case are (i) interest rate (0.01% p.a.), loan amount and repayment period are
the same as those of ODA loan; and (ii) exchange risk premium of 6.0% is assumed.
10-9
(2) Case Scenarios

Following case scenarios are envisaged for the analysis.
- Base Case: No subsidy from Central Government is provided to YCDC.
- Case 1: No subsidy from Central Government is provided to YCDC. Two equal-percentage
tariff increases for all YCDC customers in 2019 (Phase 1 commissioning) and in 2023 (Phase 2
commissioning) are estimated to achieve a zero cumulative cash position at the end of project life.
- Case 2: 25% of ODA loan portion is given to YCDC as grant subsidy.
- Case 3: 50% of ODA loan portion is given to YCDC as grant subsidy.
(3) Financial Projection and Necessary Water Tariff Increase

Financial projection of Base Case scenario is shown in the following Figure. Since YCDC bears all the
financial burden of ODA loan and own-fund portion of initial investment, net cash flow of the case is
negative during the entire project period. Cumulative cash position at the end of project period is ■■
kyat. The Base Case is deemed financially not viable.
Non-disclosure
Figure 10-2 Financial Projection (Base Case)
In Case 1 (See the following Figure), water tariff increase for all YCDC customers (equal percentage
in 2019 and 2023 each) is estimated to achieve a zero cumulative cash position at the end of project
period. Necessary tariff increase is calculated at +62.1% in nominal terms each in 2019 and 2023, or
2.6 times in total which is much lower than the case of projections in 10.1 (7) in which necessary tariff
increase (9.1 times in total) is applied only to Zone 1 and 9 customers. As shown in the following
Figure, the tariff increase of entire YCDC customers significantly raises operational cash flow to
surplus position in each year.
Non-disclosure
Figure 10-3 Financial Projection (Case 1)
In Case 2 and Case 3, grant subsidy from the central government is provided to YCDC to ease its
financial burden that derives from subsidiary loan for initial investment. Grant subsidy accounts for
25% of ODA loan portion in Case 2 and 50% of ODA loan portion in Case 3 respectively. Results are
shown in Figure 10-4 (Case 2) and Figure 10-5 (Case 3). Since YCDC’s debt service payments are
reduced by the grant subsidy, the water tariff increase requirements are lowered to 2.4 times (Case 2)
and 2.3 times (Case 3) in total.
10-10
Non-disclosure
Non-disclosure
(4) Results of Financial Projection and Water Tariff for Poverty Group
Results of financial projection in respective case scenarios are summarized in the following Table and
Figure. Cases with Central Government subsidy (Case 2 and Case 3) have lowered water tariff
increase requirement. However, even with 50% subsidy for ODA loan portion in Case 3 the required
tariff increase in 2019 and 2023 accounts for over 50% in nominal terms. As shown in the results, in
order for the project to achieve financial viability, it is necessary to increase the current water tariff for
all customers by 2.6 times (Case 1) to 2.3 times (Case 3) depending on the subsidy provided by
Central Government.
On the assumption of 3 to 4% of household income affordability criteria (See Section 2.3 of Chapter
2), the increased water tariff level in all the four cases are lower than 3%, indicating the required tariff
increase is considered affordable among the domestic customers.
Table 10-24 Results of Financial Projection
Non-disclosure
Non-disclosure
Figure 10-6 Required Tariff Increase in Four Cases
10-11
CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
11.1 Outline of Project Component

raw water from Kokkowa River and constructing WTP and associated transmission and distribution
facilities, which will contribute to improve living environment and economic development in Yangon
city. The outline of project component, scope of facilities and location of project area are shown as
below.
Table 11-1 Outline of Phase 2 Project Component

Project Component For Zone 9 For Zone 1 Area
Intake Gates 140 MGD
Pre-sedimentation Pond 60 MGD 25 ha (62 Acre)
Water Treatment Plant 60 MGD
Transmission Pipe 21.4 km 19.9 km -
(WTP→Zone 9 SR) (Zone 9 SR→Zone 1)
Service Reservoir 12.2 MG 20 MG (Kokine) Zone 9 SR 1.5 ha,
in 2025 8.3 MG (Central) Kokine SR 1.4 ha,
in 2025 Central SR 0.7 ha
Distribution Main Pipe 43.2 km 61.4 km -
Distribution Pipe 636.9 km 430.3 km -
DMAs 23 Nos. 37 Nos. -
Water Treatment Plant
Water Treatment Plant
Transmission Pipe
Service Reservoir
Intake facility District Metered Area

Figure 11-1 Location of Project Area
11.2 Environmental and Social Condition

11.2.1 Access to Urban Services
Following Table shows township-wise proportion of households which have access to urban services.
Access to urban services especially in terms of electricity and toilet/sanitation facility is developed
with high ratio in almost all townships. However, improvement related to services in the fields of
telephone, piped water supply, and solid waste collection is not visible in some part of suburban areas
such as Kyimyindine and Hlaing Tharyar.
11-1
Table 11-2 Access to Urban Services by Townships

Electricity Telephone Piped Water Toilet/Sanitation Solid Waste
Zone No Town Ship
(%) (%) Supply (%) Facility (%) Collection (%)
Zone 1 1Latha 88 93 87 100 99
2 Lanmadaw 100 92 91 100 97
3 Pabedan 100 92 86 98 95
4 Kyauktada 99 93 82 100 92
5 Botahtaung 100 79 84 100 91
6 Pazuntaung 100 93 89 100 94
7 Ahlon 100 92 67 100 93
8 Kyimyindine 86 54 38 96.5 54
9 Sangyoung 100 84 65 99.5 94
10
Dagon 97 95 85 100 82
11
Bahan 99 77 86 100 90
12
Tamway 100 86 85 99.7 95
13
Mingala Taungnyunt 100 81 91 98.9 95
14
Seikkan 100 60 80 100 100
Zone 9 29
Hlaing Tharyar 88 42 3 100 69
Average 97 81 75 100 89
Source： 2013 JICA-HIS
11.2.2 Land Use

Following Table shows township-wise proportion of land use by different categories. The ratio of
Build-up areas dominate with over 90 % in almost all townships. On the other hand, ratio of
unbuild-up areas, which has potential to be developed in future, is significant mostly in some parts of
suburban area such as in the townships of Kyimyindine, Dagon, Seikkan and Hlaing Tharyar.
Table 11-3 Land Use Ratio by Townships

Build-up Area Unbuild-up Area
Build-up Area Total
Urban development
Public Facility (%)
Water Surface (%)

Unbuild-up Area
Commercial (%)
Agricultural (%)
Open space (%)
Green Area (%)

Playground (%)
Residential (%)
Industrial (%)
Business (%)
Total (%)
No
Zone Town Ship Area
(%)
(%)
.
(km2)
1 Latha 0.81 55 0 0 0 45 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Lanmadaw 1.41 65 10 0 0 25 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Pabedan 0.76 76 4 19 0 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Kyauktada 0.71 88 11 0 0 0 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Botahtaung 2.38 64 15 0 8 2 89 9 0 1 0 0 0 10
6 Pazuntaung 1.01 78 3 0 8 0 89 10 0 0 0 0 1 11
7 Ahlon 2.69 62 5 0 20 3 90 0 0 0 9 0 1 10
Zone 1
8 Kyimyindine 10.77 44 0 0 4 3 51 0 0 45 2 0 1 48
9 Sangyoung 2.47 92 0 0 0 7 99 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
10 Dagon 11.65 48 4 0 0 3 55 0 2 0 41 3 0 46
11 Bahan 8.84 79 1 0 1 1 82 1 0 0 6 5 6 18
12 Tamway 4.79 71 0 0 0 17 88 0 4 1 3 2 1 11
13 Mingala Taungnyunt 5.06 53 0 3 13 14 83 1 3 0 2 8 3 17
14 Seikkan 0.13 3 9 0 50 0 62 9 0 0 0 0 30 39
Zone 9 29 Hlaing Tharyar 67.33 22 0 0 19 1 42 24 2 19 3 1 8 57
Average - 60 4 1 8 8 82 4 1 4 4 1 3 18
Source： 2013 JICA-HIS
11-2
11.2.3 Status of Sanitation and Hygiene

Following Table shows the existing status of sewage treatment in Yangon City. The population covered
with sewerage system is only 7.3 % of the entire population, and more than 90 % of the population
depends on individual treatment system.
Table 11-4 Status of Sewage Treatment in Yangon City

Treatment facility Percentage of population (%)
Sewerage system 7.3
Septic tank 18.4
Pour-flush toilet 28.0
Fly-prevention toilet 18.0
Unsanitary toilet 28.0
No toilet 0.3
Source： Water Supply Improvement Project Study for Yangon City and Pathein City, 2014
Following Table shows the number of patients suffering from waterborne diseases and mortality rate in
Yangon District. Number of deaths are much lower compared to number of patients but exist in case of
each disease. Some residents, excluding those receiving piped water supply, have been using water
that is not subjected to appropriate water quality controls as drinking water, and these residents are
exposed to the risk of waterborne infectious disease.
Table 11-5 Number of Patients Suffering from Waterborne Diseases and Mortality Rate in
Yangon District
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Sickness No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of
patients deaths patients deaths patients deaths patients deaths patients deaths
Cholera 4 0 49 0 191 7 22 1 37 0
Diarrhea 17,322 7 17,462 9 13,166 10 11,851 2 10,969 4
Dysentery 8,507 0 9,489 0 6,135 0 6,361 0 4,436 0
Food poisoning 244 7 259 3 435 7 255 0 395 0
Typhoid & Para 103 1 71 1 55 0 98 0 47 0
typhoid
Viral hepatitis 188 6 251 1 14 4 271 3 205 2
Source： Water Supply Improvement Project Study for Yangon City and Pathein City, 2014
Following Table shows death rate during child birth, number of hospitals, and number of doctors by
townships. Average of death rate during child birth in the townships of Zones 1 and 9 is 7.1, and it is
much lower than the corresponding value of 41 in case of whole of Myanmar and 16 in case of whole
of world according to the WHO statistic value.
On the other hand, number of hospitals and doctors are extremely low. Number of hospital is greater
than the number of doctors due to multiple jobs by poorly paid doctor in public hospital.
11-3
Table 11-6 Death Rate During Child Birth, Number of Hospitals, and Number of Doctors by
Townships
Death Rate During
No. of Hospitals No. of Doctors
Zone No. Town Ship Child Birth per
per 1000 per 1000
1000
Zone 1 1 Latha 5 0.91 0.03
2 Lanmadaw 5 1.9 0.09
3 Pabedan 6 2.13 0.08
4 Kyauktada 5 1.21 2.56
5 Botahtaung 8 0.77 0.1
6 Pazuntaung 8 0.89 1.6
7 Ahlon 9 0.67 0.05
8 Kyimyindine 10 0.59 0.85
9 Sangyoung 0.1 1.02 0.04
10 Dagon 7 0.65 0.04
11 Bahan 3 0.43 0.03
12 Tamway 5 0.72 0.62
13 Mingala Taungnyunt 9 0.55 0.04
14 Seikkan 20 0.45 0.89
Zone 9 29 Hlaing Tharyar 6 0.01 0.02
Average 7.1 0.9 0.5
Source：2013 JICA-HIS
11.2.4 Air Quality

Periodic observation of air quality has not been conducted in Yangon City but spot observation was
conducted in April 2007 and January 2008 by YCDC. Observed values of TSP and PM10 is over the
recommended limit in WHO standard.
Environmental Conservation Department is newly created by MoNREC as the organization
responsible for establishment of environmental standard, but specific environmental standard for air
quality has not been established yet in Myanmar.
Until the domestic environmental standard is established in Myanmar, appropriate management of
construction equipment, idling stop, and muffler installation shall be executed during construction
period following WHO environmental standards.
Project Area
Source：2014 JICA Water MP

Figure 11-2 Location of Spot Observation for Air Quality
11-4
Table 11-7 Result of Spot Observation for Air Quality

Observational TSP PM10 SO2 NO2
Site
Month (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3)
1. Commercial site (Traders Hotel) April, 2007 342.58 177.69 - -
Jan., 2008 143.21 71.75 - -
2. Residential site (IBC) April, 2007 168.61 68.59 1.14 23.22
Jan., 2008 118.70 65.3 1.24 22.28
3. Surrounding site near to industrial zone April, 2007 127.37 66.95 0.37 28.36
(Forest Department Head Quarter) Jan., 2008 188.66 136.92 0.25 25.42
WHO Standard 100 50 20 40
11.2.5 Water Quality and Adaptation to Climate Change

1) Water Quality
Discharges of process wastewater from utility operations to surface water should not result in
contaminant concentrations in excess of local ambient water quality criteria or, in the absence of local
criteria, other sources of ambient water quality, like EHS guideline standard as shown below.
Table 11-8 Water Quality Guidelines Value as per EHS Guidelines

Pollutant Guideline Value (mg/ｌ)
pH 6-9
BOD 30
COD 125
Total nitrogen 10
Total phosphorus 2
Oil and grease 10
Total Suspended solids 50
Total coliform bacteria 400 MPN/ 100ml
Acrolein, Aldrin, alpha-Endosulfan, Aluminum, Arsenicbeta-Endosulfan,
Carbaryl Cadmium, Chlordane, Chloride, Chlorine, Chloropyrifos, Chromium
(III), Chromium (VI), Cyanide, Diazinon Dieldrin, Endrin, gamma-BHC, Ultra-low level
4,4'-DDT, Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide, Lead, Mercury, Methylmercury,
Nickel, Parathion Pentachlorophenol, Silver, Toxaphene, Tributyltin, Zinc
Source：EHS Guidelines 2007, World Bank Group
2) Adaptation to climate change

In general, the impact of climate change on water supply sector is adverse in terms of water volume
and quality due to decrease in rainfall amount and concentrated heavy rain, respectively. Therefore, it
could lead to the destabilization of water supply project.
In terms of water volume, according to 2012 JICA Water MP, the probable lowest flow amount of
Kokkowa River for ten years is approximately 20,000 MGD, and available intake amount is estimated
as 10,000 MGD. On the other hand, the intake facility is designed with intake capacity of 140 MGD,
which is equal to 1.4 % of available intake amount in this study.
In terms of water quality, while the turbidity of raw water is expected to instantaneously exceed 1,000
NTU for several hours after concentrated heavy rain, the facilities planning is carried out considering
increase in coagulant amount in sedimentation basin and maintenance of 12 to 48 hours retention time
in pre-sedimentation pond in such cases.
11-5
Based on the above description, the vulnerability of water sources in this project to climate change is
not expected due to considerably large amount of river flow and low proportion of intake amount and
high capacity design of the facilities for inflow of high turbidity raw water. Therefore, the project is
considered to possess sufficient adaptability to climate change.
11.2.6 Waste Disposal

Specific environmental standard value for waste disposal such as sludge and construction waste has
not been established in Myanmar and EHS standard. Waste control is managed by Department of
Pollution Control and Cleansing in YCDC based on the Pollution Control and Cleansing Rules 2001.
There are two final disposal sites and five interim disposal sites in Yangon City that accept disposal of
solid wastes on twenty-four hour basis using open dumping method.
Excavation soil and excess sludge will be generated during construction and operation period. It will
be disposed at existing disposal site as construction waste and general waste, respectively.
Project Area

Figure 11-3 Location of Disposal Site in Yangon City
11.2.7 Noise
There is no typical data showing the noise assessment in the project area. However, the noise level
were measured at the two locations in eastern part of Yangon City, the area adjacent to project area,
during 2013-JICA Urban Development Plan. The survey area is located in a residential area that has
limited traffic. The noise levels were recorded for 24 hours in March 2012. Figure 11-5 and 11-6 show
the result of noise level observation at sampling point Noise-1 and Noise-2, respectively as the general
information about the noise assessment. The Leq 1hr values varied in the range of 45.06 – 58.16 dB
and 42.88 – 54.53 dB at Noise-1 and Noise-2, respectively. The Leq 24hr values were 50.81 dB and
49.25 dB, respectively.
11-6
As there is no available noise level standard established in Myanmar yet, referring to the WHO
guideline value, the Leq 24hr values at the two locations are not different compared to the values
indicated in WHO guideline for outdoor living area, i.e., 50 or 55 dB.
Project Area
Source：2013-JICA Urban Development Plan

Figure 11-4 Location of Noise Level Samples

Figure 11-5 Noise Level Observation (Noise-1, Measurement Date: 7-8th March, 2012)

Figure 11-6 Noise Level Observation (Noise-2, Measurement Date: 8-9th March, 2012)
11-7
Table 11-9 Noise Levels as per WHO Guidelines

LAeq LAmax
Specific Environment Critical Health Effect
(dB) (dB)
Outdoor living area Serious annoyance 55 -
Moderate annoyance 50 -
Source: WHO Guideline for specific noise
As mentioned in Chapter 7, low-noise and low-vibration method will be planned considering

mitigation of noise and vibration not to affect the adjacent pagodas and houses.
11.2.8 Ground Settlement

The ground settlement by overuse of ground water and own weight of facilities will not occur by this
project with surface water intake and pile foundation.
On the other hand, settlement will start immediately after the landfill in the construction site of water
treatment plant, because excavated soil is mainly clay. However, slow banking method will be adopted
and the small settlement amount is estimated. Therefore, the ground settlement will not affect the
adverse impact to the surrounding environment.
11.2.9 Cultural Heritage

189 buildings which were constructed before 1950 are registered as cultural heritage buildings by
YCDC in 1996. Most of the heritage buildings are located in the southern part of the Yangon City.
There are no cultural heritage building in the proposed construction site and project affected area.
11.2.10 Ecosystem
There are 153 endangered species including mammal, bird, reptile, invertebrate, and plant in Yangon
City, but not in the proposed construction site and project affected area.
11.2.11 Protected area

The protected areas of Myanmar (wildlife park, wildlife sanctuary, bird sanctuary, etc.) are shown in
the following Figure. The protected area is located in Hlawga Wildlife Park. The Hlawga Wildlife Park
is located the north of Yangon There is no protected area in the proposed construction site and project
affected area (see the Figure below).
11-8
Hlawga Wildlife Park
Project Area
Hlawga Wildlife Park Project Area

Figure 11-7 Protected Area
11.2.12 Ethnic Minority

Following Table shows township-wise proportion of ethnic group population composition. The ethnic
groups in others category include Kachin, Kayar, Mon, Shan, and Foreign nationals. The proportion of
others is much high in some part of CBD area in Latha, Lanmadaw, and Pabedan. On the other hand,
Barmar is in majority ethnic group in most township.
There is no traditional settlement of indigenous ethnic minority groups mentioned in World Bank OP
4.10 at the proposed construction site and project affected area.
Table 11-10 Proportion of Ethnic Composition by Townships

Zone No. Town Ship Barmar Karin Rakhine Others
1 Latha 24.2 0.5 2.0 73.3
2 Lanmadaw 61.7 0.9 2.7 34.7
3 Pabedan 31.6 2.0 1.0 65.4
4 Kyauktada 73.7 1.5 1.8 23.0
5 Botahtaung 72.4 2.5 1.9 23.2
6 Pazuntaung 81.1 1.9 1.1 15.9
7 Ahlon 78.0 1.3 6.0 14.7
Zone 1
8 Kyimyindine 97.0 0.7 2.1 0.2
9 Sangyoung 84.3 1.7 1.4 12.6
10 Dagon 64.5 1.1 2.9 31.5
11 Bahan 88.4 3.4 2.5 5.7
12 Tamway 80.0 4.1 1.1 14.8
13 Mingala Taungnyunt 93.1 1.5 0.9 4.5
14 Seikkan 95.0 3.4 0.4 1.2
Zone 9 29 Hlaing Tharyar 92.9 1.4 1.6 4.1
Average 74.5 1.9 2.0 21.7
Source：2013 JICA-HIS
11-9
11.2.13 HIV Prevention Measurement

HIV infection spread is a serious problem that needs immediate attention in Myanmar. Principal route
of HIV infection is unprotected sexual contact in sex industries and drug injection using contaminated
needles. According to the UNAIDS report “AIDS Epidemic Update 2004” and “2014 JICA Phase-I
FS”, HIV infection rate is 1.2 % in case of whole Myanmar and 0.55 % in Yangon Region in 2005.
The rate in Yangon Region is reported to be decreasing to 0.25 % in 2010 and 0.15 % in 2011.
HIV prevention measures shall be followed during construction period and this is proposed to be
stipulated in the tender document prior to the contract with the construction contractor.
The proposed basic program which is generally stipulated in the tender document includes: 1)
promotion of condom use, 2) test and treatment of sexually transmitted infection, 3) HIV education
through peer education, and 4) volunteer counseling and testing. The tender document also stipulates
the service provider which means a person or entity approved by the employer of the project and the
National HIV authority to provide the HIV awareness prevention program.
11.2.14 Encouragement of Gender and Handicapped Person Equality

The project will contribute to the encouragement of gender and handicapped person equality and be
managed with gender consideration as described below.
1) Reduction in Hardship of Women and Handicapped Person Life

The project will improve the capacity, reliability, and efficiency of the existing water supply systems
with better quality and services by providing direct and indirect gender benefits to large numbers of
women.
Outside of YCDC water supply area, drinking water is generally delivered by venders in 20 L bottle
and water for other purposes is obtained from well or storage reservoir. The housewife is generally
obliged to engage in the work of fetching water required for daily activities such as bathing, cleaning
(excluding drinking water), which usually takes few dozen minutes per day. It consumes significant
time of daily life and causes mental and physical hardship on women.
Therefore, as a primary user and manager of water in the households, women and handicapped person
will benefit from the convenience and availability of water for daily needs, reduced physical labor and
drudgery, time savings in water collection and improved family health which ultimately reduces
poverty by use of YCDC piped water supply.
2) Women Placement Program

Women’s social advancement have been promoted in Myanmar and appropriate occupational choice is
fully recognized except for some specialty work such as laborer in coalmine, front line work in armed
force, and Buddhist monk in religious group, etc.
The project creates employment opportunities for women as listed below.
11-10
- Promote the creation of job and livelihood opportunities for women during construction
phase of project.
- Create employment opportunities for interested women during operation and maintenance.
- Provide training in administrative procedures and relevant skill development opportunities
for female members.
3) Project Management with Gender Consideration

The project shall be managed with gender consideration as listed below.
- Separate toilets for women and men labors at construction sites as necessary
- Provide awareness rising sessions on HIV and sexual harassment and women’s safety for
contractors and construction workers
- Employment of the female staff for water quality management
- Carry out public education for health, hygiene and behavior change
11.3 Legal Framework for Environmental and Social Considerations
(1) Regulation and Law for Environmental and Social Considerations

Environmental Conservation Law (2012) and Environmental Conservation Rules (2014) have been
instituted as regulation and law for environmental and social considerations in Myanmar.
- Environmental Conservation Law (2012)

Environmental Conservation Law have been instituted by MoNREC in March 2012. It is the
fundamental law for environmental conservation and the contents of this Law is shown below.
Chapter Sections
1 Title and Definition 1-2
2 Objectives 3
3 Formation of the Environmental Conservation Committee 4-6
4 Duties and Powers relating to the Environmental Conservation of the 7-8
Ministry
5 Environmental Emergency 9
6 Environmental Quality Standard 10-12
7 Environmental Conservation 13-16
8 Management of Urban Environment 17
9 Conservation of Natural Resources and Cultural Heritages 18-20
10 Prior Permission 21-25
11 Insurance 26-27
12 Prohibitions 28-30
13 Offences and Penalties 31-34
14 Miscellaneous 35-42
11-11
- Environmental Conservation Rules (2014)

Environmental Conservation Rules have been instituted by MoNREC in April 2014. It is the
fundamental law for conservation of cultural heritage and protected area, and the contents of this
Law is shown below.
Chapter Sections
2 Adaptation Policy Relating to Environmental Conservation 3-6
3 Environmental Conservation 7-26
4 International, Regional and Bi-lateral Cooperation Relating to 27-28
Environmental Conservation
5 Environmental Management Fund 29-35
6 Environmental Emergency 36-37
7 Environmental Quality Standards 38-39
8 Management of Urban Environment 40
9 Waste Management 41-46
10 Conservation of Natural Resources and Cultural Heritages 47-50
11 Environmental Impact Assessment 51-61
12 Prior Permission 62-68
13 Prohibitions 69
14 Miscellaneous 70-74
In the Environmental Conservation Rules, the basic policy for the project development is mentioned as
below.
- EIA report including environmental management plan shall be submitted to MoNREC.
- Environmental management plan shall be executed within a specified period and implementation
status be reported to MoNREC.
(2) Approval Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment

As there is rapid progress of infrastructure development in recent years, and realization of
improvement of environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure, the EIA procedure has been
approved in Cabinet Office, and published in January 2016. The EIA Procedure includes the screening,
public consultation, and monitoring as listed below.
Chapter Sections
2 Establishment of Environmental Impact Assessment Process 5-10
3 Screening 10-12
4 Initial Environmental Examination 12-14
5 Environmental Impact Assessment 15-22
6 Appeal Process 22-23
7 Environmental Management Plan 23
8 Environmental Consideration in Project Approval 24-28
9 Monitoring 28-31
10 Administrative Punishment 31-32
Annex 1 Categorization of Economic Activities for Assessment Purposes
Annex 2 Environmental Assessment Procedure Flowchart.
Annex 3 Prescribed Penalties Under Procedure
11-12
Outline of the EIA Procedure is described below.

- The EIA shall be executed for the project with negative effect on the project area and
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) be acquired.
- Response to resettlement issue is not mentioned in the EIA procedure. Therefore these issues shall
be responded following the policy and guidelines published by other international organization.
- Environmental management plan shall be executed within a specified period even for on-going
project before the development of the EIA procedure.
Required process and schedule for IEE, EIA, and on-going project are mentioned in the EIA procedure
as given below.
Source: The EIA Procedure (2016)
Figure 11-8 Required Process and Date for IEE, EIA and On-going Project
Projects which require IEE/EIA practice is categorized into 142 type of economic activities in EIA
procedure. However, water supply project aiming groundwater development is only subjected to
IEE/EIA procedure and project with surface water intake is not included in the list of project requiring
IEE/EIA procedure.
11-13
Table 11-11 Required IEE/EIA Procedure for Water Supply Project

Water Supply
No. Type of Economic Activity Criteria for IEE Type Criteria for EIA Type
Economic Activities Economic Activities
111 Groundwater Development for < 4,500 m3/day ≧ 4,500 m3/day
Industrial, Agricultural or Urban
Water Supply
(3) Other Regulation and Law

The following regulation and law also covers a part of environmental and social considerations.
- The Water Power Act 1927 (Burma Act 11, 1927)

- The Underground Water Act (1930)
- Public Health Law (1972)
- Territorial Sea and Maritime Zone Law (1977)
- Irrigation Laws and Regulations (1982)
- Law on Aquaculture (1989)
- Marine Fisheries Law (1990)
- The Forest Law (1992)
- The Protection of Preservation of Cultural Heritage Region Law (1994)
- The Protection of Wildlife, Wild Plant and Conservation of Natural Area Law (1994)
- National Environmental Policy (1994)
- Mines Law (1994)
- Myanmar Agenda 21 (1997)
- The Conservation of Water Resources and River Law (2006)
- National Sustainable Development Strategy NSDS (2009)
- Myanmar Investment Law (2011)
- Farmland Law (2012)
- Farmland Rules (2012)
- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law (2012)
- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Rules (2012)
- Myanmar Investment Rule (2013)
- Investment Notification (2013)
- The Standard Performance and Specification Law (2014)
11.4 Assessment of Alternatives
(1) With/Without Project

Refer to the Section 10.2 (3) in the Chapter 10.
(2) Alternatives of WTP site

Refer to the Section 4.1.4 in the Chapter 4.
(3) Alternatives of Transmission Pipeline Route

Since Route 5 is the only road connecting the locations of WTP and Zone 9 SR and Hlaing River,
there are no alternatives for the alignment of transmission pipeline.
11-14
11.5 Scoping of Environmental and Social Impact

In order to identify the issues that are likely to be of great importance during EIA and eliminate those
that are of little concern, scoping was carried out. Following Table shows the matrix of the potential
project impacts, rating, description, survey item, and TOR.
Table 11-12 Scoping of Environmental Impacts

Rating
Catego
Item P/ Description Survey Item TOR
ry O
C
P/C: Some negative impacts on air
・Literature search,
quality are expected due to
・Air quality standard interview survey with
operation of heavy
Air Quality B- D equipment/vehicles. ・Review of expected related organization
O: Expected impacts will be impacts during ・Data collection of
temporary only during the construction period construction method
construction stage. and equipment
Water Quality D D The impact is negligible. - -
・Legal framework of
waste disposal
P/C: Construction works will
・Disposal method in
generate excavated soil. ・Literature search,
Waste existing waste disposal
B- B- O: Improper management of sludge interview survey with
Disposal site
could contaminate soil and related organization
Polluti surface/underground water. ・Current condition of
on existing waste disposal
site
P/C: Temporary impacts of noise
due to operation of heavy
・Environmental ・Literature search,
equipment and vehicles during
standard for noise interview survey with
construction are expected.
regulation related organization
Noise B- D O: Negative impact of noise due to
operation of pump and generator ・Review of expected ・Data collection of
will be reduced by sound proof wall impacts during construction method
and physical isolation from construction period and equipment
boundary.
The risk of ground settlement in the
Ground planned construction site will be
D D - -
Settlement closely examined by geotechnical
survey during this study.
Protected There is no protected area around
D D - -
Area the project site.
Natura There is no endangered species
Ecosystem D D - -
l around project area.
Enviro Negative impact is not expected due
nment to the big amount of river flow and
Hydrometeor D D - -
low proportion of intake amount on
flow amount.
There are 7 involuntary
/Confirmation of current
Involuntary resettlements in the proposed
B- D situation of illegal ・Site Survey
Resettlement construction site along national
occupation
road.
Local
D D Negative impact is not expected. - -
Economy
Social Cultural No cultural heritage is located
Enviro D D - -
Heritage in/near the project site.
nment
Landscape D D The impact is negligible. - -
Ethnic No ethnic minority groups live
D D - -
Minority around the project site.
Increase in risks of hazard is
・Work safety ・Similar case
Hazards B- D probably expected among the
measurement examination
construction workforce.
11-15
A+/-: Significant positive/negative impact is expected.

B+/-: Positive/negative impact is expected to some extent.
C+/-: Extent of positive/negative impact is unknown.
(A further examination is needed, and the impact could be clarified as the study progresses)
D: No impact is expected.
P/C: Planning/Construction
O: Operation
Source：JICA Study Team
11.5.1 Mitigation Measures for Potential Project Impact

Following Table shows matrix of mitigation measures, responsible organization, and financial source.
Table 11-13 Mitigation Measures for Potential Project Impact

Rating Responsible
Category Item Description Mitigation Measures Financial Source
P/C O Organization
Pollution Air B- D P/C: Some negative Vehicles shall be covered Contractor, Contract amount
Quality impacts on air quality tightly when transporting YCDC with contractor
are expected due to construction materials.
operation of heavy Spray water to reduce dust
equipment/vehicles. in the construction site
O: Expected impacts during the dry season.
will be temporary only Idling stop, muffler
during the construction installation shall be
stage. executed in construction
period
Waste B- B- P/C: Construction works Excavated soil and sludge Contractor, Contract amount
Disposal will generate excavated will be disposed in existing YCDC with contractor
soil. disposal site as construction
O: Improper waste and general waste,
management of sludge respectively.
could contaminate soil
and
surface/underground
water.
Noise B- D P/C: Temporary impacts Construction noise shall be Contractor, Contract amount
of noise due to reduced to the regulation YCDC with contractor
operation of heavy value of WHO standard by
equipment and vehicles the appropriate
during construction are management of
expected. construction
O: Negative impact of equipment/vehicles.
noise due to operation Construction plan, period,
of pump and generator negative effect shall be
will be reduced by opened to the residents in
sound proof wall and the construction period.
physical isolation from
boundary.
Social Involunt B- D There are 7 involuntary Resettlement action plan YCDC Yen loan
Environ ary resettlements in the shall be prepared following amount
ment Resettle proposed construction JICA guideline.
ment site along national road. Enough compensation and
support shall be given to the
target household.
Hazards B- D Increase in risks of Provide protective Contractor, Contract amount
hazard is probably equipment and uniform to YCDC with contractor
expected among the workers including masks,
construction period. gloves and boots by
contractor.
Regular monitoring of
construction site and safety
education shall be executed
by contractor.
11-16
A+/-: Significant positive/negative impact is expected.

B+/-: Positive/negative impact is expected to some extent.
C+/-: Extent of positive/negative impact is unknown.
(A further examination is needed, and the impact could be clarified as the study progresses)
D: No impact is expected.
P/C: Planning/Construction
O: Operation
11.5.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

Following Table shows environmental monitoring plan including monitoring item, point, frequency,
and responsible organization.
Table 11-14 Environmental Monitoring Plan

Responsible Financial
Item Monitoring Item Monitoring Point Frequency
Organization Source
Air Quality PM10, TSP, CO, NOx, SOx Construction site Monthly Contractor、 Contract
YCDC amount with
contractor
Waste Construction waste, Sludge Construction site Monthly Contractor、 Contract
Disposal waste YCDC amount with
contractor
Noise Noise volume Construction site Monthly Contractor、 Contract
YCDC amount with
contractor
Involuntary Resettlement state Transmission Resettlement YCDC Yen loan
Resettlement Pipeline Route period amount
Hazards Protective equipment use, Construction site Monthly and Contractor、 Contract
presence of dangerous work, as needed by YCDC amount with
observance of traffic the designated contractor
regulations security chief
Source：JICA Study Team
The following monitoring form will be used for the environmental monitoring.
11-17
The latest result of the below items shall be submitted to the lenders as part of Quarterly Progress Report
throughout the construction phase.
Monitoring Form
1. Response/Actions to Comments and Guidance from Government Authorities and the Public
Monitoring Item Monitoring Results

Number and contents of formal
comments made by the public
Number and contents of responses
from Government agencies
2. Pollution
Air Quality (Ambient Air Quality)
Measured Measured Referred
Measurement
Item Unit Value Value International Frequency
Point
(Mean) (Max) Standards
PM10
TSP
CO
NOx
SOx
Garbage
Measured Referred
Measured Value
Item Unit Value International
(Max)
(Mean) Standards
Construction garbage amount
Sludge amount
3. Natural Environment
Noise
Measured Measured
Referred International
Item Unit Value Value
Standards
(Mean) (Max)
Noise level
4. Social Environment
Working Condition
Monitoring Item Monitoring Results
Safety gear use, Workplace
hazards, Compliance of traffic law
11-18
11.5.3 Environmental Check List

Following Table show the environmental check list for this study.
Table 11-15 Environmental Check List for This Study

Confirmation of Environmental
Environm Yes: Y
Category Main Check Items Considerations
ental Item No: N
(Reasons, Mitigation Measures)
1 (1) EIA (a) Have EIA reports been already prepared in (a) - (a) While the water supply project with
Permits and official process? (b) - surface water is not subject for EIA
and Environm (b) Have EIA reports been approved by (c) - procedure in Myanmar, environmental
Explanat ental authorities of the host country's government? (d) - and social consideration survey was
ion Permits (c) Have EIA reports been unconditionally carried out in this survey.
approved? If conditions are imposed on the (b) −
approval of EIA reports, are the conditions (c) −
satisfied? (d) −
(d) In addition to the above approvals, have other
required environmental permits been obtained
from the appropriate regulatory authorities of
the host country's government?
(2) (a) Have contents of the project and the potential (a) Y (a) SHM and Social and economic
Explanatio impacts been adequately explained to the (b) Y interview were conducted in this
n to the Local stakeholders based on appropriate study (Refer to Section 11.8)..
Local procedures, including information disclosure? (b) The same as.(a)
Stakehold Is understanding obtained from the Local
ers stakeholders?
(b) Have the comment from the stakeholders
(such as local residents) been reflected to the
project design?
(3) (a) Have alternative plans of the project been (a) Y (a) Assessment of alternative plans for
Examinati examined with social and environmental transmission pipeline was conducted,
on of considerations? and the pipeline laying under the
Alternativ secured public land next to the right of
es way is recommended with social and
environmental considerations.
2 (1) Air (a) Is there a possibility that chlorine from (a) N (a) Due to prevention of leakage accident
Pollution Quality chlorine storage facilities and chlorine (b) Y of chlorination agents, liquid
Control injection facilities will cause air pollution? hypochlorite is recommended as safest
Are any mitigating measures taken? agent with simple devices. In addition,
(b) Do chlorine concentrations within the construction of barrier is proposed to
working environments comply with the prevent overflow.
country’s occupational health and safety (b) Health and safety standards for
standards? working environments have not been
enacted in Myanmar. Safety measures
with safety gear and enough air
ventilation is recommended following
ILO standards.
(2) Water (a) Do pollutants, such as SS, BOD, COD (a) Y (a) Effluent standards have not been
Quality contained in effluents discharged by the enacted in Myanmar and high
facility operations comply with the country’s concentration of contaminants is not
effluent standards? expected in water treatment plant.
(3) Wastes (a) Are wastes, such as sludge generated by the (a) Y (a) Regulations for waste disposal have
facility operations properly treated and not been enacted in Myanmar.
disposed in accordance with the country’s Excavation soil and excess sludge will
regulations? be disposed in existing disposal site.
(4) Noise (a) Do noise and vibrations generated from the (a) Y (a) Standards for noise and vibrations
and facilities, such as pumping stations comply have not been enacted in Myanmar.
Vibration with the country’s standards? Noise and vibrations in construction
phase will be controlled by
management of construction
equipment/vehicles following WHO
standard.
(5) (a) In the case of extraction of a large volume of (a) N (a) Extraction of a large volume of ground
11-19
Environm Yes: Y
ental Item No: N
Subsidenc groundwater, is there a possibility that the water is not expected in this project.
e extraction of groundwater will cause
subsidence?
3 Natural (1) (a) Is the project site or discharge area located in (a) N (a) There is no protected area in project
Environ Protected protected areas designated by the country’s site.
ment Areas laws or international treaties and
conventions? Is there a possibility that the
project will affect the protected areas?
3 Natural (2) (a) Does the project site encompass primeval (a) N (a) There is no primeval forests, tropical
Environ Ecosystem forests, tropical rain forests, ecologically (b) N rain forests, ecologically valuable
ment valuable habitats (e.g., coral reefs, (c) N habitats in project site.
mangroves, or tidal flats)? (d) N (b)There is no endangered species in
(b) Does the project site or discharge area project site.
encompass the protected habitats of (c) Significant ecological impacts are not
endangered species designated by the anticipated in project site.
country’s laws or international treaties and (d) There is no adverse effect to aquatic
conventions? environment by low amount of water
(c) If significant ecological impacts are used.
anticipated, are adequate protection measures
taken to reduce the impacts on the
ecosystem?
(d) Is there a possibility that the amount of
water used (e.g., surface water, groundwater)
by project will adversely affect aquatic
environments, such as rivers? Are adequate
measures taken to reduce the impacts on
aquatic environments, such as aquatic
organisms?
(3) (a) Is there a possibility that the amount of water (a) N (a) There is no adverse effect to surface
Hydrology used (e.g., surface water, groundwater) by the water and ground water flows by low
project will adversely affect surface water amount of water used.
and groundwater flows?
4 Social (1) (a) Is involuntary resettlement caused by project (a) Y (a) To minimize the impact caused by the
Environ Resettlem implementation? If involuntary resettlement (b) Y resettlement, assessment of alternative
ment ent is caused, are efforts made to minimize the (c) Y of transmission pipeline was
impacts caused by the resettlement? (d) Y conducted.
(b) Is adequate explanation on compensation and (e) Y (b) Social and economic interview were
resettlement assistance given to affected (f) Y conducted in this study (Refer to
people prior to resettlement? (g) Y Sub-section 11.8.2).
(c) Is the resettlement plan, including (h) Y (c) Socioeconomic study will be
compensation with full replacement costs, (i) Y conducted on May 2016.
restoration of livelihoods and living standards (j) Y (d) It will be paid prior to the
developed based on socioeconomic studies on resettlement.
resettlement? (e) Resettlement policy framework with
(d) Is the compensations going to be paid prior to compensation policy have been
the resettlement? already prepared.
(e) Is the compensation policies prepared in (f) Resettlement policy framework pay
document? particular attention to vulnerable
(f) Does the resettlement plan pay particular groups.
attention to vulnerable groups or people, (g) Social and economic interview were
including women, children, the elderly, conducted in this study (Refer to
people below the poverty line, ethnic Sub-section 11.8.2).
minorities, and indigenous peoples? (h) Engineering Department (Water &
(g) Are agreements with the affected people Sanitation) in YCDC will be
obtained prior to resettlement? responsible organization and secure
(h) Is the organizational framework established to the capacity and budget.
properly implement resettlement? Are the (i) Monitoring will be carried out on
capacity and budget secured to implement the resettlement period.
plan? (j) Redress mechanism will be established
(i) Are any plans developed to monitor the following resettlement policy
impacts of resettlement? framework.
(j) Is the grievance redress mechanism
established?
11-20
Environm Yes: Y
ental Item No: N
4 Social (2) Living (a) Is there a possibility that the project will (a) Y (a) Adequate measures is considered by
Environ and adversely affect the living conditions of (b) N compensation and income restoration
ment Livelihood inhabitants? Are adequate measures program.
considered to reduce the impacts, if (b) Adversely effect to the existing water
necessary? uses is not expected by this project.
(b) Is there a possibility that the amount of water
used (e.g., surface water, groundwater) by the
project will adversely affect the existing
water uses and water area uses?
(3) (a) Is there a possibility that the project will (a) N (a) There is no heritage in project site.
Heritage damage the local archeological, historical,
cultural, and religious heritage? Are adequate
measures considered to protect these sites in
accordance with the country’s laws?
(4) (a) Is there a possibility that the project will (a) N (a) There is no adverse effect to local
Landscape adversely affect the local landscape? Are landscape.
necessary measures taken?
(5) Ethnic (a) Are considerations given to reduce impacts on (a) N (a) There is no ethnic minorities and
Minorities the culture and lifestyle of ethnic minorities (b) N indigenous peoples in the project site.
and and indigenous peoples? (b) There is no ethnic minorities and
Indigenou (b) Are all of the rights of ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples in the project site.
s Peoples indigenous peoples in relation to land and
resources respected?
(6) (a) Is the project proponent not violating any (a) Y (a) The laws for working conditions have
Working laws and ordinances associated with the (b) Y not been enacted in Myanmar.
Conditions working conditions of the country which the (c) Y (b) Tangible safety considerations will be
project proponent should observe in the (d) Y considered by the contractor. Safety
project? measures based on ILO standard is
(b) Are tangible safety considerations in place for proposed to be mentioned in the
individuals involved in the project, such as contract.
the installation of safety equipment which (c) Safety program and training including
prevents industrial accidents, and wearing of safety gear and compliance
management of hazardous materials? of road traffic law will be considered
(c) Are intangible measures being planned and by the contractor.
implemented for individuals involved in the (d) Appropriate instruction to security
project, such as the establishment of a safety guards including grievance adjustment
and health program, and safety training and work attitude correction will be
(including traffic safety and public health) for considered by the contractor.
workers etc.?
(d) Are appropriate measures taken to ensure that
security guards involved in the project not to
violate safety of other individuals involved,
or local residents?
5 Others (1) (a) Are adequate measures considered to reduce (a) Y (a) Adequate measures to reduce the
Impacts impacts during construction (e.g., noise, (b) N impact will be conducted by the
during vibrations, turbid water, dust, exhaust gases, (c) Y appropriate management of
Constructi and wastes)? (d) Y construction equipment/vehicles. The
on (b) If construction activities adversely affect the construction waste will be disposed to
natural environment (ecosystem), are the existing disposal site.
adequate measures considered to reduce (b) There is no adverse effect to
impacts? ecosystem in the project site.
(c) If construction activities adversely affect the (c) There is no adverse effect to social
social environment, are adequate measures environment.
considered to reduce impacts? (d) Due to reduce the traffic congestion in
(d) If the construction activities might cause construction site for transmission and
traffic congestion, are adequate measures distribution pipeline, the mitigation
considered to reduce such impacts? measures including construction time
shift, advance notice, and instruction
of other route will be conducted.
5 Others (2) (a) Does the proponent develop and implement (a) Y (a) Monitoring program will be carried
Monitorin monitoring program for the environmental (b) Y out by YCDC.
g items that are considered to have potential (c) Y (b) Specific monitoring item is included
impacts? (d) N in resettlement policy framework.
11-21
Environm Yes: Y
ental Item No: N
(b) What are the items, methods and frequencies (c) Specific monitoring framework is
of the monitoring program? included in resettlement policy
(c) Does the proponent establish an adequate framework.
monitoring framework (organization, (d) Regulation for monitoring system
personnel, equipment, and adequate budget to have not been enacted in Myanmar.
sustain the monitoring framework)? Monitoring result will be reported to
(d) Are any regulatory requirements pertaining to YCDC.
the monitoring report system identified, such
as the format and frequency of reports from
the proponent to the regulatory authorities?
6 Note Reference (a) Where necessary, pertinent items described in (a)- (a)-
to the Dam and River Projects checklist should
Checklist also be checked.
of Other
Sectors
Note on (a) If necessary, the impacts to transboundary or (a)- (a)-
Using global issues should be confirmed (e.g., the
Environm project includes factors that may cause
ental problems, such as transboundary waste
Checklist treatment, acid rain, destruction of the ozone
layer, or global warming).
1) Regarding the term “Country’s Standards” mentioned in the above table, in the event that environmental standards in the
country where the project is located diverge significantly from international standards, appropriate environmental, considerations
are required to be made.
In cases where local environmental regulations are yet to be established in some areas, considerations should be made based on
comparisons with appropriate standards of other countries (including Japan's experience).
2) Environmental checklist provides general environmental items to be checked. It may be necessary to add or delete an item
taking into account the characteristics of the project and the particular circumstances of the country and locality in which the
project is located.
11.6 Land Acquisition and Resettlement Issue
11.6.1 Necessity of Land Acquisition and Resettlement

The current condition of land acquisition and resettlement are described below.
(1) Water Treatment Plant Construction Site

For the land acquisition of WTP, YCDC requested Yangon Regional Government to approve for land
acquisition and then Yangon Regional Government ordered Township Land Record Department to
provide the land ledger. Then, YCDC determined the 12 land owner based on the land ledger and
negotiated with these land owners who depend mainly on rice farming on condition of the land price
of 5 million kyats/acre. The total area is 41.7 acre (168,972 m2) which is sufficient for 60 MGD WTP
facilities. There are no illegal house occupancy in the site and no involuntary resettlement is required.
After reaching consensus with the land owners, land contract was concluded between land owner and
YCDC. As the rice is annual plant, the construction of facilities can be started after harvesting of the
crop. Considering this, the compensation against the lost assets was not required.
11-22
As shown in the following Figure and photo, there is naturally generated drainage canal in the
north-south direction. The outlet of drainage is planned to be changed to surrounding drainage canal.
The new drainage canal is planned to be constructed along with site development by YCDC and the
review of the progress will be executed in detailed design stage.
YCDC Property (42 Acre)

Expansion Area (20 Acre)

Figure 11-9 Expected Land Acquisition Area
Site for Water Treatment Plant Land Ledger for Water Treatment Plant
11-23
Site for Pre-sedimentation Pond Land Ledger for Pre-sedimentation Pond
Existing Drainage Surrounding Site of Existing Drainage

Figure 11-10 Proposed Construction Site for Water Treatment Plant
However, the land acquisition of proposed construction site for pre-sedimentation pond is not
sufficient and can provide only 12 hours storage time in case of 60 MGD capacity. The required land
acquisition for expansion of pre-sedimentation pond which provide 48 hours is 20 Acre (80,940 m2)
and have not been completed yet. Land acquisition will be carried out in the same manner as described
earlier, and YCDC will determine the land owner based on the land ledger and negotiate with them on
condition of the land price per acre. After consensus formation, land contract will be concluded
between land owner and YCDC. There are no illegal house occupations in the site and no involuntary
resettlement will be required.
- Replacement Cost Survey

Replacement cost survey was conducted to make sure that land price of 5 million kyats/acre paid by
YCDC was replacement cost. Interview of resident in nearby Anyasu village was executed due to the
lack of real estate company around.
11-24
Anyasu village
Drainage Canal
Adjacent Area

Figure 11-11 Location of Replacement Cost Survey
As result of interview by farmer living for 50 years in Anyasu village, the average land price in
adjacent area of the Route No. 5 was approximately 7 million kyat/acre in June 2016. The land price
of WTP construction site is assumed to be 20-30% lower than average price by the physical
disadvantage of location nearby river and far from national road. Therefore, land price of 5 million
kyat/acre paid by YCDC in 2015 is considered as replacement cost for land owner. Also, market land
price is becoming high in surrounding area of Yangon City for recent years, and YCDC have been
negotiated with land owner in expansion area by replacement cost considering increase of land price.
(2) Transmission and Distribution Pipe Construction Site

- National Road (Route No. 5)
The proposed transmission pipelines will be installed along the national road Route No. 5 and city
road. Currently, Route No. 5 is paved on 4-lane and 2-lane in Hlaing Tharyar TS and Htantabin TS,
respectively. ROW of Route No. 5 is decided by MOC as approximately 45 m wide and Route No. 5
has the potential to be expanded up to ROW due to future increase in population and transportation.
The transmission pipe along Route No. 5 will be installed in the ditch out of the extent of ROW. In the
case of 60 MGD of Kokkowa WTP development by 2025, following large diameter pipelines are
- Transmission pipeline from WTP to Zone 9 SR/RPS ( 1600mm)
- Transmission pipeline from Zone 9 SR/RPS to Zone 1 SRs ( 1600mm)
- Distribution main from Zone 9 SR to Zone 9 area (constructed by YCDC)
11-25
Since Route No. 5 is the only road connecting the WTP and Zone 9 SR, pipelines mentioned above are
planned to be laid along the Route No. 5.
Administrated
by Htantabin
T.S. Administrated
by Hlaing
Tharyar T.S.
Route No. 5

Figure 11-12 Transmission Pipeline Alignment along Route No.5
In the Minutes of Meeting on Follow up mission between JICA and YCDC on 30 November 2015,
JICA and YCDC agreed concerning transmission facility as below;
- Transmission pipe will be installed along National Route No. 5. The subject area is within
jurisdiction of MoC, Yangon Regional Government and YCDC. JICA and YCDC agreed that
YCDC will exchange letters with relevant authorities to inform pipe laying position.
- Gas pipe line is installed along National Route No. 5. JICA and YCDC agreed to confirm the
location of gas pipeline to avoid any conflict related to the installation site.
- There are electric transmission towers beside the lying site. JICA and YCDC agreed that YCDC
will exchange letters with MoEE and YESC to inform pipe lying position.
The census and socio-economic survey on project affected persons (PAPs) living in the construction
site of transmission pipe were conducted for valuation of assets to be compensated and for explaining
the project contents. As a result of these interviews, seven (7) illegal occupants are on the proposed
alignment of transmission pipeline from WTP in Htantabin TS to Zone 9 SR in Hlaing Tharyar TS
along the Route No. 5. Detailed is described below in the Sub section 11.8.2.
11-26
(3) River Crossing Site

Installation of the transmission pipeline from Zone 9 SR to Zone 1 area will necessarily require
crossing of Hlaing River. Shield tunnel method is recommended as the result of the comparison of
construction method. Enough space is required for the construction of departure shaft and yard.
Departure shaft and yard will be constructed in the MOAI land and arrival shaft will be constructed in
city road. Therefore, no land acquisition and no involuntary resettlement.

Figure 11-13 Proposed Location of River Crossing
Site for Departure Shaft and Yard Site for Arrival Shaft
Photo 11-1 Proposed Construction Site for River Crossing
There is no rigid legal procedure for the permission of tentative occupation in public land and the
permission for construction of departure shaft yard was already obtained after discussion between
MoAI and YCDC. Request letter will be submitted by YCDC to MoAI to obtain approval document
on construction works in MoAI land.
11-27
(4) City Road

The transmission pipe along city road will be installed under the existing road owned by YCDC.
Therefore, there is no negative environmental impact including land acquisition and involuntary
resettlement.
Existing City Road in Downtown Area Existing City Road near Central SR in Zone 1
Photo 11-2 Proposed Construction Site for Pipelines along City Road
(5) Service Reservoir Construction Site

- Zone 9 SR
The proposed construction site for Zone 9 SR is located in City Park owned by YCDC. Therefore, no
land acquisition or involuntary resettlement is required.
Construction Site for Zone 9 SR Construction Site for Zone 9 SR

Photo 11-3 Proposed Construction Site for Zone 9 SR
11-28
- Kokine SR Construction Site in Zone 1

Kokine SR will be constructed in the existing SR construction site owned by YCDC. Therefore, land
acquisition and involuntary resettlement is not required.

Photo 11-4 Proposed Construction Site for Existing Kokine SR in Zone1
- Central SR Construction Site in Zone 1

Central SR will be constructed in the existing SR construction site owned by YCDC. Therefore, land
acquisition and involuntary resettlement is not required.
Existing Zone 1 Central SR Existing Zone 1 Central SR

Photo 11-5 Proposed Construction Site for Existing Central SR in Zone1
(6) Distribution Pipeline Construction Site in Water Supply Zone

The distribution pipe along city road will be installed under the existing road owned by YCDC.
Therefore, there is no negative environmental impact including land acquisition and involuntary
resettlement.
11-29
11.6.2 Major Laws for Land Acquisition/ Resettlement

(1) Summary of Laws and Regulatory Framework
Currently there is no law in Myanmar, comprehensively stipulating on land acquisition and
resettlement regulations. The Land Acquisition Act, enacted in 1894, is still serves as the legal basis
for land acquisition in current Myanmar.
Resettlement related issues are described in some existing laws and regulations. However, in most of
cases, details such as procedures and conditions related to resettlement issues are yet to be determined.
Following Table indicates relevant Myanmar laws and regulations for land acquisition and
resettlement which are applicable to Myanmar where the project site is located.
Myanmar Laws and Regulations for Land Acquisition and Resettlement

Farmland Law, 2012
Farmland Rules, 2012
Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law, 2012
Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Rules, 2012
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, 2008
Forest Law, 1992
Transfer of Immovable Property Restriction Law, 1987
The Law Amending the Disposal of Tenancies Law, 1965
The Lower Burma Town and Village Land Act, 1899
Land Acquisition Act, 1879 (Amended in 1937 (Adaptation of Laws Orders), and 1940
(Burma Act 27)
The Land and Revenue Act 1876 (Amended in 1945 (Burma Act No 12), 1946 (Burma Act
No 64), and 1947 (Burma Act No 6)
The Lower Burma Land Revenue Manual, 1876
Development Committee Law, 1993
(2) Principles on JICA Resettlement Policy

The key principle of JICA policies on involuntary resettlement is summarized in the final page of Sub
section 11.7.9.
(3) Comparison between the Government’s Laws/ Regulations and JICA Guidelines
The comparison between the Government's laws/regulations and JICA Guidelines are shown in the
Table below.
Table 11-16 Comparison between The Government’s Laws/ Regulations and JICA Guidelines
Gap Between Laws in
Measures to Filling
No. JICA Guidelines Law in Myanmar Myanmar and JICA
Gap
Guidelines
1 Involuntary resettlement and loss Not applicable There is no regulation The project examines
of means of livelihood are to be which mentions or alternatives to avoid
avoided when feasible by requests to avoid or or minimize
exploring all viable alternatives. minimize involuntary resettlement impact.
(JICA Guidelines: JICA GL) resettlement and loss of
livelihood means.
2 When population displacement is Compensation or indemnity is There is no difference. -
unavoidable, effective measures provided for farmland
to minimize impact and to acquisition for the interest of
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Gap Between Laws in

Measures to Filling
Gap
Guidelines
compensate for losses should be the State or public. (Farmland
taken. (JICA GL) Law (2012) Art. 26, Farmland
Rules (2012) Art. 64)
3 People who must be resettled Damages to standing There is no stipulation of Assistance for
involuntarily and people whose crops/trees, lands, improving or at least improving or
means of livelihood will be movable/immovable restoring living standard, restoring livelihood at
hindered or lost must be properties, relocation cost, income opportunities and least to pre-project
sufficiently compensated and economic activities are production levels to level is provided.
supported, so that they can requested to compensate. pre-project levels in the
improve or at least restore their (Land Myanmar legal
standard of living, income Acquisition Act (1894) Art. framework.
opportunities and production 23, Farmland Rules (2012)
levels to pre-project levels. (JICA Art. 67)
GL)
4 Compensation must be based on Compensation at three times There is no significant -
the full replacement cost as much of the value calculated based difference.
as possible. (JICA GL) on the average production of
crops in the current market
price of that area is provided.
(Farmland Rules (2012) Art.
67)
5 Compensation and other kinds of When compensation is not There is no clear Assistance is planned
assistance must be provided prior paid on or before land indication about timing of to be provided by all
to displacement. (JICA GL) acquisition, compensation compensation payment in amount payment
amount awarded with interest the Myanmar legal before displacement.
rate must be paid. framework.
6 When consultations are held, Not applicable Ditto Consultations with
explanations must be given in a PAPs have been
form, manner, and language that organized using
are understandable to the Understandable
Affected people. (JICA GL) explanation methods.
7 Appropriate and accessible 1) Notice of compensation The procedure of The project
grievance mechanisms must be amount to PAPs directly: grievance in the Myanmar establishes the
established for the affected people appeal to the court within 6 context is direct grievance redressal
and their communities. (JICA weeks from the date of settlement at the court, mechanism by
GL) compensation award which is not necessarily utilizing the existing
2) Notice of compensation easy or accessible to administration system
amount to representatives of PAPs. to be convenient for
PAPs: i) within 6 weeks of PAPs.
receipt of compensation
notice, or ii) within 6 months
from the date of
compensation award (Land
Acquisition Act (1894) Art.
18)
8 Affected people are to be A notification of land There is no specific Census survey will be
identified and recorded as early as acquisition or public purposes description of identifying conducted in May
possible in order to establish their is published in the gazette, affected people as early as 2016 for identifying
eligibility through an initial which is also published at the possible in the national number of affected
baseline survey (including convenient place in the law. households as well as
population census that serves as concerned municipality. their socio-economic
an eligibility cut-off date, asset (Land Acquisition Act (1894) condition.
inventory, and socioeconomic Article 4)
survey), preferably at the project
identification stage, to prevent a
subsequent influx of encroachers
of others who wish to take
advance of such benefits. (WB
OP4.12 Para.6)
9 Eligibility of benefits includes, Occupiers/stakeholders of Detail procedures as well The project
the PAPs who have formal legal lands to be acquired are as eligibility criteria are establishes eligibility
rights to land (including explained about acquisition not clearly defined. Also for assistance to all
customary and traditional land and claims to compensations. there is no specific households whose
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Gap Between Laws in

Measures to Filling
Gap
Guidelines
rights recognized under law), the (Land Acquisition Act indication about displaced income sources or
PAPs who don't have formal legal (1894) Article 9) persons without titles. assets are confirmed
rights to land at the time of census as affected due to
but have a claim to such land or project
assets and the PAPs who have no implementation.
recognizable legal right to the
land they are occupying.(WB
OP4.12 Para.15)
10 Provide support for the transition Not Applicable There is no regulation Sufficient support for
period (between displacement and stipulating to provide the transition period is
livelihood restoration). (WB support for the transition provided.
OP4.12 Para.6) period.
11 Particular attention must be paid Not Applicable There is no regulation The support for the
to the needs of the vulnerable stipulating to provide vulnerable groups is
groups among those displaced, particular attention to the provided.
especially those below the vulnerable groups.
poverty line, landless, elderly,
women and children, ethnic
minorities etc. (WB OP4.12
Para.8)
12 For projects that entail land Not Applicable There is no regulation The project does not
acquisition or involuntary stipulating to provide request more than 200
resettlement of fewer than 200 resettlement plan. people of
people, abbreviated resettlement displacement, and
plan is to be prepared. (WB Prepares abbreviated
OP4.12 Para.25) resettlement plan
accordingly.
11.7 Principles of Resettlement Policy

11.7.1 Resettlement Policy
In the projects, YCDC is expected to take all necessary measures to mitigate adverse social impacts,
including those associated with construction of pre-sedimentation basin and transmission pipe. For the
PAPs, the principal objective of the draft Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) is to ensure that all
persons displaced economically and/or physically are compensated for all lost assets at full
replacement cost at market value.
JICA has policies on resettlement, which are stipulated in JICA Guidelines. The key principle of JICA
policies on involuntary resettlement is summarized below:
a) Involuntary resettlement and loss of means of livelihood are to be avoided when feasible by
exploring all viable alternatives.
b) When population displacement is unavoidable, effective measures to minimize the impact and to
compensate for losses should be taken.
c) People who must be resettled involuntary and people whose measures of livelihood will be
hindered or involve losses must be sufficiently compensated and supported, so that they can
improve or at least restore their standard of living, income opportunities and production levels to
pre-project levels.
d) Compensation must be based on the full replacement cost as much as possible.
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e) Compensation and other kinds of assistance must be provided prior to displacement.

f) In preparing a resettlement action plan, consultations must be prompted in the planning,
implementation, and monitoring of resettlement action plans.
g) Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms must be established for the affected people and
their communities.
In addition to the above policies, JICA also applies for the following policies stipulated in WB OP
4.12.
a) Affected people are to be identified and recorded as early as possible in order to establish their
eligibility through an initial baseline survey (including population census that serves as an
eligibility cut-off date, asset inventory, and socioeconomic survey) to prevent a subsequent influx
of encroachers of others who wish to take advance of such benefit.
b) Provide support for the transition period (between displacement and livelihood restoration).
c) Particular attention must be paid to the needs of vulnerable people among those displaced,
especially those below the poverty line, elderly, women and children, ethnic minorities etc.
d) For projects that entail land acquisition or involuntary resettlement of fewer than 200
people, abbreviated resettlement plan (ARAP) is to be prepared.
“PAPs of the project” refers to all the people who, on account of project activities, would have their (i)
standard of living adversely affected; or (ii) right, title, interest in any house, or any other fixed or
movable asset acquired or possessed temporarily or permanently; or (iii) business, occupation, work or
place of residence or habitat adversely affected.
"Replacement cost" is defined as follows:

- For houses and other structures, it is the market cost of the materials to build a replacement
structure with an area and quality similar to those of the affected structure, or to repair a partially
affected structure, plus the cost of transporting building materials to the construction site, plus the
cost of any labor and contractors' fees, plus the cost of any registration and transfer taxes.
- In determining the replacement cost, depreciation of the asset and the salvage values are not taken
into account, nor is the value of benefits to be derived from the project deducted from the valuation
of an affected asset.
11.7.2 Scope of Resettlement Impact

A census and socio-economic survey will be carried out to identify PAPs and prepare the inventory of
the assets to be compensated. The census and socio-economic survey must cover all of the PAPs and
identify all of their assets affected. At the beginning of census, the cut-off date is disclosed to public in
order to avoid influx of additional population into the project area just to receive assistance, and
persons who occupy the project area after cut-off date are not eligible for compensation. The PAPs
living or doing income generation activities in the project site on the cut-off date are eligible for
compensation. The cut-off date of this project will be declared on the day census begins and will be
announced by YCDC through the public consultation meeting and notice displayed in the public area.
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11.7.3 Eligibility Criteria and Income Restoration Program

(1) Eligibility Criteria
The purpose of resettlement planning is to ensure that PAPs have sufficient opportunity to replace
assets they will lose, and to improve or at least restore their incomes and living standards. To achieve
these objectives, it is essential to ensure that all PAPs are identified, and to ensure that all PAPs are
deemed eligible for appropriate mitigation measures in the resettlement action plan (RAP). The PAPs
of the project are normally eligible for compensation at replacement cost for any fixed assets or
movable assets that will not be able to be used after resettlement, and the estimated future value of
productive trees.
The PAPs of the project have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying, so
they may not be entitled to land compensation, but are compensated at replacement cost for productive
trees, and other assets or improvements they have established on the land they use.
The following generic Entitlement Matrix provides the principles that will be used during
implementation.
Table 11-17 Entitlement Matrix

Type of
Entitled Person Entitlements Responsibility & Procedures
Losses
Loss of Land owners of Cash compensation at replacement cost Responsibility for each
Private Land private land which is equivalent to the market value procedures is shared as
Loss of Land owners of Cash compensation at replacement cost follows:
Land-based private which is equivalent to the market value 1. Confirmation of Assets
Income - Implementing Consultant
Loss of Fixed Owners of Cash compensation at replacement cost 2. Calculation of
Assets affected assets which is equivalent to the market value compensation cost-
(living structures Implementing Consultant
or stores) 3. Agreement of
Person planted Cash compensation at the current market compensation cost- YCDC
trees to be cut price of the materials such as fruits obtained 4. Provision of compensation
from the trees cost to PAPs -YCDC
Loss of Owners of Cash compensation at the current market 5. Payment Procedure -
Movable movable assets price if they are not able to be used after YCDC
Assets Livestock resettlement
Loss of Contracted Cash assistance for non-working period due Responsibility for each
income source worker and to resettlement. procedures is shared as
self-employed follows:
person Rehabilitation assistance to achieve the 1. Confirmation of livelihood
policy objective to improve or restore their - Implementing Consultant
livelihoods and standards of living in real 2. Preparation of Income
terms. Restoration Program –
YCDC, NGO
3. Monitoring – YCDC
(2) Income Restoration Program (IRP)

Income Restoration Program (IRP) will be planned to restore and stabilize livelihood of displaced
PAPs to at least pre-project level after resettlement, depending on its necessity, based on the results of
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survey for the needs of measures for livelihood rehabilitation.

Summary of survey for the needs of measures for livelihood rehabilitation is shown below.
1. Objective
Based on the result of census and socio-economic survey, the needs of measures for livelihood
rehabilitation are determined.
2. Survey Target
The Survey Target shall be the households along the Route No.5 on the proposed construction site
of transmission pipe.
3. Survey Contents
The item to be confirmed is shown below.
- Loss of assets and job opportunities
- Needs of livelihood rehabilitation including financial assistance, work training, and job
placement
4. Survey Method
The needs of livelihood rehabilitation and loss of assets will be determined based on the result of
census and socio-economic survey. All data and summary report will be attached in ARAP, and
Income Restoration Program (IRP) is developed after the confirmation of the above item.
5. Schedule
Analysis of census and socio-economic survey: Social and economic interview were conducted in
this Study (Refer to Sub-section 11.8.2).
Summarization of the needs of measures for livelihood rehabilitation:
To be conducted by Yangon Regional Government
IRP is proposed to be composed of support for restoration of economic conditions through the
activities for enhancement of income earning opportunities. The PAPs who need to alter income
earning activity from current to another activity and unemployed people who desire to have skill for
finding job opportunity are entitled to participate in IRP. IRP will be implemented not only for men
but also women of working age. In supports for income earning opportunities, a series of technical
support for improvement of work-skill are to be included. The activity of the series of technical
support will provide vocational trainings to PAPs in order to improve their skills for enhancing job
opportunities. Since some ministries provide several types of vocational training, which could be
utilized as part of IRP, cooperation with these concerned ministries will be taken into consideration.
Although IRP will be finalized based on needs analysis of PAPs through consultation with PAPs, it is
planned to consist of three main activities: i) technical support for improvement of work skill, ii)
technical support for livelihood management, and iii) assistance for finding the income earning
opportunities. In addition to these three main activities, follow-up will also be implemented by using
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internal and external monitoring results. In order to implement IRP effectively, a horizontal unit
among several administrative level will be established.
i) Technical Support for Improvement of Work Skill

This is an activity to provide vocational trainings to PAPs in order to improve their skills for
enhancing job opportunities. Ministries currently provide several vocational trainings as shown in
some examples in the following Table, which can be utilized as a part of IRP by cooperating with the
concerned ministries.
Table 11-18 Example of Technical Support for Income Earning Activity in IRP
Economic Type of Duration of Approximate
Implementing
No. Restoration Sub-activities technical technical Cost (MNK Location
institution
activity support training /Person)
1 Construction Construction work YCDC Vocational 6 weeks 125,000 Specified
activity (road construction, training in Training
carpentry, masonry, theory and Center
electricity, practice, on the
plumbing, etc.) job training,
Mechanical work technical advice 6 weeks 38,000
(earthmoving, heavy as needed,
equipment, pump & advice for job
machine operator, opportunity
etc.)
2 Small scale Wood based YCDC, NGO Vocational 30 days 180,000 Specified
industry carpentry (Capacity training in Training
activity Food processing Building theory and 7 days 55,000 Center
Tailoring, dress Initiative, practice, on the 3 months 150,000
making PACT in job training,
Myanmar. technical advice
etc.) as needed,
advice for job
opportunity
3 Small scale Small scale YCDC, NGO Technical 5-15 days - On site
livestock livestock, poultry (Capacity training on site,
and Small scale Building study tour, 5-15 days -
horticulture horticulture Initiative, technical advice
(vegetable, cash PACT in as needed
crops, fruit tress) Myanmar.
etc.)
ii) Technical Support for Livelihood Management

This activity supports households to improve their current physical living condition by providing
technical training and/or education. Tentatively, formulation of religious and social groups (e.g. how to
organize a stable community including establishing necessary rules and system), management of
income and expenditure (e.g. support to open bank accounts, deliberated plan of saving and
expenditure after receiving assistance amount and regular income from jobs) and hygiene education
(e.g. awareness for health) are planned to be provided as technical supports.
iii) Support for Finding Income Earning Opportunities

Supports to find job opportunities during construction and after operation of WTP are provided for
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PAPs by facilitating capability of PAPs and a job vacancy in cooperation with Department of Labor
under Ministry of Labor, Immigration and Population, and also by giving preference of job
opportunities to PAPs
iv) Follow-up Activities

In the monitoring, situations of restoration of PAP’s livelihood and community formulation will be
monitored. Further appropriate measures will be examined and conducted with PAPs if necessary.
IRP commences with participatory workshop with PAPs after resettlement of PAPs.
11.7.4 Grievance Procedures

To ensure that PAPs have avenues for raising complaints relating to compensation payment,
construction-related damages, or other aspects of project implementation, a multi-step grievance
procedure will be established in the ARAP. YCDC will assess in more detail appropriate grievance
redressal mechanisms for the project and the ARAP will detail the procedures for that particular
project activity. Necessary elements of the grievance procedures include:
a) An initial stage, within the local village or town level, in which any person aggrieved by any
aspect of the compensation process can lodge an oral or written grievance to local authorities who
are involved in project implementation. If the complaint cannot be resolved within 30 days of
receipt, it advances to the second step of the process.
b) At the Stage 2, if the aggrieved person is not satisfied with the outcome of initial stage
consideration, or if local level review is unable to reach a proposed solution, the aggrieved person
can refer the issue to a grievance committee established by YCDC. The grievance committee,
which is chaired by YCDC, reviews issues raised in the initial complaint and any actions for
resolution suggested at the lower level and makes recommendations for resolution within 30
days.
c) At the Stage 3, if the aggrieved person is still dissatisfied following review by the grievance
committee, the case may be referred to legal proceedings in accordance with the government of
Myanmar’s laws and procedures.
YCDC and implementing partner keep a record of all complaints referred to the grievance committee,
including the description of issues raised and the outcome of the review process.
11.7.5 Implementation Arrangement

YCDC is the responsible body for implementation of ARAP, and sub-committee will be established
chaired by Resettlement & Income Restoration Program Manager. Project Management Committee is
coordinating agencies in supporting YCDC, RISC, and IRPISC for smooth implementation of ARAP
including resettlement and IRP. The image of implementation structure of ARAP is presented in the
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following Figure.
One of the sub-committees is Resettlement Implementation Sub-Committee (RISC) which
manages to coordinate and communicate with PAPs and all related organization in resettlement,
manages the disbursement of assistance to PAPs, and coordinates with PAPs for implementation
of grievance procedure, monitoring system, and resettlement as a whole.
Other sub-committee is Income Restoration Program Implementation Sub-Committee (IRPSC)
which manages to facilitate the integration of PAPs in the host community, finalizes IRP through
consultation with PAPs, implements the series of activities of IRP, and follows up the activities of
IRP.
Chairman of Committee at YCDC
Project Management Committee
Resettlement & Income

Restoration Program Manager
Resettlement Income Restoration

Implementation Program Implementation
Sub-Committee (RISC) Sub-Committee (IRPISC)
Figure 11-14 Organization Chart for Implementation of ARAP
Responsible organization for implementation of these activities will be EDWS/YCDC and

Resettlement & Income Restoration Program will be chaired by the Chief Engineer of EDWS.
11.7.6 Implementation Schedule
The provisional schedule of the resettlement works is shown in following Table. It is provisional
because the sequence or schedule may change due to circumstances, and accordingly the time will be
adjusted for the implementation of the resettlement works.
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Table 11-19 Provisional Schedule of The Resettlement Works
11.7.7 Funding Arrangement

The compensation cost includes the compensation for house construction cost, moving fee, asset, and
land calculated after census and socio-economic survey. The calculation basis of compensation for
house construction cost, moving fee, and asset is based on unit material and labor cost published by
MOC and market price. Also, compensation cost for land is based on the contract price upon
consultation with land owners.
YCDC bears responsibility for paying all costs associated with compensation. The ARAP prepared in
accordance with this draft ARAP requires a budget with estimated costs for all aspects of ARAP
implementation. All persons adversely affected by the project are entitled to compensation or other
appropriate mitigation measures. Compensation rates included in the ARAP provide the basis for
calculating compensation amounts due to displacement of persons. Compensation must be paid in full
to the PAPs losing their assets. No deductions from compensation will occur due to any reason. The
resource of compensation, income restoration program and related operation will be included in the
budget of EDWS/YCDC.
11.7.8 Monitoring Procedures

YCDC will monitor the implementation of the ARAP and report the monitoring results to JICA on a
regular basis.
The objectives of the monitoring during project implementation phase are i) to monitor progress of
IRP, ii) to monitor settlement status, and iii) to examine further measures if necessary.
The principal items to be checked by internal monitoring include the following:
- Effectiveness of grievance mechanism and raised issues
- Status of implementing IRP
- Issues for implementing IRP (i.e. implementation schedule, budget or personnel, personnel
capacity, facilitation among relevant parties) and proposed remedial measures
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IRPISC submits internal monitoring reports to YCDC after the resettlement phase including the
following:
- Course of IRP and number of participants
- Status/progress of IRP
- Settlement status at the relocation site
- Issues raised at the grievance mechanism and measures taken
The methodology of evaluation is based mainly on comparison of socio-economic status of PAHs

prior to and following displacement and level of satisfaction taking into consideration of external
conditions. Socio-economic status and level of satisfaction will be examined through interview with
PAPs at each period of external monitoring. If the findings would indicate that the objectives of ARAP
or IRP have not been achieved, RISC and IRPISC and other concerned parties would propose
appropriate additional measures to support PAPs to rehabilitate themselves to at least their pre-project
situation.
11.7.9 Consultations and Disclosure Arrangements

The PAPs will be consulted during the preparation of the ARAP. The draft ARAP should be consulted
with affected people and their inputs should be incorporated in the final ARAP. It should be prepared
in Burmese. Consultation should be conducted in a local language and sufficient lead time (minimum
1 week) should be given to ensure all PAPs are able to participate in consultations and be fully
informed of the ARAP.
The ARAP must describe measures taken to consult with displaced persons regarding proposed
arrangements, and it summarizes the results of those consultations. YCDC also ensures public
disclosure of the ARAP, in draft and final stages, to the PAPs and the general public in the project area,
in a language and location accessible to them.
In the public consultation meeting, YCDC will explain the following items.
- General project information
- Result of census and socio-economic survey
- Compensation policy and contents
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Reference: Principle of JICA Policies on Involuntary Resettlement

The key principle of JICA policies on involuntary resettlement is summarized below.
Involuntary resettlement and loss of means of livelihood are to be avoided when feasible by exploring all viable
alternatives.
When, population displacement is unavoidable, effective measures to minimize the impact and to compensate
for losses should be taken.
People who must be resettled involuntarily and people whose means of livelihood will be hindered or lost must
be sufficiently compensated and supported, so that they can improve or at least restore their standard of living,
income opportunities and production levels to pre-project levels.
8
Compensation must be based on the full replacement cost as much as possible.
Compensation and other kinds of assistance must be provided prior to displacement.
For projects that entail large-scale involuntary resettlement, resettlement action plans must be prepared and
made available to the public. It is desirable that the resettlement action plan include elements laid out in the
World Bank Safeguard Policy, OP 4.12, Annex A.
In preparing a resettlement action plan, consultations must be held with the affected people and their
communities based on sufficient information made available to them in advance. When consultations are held,
explanations must be given in a form, manner, and language that are understandable to the affected people.
Appropriate participation of affected people must be promoted in planning, implementation, and monitoring of
resettlement action plans.
Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms must be established for the affected people and their
communities.
Above principles are complemented by World Bank OP 4.12, since it is stated in JICA Guideline that “JICA
confirms that projects do not deviate significantly from the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies”. Additional key
principle based on World Bank OP 4.12 is as follows.
Affected people are to be identified and recorded as early as possible in order to establish their eligibility
through an initial baseline survey (including population census that serves as an eligibility of cut-off date, asset
inventory, and socioeconomic survey), preferably at the project identification stage, to prevent a subsequent
influx of encroachers who wish to take advance of such benefits.
Eligibility of Benefits include, the PAPs who have formal legal rights to land (including customary and
traditional land rights recognized under law), the PAPs who don't have formal legal rights to land at the time of
census but have a claim to such land or assets and the PAPs who have no recognizable legal right to the land
they are occupying.
Preference should be given to land-based resettlement strategies for displaced persons whose livelihoods are
land-based.
8
Description of “replacement cost” is as follows.
Land Agricultural The pre-project or pre-displacement, whichever is higher, market value of land of equal productive
Land potential or use located in the vicinity of the affected land, plus the cost of preparing the land to levels
similar to those of the affected land, plus the cost of any registration and transfer taxes.
Land in The pre-displacement market value of land of equal size and use, with similar or improved public
Urban infrastructure facilities and services and located in the vicinity of the affected land, plus the cost of any
Areas registration and transfer taxes.
Structure Houses and The market cost of the materials to build a replacement structure with an area and quality similar or
Other better than those of the affected structure, or to repair a partially affected structure, plus the cost of
Structures transporting building materials to the construction site, plus the cost of any labor and contractors’ fees,
plus the cost of any registration and transfer taxes.
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Provide support for the transition period (between displacement and livelihood restoration.
Particular attention must be paid to the needs of the vulnerable groups among those displaced, especially those
below the poverty line, landless, elderly, women and children, ethnic minorities etc.
For projects that entail land acquisition or involuntary resettlement of fewer than 200 people, abbreviated
resettlement plan is to be prepared.
In addition to the above core principles on the JICA policy, it also laid emphasis on a detailed resettlement policy
inclusive of all the above points; project specific resettlement plan; institutional framework for implementation;
monitoring and evaluation mechanism; time schedule for implementation; and, detailed Financial Plan etc.
11.8 Meeting with Stakeholders and Interviews
11.8.1 Meetings with Stakeholders for the Project Site of WTP

With regard to the meetings with stakeholders for the project site of Kokkowa WTP, a total of two (2)
meetings were held by the initiative of YCDC as summarized below.
(1) Explanatory Meeting held in April 2015

In April 2015, an explanatory meeting for the WTP construction was held for two (2) days in the
adjacent Anyasu Village, the details of which are given in the following Table.
Table 11-20 YCDC Explanatory Meeting on the Project at Anyasu Village Monastery
Item Description
1. Date 11th and 12th April 2015
2. Venue Anyasu Village Monastery
Organization/Position Total
YCDC (EDWS): Chief Engineer, Deputy Chief Engineer (total 3),
Executive Engineer, Assistant Chief Engineer,
Assistant Engineer, other YCDC staff
3. Participants Community Leader, Htan Tapin Township Approximately
Village Tract Leader, Htan Tapin Township 150 participants
Anyasu Village Monastery religious figures
Anyasu Village inhabitants
Pandaing Village inhabitants
- Project Components and its advantages
4. Agenda
- Some religious ceremony for the project
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Source: YCDC
According to YCDC, the explanatory meeting was held based on the local traditional custom including
some religious ceremony for praying for the success of the WTP construction by inviting local high
monks as well as local people. Therefore, any written records and documents on the meeting had not
been prepared.
(2) Stakeholder Meeting for the Project held in January 2017

In January 2017, a stakeholder meeting (SHM) for the Project was held by YCDC for explaining the
project components including additional land acquisition of 20 acres for the WTP, JICA policy
(described below) on land acquisitions with entitlement, cut- off date and so on as summarized in the
following Table.
Table 11-21 Stakeholder Meeting on the Project at Site Office in WTP

Item Description
1. Date & Time 11th January 2017 (9:00 am -10:45 am)
2. Venue The project Site Office in the WTP
Organization/Position Total
YCDC (EDWS) 18
YCDC (City Planning & Land Administration Department (Northern
1
District)
Road Department, Ministry of Construction 1
Land Record Department (Htantabin Township) 1
General Administration Department (Htantabin Township) 1
General Administration Department (Northern District) 1
General Administration Department (Hlaing Tharyar Township.) 1
3. Participants Religious Leader (Anyasu Village) 1
Religious Leader (Ka Twel Village) 1
Village Administrator (Ka Twel Village) 1
Village Sub-administrator (Pandaing Village) 1
Village Sub-administrator (Anyasu Village) 1
Villager (Pandaing Village) 16
Villager (Htantabin Village) 1
Villager (Anyasu Village) 1
JICA Study Team (Local Staff) 1
Total 48
- Project history, Components and Schedule
4. Agenda
- Possible Environmental and Social Impacts and the Proposed Countermeasures
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- JICA Policy on compensations and entitlements for the Project, Cut-off date
- Questions/Discussions/Comments
1) Possible Environmental and Social Impacts and the Proposed Countermeasures

Based on the results of “Scoping of Environmental Impacts (See Table 11-12)” and “Mitigation
Measures for Potential Project Impact (See Table 11-13)”, possible environmental and social impacts
and the Proposed countermeasures were explained in the SHM. In addition, some positive impacts
such as social contributions to the people of Yangon Region by the Project as well as possibility of
local people employments during the construction and operation of the Project were described by
YCDC to the participants.
2) JICA Policy on Compensation and Entitlement for Land Acquisition

As per “Major Laws for Land Acquisition/ Resettlement (see Sub-section 11.6.2)” and “Principles of
Resettlement Policy (See Section 11.7)”, key points of JICA’s policy on compensation and entitlement
of the land acquisition were explained in the SHM.
3) Cut-off Date
In the SHM, cut-off date for the land acquisitions was explained as follows.
YCDC held the explanatory meeting with stakeholders on 11th and 12th April 2015 at Anyasu
Village Monastery (See Table 11-20).
Therefore, 11th April 2015 can be recognized as de facto cut-off date for the first land acquisition.
11-44
In addition, the SHM held on 11th January 2017 (See Table 11-21) can be recognized as second
cut-off date for all land acquisitions for the Project especially additional land for 20 acres.
4) Discussions
At the last stage of SHM, questions, discussions and comments were made among the stakeholders
and YCDC as specified in the following Table.
Table 11-22 Discussions in the Stakeholder Meeting

Questions, Discussions, Comments Answers, countermeasures
(a) When the project is started, YCDC should consider for job opportunities of (a)As presented in the SHM,
the people who live near by the project area. YCDC will consider on the
job opportunities.
(b) Land owner should accept the fair land price which will be decided (b) Speech by Monk
appropriately by Yangon Regional Government as per entitlement matrix
and JICA policy on replacement cost. (Monk)
(c) How does YCDC evaluate for the price of land per acre? (A land owner) It will be appraised by
Yangon Regional
Government depends on
current price and unit price
without abasing to the land
owner. However, proof of
land ownership is necessary
to be compensated.
(Htantabin Township
Administrator)
(d) Warmly welcome and thanks to the government because their village have to Comments
be developed due to this kind of big project. (Pandaing Village Leader)
(e) They said that they will cooperate and perform for this project to be Comments
implemented successfully as it’s the government level project and there are a
lot of positive impacts and benefits to the people of the project area.
(Government Administration Department (Northern District), General
Administration Department (Hlaing Tharyar Township), Htantabin Land
Record Department Road Department (MOC)
(f) This project is a beneficial project not only for villagers but also for the Comments
Yangon Region people, so he wants the success of it and to negotiate
between land owner and concerned departments for required land
acquisition. (Ka Twel Village Administrator)
(g) To submit concerned department for the additional land acquisitions (20Acre Action to be taken by YCDC
is for the Project) which is required for project with appropriate price as per
JICA policy.(Deputy Chief Engineer, YCDC(EDWS))
(h) To recognize as 2nd cut-off date for the date of this SHM for land acquisition. Action to be taken by YCDC
(Deputy Chief Engineer, YCDC(EDWS))
(i) To negotiate for fair price with Katwe Village, Pandaing Village, Anyasu Action to be taken by YCDC
Village land owners and farm owners not to abase them. (Deputy. Chief
Engineer)
For details of SHM, two Minutes of Meetings prepared by YCDC and JICA Study Team are attached
in the Appendix 15, and 16.
11-45
11.8.2 Social and Economic Interview Survey on the Proposed Alignment of Transmission
Pipeline
In January 2017, a social and economic interview survey was conducted on the illegal occupancies on
at the proposed alignment of transmission pipeline along the national Route No. 5 was conducted by
local surveyors of JICA Study Team, the details of which are presented as follows.
(1) Purposes
To identify present situations of illegal occupations on the proposed alignment of transmission
pipeline
To explain the Project component, possible environmental and social impacts and the countersues,
JICA policy of resettlement and entitlements for illegal occupations, cut-off date and project
schedule and others to the occupants
To survey social and economic status of those illegal occupants
To ask opinions and comments from the illegal occupants
(2) Survey Methods

1) Identification of the Pipeline Alignment
With consideration of the Route No. 5 situations and pipeline alignment of this Study at the F/S stage,
the pipeline alignments were identified by the following concept of JICA Study Team (See the
following Figure).
a. The pipeline alignment on the Route No. 5 is set as a location of 18.3 m from the road center line
(See Pink line in the following Figure)
b. If an illegal house and an obstacle exit on the alignment of 1, a pipe alignment will be shifted to a
location 22-25m away from the road center line (See yellow line in the following Figure)
c. Since pipe alignment on the north side of Route No. 5 is in YCDC road, there are no illegal house.
2) Definition and Configuration of Pipeline ROW

Based on the discussions with YCDC, Social-economic interview surveyors and technical instruction
from the JICA Study Team, the pipeline ROW was considered as follows (See following Figure).
The proposed diameter of transmission pipe to be installed is 1.6 m.
Consideration of buffer and safety areas for the pipeline installations, the pipeline ROW were
defined in the survey to be measured +/- 1.5 m from the proposed alignment of transmission
pipeline in this Study .
11-46
Route No. 5
18.3m
22.0-25.0 m
1.5m
1.5m
Pipeline ROW 1.5m
1.5m Pipeline ROW
Illegal occupancies on ROW identified in the Survey

Surrounding Illegal occupancies out of the ROW identified in the Survey (not interviewed)
Figure 11-15 Image of Pipeline Alignment with Pipeline ROW and Illegal Occupants
3) Identification of Illegal Occupants

Due to the fact that the transmission pipeline is proposed to be installed in Htantabin and Hlaing
Tharyar Townships, a survey was conducted both townships on 16th and 17th January 2017 in both
townships.
As a result of the survey, a total of 41 illegal occupancies were scattered around the pipeline ROW,
and then six (6) illegal occupancies (houses/shops) and one (1) local religious facility situated on the
pipeline ROW as summarized in the following Figure and Table. For details of interview survey is
attached in the Appendix 17.

Figure 11-16 Location of Affected Household on the Pipeline ROW
11-47
Table 11-23 Seven (7) Illegal Occupants on the Pipeline ROW

Illegal
Township GPS coordinates Household/Business
Occupant
1 Htantabin 16º53’9.35"N 96º0’14.75"E Rice Storage/Mill
2 Htantabin 16º53’11.17"N 96º0’10.61"E Bamboo shop
3 Htantabin 16º54’56.32"N 95º56’2.33"E Noodle Shop
4 Htantabin 16º54’56.02"N 95º56’2.52"E General Shop
5 Htantabin 16º54’56.62"N 95º56’2.02"E Shop (Closed)
6 Htantabin 16º55’58.7"N 95º54’47.64"E House/ Restaurant
7 Htantabin 16°56'29.70"N 95°53'13.64"E Local religious (Buddhism) facility
(3) Explanation before questionnaire interview

At the opening of the social and economic interviews, project components, legal status, possible
impacts, resettlement policy and entitlements and so on was explained orally to those illegal occupants
by the surveyors as summarized in the following Table.
Table 11-24 Explanations on the Project and Policy on Involuntary Resettlement

No. Expiatory Item Description Orally Explained
This project can support and improve the distribution of water in the Greater Yangon by
YCDC in corporation with JICA.
The Project includes a WTP at Kokkowa and about 1.6 m diameter of transmission
Project and construction pipeline.
of the transmission
1. This line will be passed through the Htantabin and Hlaing Tharyar townships.
pipeline on ROW of the
Route No. 5. Generally, the pipe alignment is about 18.3 m from the center of the Route No.5.
The pipeline ROW of pipe line is about 3 m width.
So the affected area is in 16.8 m (55 ft) and 19.8 m (65 ft) for the center of the Route
No.5.
The transmission pipeline is planned to be constructed the pipeline ROW in which your
Necessity of involuntary
households/shops are situated.
resettlement for the
2. Your occupation status on the pipeline ROW is illegal because the land owner is the
Project and the legal
government.
status of the occupation
Therefore, you are requested to involuntary remove your household/shop by the project.
The possible environment and social impacts by this project are air, noise and water
pollution and soil degradation during the pipe line construction. Temporary distributing
the transportation because of the heavy machines and cutting the private entrances.
Air pollution will be engaged at the construction period due to the transportation the
heavy machines and power generators, and exhaust emission and dusting. The mitigation
plans are:
(a) altering work practices to avoid or minimize the generation of dust,
Possible environment (b) Spraying water on roads and tracks,
and social impacts by (c) Dust limit vehicle speed on unsealed private road to less than 40 km/hr.
3.
the Project (mitigation The noise will be generated from the transportation of the heavy machines and pipes
measures) during construction stage.
Mitigation plan will be carried out:
(a) Turn equipment off when not in use,
(b) Perform regular inspection and maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment
to ensure that they have good quality mufflers installed and worn parts are replaced,
(c) Avoid operations at night, where possible.
Soil degradation by removing the vegetation or trees, trenching for the pipeline and
muddy soil will be come out from these operation.
All the policies, processes, procedures and implementation arrangements are fully
Project policy and the
consistent with the JICA guidelines and JICA policy as well as relevant laws and
Entitlements of the
regulations of Myanmar.
4. involuntary resettlement
for the illegal Namely loss of fixed and movable assets will be compensated in the replacement cost and
occupation for loss of income source will be achieve the rehabilitation assistance to restore their
livelihoods.
11-48
No. Expiatory Item Description Orally Explained

However, the compensation for land is not eligible due to the illegal occupation.
A cut-off date can be defined as the first date of the interview survey to the Project
Affected Persons (PAPs) on the pipeline ROW.
Setting up of Cut-off
5. Namely, any persons who occupy or insist the ownership for the project affected areas
Date
(lands are subject to acquisition, namely pipeline ROW) after the cut-off date are not
eligible for any compensation and consultation.
Possible resettlement According to the implementation schedule, the possible resettlement schedule will be
6.
schedule started at end of 2018 or at the middle of 2019.
Contact persons of U Zaw Min, Executive Engineer, YCDC (water & sanitation).
7. YCDC for the
resettlement
(3) Outcomes from Social-Economic Survey along the pipeline ROW

During the social-economic survey, it has been identified that a total of 6 households with 24 people
and one local religious facility were affected in Htantabin Township, the details of which are
summarized as follows.
1) Affected Illegal Occupants

The following Table shows detailed information of project affected persons and family members.
Table 11-25 The information of Affected Persons

HH Business
Illegal HH head HH HH head Living HH
head Permissi Religious Ethnicity
Occupant Age Business Education years Members
Sex on
Rice
storage
1 F 58 Yes Primary Buddhist Bamar 40 3
of rice
mill
Bamboo
2 M 51 Yes Primary Buddhist Bamar 51 5
shop
Noodle Cannot read
3 F 40 No Buddhist Bamar 11 4
Shop and write
4 General
F 48 No Primary Buddhist Bamar 14 2
Shop
Shop
5 M 31 No Secondary Buddhist Bamar 13 5
(Closed)
House/
6 M 37 Restaura No Primary Buddhist Bamar 7 5
nt
All Primary 4
M3 Yes:2 All All
Total - Self-em Secondary 1 - 24
F3 No:4 Buddhist Bamar
ployed Other 1
Min - 31 - - - - 7 2
Max - 58 - - - - 51 5
Average - 44 - - - - 23 4
Median - 44 - - - - 14 5
2) Household Expenditure
The following Table shows average expenditures of project affected households.
11-49
Table 11-26 Average Affected Household Expenditure (MMK/Month)

Utilities
Illegal (water, Educatio Cooking
Food Taxes Transport Health Clothing
Occupant power, n Fuel
telephone)
1 200,000 900,000 79,000 100,000 0 100,000 50,000 0
2 200,000 5,000 1,250 0 100,000 50,000 50,000 150,000
3 150,000 0 0 22,500 0 0 20,000 72,000
4
150,000 0 0 60,000 150,000 0 30,000 30,000
5 150,000 0 0 75,000 3,000 10,000 15,000 10,000
6 150,000 0 125,000 100,000 100,000 30,000 50,000 100,000
Min 150,000 0 0 0 0 0 15,000 0
Max 200,000 900,000 125,000 100,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 150,000
Average 166,667 150,833 34,208 59,583 58,833 31,667 35,833 60,333
Median 150,000 0 1,250 60,000 58,833 30,000 35,833 60,333
3) Household/Shop Structure
The following Table shows project affected household/shop structures.
Table 11-27 Affected Household/Shop Structures

Outside General condition Materials
Illegal Built Building
dimensions: (m Floor
Occupant year permit Outside: Inside: Walls Roof
x m) inside
1 30mx1-1.7m 2014 No fair fair - Zinc -
2 9.14mx11m 2014 No fair fair - Nipa -
3 3.96mx3.04m 2013 No poor poor - Nipa Bamboo
4 4.87mx4.57m 2015 No poor poor - Nipa -
5 3.9mx3.96m 2015 No poor poor - Nipa Bamboo
6 21.9mx8.2m 2015 No fair fair Bamboo Nipa Concrete
Note: Nipa = stitched Nipa leaves, -: No wall/ No Floor
In accordance with the interview data, the project affected person, families, households/shops and
structures can be summarized as follows.
A. Affected Business
One partially affected rice storage of rice mill (rice mill, the rice storage's sunshade, fence and some
will be affected but the business can be continued to run)
One partially affected bamboo shop (bamboos can be moved inside of the fence)
Three totally affected small shops
One partially affected house and restaurant (Some portions of the restaurant will be affected)
One partially affected local religious facility
B. Vulnerability Issues,
Three (3) households are woman headed households and one man headed household has a mental
handicap daughter.
Some portion of the rice storage of rice mill is constructed in village land and the others are in the
11-50
ROW of Route No. 5.

The rice mill and the bamboo shop have the appropriated licenses.
However, the other four shops do not have any licenses.
All these six (6) affected structures and one religious facility constructed without building permits.
C. Religious and Ethnicity Conditions, and Others

All of the member of households are Buddhist and Bamar.
All affected households’ livelihood depend on their own business from their shops and mill which
are affected by this project.
Basically all of the occupancies are willing to implement this project.
(4) Opinions, Requests and Responses from YCDC

Some opinions and requests are summarized in the following Table.
Table 11-28 Opinion, Questions, comments and Responses by YCDC

Illegal
Intervie Opinions/Questions/Comments from Responses and Countermeasures expressed by
Occupant
wee Occupant YCDC
No.
1 Owner The owner requested to shift the pipe EE, YCDC, replied that YCDC will try to find
alignment if possible. other alternative ways to shift the alignment.
So, the change of the alignment route will be
considered at the detailed design stage.
2 Owner The owner requested that YCDC to EE, YCDC, replied that it will be quick
make quick action while in construction because good heavy machines and vehicles
stage. Because pipe line alignment will be used for this systematically. As
passes through his house entrance. So, if explained before the interview, the impacts
possible pipe line installation should be during construction phase are small and
finished in short time. limited time and necessary countermeasures
against the impacts are proposed.
3 Owner The owner said that she will resettle her As explained before the interview, this
shop during construction into another structure is located on the ROW of Route No.
place stage due to this project is for the 5 as illegal occupation, for the involuntary
public water supply. But after resettlement, the JICA policy and entitlement
construction of pipe line, she wants to for the resettlement were explained to the
reopen her shop here. owner. In addition, EE replied that there’ll
needed to maintain after construction
(operation stage). Therefore, her shop cannot
be re-opened on the pipeline ROW.
4 Owner The owner commented, this project is for As explained before the interview, this
the public water supply, so she will structure is located on the ROW of Route No.
remove her shop during construction 5 as illegal occupation, for the involuntary
stage. But after construction of pipeline, resettlement, the JICA policy and entitlement
she wants to reopen the shop right here. for the resettlement were explained to the
owner. In addition, EE replied that there will
needed to maintain after construction
(operation stage). Therefore, her shop cannot
be re-opened on the pipeline ROW.
5 Owner The owner has neither complained nor EE said that they will consider for replacement
comments on this project, because his cost based on JICA entitlement matrix though
shop has been abandoned since last year. he has not belonged to this shop anymore.
He will remove his shop from the
11-51
Illegal
Intervie Opinions/Questions/Comments from Responses and Countermeasures expressed by
Occupant
wee Occupant YCDC
No.
pipeline alignment if necessary.
6 Owner The restaurant owner said that he will As explained before the interview, this
dissolve his shop by the time structure is located on the ROW of Route No.
construction is started. And only this 5 as illegal occupation, for the involuntary
business is their livelihood. Therefore, he resettlement, the JICA policy and entitlement
requested that he would like to dissolve for the resettlement were explained to the
his shop partially. owner. EE replied that partially dissolved
might have to be decided after the detail
design stage.
7 Benefa The benefactor said that this chapel was As explained before the interview, this
ctor constructed by the instruction of his structure is located on the ROW of Route No.
dream. So he is not willing to remove 5 as illegal occupation, for the involuntary
and resettle to another place. He has no resettlement, the JICA policy and entitlement
another place to reconstruct. for the resettlement were explained to the
benefactor.
11-52
CHAPTER 12 PROJECT EFFECTS
12.1 Quantitative Effects

The direct effects by implementation of Phase 2 project, same as Phase 1 project, are expected as listed
below.
1. The service population with treated safe water will be increased.
2. The water consumption per capita will be increased.
3. The quality of supplied water will be improved.
4. The duration of water supply will be increased.
The following Table shows the proposed evaluation and performance indicators and their target values
for the project.
Table 12-1 Evaluation and Performance Indicators

Original Target
Indicator
(Yr 2015) (Yr 2026)
Indicators for Zone 1 and Zone 9
Operation Indicator
Served Population (thousand) 546 1,040
- Zone 9 36 364
- Zone 9 2 20
Rate of Facility Utilization (%) (Kokkowa WTP ) *1 - 95
Water Pressure in Distribution Network (MPa) *2*3 0.075 0.15
Non-revenue Water Ratio (%) *2*4 66 20
Rate of Continuous Dosing of Disinfection Facility (%) *3 0 100
Minimum Amount of Residual Chlorine (mg/L) *3 0 0.1
Effect Indicator
Indicators for Yangon City (for reference)
Served Population (thousand) 1,991 3,789
Notes:
*1: Rate of Facility Utilization = Max Amount of Water Supply in Zone 1 (Low) and Zone 9 / Capacity of Kokkowa WTP
*2: Base value is set from the average value of Yangon city in 2011
*3: Target value is set from the target service level of 2014 Water MP
*4: Target value is set same as the average value of other cities in the Southeast Asian countries.
Others: Values are set from the water demand of this Study (2016 Phase 2 FS)
2 years after the completion of the implementation works as Yr 2024
Monitoring of projects effects are proposed to be implemented as per the following Table.
12-1
Table 12-2 Monitoring of Operation and Effect Indicators

Indicator for Zone 1 In charge of Monitoring
Means of Verification
and Zone9 monitoring Frequency
Calculation formula = number of water supply
Served Population YCDC Yearly
connections × average number members per household
Maximum amount Amount of distributed water from each service
YCDC Yearly
of water supply reservoir (Zone 9, Kokine and Central SR)
Rate of facility
Calculation formula = Volume of water produced
utilization of YCDC Yearly
annually at Kokkowa WTP / 365 days / WTP capacity
Kokkowa WTP
Measurement at location where the pressure is expected
Water pressure in to be the lowest among the distribution pipe network
YCDC Quarterly
distribution network (the end of distribution pipe network or the location
where the altitude is high)
Calculation formula = Amount of water consumed
NRW ratio YCDC annually by users / Amount of water distributed Yearly
annually (from Zone 9, Kokine and Central SR)
Rate of continuous
dosing of YCDC Measured at Kokkowa WTP Quarterly
disinfection
Measured at the location where residual chlorine
Free residual
concentration is expected to be the lowest in
chlorine YCDC Quarterly
distribution network (the end of distribution pipe
concentration
network)
Calculation formula = Number of water supply
Served Coverage
YCDC connection / (population ÷ average number of Yearly
Rate
members per household)
12.2 Qualitative Effects

Qualitative effects envisaged by the project implementation are as follows:
- Improvement of the living environment of Yangon City residents
Improvement in water supply conditions mentioned above shall contribute to reduction in
occurrence of water related diseases such as cholera, typhoid and diarrhea, and skin & eye
diseases and is expected to improve health conditions of the people, which will contribute to
reduction in medical expenditure of household.
The current cost for obtaining water will be reduced and the household expenditure on water
will be reduced, which will indirectly contribute to improvement in the livelihood of the
people.
Water use will be more convenient, i.e., whenever required, water will be supplied.
Water fetching time and efforts will be reduced and mitigated. As a result, working and
education opportunity for women and children will be enhanced.
- Establishment of an environment for investment through water supply in Yangon City

Working opportunities will be created during construction and operation & maintenance of
water supply facilities
12-2
It will contribute to the stabilization of people’s livelihood in the area and political stability.
The industry and business that are now affected by dirty water supply will be activated and
contribute to the development of the country.
Occurrence of land subsidence and salinization of ground water is expected to be reduced due
to reduction in groundwater withdrawal.
12-3
CHAPTER 13 RECOMMENDATIONS
Major problems of water supply conditions are low service coverage, low water pressure and short
duration of water supply and undrinkable water supply. Major problems related to water supply facilities
are limited water production, old facilities, and absence of disinfection in water supply system. Major
problems related to management of water works include high NRW ratio and inefficiency of business
management basis for waterworks. To tackle these problems, the proposed priority projects for
infrastructure development and capacity building shall be implemented as soon as possible as a first
step.
In addition, the assistance to enhance the capacity of YCDC on waterworks management shall be
obtained from the countries with high technology and management skills such as Japan for effective and
quick transfer of technology and management skills. For this purpose, Phase 1 project, JICA technical
cooperation project and other capacity enhancement projects are being carried out in parallel currently
and are expected to be very beneficial for YCDC.
For long time, investment in infrastructure has been deferred and the service level of public water supply
is at low level. Therefore, development of water supply facilities to improve water supply services
requires input of a large amount of fund. To meet this requirement, the most favorable loan, soft loan of
donor at low interest rate, shall be utilized to reduce financial burden of YCDC, or the country as a
whole. However, due to the project’s massive investment requirement and low profitability of water
supply services sector, YCDC may need subsidy from Union Government as grant assistance. In such
case, both ODA loan obligation and own-fund portion (or either one) should be borne by the Union
Government.
In addition, to improve water supply services on sustainable basis through development of infrastructure,
it is inevitable to raise water tariff level and optimize the system to carry out operation and maintenance
without any subsidy. For this purpose, YCDC has to work with the public through public awareness
activities and consider poor people in tariff setting.
13-1
APPENDICES
xxiv
Appendix -1
Table Review of Water Demand and Estimation Procedures

Procedure of Water
Item Sections Remarks
Demand Estimation
Population of Yangon
3.2.3 Population Township populations are revised
Township Population A
Allocation using the 2014 census.
Water Demand by Township
Service Coverage 3.2.4(2) Service Township service coverage ratio in
B
Ratio by Township Coverage Ratio 2014 is based on the census data
Served Population by 3.2.4(3) Served
C=AxB Revised
Township Population
Per Capita 3.2.4(4) Per Capita
D Same as the MP
Consumption Consumption
3.2.4(5) NRW ratio Same as the MP, the targeted values
Leakage Ratio E
and Leakage Ratio of YCDC
Peak Factor 110% 3.2.4(6) Peak Factor Same as the MP
Maximum Water F = (C x D) / (1 – E) x 3.2.4(7) Water
Revised
demand 110% Demand Estimation
Water Demand by Supply Zone
Converting township 3.2.5 Water Demand
water demand into by Water Supply Revised
supply zone demand. Zone
Future Population
Coverage rate
Served Population
Rate of Domestic Consumption and
Unit Domestic Consumption Non Domestic Consumption
Domestic Consumption Non-domestic Consumption
Consumption
Leakage Rate
Peak Factor

Figure Flow Chart of Water Demand Estimation
A1-1
Population
Source:Census → Projected
No Township District
WS Zone 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
1 Latha West 1 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057
2 Lanmadaw West 1 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160
3 Pabedan West 1 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336
4 Kyauktada West 1 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853
5 Botahtaung East 1 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995
6 Pazuntaung East 1 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455
CBD 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856
7 Ahlon West 1 55,482 58,122 60,763 63,403 66,044 66,129 66,215 66,308 66,402 66,496 66,590 66,684 66,790
8 Kyimyindine West 1,10 111,514 114,065 116,616 119,167 121,718 122,659 123,600 124,630 125,660 126,690 127,720 128,751 129,922
9 Sangyoung West 1,3 99,619 101,149 102,680 104,211 105,742 105,827 105,913 106,006 106,100 106,194 106,288 106,382 106,488
10 Dagon West 1 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082
11 Bahan West 1,2 96,732 96,807 96,882 96,957 97,032 97,244 97,456 97,533 97,611 97,689 97,766 97,844 97,936
12 Tamway East 1,2 165,313 172,030 178,747 185,464 192,182 192,353 192,525 192,712 192,899 193,086 193,273 193,461 193,674
13 Mingala Taungnyunt East 1 132,494 138,713 144,932 151,151 157,370 157,626 157,883 158,164 158,445 158,726 159,007 159,288 159,607
14 Seikkan West 1 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826
15 Dawbon East 2 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325
Inner Urban Ring 764,387 784,119 803,853 823,586 843,321 845,071 846,825 848,586 850,350 852,114 853,877 855,643 857,650
16 Kamayut West 1,3 84,569 86,064 87,560 89,056 90,552 90,980 91,408 91,876 92,344 92,812 93,280 93,749 94,281
17 Hline West 3 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307
18 Yankin East 2,3 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946
19 Thingangyun East 2 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486
Outer Ring Zone 525,308 526,803 528,299 529,795 531,291 531,719 532,147 532,615 533,083 533,551 534,019 534,488 535,020
20 Mayangon West 3,4 198,113 199,607 201,102 202,597 204,092 205,383 206,675 207,037 207,399 207,762 208,124 208,487 209,416
21 Insein North 3,4 305,283 309,700 314,118 318,535 322,953 324,835 326,718 328,778 330,838 332,898 334,958 337,019 339,361
22 Mingaladon North 4,5,6 331,586 344,660 357,735 370,810 383,885 405,638 427,392 457,079 486,766 516,453 546,140 575,828 601,419
Northern Suburbs 834,982 853,967 872,955 891,942 910,930 935,856 960,785 992,894 1,025,003 1,057,113 1,089,222 1,121,333 1,150,196
23 North Okkalapa East 4 333,293 337,347 341,402 345,456 349,511 352,077 354,644 357,453 360,263 363,072 365,882 368,692 371,886
24 South Okkalapa East 2,3 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126
25 Thakayta East 2 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556
Older Suburbs Zone 714,975 719,029 723,084 727,138 731,193 733,759 736,326 739,135 741,945 744,754 747,564 750,374 753,568
26 Dala South 10 172,857 188,670 204,484 220,298 236,112 244,924 253,737 263,383 273,029 282,675 292,321 301,968 312,935
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto South 10 34,003 36,711 39,419 42,127 44,836 45,862 46,889 48,012 49,136 50,260 51,384 52,508 53,785
South of CBD 206,860 225,381 243,903 262,425 280,948 290,786 300,626 311,395 322,165 332,935 343,705 354,476 366,720
28 Shwepyitha North 5 343,526 348,537 353,549 358,560 363,573 366,207 368,842 372,003 375,164 378,326 381,487 384,649 397,295
29 Hlaing Tharyar North 9 687,867 696,350 704,833 713,317 721,801 731,502 741,204 746,791 752,380 757,968 763,556 769,145 774,111
30 Dagon North East 7 203,948 211,199 218,450 225,701 232,953 234,835 236,718 238,778 240,838 242,898 244,958 247,019 249,361
31 Dagon South East 8 371,646 379,348 387,051 394,754 402,457 407,590 412,724 418,343 423,962 429,581 435,200 440,819 447,207
32 Dagon East East 7 165,628 206,808 247,988 289,168 330,348 359,950 389,553 421,957 454,361 486,765 519,169 551,573 588,414
33 Dagon Seikkan East 8 167,448 168,047 168,646 169,245 169,844 177,801 185,758 194,467 203,177 211,886 220,596 229,306 239,208
New Suburbs Zone 1,940,063 2,010,289 2,080,517 2,150,745 2,220,975 2,277,885 2,334,799 2,392,339 2,449,882 2,507,424 2,564,966 2,622,511 2,695,596
Total (Yangon city) 5,211,431 5,344,444 5,477,467 5,610,487 5,743,514 5,839,932 5,936,364 6,041,820 6,147,284 6,252,747 6,358,209 6,463,681 6,583,606
34 Kyauktan South N/A N/A N/A N/A
35 Thanlyin South N/A N/A N/A N/A
36 Hlegu North N/A N/A N/A N/A
37 Hmawby North N/A N/A N/A N/A
38 Htantabin North N/A N/A N/A N/A
39 Twantay South N/A N/A N/A N/A
a part of 6 suburban TSs N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Total of Greter Yangon N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
34 Kyauktan South 123,565

35 Thanlyin South 204,486
36 Hlegu North 213,754
37 Hmawby North 192,270
38 Htantabin North 125,220
39 Twantay South 212,763
All 6 suburban TSs 1,072,058
Note:
Constant : 2014 Census population is used for population in 2014 which is lower than the projected population in the Urban Development Study.
Re-allocated: Population is re-allocated upward in Shwepyitha and Hlaing Tharyar townships while re-allocated downward in Mayangon township,
A1-2
Population
No Township 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Note
1 Latha 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 Constant
2 Lanmadaw 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 Constant
3 Pabedan 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 Constant
4 Kyauktada 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 Constant
5 Botahtaung 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 Constant
6 Pazuntaung 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 Constant
CBD 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856
7 Ahlon 66,896 67,003 67,109 67,216 67,337 67,458 67,579 67,700 67,821 67,958 68,096 68,233 68,371 68,509 D
8 Kyimyindine 131,093 132,264 133,435 134,607 135,938 137,270 138,601 139,933 141,265 142,779 144,293 145,807 147,321 148,835 D
9 Sangyoung 106,594 106,701 106,807 106,914 107,035 107,156 107,277 107,398 107,519 107,656 107,794 107,931 108,069 108,207 D
10 Dagon 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 25,082 Constant
11 Bahan 98,028 98,119 98,211 98,304 98,473 98,642 98,812 98,981 99,151 99,193 99,235 99,277 99,319 99,361 D
12 Tamway 193,887 194,100 194,313 194,526 194,768 195,010 195,252 195,494 195,737 196,012 196,287 196,562 196,837 197,113 D
13 Mingala Taungnyunt 159,926 160,246 160,565 160,885 161,248 161,611 161,974 162,337 162,701 163,113 163,526 163,939 164,352 164,765 D
14 Seikkan 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 Constant
15 Dawbon 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 75,325 Constant
Inner Urban Ring 859,657 861,666 863,673 865,685 868,032 870,380 872,728 875,076 877,427 879,944 882,464 884,982 887,502 890,023
16 Kamayut 94,813 95,346 95,878 96,411 97,016 97,621 98,226 98,831 99,437 100,125 100,813 101,501 102,189 102,878 D
17 Hline 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 160,307 Constant
18 Yankin 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 Constant
19 Thingangyun 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 209,486 Constant
Outer Ring Zone 535,552 536,085 536,617 537,150 537,755 538,360 538,965 539,570 540,176 540,864 541,552 542,240 542,928 543,617
20 Mayangon 210,345 211,275 212,204 213,134 214,012 214,890 215,768 216,647 217,526 218,547 219,568 220,589 221,611 222,633 Re-allocated
21 Insein 341,704 344,046 346,389 348,732 351,395 354,058 356,721 359,384 362,048 365,076 368,104 371,132 374,160 377,188 D
22 Mingaladon 627,012 652,604 678,196 703,789 729,381 754,973 780,566 806,158 831,751 846,750 861,749 876,749 891,748 906,748 D
Northern Suburbs 1,179,061 1,207,925 1,236,789 1,265,655 1,294,788 1,323,921 1,353,055 1,382,189 1,411,325 1,430,373 1,449,421 1,468,470 1,487,5191,506,569
23 North Okkalapa 375,080 378,275 381,469 384,664 388,295 391,927 395,559 399,191 402,823 406,952 411,081 415,210 419,339 423,468 D
24 South Okkalapa 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 Constant
25 Thakayta 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 220,556 Constant
Older Suburbs Zone 756,762 759,957 763,151 766,346 769,977 773,609 777,241 780,873 784,505 788,634 792,763 796,892 801,021 805,150
26 Dala 323,902 334,869 345,836 356,804 369,273 381,742 394,211 406,680 419,150 433,326 447,502 461,679 475,855 490,032 D
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto 55,063 56,341 57,619 58,897 60,349 61,802 63,254 64,707 66,160 67,811 69,463 71,115 72,767 74,419 D
South of CBD 378,965 391,210 403,455 415,701 429,622 443,544 457,465 471,387 485,310 501,137 516,965 532,794 548,622 564,451
28 Shwepyitha 409,941 422,587 435,233 447,879 459,471 471,063 482,655 494,247 505,840 525,125 544,410 563,695 582,980 602,266 Re-allocated
29 Hlaing Tharyar 779,078 784,046 789,013 793,981 805,933 817,885 829,837 841,790 853,743 875,474 897,205 918,937 940,669 962,401 Re-allocated
30 Dagon North 251,704 254,046 256,389 258,732 261,395 264,058 266,721 269,384 272,048 275,076 278,104 281,132 284,160 287,188 D
31 Dagon South 453,596 459,985 466,374 472,763 480,026 487,289 494,553 501,816 509,080 517,338 525,596 533,854 542,112 550,371 D
32 Dagon East 625,255 662,096 698,937 735,779 777,665 819,551 861,437 903,323 945,210 992,832 1,040,454 1,088,076 1,135,6981,183,320 D
33 Dagon Seikkan 249,110 259,013 268,915 278,818 290,076 301,335 312,593 323,852 335,111 347,911 360,711 373,511 386,311 399,111 D
New Suburbs Zone 2,768,684 2,841,773 2,914,861 2,987,952 3,074,566 3,161,181 3,247,796 3,334,412 3,421,032 3,533,756 3,646,480 3,759,205 3,871,9303,984,657
Total (Yangon city) 6,703,537 6,823,472 6,943,402 7,063,345 7,199,596 7,335,851 7,472,106 7,608,363 7,744,630 7,899,564 8,054,501 8,209,439 8,364,3788,519,323 as same as MP
34 Kyauktan N/A N/A N/A
35 Thanlyin N/A N/A N/A
36 Hlegu N/A N/A N/A
37 Hmawby N/A N/A N/A
38 Htantabin N/A N/A N/A
39 Twantay N/A N/A N/A
a part of 6 suburban TSs N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Total of Greter Yangon N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
34 Kyauktan
35 Thanlyin
36 Hlegu
37 Hmawby
38 Htantabin
39 Twantay
All 6 suburban TSs
Note:
Constant : 2014 Census population is used for population in 2014 which is lower than the projected population in the Urban Development Study.
Re-allocated: Population is re-allocated upward in Shwepyitha and Hlaing Tharyar townships while re-allocated downward in Mayangon township,
A1-3
Served Population
Source: Census → Projected
No Township District WS Zone 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
1 Latha West 1 21,382 21,862 22,342 22,822 23,303 23,804 24,305 24,455 24,605 24,756 24,906 25,057 25,057
2 Lanmadaw West 1 32,884 33,859 34,834 35,809 36,784 37,727 38,671 39,614 40,557 41,500 42,443 43,387 44,141
3 Pabedan West 1 29,277 29,958 30,639 31,320 32,002 32,669 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336
4 Kyauktada West 1 28,599 28,912 29,226 29,539 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853
5 Botahtaung East 1 40,165 40,372 40,580 40,787 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995
6 Pazuntaung East 1 47,777 47,946 48,116 48,285 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455
CBD 200,084 202,909 205,737 208,562 211,392 213,503 215,615 216,708 217,801 218,895 219,988 221,083 221,837
7 Ahlon West 1 11,057 12,915 14,774 16,633 18,492 19,840 21,188 22,951 24,715 26,479 28,243 30,007 31,399
9 Sangyoung West 1,3 14,231 16,489 18,747 21,005 23,263 25,400 27,537 31,603 35,670 39,737 43,804 47,871 50,057
10 Dagon West 1 11,735 12,250 12,765 13,280 13,795 14,296 14,798 15,299 15,801 16,302 16,804 17,306 17,807
11 Bahan West 1,2 83,442 85,384 87,326 89,268 91,210 93,358 95,507 95,974 96,441 96,909 97,376 97,844 97,935
12 Tamway East 1,2 144,069 153,694 163,320 172,946 182,572 186,585 190,599 191,171 191,743 192,316 192,888 193,461 193,674
14 Seikkan West 1 1,867 1,923 1,979 2,035 2,091 2,147 2,204 2,260 2,316 2,373 2,429 2,486 2,542
15 Dawbon East 2 21,924 23,410 24,897 26,383 27,870 29,376 30,883 32,389 33,895 35,402 36,908 38,415 39,921
Inner Urban Ring 420,291 448,032 475,778 503,523 531,269 545,819 560,375 572,326 584,281 596,239 608,194 620,153 629,413
16 Kamayut West 1,3 6,672 8,626 10,580 12,534 14,488 16,384 18,281 23,062 27,843 32,624 37,405 42,187 44,354
17 Hline West 3 42,780 46,111 49,443 52,775 56,107 59,313 62,519 65,725 68,931 72,137 75,343 78,550 81,756
18 Yankin East 2,3 63,292 64,673 66,054 67,435 68,817 69,881 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946
Outer Ring Zone 213,686 224,444 235,204 245,963 256,724 267,079 277,437 289,613 301,790 313,967 326,144 338,323 347,885
20 Mayangon West 3,4 95,853 100,462 105,072 109,681 114,291 119,148 124,005 128,392 132,779 137,166 141,553 145,940 150,853
21 Insein North 3,4 78,934 86,651 94,369 102,086 109,804 116,978 124,152 131,675 139,198 146,722 154,245 161,769 169,868
Northern Suburbs 272,973 297,221 321,472 345,720 369,971 398,816 427,661 463,556 499,451 535,347 571,242 607,139 647,534
25 Thakayta East 2 61,339 65,854 70,369 74,884 79,400 83,811 88,222 92,633 97,044 101,455 105,866 110,278 114,689
26 Dala South 10 17,644 23,858 30,072 36,286 42,500 49,161 55,822 63,983 72,144 80,306 88,467 96,629 107,274
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto South 10 21 912 1,803 2,694 3,586 4,606 5,626 6,811 7,996 9,181 10,366 11,551 13,010
South of CBD 17,665 24,770 31,875 38,980 46,086 53,767 61,448 70,794 80,140 89,487 98,833 108,180 120,284
30 Dagon North East 7 69,770 76,787 83,805 90,822 97,840 103,365 108,890 114,778 120,666 126,554 132,442 138,330 144,816
31 Dagon South East 8 93,288 103,168 113,049 122,929 132,810 142,758 152,707 163,602 174,497 185,393 196,288 207,184 219,642
32 Dagon East East 7 26,397 39,618 52,840 66,061 79,283 94,178 109,074 129,178 149,283 169,387 189,492 209,597 238,312
New Suburbs Zone 262,234 317,890 373,550 429,207 484,867 544,390 603,916 702,965 802,016 901,066 1,000,117 1,099,170 1,186,835
Total (Yangon city) 1,844,945 1,991,373 2,137,818 2,284,252 2,430,704 2,570,907 2,711,125 2,892,496 3,073,875 3,255,258 3,436,637 3,618,031 3,788,598
* Served Population = Population x Coverage Rate
A1-4
Served Population
Source:
No Township WS Zone 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040
1 Latha 1 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057 25,057
2 Lanmadaw 1 44,896 45,650 46,405 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160 47,160
3 Pabedan 1 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336 33,336
4 Kyauktada 1 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853 29,853
5 Botahtaung 1 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995 40,995
6 Pazuntaung 1 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455 48,455
CBD 222,592 223,346 224,101 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856 224,856
7 Ahlon 1 32,791 34,183 35,575 36,968 38,391 39,814 41,237 42,660 44,083 45,542 47,002 48,461 49,921 51,381
8 Kyimyindine 1,10 39,468 42,464 45,461 48,458 51,762 55,067 58,371 61,676 64,981 68,654 72,327 76,000 79,673 83,347
9 Sangyoung 1,3 52,243 54,429 56,615 58,802 61,019 63,236 65,453 67,670 69,887 72,140 74,394 76,647 78,901 81,155
10 Dagon 1 18,309 18,810 19,312 19,814 20,315 20,817 21,318 21,820 22,322 22,823 23,325 23,827 24,329 24,831
11 Bahan 1,2 98,027 98,119 98,211 98,303 98,472 98,642 98,811 98,981 99,151 99,193 99,235 99,277 99,319 99,361
12 Tamway 1,2 193,887 194,100 194,313 194,526 194,768 195,010 195,252 195,494 195,737 196,012 196,287 196,562 196,837 197,113
13 Mingala Taungnyunt 1 159,926 160,246 160,565 160,885 161,248 161,611 161,974 162,337 162,701 163,113 163,526 163,939 164,352 164,765
14 Seikkan 1 2,599 2,655 2,712 2,769 2,780 2,791 2,803 2,814 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826 2,826
15 Dawbon 2 41,428 42,934 44,441 45,948 47,454 48,960 50,467 51,973 53,480 54,986 56,493 57,999 59,506 61,013
Inner Urban Ring 638,678 647,940 657,205 666,473 676,209 685,948 695,686 705,425 715,168 725,289 735,415 745,538 755,664 765,792
16 Kamayut 1,3 46,522 48,690 50,858 53,026 55,347 57,669 59,990 62,312 64,634 67,138 69,643 72,148 74,653 77,158
17 Hline 3 84,962 88,168 91,374 94,581 97,787 100,993 104,199 107,405 110,611 113,817 117,023 120,229 123,435 126,642
18 Yankin 2,3 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946 70,946
19 Thingangyun 2 155,019 159,208 163,398 167,588 171,777 175,967 180,157 184,347 188,537 192,726 196,916 201,106 205,296 209,486
Outer Ring Zone 357,449 367,012 376,576 386,141 395,857 405,575 415,292 425,010 434,728 444,627 454,528 464,429 474,330 484,232
20 Mayangon 3,4 155,766 160,680 165,593 170,507 175,560 180,613 185,666 190,719 195,773 201,144 206,516 211,888 217,260 222,632
21 Insein 3,4 177,967 186,066 194,165 202,264 211,049 219,835 228,620 237,406 246,192 255,794 265,397 275,000 284,603 294,206
22 Mingaladon 4,5,6 354,197 381,581 408,965 436,349 468,851 501,353 533,855 566,357 598,860 627,794 656,729 685,663 714,598 743,533
Northern Suburbs 687,930 728,327 768,723 809,120 855,460 901,801 948,141 994,482 1,040,825 1,084,732 1,128,642 1,172,551 1,216,461 1,260,371
23 North Okkalapa 4 375,080 378,275 381,469 384,664 388,295 391,927 395,559 399,191 402,823 406,952 411,081 415,210 419,339 423,468
24 South Okkalapa 2,3 151,458 154,680 157,903 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126 161,126
25 Thakayta 2 119,100 123,511 127,922 132,333 136,744 141,155 145,566 149,977 154,389 158,800 163,211 167,622 172,033 176,444
26 Dala 10 117,920 128,565 139,211 149,857 163,477 177,097 190,717 204,337 217,958 235,130 252,302 269,474 286,646 303,819
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto 10 14,469 15,928 17,387 18,847 20,635 22,423 24,211 25,999 27,787 29,969 32,151 34,333 36,515 38,697
South of CBD 132,389 144,493 156,598 168,704 184,112 199,520 214,928 230,336 245,745 265,099 284,453 303,807 323,161 342,516
28 Shwepyitha 5 140,896 153,648 166,399 179,151 193,904 208,658 223,412 238,166 252,920 274,607 296,295 317,983 339,671 361,359
29 Hlaing Tharyar 9 382,344 400,459 418,574 436,689 460,337 483,986 507,634 531,283 554,932 588,305 621,679 655,052 688,426 721,800
30 Dagon North 7 151,303 157,789 164,276 170,763 177,961 185,160 192,358 199,557 206,756 214,801 222,846 230,891 238,936 246,981
31 Dagon South 8 232,100 244,558 257,016 269,474 283,795 298,117 312,439 326,761 341,083 357,623 374,163 390,704 407,244 423,785
32 Dagon East 7 267,027 295,742 324,457 353,173 392,182 431,192 470,201 509,211 548,221 599,508 650,795 702,082 753,369 804,657
33 Dagon Seikkan 8 100,832 109,973 119,114 128,256 140,137 152,018 163,899 175,780 187,662 202,812 217,962 233,112 248,262 263,413
New Suburbs Zone 1,274,502 1,362,169 1,449,836 1,537,506 1,648,316 1,759,131 1,869,943 1,980,758 2,091,574 2,237,656 2,383,740 2,529,824 2,675,908 2,821,995
Total (Yangon city) 3,959,178 4,129,753 4,300,333 4,470,923 4,670,975 4,871,039 5,071,097 5,271,161 5,471,234 5,709,137 5,947,052 6,184,963 6,422,878 6,660,800
* Served Population = Population x Coverage Rate
A1-5
Coverage Rate
Source: MP Census → Projected
No Township District WS Zone 2011 2014 2018 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Note
1 Latha West 1 93.0 85.3 93.0 97.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2 Lanmadaw West 1 86.0 69.7 78.0 82.0 92.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
3 Pabedan West 1 94.0 87.8 96.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
4 Kyauktada West 1 96.0 95.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
5 Botahtaung East 1 92.0 98.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
6 Pazuntaung East 1 99.0 98.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
CBD 93.4 89.0 94.0 95.9 98.3 100.0 100.0 100.0
7 Ahlon West 1 47.0 19.9 28.0 32.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 75.0 **
8 Kyimyindine West 1,10 17.0 3.9 12.0 16.0 26.0 36.0 46.0 56.0
9 Sangyoung West 1,3 43.0 14.3 22.0 26.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 75.0 **
10 Dagon West 1 59.0 46.8 55.0 59.0 69.0 79.0 89.0 99.0
11 Bahan West 1,2 82.0 86.3 94.0 98.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
12 Tamway East 1,2 88.0 87.1 95.0 99.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
13 Mingala Taungnyunt East 1 96.0 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
14 Seikkan West 1 60.0 66.1 74.0 78.0 88.0 98.0 100.0 100.0
15 Dawbon East 2 26.0 29.1 37.0 41.0 51.0 61.0 71.0 81.0
Inner Urban Ring 63.0 55.0 63.0 66.2 72.5 77.0 81.5 86.0
16 Kamayut West 1,3 24.0 7.9 16.0 20.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 75.0 **
17 Hline West 3 18.0 26.7 35.0 39.0 49.0 59.0 69.0 79.0
18 Yankin East 2,3 85.0 89.2 97.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
19 Thingangyun East 2 50.0 48.2 56.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
Outer Ring Zone 45.5 40.7 48.3 52.1 63.3 71.9 80.5 89.1
20 Mayangon West 3,4 39.0 48.4 56.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
21 Insein North 3,4 26.0 25.9 34.0 38.0 48.0 58.0 68.0 78.0
22 Mingaladon North 4,5,6 16.0 29.6 38.0 42.0 52.0 62.0 72.0 82.0
Northern Suburbs 25.7 32.7 40.6 44.5 54.1 63.9 73.7 83.7
23 North Okkalapa East 4 84.0 86.0 94.0 98.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
24 South Okkalapa East 2,3 66.0 68.4 76.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
25 Thakayta East 2 14.0 27.8 36.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
Older Suburbs Zone 56.8 64.1 72.5 76.7 83.2 88.5 91.6 94.5
26 Dala South 10 5.0 10.2 18.0 22.0 32.0 42.0 52.0 62.0
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto South 10 0.0 0.1 8.0 12.0 22.0 32.0 42.0 52.0
South of CBD 4.1 8.5 16.4 20.4 30.5 40.6 50.6 60.7
28 Shwepyitha North 5 7.0 8.3 16.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
29 Hlaing Tharyar North 9 2.0 3.1 11.0 15.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 75.0 **
30 Dagon North East 7 26.0 34.2 42.0 46.0 56.0 66.0 76.0 86.0
31 Dagon South East 8 28.0 25.1 33.0 37.0 47.0 57.0 67.0 77.0
32 Dagon East East 7 20.0 15.9 24.0 28.0 38.0 48.0 58.0 68.0
33 Dagon Seikkan East 8 0.0 13.9 22.0 26.0 36.0 46.0 56.0 66.0
New Suburbs Zone 13.4 13.5 21.8 25.9 41.9 51.5 61.1 70.8
Total (Yangon city) 37.3 35.4 42.3 45.7 56.0 63.3 70.6 78.2
* Increase in 2%/year from 2014

** Low rate TSs in Zone1 & 9 are set to 45%
A1-6
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A1-7
LPCD of Domestic
Source: → as same as MP
No Township District WS Zone 2014 2018 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Note
1 Latha West 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
2 Lanmadaw West 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
3 Pabedan West 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
4 Kyauktada West 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
5 Botahtaung East 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
6 Pazuntaung East 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
CBD 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
7 Ahlon West 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
8 Kyimyindine West 1,10 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
9 Sangyoung West 1,3 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
10 Dagon West 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
11 Bahan West 1,2 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
12 Tamway East 1,2 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
13 Mingala Taungnyunt East 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
14 Seikkan West 1 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
15 Dawbon East 2 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
Inner Urban Ring 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
16 Kamayut West 1,3 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
17 Hline West 3 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
18 Yankin East 2,3 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
19 Thingangyun East 2 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
Outer Ring Zone 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
20 Mayangon West 3,4 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
21 Insein North 3,4 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
22 Mingaladon North 4,5,6 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
Northern Suburbs 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
23 North Okkalapa East 4 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
24 South Okkalapa East 2,3 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
25 Thakayta East 2 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
Older Suburbs Zone 111 126 133 150 167 183 200
26 Dala South 10 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto South 10 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
South of CBD 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
28 Shwepyitha North 5 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
29 Hlaing Tharyar North 9 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
30 Dagon North East 7 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
31 Dagon South East 8 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
32 Dagon East East 7 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
33 Dagon Seikkan East 8 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
New Suburbs Zone 69 80 86 100 117 133 150
Total (Yangon city)
A1-8
LPCD (Dom. + Non dome.)
Source: → as same as MP
No Township District WS Zone 2014 2018 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Note
1 Latha West 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
2 Lanmadaw West 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
3 Pabedan West 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
4 Kyauktada West 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
5 Botahtaung East 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
6 Pazuntaung East 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
CBD 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
7 Ahlon West 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
8 Kyimyindine West 1,10 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
9 Sangyoung West 1,3 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
10 Dagon West 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
11 Bahan West 1,2 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
12 Tamway East 1,2 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
13 Mingala Taungnyunt East 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
14 Seikkan West 1 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
15 Dawbon East 2 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
Inner Urban Ring 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
16 Kamayut West 1,3 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
17 Hline West 3 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
18 Yankin East 2,3 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
19 Thingangyun East 2 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
Outer Ring Zone 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
20 Mayangon West 3,4 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
21 Insein North 3,4 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
22 Mingaladon North 4,5,6 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
Northern Suburbs 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
23 North Okkalapa East 4 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
24 South Okkalapa East 2,3 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
25 Thakayta East 2 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
Older Suburbs Zone 185 210 222 250 278 305 333
26 Dala South 10 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto South 10 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
South of CBD 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
28 Shwepyitha North 5 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
29 Hlaing Tharyar North 9 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
30 Dagon North East 7 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
31 Dagon South East 8 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
32 Dagon East East 7 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
33 Dagon Seikkan East 8 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
New Suburbs Zone 115 133 143 167 195 222 250
Total (Yangon city)
* LPCD (Dom. + Non dome.) = LPCD (Domestic) ÷ 60%
A1-9
Source: → Projected
1 Latha West 1 7,911 7,875 7,839 7,803 7,767 7,904 8,041 8,103 8,165 8,227 8,289 8,352 8,425
2 Lanmadaw West 1 12,167 12,190 12,214 12,237 12,261 12,527 12,794 13,127 13,461 13,794 14,128 14,462 14,851
3 Pabedan West 1 10,832 10,790 10,749 10,708 10,667 10,848 11,029 11,045 11,062 11,078 11,095 11,112 11,209
4 Kyauktada West 1 10,581 10,423 10,266 10,108 9,951 9,913 9,876 9,891 9,906 9,921 9,936 9,951 10,038
5 Botahtaung East 1 14,861 14,562 14,263 13,964 13,665 13,614 13,563 13,583 13,603 13,624 13,644 13,665 13,784
6 Pazuntaung East 1 17,677 17,295 16,914 16,532 16,151 16,091 16,031 16,055 16,079 16,103 16,127 16,151 16,292
CBD 74,029 73,135 72,245 71,352 70,462 70,897 71,334 71,804 72,276 72,747 73,219 73,693 74,599
7 Ahlon West 1 4,091 4,609 5,127 5,645 6,164 6,586 7,009 7,607 8,206 8,804 9,403 10,002 10,573
9 Sangyoung West 1,3 5,265 5,887 6,509 7,131 7,754 8,432 9,110 10,479 11,848 13,218 14,587 15,957 16,857
10 Dagon West 1 4,341 4,405 4,469 4,533 4,598 4,746 4,895 5,069 5,244 5,418 5,593 5,768 5,993
11 Bahan West 1,2 30,873 30,755 30,638 30,520 30,403 31,000 31,598 31,801 32,004 32,207 32,410 32,614 32,931
12 Tamway East 1,2 53,305 55,193 57,081 58,969 60,857 61,957 63,058 63,343 63,629 63,915 64,201 64,487 65,125
14 Seikkan West 1 690 691 693 695 697 713 729 748 768 788 808 828 855
15 Dawbon East 2 8,111 8,405 8,700 8,995 9,290 9,753 10,217 10,734 11,252 11,769 12,287 12,805 13,441
Inner Urban Ring 155,503 160,895 166,292 171,687 177,087 181,237 185,392 189,652 193,917 198,181 202,446 206,715 211,744
16 Kamayut West 1,3 2,468 3,058 3,648 4,238 4,829 5,438 6,048 7,650 9,253 10,856 12,459 14,062 14,939
17 Hline West 3 15,828 16,546 17,265 17,983 18,702 19,693 20,684 21,783 22,883 23,983 25,083 26,183 27,527
18 Yankin East 2,3 23,418 23,298 23,178 23,058 22,939 23,205 23,472 23,507 23,542 23,577 23,612 23,648 23,855
Outer Ring Zone 79,062 80,689 82,317 83,944 85,574 88,680 91,788 95,983 100,180 104,377 108,574 112,773 117,086
20 Mayangon West 3,4 35,465 36,123 36,781 37,439 38,097 39,561 41,026 42,550 44,074 45,598 47,122 48,646 50,781
21 Insein North 3,4 29,205 31,054 32,903 34,752 36,601 38,838 41,075 43,644 46,214 48,783 51,353 53,923 57,212
Northern Suburbs 100,998 106,579 112,160 117,741 123,323 132,405 141,489 153,666 165,844 178,022 190,200 202,379 218,203
25 Thakayta East 2 22,695 23,637 24,580 25,523 26,466 27,826 29,187 30,701 32,215 33,730 35,244 36,759 38,615
26 Dala South 10 4,058 5,292 6,526 7,760 8,994 10,468 11,942 13,848 15,754 17,660 19,566 21,473 24,483
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto South 10 4 192 381 569 758 980 1,203 1,475 1,748 2,020 2,293 2,566 2,971
South of CBD 4,062 5,484 6,907 8,329 9,752 11,448 13,145 15,323 17,502 19,680 21,859 24,039 27,454
30 Dagon North East 7 16,047 17,211 18,376 19,541 20,706 22,000 23,294 24,783 26,272 27,761 29,250 30,740 32,916
31 Dagon South East 8 21,456 23,118 24,781 26,444 28,107 30,387 32,668 35,342 38,016 40,691 43,365 46,040 49,968
32 Dagon East East 7 6,071 8,748 11,425 14,102 16,779 20,056 23,334 27,982 32,631 37,279 41,928 46,577 54,478
New Suburbs Zone 60,312 70,885 81,461 92,036 102,613 115,901 129,193 152,204 175,216 198,230 221,242 244,258 270,356
Total (Yangon city) 643,429 668,962 694,511 720,051 745,608 782,375 819,159 869,684 920,221 970,759 1,021,296 1,071,850 1,133,021
Leakage Ratio (%) 50% 37% 33% 25%

1- Leakage Ratio (%) 50% 63% 67% 75%
* Daily Average Demand = (Served Population x LPCD (Dom. + Non dome.)/1000) ÷(1- Leakage Ratio (%))
A1-10
Source: Mld
1 Latha 1 8,498 8,571 8,644 8,717 8,771 8,826 8,881 8,936 8,991 9,048 9,106 9,164 9,222 9,280
2 Lanmadaw 1 15,240 15,629 16,018 16,407 16,510 16,613 16,716 16,819 16,922 17,030 17,139 17,248 17,357 17,466
3 Pabedan 1 11,306 11,403 11,500 11,598 11,670 11,743 11,815 11,888 11,961 12,038 12,115 12,192 12,269 12,346
4 Kyauktada 1 10,125 10,212 10,299 10,386 10,451 10,516 10,581 10,646 10,711 10,780 10,849 10,918 10,987 11,056
5 Botahtaung 1 13,903 14,023 14,142 14,262 14,351 14,440 14,530 14,619 14,709 14,803 14,898 14,993 15,088 15,183
6 Pazuntaung 1 16,433 16,575 16,716 16,858 16,963 17,069 17,174 17,280 17,386 17,498 17,610 17,722 17,834 17,946
CBD 75,505 76,413 77,319 78,228 78,716 79,207 79,697 80,188 80,680 81,197 81,717 82,237 82,757 83,277
7 Ahlon 1 11,145 11,717 12,289 12,861 13,452 14,043 14,635 15,226 15,818 16,460 17,102 17,745 18,387 19,030
8 Kyimyindine 1,10 13,438 14,578 15,718 16,859 18,150 19,441 20,733 22,024 23,316 24,826 26,337 27,847 29,358 30,869
9 Sangyoung 1,3 17,757 18,657 19,557 20,458 21,381 22,305 23,229 24,153 25,077 26,073 27,069 28,065 29,061 30,057
10 Dagon 1 6,218 6,443 6,668 6,893 7,116 7,339 7,562 7,785 8,009 8,246 8,483 8,721 8,958 9,196
11 Bahan 1,2 33,248 33,566 33,883 34,201 34,476 34,751 35,026 35,301 35,577 35,821 36,066 36,310 36,555 36,800
12 Tamway 1,2 65,763 66,401 67,039 67,678 68,189 68,700 69,212 69,723 70,235 70,788 71,342 71,896 72,450 73,004
13 Mingala Taungnyunt 1 54,247 54,822 55,398 55,974 56,455 56,936 57,417 57,898 58,380 58,908 59,437 59,966 60,495 61,024
14 Seikkan 1 882 909 936 963 973 983 993 1,003 1,014 1,020 1,026 1,033 1,039 1,046
15 Dawbon 2 14,077 14,713 15,349 15,986 16,626 17,267 17,907 18,548 19,189 19,870 20,552 21,233 21,915 22,597
Inner Urban Ring 216,775 221,806 226,837 231,873 236,818 241,765 246,714 251,661 256,615 262,012 267,414 272,816 278,218 283,623
16 Kamayut 1,3 15,816 16,693 17,570 18,448 19,396 20,345 21,294 22,243 23,192 24,269 25,346 26,423 27,500 28,577
17 Hline 3 28,872 30,216 31,561 32,906 34,262 35,619 36,975 38,332 39,689 41,132 42,575 44,018 45,461 46,904
18 Yankin 2,3 24,062 24,269 24,476 24,683 24,837 24,992 25,147 25,302 25,457 25,620 25,784 25,948 26,112 26,276
19 Thingangyun 2 52,650 54,535 56,420 58,306 60,175 62,044 63,913 65,782 67,651 69,638 71,625 73,612 75,599 77,587
Outer Ring Zone 121,400 125,713 130,027 134,343 138,670 143,000 147,329 151,659 155,989 160,659 165,330 170,001 174,672 179,344
20 Mayangon 3,4 52,916 55,051 57,186 59,322 61,507 63,692 65,877 68,062 70,247 72,688 75,130 77,572 80,014 82,456
21 Insein 3,4 60,502 63,791 67,081 70,371 73,964 77,558 81,151 84,745 88,339 92,464 96,589 100,714 104,839 108,965
22 Mingaladon 4,5,6 120,611 131,011 141,412 151,813 164,427 177,041 189,656 202,270 214,885 226,984 239,083 251,183 263,282 275,382
Northern Suburbs 234,029 249,853 265,679 281,506 299,898 318,291 336,684 355,077 373,471 392,136 410,802 429,469 448,135 466,803
23 North Okkalapa 4 127,270 129,457 131,644 133,831 135,973 138,115 140,257 142,399 144,542 147,001 149,461 151,920 154,380 156,840
24 South Okkalapa 2,3 51,425 52,969 54,513 56,058 56,409 56,760 57,112 57,463 57,815 58,187 58,559 58,931 59,303 59,676
25 Thakayta 2 40,471 42,327 44,183 46,040 47,911 49,783 51,654 53,526 55,398 57,388 59,378 61,368 63,358 65,349
26 Dala 10 27,494 30,505 33,516 36,527 40,589 44,652 48,714 52,777 56,840 62,350 67,861 73,372 78,883 84,394
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto 10 3,376 3,782 4,187 4,593 5,123 5,654 6,184 6,715 7,246 7,946 8,647 9,347 10,048 10,749
South of CBD 30,870 34,287 37,703 41,120 45,712 50,306 54,898 59,492 64,086 70,296 76,508 82,719 88,931 95,143
28 Shwepyitha 5 32,853 36,458 40,063 43,668 48,125 52,583 57,041 61,499 65,957 72,841 79,725 86,609 93,493 100,377
29 Hlaing Tharyar 9 88,725 94,630 100,536 106,442 114,097 121,752 129,407 137,062 144,717 155,873 167,030 178,186 189,343 200,500
30 Dagon North 7 35,093 37,269 39,446 41,623 44,082 46,541 49,000 51,459 53,918 56,855 59,792 62,730 65,667 68,605
31 Dagon South 8 53,897 57,826 61,755 65,684 70,337 74,990 79,643 84,296 88,949 94,702 100,456 106,210 111,964 117,718
32 Dagon East 7 62,380 70,281 78,183 86,085 97,461 108,837 120,214 131,590 142,967 159,076 175,186 191,295 207,405 223,515
33 Dagon Seikkan 8 23,511 26,094 28,678 31,262 34,797 38,332 41,868 45,403 48,939 53,785 58,631 63,477 68,323 73,170
New Suburbs Zone 296,459 322,558 348,661 374,764 408,899 443,035 477,173 511,309 545,447 593,132 640,820 688,507 736,195 783,885
Total (Yangon city) 1,194,204 1,255,383 1,316,566 1,377,763 1,449,006 1,520,262 1,591,518 1,662,774 1,734,043 1,822,008 1,909,989 1,997,968 2,085,949 2,173,940
Leakage Ratio (%) 80% 15% 10%

1- Leakage Ratio (%) 80% 85% 90%
* Daily Average Demand = (Served Population x LPCD (Dom. + Non dome.)/1000) ÷(1- Leakage Ratio (%))
A1-11
Source: → Projected
1 Latha West 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 Lanmadaw West 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
3 Pabedan West 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 Kyauktada West 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 Botahtaung East 1 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6 Pazuntaung East 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
CBD 19 19 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18
7 Ahlon West 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
8 Kyimyindine West 1,10 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
9 Sangyoung West 1,3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
10 Dagon West 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 Bahan West 1,2 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
12 Tamway East 1,2 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16
13 Mingala Taungnyunt East 1 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
14 Seikkan West 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 Dawbon East 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
Inner Urban Ring 36 38 40 40 42 44 45 47 47 47 49 50 51
16 Kamayut West 1,3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4
17 Hline West 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7
18 Yankin East 2,3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
19 Thingangyun East 2 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12
Outer Ring Zone 20 20 20 20 21 22 22 23 25 26 26 27 29
20 Mayangon West 3,4 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12
21 Insein North 3,4 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 14
22 Mingaladon North 4,5,6 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 27
Northern Suburbs 25 27 27 28 30 32 34 37 40 43 45 49 53
23 North Okkalapa East 4 26 26 26 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 29 30 30
24 South Okkalapa East 2,3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12
25 Thakayta East 2 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9
Older Suburbs Zone 41 42 42 42 42 44 45 46 48 48 49 51 51
26 Dala South 10 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto South 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
South of CBD 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 6 6 7
28 Shwepyitha North 5 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7
29 Hlaing Tharyar North 9 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 8 11 13 16 19 20
30 Dagon North East 7 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8
31 Dagon South East 8 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 12
32 Dagon East East 7 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13
33 Dagon Seikkan East 8 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5
New Suburbs Zone 14 17 20 22 25 27 33 37 42 48 53 58 65
Total (Yangon city) 156 164 168 171 179 189 199 210 223 233 245 258 274
* Daily Maximum Demand (MGD) = Daily Average Demand (Mld) x 1.1 ÷4,546
A1-12
Source: MGD
1 Latha 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 Lanmadaw 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 Pabedan 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 Kyauktada 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5 Botahtaung 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
6 Pazuntaung 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
CBD 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
7 Ahlon 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
8 Kyimyindine 1,10 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7
9 Sangyoung 1,3 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
10 Dagon 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
11 Bahan 1,2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
12 Tamway 1,2 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18
13 Mingala Taungnyunt 1 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15
14 Seikkan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 Dawbon 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
Inner Urban Ring 52 55 55 56 56 58 60 61 63 63 64 66 67 68
16 Kamayut 1,3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7
17 Hline 3 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11
18 Yankin 2,3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
19 Thingangyun 2 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19
Outer Ring Zone 30 30 32 32 34 35 35 36 38 39 39 41 42 43
20 Mayangon 3,4 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19 20
21 Insein 3,4 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26
22 Mingaladon 4,5,6 29 32 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67
Northern Suburbs 57 60 64 68 73 77 82 86 90 95 99 104 108 113
23 North Okkalapa 4 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 36 36 37 37 38
24 South Okkalapa 2,3 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
25 Thakayta 2 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16
Older Suburbs Zone 53 54 56 57 59 59 60 61 62 64 64 66 66 68
26 Dala 10 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20
27 Seikkyi/ Khanaungto 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
South of CBD 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 20 21 23
28 Shwepyitha 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 21 23 24
29 Hlaing Tharyar 9 21 23 24 26 28 29 31 33 35 38 40 43 46 49
30 Dagon North 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 17
31 Dagon South 8 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 26 27 28
32 Dagon East 7 15 17 19 21 24 26 29 32 35 38 42 46 50 54
33 Dagon Seikkan 8 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18
New Suburbs Zone 71 78 85 92 100 106 115 123 133 144 153 166 179 190
Total (Yangon city) 289 303 319 334 352 366 385 402 422 442 457 483 503 525
* Daily Maximum Demand (MGD) = Daily Average Demand (Mld) x 1.1 ÷4,546
A1-13
By Zone
Actual -> estimate
Population 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Zone1 793,619 808,977 824,335 839,693 855,051 856,561 858,072 859,608 861,144 862,680 864,216 865,752 867,501
Low 505,645 516,638 527,631 538,624 549,617 550,579 551,542 552,595 553,648 554,701 555,755 556,809 558,006
High 287,974 292,339 296,704 301,069 305,434 305,982 306,530 307,013 307,496 307,979 308,461 308,944 309,495
Zone2 636,790 641,130 645,470 649,810 654,150 654,312 654,474 654,614 654,754 654,895 655,035 655,176 655,336
Zone3 653,154 656,011 658,868 661,725 664,583 666,217 667,852 668,814 669,778 670,741 671,705 672,669 674,170
Zone4 653,434 662,841 672,249 681,657 691,065 698,039 705,015 713,144 721,274 729,404 737,533 745,664 754,016
Zone5 501,245 512,476 523,706 534,937 546,168 559,149 572,131 589,413 606,695 623,978 641,260 658,542 683,361
Zone6 133,165 138,415 143,666 148,917 154,168 162,904 171,641 183,563 195,485 207,407 219,330 231,253 241,530
Zone7 369,576 418,007 466,438 514,869 563,301 594,786 626,271 660,735 695,199 729,663 764,127 798,592 837,775
Zone8 539,094 547,395 555,697 563,999 572,301 585,391 598,482 612,810 627,139 641,467 655,796 670,125 686,416
Zone9 687,867 696,350 704,833 713,317 721,801 731,502 741,204 746,791 752,380 757,968 763,556 769,145 774,111
Zone10 243,487 262,846 282,206 301,566 320,926 331,074 341,222 352,330 363,439 374,547 385,655 396,764 409,393
Total 5,211,431 5,344,448 5,477,468 5,610,490 5,743,514 5,839,935 5,936,364 6,041,822 6,147,287 6,252,750 6,358,213 6,463,681 6,583,609
Served Population 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Zone1 488,174 510,833 533,493 556,153 578,814 591,094 603,375 616,106 628,838 641,570 654,302 667,034 675,564
Low 353,891 368,737 383,583 398,429 413,276 419,835 426,396 431,523 436,651 441,779 446,908 452,036 456,556
High 134,283 142,096 149,910 157,724 165,537 171,259 176,980 184,583 192,187 199,791 207,394 214,998 219,008
Zone2 298,747 315,522 332,298 349,073 365,849 379,037 392,226 402,808 413,392 423,975 434,558 445,142 455,409
Zone3 310,157 324,145 338,133 352,121 366,110 379,867 393,625 407,400 421,176 434,951 448,727 462,503 475,609
Zone4 380,391 399,345 418,300 437,255 456,211 474,390 492,570 506,522 520,474 534,426 548,379 562,331 576,226
Zone5 75,213 88,299 101,385 114,471 127,557 143,353 159,149 178,883 198,616 218,350 238,084 257,818 283,594
Zone6 39,432 44,219 49,007 53,795 58,584 65,336 72,089 81,721 91,353 100,986 110,618 120,251 131,248
Zone7 96,167 116,406 136,645 156,884 177,123 197,543 217,964 243,956 269,949 295,941 321,934 347,927 383,128
Zone8 116,533 129,943 143,354 156,764 170,175 185,589 201,004 218,750 236,496 254,242 271,988 289,734 311,333
Zone9 21,023 35,616 50,210 64,804 79,398 95,289 111,180 158,167 205,154 252,141 299,128 346,115 364,229
Zone10 19,109 27,052 34,995 42,939 50,883 59,413 67,943 78,189 88,435 98,682 108,928 119,175 132,263
Total 1,844,945 1,991,380 2,137,820 2,284,259 2,430,704 2,570,911 2,711,125 2,892,502 3,073,883 3,255,264 3,436,646 3,618,031 3,788,603
Coverage (%) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Zone1 61.5% 63.1% 64.7% 66.2% 67.7% 69.0% 70.3% 71.7% 73.0% 74.4% 75.7% 77.0% 77.9%
Low 70.0% 71.4% 72.7% 74.0% 75.2% 76.3% 77.3% 78.1% 78.9% 79.6% 80.4% 81.2% 81.8%
High 46.6% 48.6% 50.5% 52.4% 54.2% 56.0% 57.7% 60.1% 62.5% 64.9% 67.2% 69.6% 70.8%
Zone2 46.9% 49.2% 51.5% 53.7% 55.9% 57.9% 59.9% 61.5% 63.1% 64.7% 66.3% 67.9% 69.5%
Zone3 47.5% 49.4% 51.3% 53.2% 55.1% 57.0% 58.9% 60.9% 62.9% 64.8% 66.8% 68.8% 70.5%
Zone4 58.2% 60.2% 62.2% 64.1% 66.0% 68.0% 69.9% 71.0% 72.2% 73.3% 74.4% 75.4% 76.4%
Zone5 15.0% 17.2% 19.4% 21.4% 23.4% 25.6% 27.8% 30.3% 32.7% 35.0% 37.1% 39.1% 41.5%
Zone6 29.6% 31.9% 34.1% 36.1% 38.0% 40.1% 42.0% 44.5% 46.7% 48.7% 50.4% 52.0% 54.3%
Zone7 26.0% 27.8% 29.3% 30.5% 31.4% 33.2% 34.8% 36.9% 38.8% 40.6% 42.1% 43.6% 45.7%
Zone8 21.6% 23.7% 25.8% 27.8% 29.7% 31.7% 33.6% 35.7% 37.7% 39.6% 41.5% 43.2% 45.4%
Zone9 3.1% 5.1% 7.1% 9.1% 11.0% 13.0% 15.0% 21.2% 27.3% 33.3% 39.2% 45.0% 47.1%
Zone10 7.8% 10.3% 12.4% 14.2% 15.9% 17.9% 19.9% 22.2% 24.3% 26.3% 28.2% 30.0% 32.3%
Total 35.4% 37.3% 39.0% 40.7% 42.3% 44.0% 45.7% 47.9% 50.0% 52.1% 54.1% 56.0% 57.5%
PerCapita (Lpcd) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Zone1 111 115 119 123 126 130 133 137 140 144 147 150 154
Low 111 115 119 123 126 130 133 137 140 143 147 150 154
High 111 115 119 123 126 130 133 137 141 144 147 150 154
Zone2 111 115 119 123 126 130 133 137 140 144 147 150 154
Zone3 111 115 119 123 126 130 133 137 140 144 147 150 154
Zone4 111 115 119 123 126 130 133 137 140 144 147 150 154
Zone5 95 99 101 103 105 108 111 116 120 123 125 128 132
Zone6 111 116 120 123 126 130 133 138 142 145 148 150 155
Zone7 69 73 76 78 80 83 86 90 93 96 98 100 105
Zone8 69 73 76 78 80 83 86 90 93 96 98 100 104
Zone9 69 75 78 79 80 83 86 92 95 98 99 100 104
Zone10 72 78 81 83 84 88 90 95 98 101 103 105 109
Total 105 108 111 114 116 119 121 124 127 129 131 133 137
Daily Max. MGD 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Zone1 200,024 200,024 204,570 204,570 209,116 213,662 218,208 222,754 227,300 231,846 236,392 245,484 250,030
Low 145,472 145,472 145,472 145,472 150,018 150,018 154,564 154,564 159,110 159,110 163,656 168,202 168,202
High 54,552 54,552 59,098 59,098 59,098 63,644 63,644 68,190 68,190 72,736 72,736 77,282 81,828
Zone2 122,742 122,742 127,288 127,288 131,834 136,380 140,926 145,472 150,018 154,564 159,110 163,656 168,202
Zone3 127,288 127,288 127,288 127,288 131,834 136,380 145,472 150,018 154,564 159,110 163,656 168,202 172,748
Zone4 154,564 154,564 159,110 163,656 168,202 172,748 177,294 181,840 186,386 190,932 195,478 204,570 209,116
Zone5 27,276 27,276 31,822 36,368 40,914 45,460 50,006 54,552 59,098 68,190 72,736 81,828 90,920
Zone6 18,184 18,184 18,184 18,184 22,730 22,730 27,276 27,276 31,822 36,368 40,914 45,460 50,006
Zone7 22,730 27,276 31,822 36,368 40,914 45,460 50,006 54,552 59,098 68,190 72,736 81,828 90,920
Zone8 27,276 27,276 31,822 36,368 40,914 45,460 50,006 50,006 54,552 59,098 63,644 68,190 72,736
Zone9 4,546 4,546 9,092 13,638 18,184 22,730 27,276 36,368 50,006 59,098 72,736 86,374 90,920
Zone10 4,546 4,546 4,546 4,546 9,092 13,638 18,184 18,184 18,184 22,730 22,730 27,276 31,822
Total 709,176 713,722 745,544 768,274 813,734 854,648 904,654 941,022 991,028 1,050,126 1,100,132 1,172,868 1,227,420
Daily Max. MGD 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Zone1 44.0 44.0 45.0 45.0 46.0 47.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 54.0 55.0
Low 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 33.0 33.0 34.0 34.0 35.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 37.0
High 12.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 18.0
Zone2 27.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0
Zone3 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0
Zone4 34.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 45.0 46.0
Zone5 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Zone6 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
Zone7 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Zone8 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
Zone9 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 11.0 13.0 16.0 19.0 20.0
Zone10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Total 156.0 157.0 164.0 169.0 179.0 188.0 199.0 207.0 218.0 231.0 242.0 258.0 270.0
A1-14
By Zone
Population 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040
Zone1 869,249 870,998 872,747 874,496 876,533 878,571 880,609 882,647 884,685 886,886 889,088 891,290 893,492 895,695
Low 559,203 560,400 561,598 562,796 564,157 565,518 566,880 568,241 569,603 571,150 572,698 574,246 575,794 577,342
High 310,046 310,598 311,149 311,700 312,376 313,053 313,729 314,406 315,082 315,736 316,390 317,044 317,698 318,353
Zone2 655,496 655,657 655,817 655,978 656,176 656,374 656,571 656,769 656,968 657,156 657,346 657,535 657,724 657,914
Zone3 675,671 677,173 678,675 680,177 681,743 683,311 684,878 686,445 688,013 689,812 691,612 693,411 695,211 697,011
Zone4 762,369 770,722 779,075 787,429 796,457 805,485 814,513 823,541 832,570 841,108 849,647 858,186 866,724 875,264
Zone5 708,180 732,999 757,818 782,638 806,402 830,168 853,933 877,698 901,464 927,883 954,302 980,722 1,007,142 1,033,562
Zone6 251,808 262,086 272,364 282,642 292,919 303,197 313,475 323,753 334,032 340,055 346,079 352,102 358,126 364,150
Zone7 876,959 916,143 955,327 994,511 1,039,060 1,083,609 1,128,159 1,172,708 1,217,258 1,267,908 1,318,558 1,369,208 1,419,858 1,470,508
Zone8 702,707 718,998 735,289 751,581 770,103 788,625 807,147 825,669 844,191 865,249 886,307 907,365 928,423 949,482
Zone9 779,078 784,046 789,013 793,981 805,933 817,885 829,837 841,790 853,743 875,474 897,205 918,937 940,669 962,401
Zone10 422,023 434,653 447,282 459,913 474,271 488,630 502,990 517,349 531,708 548,033 564,359 580,684 597,010 613,336
Total 6,703,540 6,823,475 6,943,407 7,063,345 7,199,597 7,335,855 7,472,112 7,608,369 7,744,630 7,899,564 8,054,503 8,209,440 8,364,379 8,519,323
Served Population 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040
Zone1 684,094 692,624 701,154 709,685 717,879 726,073 734,268 742,463 750,658 759,223 767,790 776,356 784,922 793,489
Low 461,076 465,596 470,117 474,637 478,637 482,637 486,636 490,636 494,636 498,956 503,276 507,595 511,915 516,236
High 223,018 227,028 231,037 235,047 239,242 243,436 247,632 251,827 256,021 260,267 264,514 268,761 273,007 277,253
Zone2 465,677 475,944 486,212 496,480 506,785 517,090 527,396 537,701 548,007 558,303 568,599 578,896 589,193 599,490
Zone3 488,716 501,822 514,929 528,036 538,254 548,472 558,691 568,910 579,129 589,865 600,603 611,340 622,077 632,814
Zone4 590,122 604,017 617,913 631,808 647,332 662,856 678,379 693,903 709,428 725,713 741,998 758,284 774,569 790,855
Zone5 309,371 335,147 360,924 386,701 416,914 447,128 477,341 507,555 537,769 573,219 608,669 644,120 679,570 715,022
Zone6 142,245 153,243 164,240 175,238 188,290 201,343 214,396 227,449 240,502 252,122 263,742 275,362 286,983 298,603
Zone7 418,330 453,532 488,734 523,936 570,144 616,352 662,560 708,768 754,977 814,309 873,641 932,973 992,305 1,051,638
Zone8 332,932 354,531 376,130 397,730 423,933 450,136 476,339 502,542 528,745 560,435 592,126 623,816 655,507 687,198
Zone9 382,344 400,459 418,574 436,689 460,337 483,986 507,634 531,283 554,932 588,305 621,679 655,052 688,426 721,800
Zone10 145,352 158,441 171,530 184,620 201,113 217,607 234,100 250,594 267,088 287,648 308,209 328,769 349,330 369,891
Total 3,959,183 4,129,760 4,300,340 4,470,923 4,670,981 4,871,043 5,071,104 5,271,168 5,471,234 5,709,142 5,947,056 6,184,968 6,422,882 6,660,800
Coverage (%) 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040
Zone1 78.7% 79.5% 80.3% 81.2% 81.9% 82.6% 83.4% 84.1% 84.9% 85.6% 86.4% 87.1% 87.8% 88.6%
Low 82.5% 83.1% 83.7% 84.3% 84.8% 85.3% 85.8% 86.3% 86.8% 87.4% 87.9% 88.4% 88.9% 89.4%
High 71.9% 73.1% 74.3% 75.4% 76.6% 77.8% 78.9% 80.1% 81.3% 82.4% 83.6% 84.8% 85.9% 87.1%
Zone2 71.0% 72.6% 74.1% 75.7% 77.2% 78.8% 80.3% 81.9% 83.4% 85.0% 86.5% 88.0% 89.6% 91.1%
Zone3 72.3% 74.1% 75.9% 77.6% 79.0% 80.3% 81.6% 82.9% 84.2% 85.5% 86.8% 88.2% 89.5% 90.8%
Zone4 77.4% 78.4% 79.3% 80.2% 81.3% 82.3% 83.3% 84.3% 85.2% 86.3% 87.3% 88.4% 89.4% 90.4%
Zone5 43.7% 45.7% 47.6% 49.4% 51.7% 53.9% 55.9% 57.8% 59.7% 61.8% 63.8% 65.7% 67.5% 69.2%
Zone6 56.5% 58.5% 60.3% 62.0% 64.3% 66.4% 68.4% 70.3% 72.0% 74.1% 76.2% 78.2% 80.1% 82.0%
Zone7 47.7% 49.5% 51.2% 52.7% 54.9% 56.9% 58.7% 60.4% 62.0% 64.2% 66.3% 68.1% 69.9% 71.5%
Zone8 47.4% 49.3% 51.2% 52.9% 55.0% 57.1% 59.0% 60.9% 62.6% 64.8% 66.8% 68.8% 70.6% 72.4%
Zone9 49.1% 51.1% 53.1% 55.0% 57.1% 59.2% 61.2% 63.1% 65.0% 67.2% 69.3% 71.3% 73.2% 75.0%
Zone10 34.4% 36.5% 38.3% 40.1% 42.4% 44.5% 46.5% 48.4% 50.2% 52.5% 54.6% 56.6% 58.5% 60.3%
Total 59.1% 60.5% 61.9% 63.3% 64.9% 66.4% 67.9% 69.3% 70.6% 72.3% 73.8% 75.3% 76.8% 78.2%
PerCapita (Lpcd) 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040
Zone1 157 160 164 167 170 174 177 180 183 187 190 193 197 200
Low 157 160 164 167 170 174 177 180 183 187 190 193 197 200
High 157 161 164 167 170 174 177 180 183 187 190 194 197 200
Zone2 157 161 164 167 170 174 177 180 183 187 190 194 197 200
Zone3 157 161 164 167 170 174 177 180 183 187 190 194 197 200
Zone4 157 161 164 167 171 174 177 180 183 187 190 194 197 200
Zone5 136 139 142 144 148 151 154 157 159 163 167 170 172 175
Zone6 158 162 165 167 171 175 178 181 183 187 191 194 197 200
Zone7 109 112 115 117 121 125 128 131 133 137 141 144 147 150
Zone8 108 111 114 117 121 125 128 130 133 137 141 144 147 150
Zone9 108 111 114 117 121 124 127 130 133 137 141 144 147 150
Zone10 113 116 119 121 125 129 132 135 137 141 145 148 151 154
Total 140 143 145 148 151 154 157 159 162 165 168 171 174 176
Daily Max. MGD 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040
Zone1 254,576 259,122 263,668 272,760 277,306 281,852 286,398 290,944 295,490 300,036 304,582 309,128 313,674 322,766
Low 172,748 172,748 177,294 181,840 181,840 186,386 186,386 190,932 195,478 195,478 200,024 200,024 204,570 209,116
High 81,828 86,374 86,374 90,920 95,466 95,466 100,012 100,012 100,012 104,558 104,558 109,104 109,104 113,650
Zone2 172,748 177,294 181,840 190,932 195,478 200,024 204,570 209,116 218,208 222,754 227,300 231,846 236,392 245,484
Zone3 181,840 186,386 195,478 204,570 209,116 213,662 218,208 222,754 227,300 231,846 236,392 240,938 245,484 254,576
Zone4 218,208 222,754 231,846 240,938 245,484 254,576 263,668 272,760 281,852 286,398 295,490 304,582 313,674 322,766
Zone5 100,012 109,104 118,196 127,288 136,380 150,018 159,110 172,748 186,386 200,024 213,662 227,300 240,938 254,576
Zone6 54,552 59,098 63,644 68,190 72,736 77,282 81,828 86,374 95,466 100,012 104,558 109,104 113,650 118,196
Zone7 104,558 113,650 127,288 140,926 154,564 168,202 186,386 200,024 218,208 236,392 259,122 277,306 300,036 322,766
Zone8 81,828 86,374 95,466 104,558 113,650 122,742 131,834 140,926 154,564 163,656 172,748 186,386 195,478 209,116
Zone9 95,466 104,558 109,104 118,196 122,742 131,834 140,926 150,018 159,110 168,202 181,840 195,478 209,116 222,754
Zone10 36,368 40,914 45,460 50,006 54,552 59,098 68,190 72,736 81,828 86,374 90,920 100,012 104,558 113,650
Total 1,300,156 1,359,254 1,431,990 1,518,364 1,582,008 1,659,290 1,741,118 1,818,400 1,918,412 1,995,694 2,086,614 2,182,080 2,273,000 2,386,650
Daily Max. MGD 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040
Zone1 56.0 57.0 58.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 64.0 65.0 66.0 67.0 68.0 69.0 71.0
Low 38.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 40.0 41.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 43.0 44.0 44.0 45.0 46.0
High 18.0 19.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 23.0 24.0 24.0 25.0
Zone2 38.0 39.0 40.0 42.0 43.0 44.0 45.0 46.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 54.0
Zone3 40.0 41.0 43.0 45.0 46.0 47.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 54.0 56.0
Zone4 48.0 49.0 51.0 53.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 62.0 63.0 65.0 67.0 69.0 71.0
Zone5 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 33.0 35.0 38.0 41.0 44.0 47.0 50.0 53.0 56.0
Zone6 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0
Zone7 23.0 25.0 28.0 31.0 34.0 37.0 41.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 57.0 61.0 66.0 71.0
Zone8 18.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 29.0 31.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 41.0 43.0 46.0
Zone9 21.0 23.0 24.0 26.0 27.0 29.0 31.0 33.0 35.0 37.0 40.0 43.0 46.0 49.0
Zone10 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 22.0 23.0 25.0
Total 286.0 299.0 315.0 334.0 348.0 365.0 383.0 400.0 422.0 439.0 459.0 480.0 500.0 525.0
A1-15
Appendix -2
The Project for the Improvement of Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Yangon City
Vol III Water Supply System Master Plan, Appendix
B. WATER SOURCE SURVEY
1. Development of Potential Surface Water (Reservoir and River)
Table B.1 shows the list of water supply sources while Figure B.1 shows the map of water sources
around Yangon City. The current water supply source of 215 MGD (977,400 m³/day) are utilized
continually. To meet future increased water demand, the potential of Kokkowa river and Toe river as
new sources of water are studied. The existing ground water source (20 MGD) shall be gradually
abolished after the development of river water source and distribution facilities.
Table B.1 List of Water Supply Sources

Water Supply Volume
Name
m3/day MGD
1) Existing Water Resource
Gyobyu Reservoir (Surface water) 121,500 27
Hpugyi Reservoir (Surface water) 243,000 54
Hlawgar Reservoir (Surface water) 63,000 14
Ngamoeyeik (Surface water: First + Second Phase) 405,000 90
Sub-Total 832,500 185
2) Planned Water Resource
Lagunbyin Reservoir (Surface water) 135,000 30
Total-Existing fixed sources 977,400 215
3)Required river source
Kokkowa River
1,909,300 420
Toe River
Total 1) + 2) + 3) 2,886,700 635
B-1
A2-1
Lagunbyin R.

Figure B.1 Map of Water Resource for Water Supply around Yangon City
2. Evaluation of Existing Reservoirs
In 2002 JICA-M/P study, the water balance study was carried out for Gyobyu, Phugyi, Hlawga, and
Ngamoeyeik reservoirs (drinking water sources) and Lagunbyin reservoir (an exclusive irrigation
reservoir). The simulation period was adopted as the last six years (May 1995–December 2000) with a
10-year return period, which covers the severe drought year of 1998. Table B.2 shows the results of
analysis of the water balance study in the 2002 JICA study. The capacity of the current reservoir for
water supply was recognized as 868,600 m3/day (186.5 MGD) approximately, on condition of
maintaining the low water level in each reservoir during the drought year. In addition, it was analyzed
that Lagunbyin reservoir will enable to divert 10 MGD for drinking water source.
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Table B.2 Results of Reservoir Water Balance Study

Name Low Water level Water Supply
Unit: ft Unit: m3/day (MGD)
Gyobyu Reservoir 138.0 118,300 (27.0)
Hpugyi Reservoir 90.0 245,700 (54.0)
Hlawgar Reservoir 47.0 75,075 (16.5)
Ngamoeyeik (First + Second stage) 81.0 409,500 (90.0)
Lagunbyin Reservoir 46.0 45,000 (10.0)
To evaluate the results of water balance study in the 2002 JICA survey, an examination was made for
the applicability of the 2002 JICA survey to the existing conditions based on comparing the rainfall
data of the previous study with the recent rainfall data. The methods of evaluation are summarized
below.
a. Long term fluctuation
The rainfall data used in the 2002 JICA survey rainfall data was compared with the rainfall data of
years from 2001 to 2010. As a result of comparison, it is observed that the average rainfall in 2001 to
2010 was higher than the average rainfall in 1965 to 2000. It was also found out that little rainfall
during 2001-2010 has not been renewed from any observatories.
b. Non-exceedance probability
In the 2002 JICA study, the probability by annual rainfall has been studied using the rainfall from
January to December in Bago, Tharrawaddy, and Kaba Aye. Table B.3 shows the non-exceedance
probability of annual rainfall at these stations as estimated by Gumbel’s Minimum Values method.
Table B.3 List of Non-Exceedance Probability Annual Rainfall

Station 2 years 5 years 10 years 20 years 50 years 100 years Number of
Name Records
Bago 3,284.9 2,922.3 2,740.0 2,598.7 2,454.5 2,369.3 36
Tharrawady 2,206.1 1,963.4 1,829.9 1,719.1 1,597.1 1,519.2 36
Kaba Aye 2,680.7 2,413.8 2,296.5 2,214.5 2,139.7 2,100.4 33
Source: 2002 JICA Study
Table B.4 shows the list of non-exceedance probability estimation by the latest annual rainfall from
2001 to 2010. There are no large differences in the past ten years for non-exceedance probability
rainfall in each station, and no changes in water trend were also determined.
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Table B.4 List of Non-Exceedance Probability Annual Rainfall from 2001 to 2010
Station Name 2 years 5 years 10 years
Bago 3,386.0 2,854.0 2,513.0
Tharrawady 2,165.0 1,847.0 1,831.0
Kaba Aye 2,757.0 2,478.0 2,315.0
The results of water balance study in the 2002 JICA Survey (Table B.2) enabled the utilization of the
current surface water supply sources (Table B.1).
3. Evaluation of Potential Water Sources
3.1 Water Flow Measurement Survey
Hlaing (Gwedanshe), Kokkowa, and Toe rivers were initially considered as potential water sources.
Bago River was not considered because it has relatively low water availability according to the 2002
JICA survey. Available amounts of water intake from these water sources depend highly on the river
flow from January to April which is lowest during dry season. From the river flow data in Hlaing and
Bago rivers, the minimum flow is dropping to approximately one-hundredth of the maximum value.
Currently, no water flow but water level is monitored for both rivers. To covert the water level to water
flow, the JICA Study team requested MOAI to measure flow rate and cross section of the rivers. The
MOAI carried out the measurement in November 2012 in Kokkowa river and in December 2012 in
Toe river. Also, to measure the minimum flow rate, measurement was made in March 2013 in both
rivers. In addition, planned irrigation plans were confirmed with MOAI. The following are
measurement results.
Flow rate (Date)

River
2012 2013
Kokkowa 1,941m3/s(24 Nov.) 1,233 m3/s (20 Mar.)
Toe 2,572m3/s(11 Dec,) 1,930m3/s (18 Mar.)
Source: MOAI
3.2 River Maintenance Flow
While planning water intake from the river, maintenance of minimum flow is considered taking into
account the protection of nearby flora and fauna, fishing, and landscape. The definition of normal flow
is combined with the maintenance flow, viable water source amount, flow discharge for maintaining
normal flow functions of water, and target flow discharge on the management of low water level
through the year.
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Maintenance flow is the part of flow in river which cannot be utilized as water available for intake
from the source. Following its characteristic, it is necessary to assess the distinction of each river and
season in terms of fishing, landscape, and saltwater intrusion. However, the available information is
insufficient to determine the ideal maintenance flow in this study. In response to this situation,
maintenance flow is assumed to be half of the 10-year minimum drought discharge as referred to the
Japanese manual. In the case of Japan, there was a tendency where the maintenance flow was between
the 10-year average drought discharge and the 10-year minimum drought discharge. Though the
characteristics of rivers in Yangon is very different from the rivers in Japan, it is assumed that: 1)
Water levels in target rivers use a minimum value in daily fluctuations, and 2) the characteristic of
river flow is applicable to its maintenance flow which is lower than the 10-year minimum drought
discharge.
The 10-year average drought discharge in the Kokkowa River was estimated using the following
processes presented below, as well as the background of available amounts of direct river intake.
Table B.5 Estimation of 10-year Minimum Drought Discharge in the Kokkowa River
Process Subject Remarks
A Set of Basic Condition (River Cross Section of Refer: Actual river cross section
Target River)
B Set of Basic Condition (Characteristics of Target year: 2001-2010
Minimum Rainfall over the Past 10 years)
C Set of Cross Section Area (A) and Velocity (V) in Refer: Measurement of river flow
10-year minimum drought discharge discharge on site
D Calculation of 10-year minimum drought discharge Q = A x V
(Q)
3.3 Water Source Evaluation
3.3.1 Hlaing River (Gwedanshe)
Hlaing River’s flow (10-year average drought discharge) in the dry season was applied as 11.4 m³/s,
the data for Gwedanshe. This is same as the considerations made in the 2002 JICA survey for rainfall
from 2001 to 2010. However, the possibility of the Hlaing River’s direct water intake in the dry season
does not exist. The current water intake facilities for irrigation (2.287 m³/s,) were confirmed near the
intake point and alternative irrigation projects (4.67 m³/s, 89.64 MGD) as reported by the MOAI. The
maintenance flow in this river, assumed to be 4.0 m³/s, was considered.
3.3.2 Kokkowa River
a. Set of Basic Condition (River Cross Section of Target River)
Figure B.2 shows the river cross section of Kokkowa River, which was obtained from the MOAI. The
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cross section area was approximately 2,170 m2 at a water level of 2.89 ft in the river which was close
to the minimum water level in the past
Measure: W=220m
Drought: W=210m
Width (m)
Source: MOAI
Figure B.2 Cross Section at Pan Taing in Kokkowa River
Drought: H=1.7ft Measure: H=2.89ft
Source: JICA Study Team based on MOAI Data

Figure B.3 Water Level at Pan Taing, Kokkowa River (2008 – 2011)
b. Set of Basic Condition (Characteristics of Minimum Rainfall over the Past 10 years)
The annual minimum rainfall occurred in 2010 during the period of 2001-2010. Table B.6 shows the
water level changes from January 2008 to August 2011 (including 2010) in Kokkowa River. Maximum
water level (rainy season) was 18.0 ft, the 355th day water level was 1.7 ft and the minimum water
level (dry season) was 1.0 ft. The low water level in 2010 was the lowest. So, the 10-year minimum
drought flow is assumed to occur in 2010, when the minimum rainfall occurred over the past ten years.
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Table B.6 Water Level in Kokkowa River (FY 2008-2011)

Unit: ft
Max 95th day 185th day 275th day 355th day Min Mean
FY 2008 17.2 10.0 8.0 6.2 4.5 3.5 8.8
FY 2009 17.2 10.3 7.0 5.8 4.0 3.0 8.0
FY 2010 18.1 12.2 6.0 3.6 1.7 1.0 7.6
FY 2011* 17.2 12.2 7.2 4.5 1.2 1.0 8.1
*FY2011: August 2010 – July 2011
c. Set of Cross Section Area (A) and Velocity (V) for 10-year minimum drought discharge
- Water level in case of the 10-year minimum drought discharge was assumed as 1.7 ft. from the
above.
- River width in case of the 10-year minimum drought discharge was assumed as 210 m.
- The cross-sectional area in case of the 10-year minimum drought discharge was assumed as 780
m2, (A=≒ A’2,170 – H(2.89-1.7)ft x W(210 + 220) m / 2)
- Flow rate of the 10-year minimum drought discharge is shown as the relationship between the
cross-sectional area (A) and the velocity (V) (see Figure B.4) taken from the results of the
cross-sectional survey in Figure B.2. Thus, the flow rate in the dry season was assumed as 0.5 m/s
which is about one-third of the HWL during rainy season.
Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure B.4 Relation Between the Cross Section (A) and Velocity (V) of Kokkowa River
d. Calculation of the 10-Year Minimum Drought Discharge
Q minK = A x V ≒ 1,045 m3/s

A = 2,090 m2: Cross-sectional area for the 10-year average drought discharge
V = 0.5 m/s: Velocity for the 10-year average drought discharge
e. Flow Measurement on 20 March 2013, the Drought Period
Flow was measured as 1,233m3/s at the water level of 0.23ft which is nearly the same as the estimated
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value. Flow measured on 24 November 2012 was 1,941 m3/s at a water level of 2.89 ft.
f. Water Intake Amount for YCDC
Water amount available for YCDC is at least 520 m³/s, half of the 10-year minimum drought discharge,
considering the river maintenance flow and water required for other irrigation projects of MOAI. Total
of 153 MGD (12.0m3/s) water is planned for irrigation schemes according to MOAI, 10.12MGD for
Pantaing Sluice (1), 52.85MGD for Pantaing Sluice (2), 47.98MGD for Khunnaingtan Sluice, and
42.47MGD for Chaungnyiako Sluice.
3.3.3 Toe River
The 10-year minimum drought discharge was estimated using the same process as used in case of the
Kokkowa River.
Figure B.5 shows the river cross section of Kokkowa River, which was obtained from the MOAI. The
underwater cross section area was approximately 2,170 m2 at the water level of 2.89 ft which was
close to the minimum water level in the past
a. Set of Basic Condition (River Cross Section of Target River)
Figure B.5 shows the cross section at the proposed intake point in the Toe River measured on 11
December 2012. This cross section area was determined as 4,340 m2 at the water level of 60 cm,
which was almost the lowest water level.
Measured: W=880m
Drought: W=800m
Width (m)
Figure B.5 Cross Section in Toe River
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600.0
H.W.L(Max)
500.0 L.W.L (Min)

Water Level in Toe RIver (cm)
Aver (6:00AM)
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
Dec-88 Dec-90 Dec-92 Dec-94 Dec-96 Dec-98 Dec-00
-100.0
Year
Drought: H=-40cm Measured: H=60cm

Figure B.6 Water Level at Pann Hlaing, Toe River (1989-2002)
b. Set of Basic Condition (Minimum Drought Flow Discharge)
Ten-year drought flow is estimated assuming it occurred in 2010 same as in case of the Kokkowa
River. However, water level data in 2010 was not available so that water level data continuously
available (between January 1989 and April 2002, March 2011 and August 2012) was alternatively
used.
- Water level data between January 1989 and April 2002 is shown in Table below. Water level data
of 355th day and minimum was not estimated due to lack of data during dry period.
- The highest water levels in the years ranged from 354 to 486 cm while the lowest ranged from 80
to 300 cm according to the latest data (between March 2011 and August 2012). These levels are
similar to the past records (January 1989 to April 2002). So all data were judged effective.
- The lowest and the 355th day water levels were -46 cm and -40cm, respectively, both in 1989
during period from January 1989 to April 2012. Thus, -46 cm water level was judged as a 10-year
drought water level.
Figure B.7 Water Level in the Toe River (1989-2001 and 2011-2012)
unit：cm
FY 1989 273 190 46 -20 -40 -46 77.1
FY 1990 312 216 84 -14 -38 -45 104.2
FY 1991 312 220 56 -18 -46 -56 101.1
FY 1992 386 296 160 0 -29 -34 158.6
FY 1993 426 292 178 127 113 100 221.1
FY 1994 314 127 105 -- -- -- 153.9
FY 1995 430 344 186 92 -- -- 234.1
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FY 1996 432 320 190 116 85 76 218.3
FY 1997 426 168 120 96 -- -- 178.9
FY 1998 430 296 130 -- -- -- 234.6
FY 1999 690 321 180 90 60 50 211.4
FY 2000 398 270 188 140 110 100 214.1
FY 2001 376 300 180 100 60 60 201.9
c. Set of Cross Section Area (A) and Velocity (V) for 10-year minimum drought discharge
- Water level for the 10-year minimum drought discharge was lower by 1 m than the water level
measured on 11 December 2012. Width is assumed as 800 m.
- The cross-sectional area for the 10-year minimum drought discharge was assumed as 4,080 m2, (A
≒ A’4,340 – H(0.6+0.4)ft x W(880 + 850)m / 2).
- The flow velocity of 0.6 m/s was measured on 11 December 2012 which is regarded as low flow
discharge. So, this flow velocity is also the same as for 10-year drought flow.
d. Calculation of the 10-Year Minimum Drought Discharge
Q minT = A x V ≒ 2,448 m3/s

A = 4,080 m2: Cross-sectional area in case of the 10-year drought discharge
V = 0.6 m/s: Velocity for the 10-year drought discharge
e. Flow Measurement on 18 March 2013, the Drought Period
Flow was measured as 1,930 m3/s at a water level of 52 cm which is nearly the same as the above
estimated value. Flow measured on 11 December 2012 was 2,573 m3/s at a water level of 60 cm.
f. Water Intake Amount for YCDC
Water amount available for YCDC is at least 1,220 m³/s, half of the 10-year minimum drought
discharge, considering the river maintenance flow. There are no irrigation projects around here.
The followings are attached to Annex.

Flow measurement in Kokkowa river (10th August 2012, 30th November, 20th March 2013, MOAI)
Flow measurement in Toe river (30th November, 18th March 2013, MOAI)
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Appendix -3
Water Quality Test for Kokkowa River
1.1 Introduction
Water quality test of Kokkowa River water was implemented. Overview of water sampling and water
quality test are given below.
Table 1 Water Test Items and Survey Overview

Water quality survey of water source
Sampling date 17-Jul, 19-Aug 2015 and 25-Feb 2016 (3 times)
Sampling point Near intake point
pH, Turbidity, Electric Conductivity (EC), Total
dissolved solid (TDS), Chloride, Alkalinity, Nitrate,
Test Items
Nitrite, Ammonia, Iron, Manganese, Coliform (E
coli), Fecal Coliform
Salt water intrusion survey
Sampling date 17-Jul 2015 and 25-Feb 2016 (2 times)
Sampling point Near intake point and downstream from Intake point
At the time of high-tide water, take sample at the
intake point and downstream of intake point. Surface
Sampling Method
water and subsurface water (at about 5 m depth from
surface) were sampled.
Test Items Water Temperature, pH, EC, TDS, Chloride
Sedimentation test
From 27-May 2015 to 25-Feb 2016 (several times per
Sampling date
month)
Test Items Turbidity, Color (supernatant water)
Predetermined time standing of sampling water and
Test Method
measure the turbidity and color of supernatant water
Coagulation-sedimentation property (Jar test)
Sampling date From 17-Jul to 21 Dec 2015 (5 times)
Test Items pH, Turbidity, Color, Fe, Mn
Decide suitable coagulation treatment condition using
Jar tester. In addition, treatment property of Fe and
Test Method
Mn by coagulation- sedimentation process was
measured.
Chlorine consumption test
Sampling date 17-Jul and 19-Aug 2015 (2 times)
Near intake point ×2 times (after coagulation-
Sampling point
sedimentation process using Jar-tester)
Test Items Free residual chlorine
After injection the predetermined amount of sodium
hypochlorite solution into the sampling water,
Test method
measure the free residual chlorine concentration of
limited time.
Water samples in Kokkowa River were taken near the new water intake facility construction site. Water
sampling points of Salt water intrusion survey are shown below.
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N
Sampling point No.2

4km downstream
from intake point
River water flow
Sampling point No.1 New WTP construction site

Near intake point

Figure 1 Sampling Points of 1st time of Salt Water Intrusion Survey on 17-Jul 2015
Photo 1 Sampling and Water Quality Test at YCDC Laboratory (1st; 17-Jul)
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Photo 2 Sampling and Water Quality Test at YCDC Laboratory (2nd; 19 Aug.)
New WTP construction site

Figure 2 Sampling Points of 2nd Time of Salt Water Intrusion Survey on 25-Feb 2016
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Photo 3 Sampling and Water Quality Test at YCDC Laboratory (3rd; 25 Feb. 16)
1.2 Water quality near water intake site

Water quality near water intake site is shown in Table 3. This table shows the data of YCDC tests
(28-May 2015 to 25-Feb 2016), Study team tests (collaborative work with YCDC in 17-Jul, 19-Aug
2015 and 25-Feb 2016) and data from other reports.
Based on these data, turbidity ranged from 57 NTU (28-May 2015) to over 1,000 NTU (10 to 19-Aug
2015). In August 2015, serious flood occurred in the north-west area of Myanmar. This high level of
turbidity (over 1,000 NTU) is assumed to be the result of the flood. Except these data (10 to 19-Aug
2015), average turbidity was 231 NTU (28-May to 25-Feb 2016) based on the results of YCDC
laboratory only. National Drinking Water Quality Standard of Myanmar decides 5 NTU as the
standard value. Therefore, reduction of turbidity is necessary to obtain clean tap water.
Color ranged from 25 to 1950 TCU. The highest value was observed in samples of 11-Aug and
19-Aug. Similar to turbidity, this high degree of color resulted from the occurrence of flood. However,
National Drinking Water Quality Standard of Myanmar decides color level of 15 TCU. Therefore,
reduction of color is also necessary to obtain clean tap water.
Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) in samples of 10-Aug 2015 showed exponential increase. The reason
of this increase is same as that of turbidity increase due to occurrence of the flood. Summary of Fe and
Mn data except 10-Aug 2015 data is as follows;
Fe: Average 1.6 mg/L, Max: 4.8 mg/L, Min: 0.2 mg/L
Mn: Average 0.7 mg/L, Max: 2.8 mg/L, Min: 0.0 mg/L
In the National Drinking Water Quality Standards of Myanmar, the standard value of Fe is 1.0 mg/L,
and Mn is 0.4 mg/L. On the other hand, WHO drinking water quality guideline 4th (Hereinafter,
WHO-GL4th), the guideline values of Fe and Mn is not decided. However, presence of > 0.3mg/L of Fe
and > 0.1 mg/L of Mn causes coloring trouble and offensive taste.
Considering National Drinking Water Quality Standard of Myanmar, both Fe and Mn exceed water
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quality standard level. Moreover, considering the description of WHO-GL, removal of Fe and Mn is
required in water treatment process.
Table 2 Water Quality Test Data Near The Water Intake Point
Source: Results compiled by EDWS Laboratory
Suspended solid (SS) was measured according to Standard Methods, 2540D (Total suspended solids).
Purpose of this analysis is to obtain SS/Turbidity coefficient to design sedimentation basin.
SS analysis was done on 21-Dec 2015. Result of SS and turbidity analysis is shown below. In this
table, China FS data (2012 – 2013) is shown as reference data. Correlation between Turbidity and SS
is shown in Figure 3. Obtained SS/Turbidity coefficient was 1.62 as average.
Table 3 Calculation of SS/Turbidity Coefficient

Test by Date SS (mg/L) Turbidity (NTU) SS/Turbidity
China FS 8.12.2012 113.0 116.0 0.97
China FS 2.4.2013 382.0 236.0 1.62
5.4.2013 488.0 306.0 1.59
YCDC 21.12.2015 283.5 124.0 2.29
Average 1.62
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Source: YCDC and Edited by JICA Study Team
Figure 3 Correlation between Turbidity and SS
1.3 Salt water intrusion survey

Result of salt water intrusion survey is shown below. Both survey were implemented during high
water (after new moon). Summary of survey data is shown below.
Table 4 Summary of Salt Water Intrusion Survey (17 July 2015)

EC TDS Turbidity Chloride
Sampling location Time pH
( S/cm) (mg/L) (NTU) (mg/L)
Intake point (Surface) 8:33 7.8 89 43 496 13.2
Intake point (about 5 m depth) 8:36 7.7 84 42 475 5.2
4 km downstream (Surface) 9:46 7.6 85 42 344 8.9
4 km downstream (about 5 m depth) 9:50 7.7 80 40 392 17.0
Source: YCDC
Table 5 Summary of Salt Water Intrusion Survey (25 Feb 2016)

EC TDS Turbidity Chloride
Sampling location Time pH
( S/cm) (mg/L) (NTU) (mg/L)
3 km upstream (about 5 m depth) 8:40 7.97 212 106 90 20
Intake point (about 5 m depth) 9:03 7.83 206 103 121 20
3 km downstream (about 5 m depth) 9:20 7.80 208 102 90 18
Source: YCDC
Chloride ranges 5.2 to 32.0 mg/L. In Myanmar Drinking Water quality Standard, required value of
Chloride is 250 mg/L. Considering this value, adverce effect of salt water intrusion is inconsiderable.
Note: WHO Guideline 4th describes that threshold level of taste (Chloride) is 200 - 300mg/L. Hence,
Chloride ranges of intake point is under standard value.
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According to the site measurement result, Turbidity increases after Kokkowa River is combined with
Bawlal River.
1.4 Sedimentation test

Sedimentation property of Kokkowa River water was tested. Purpose of this test is to obtain a base
data to design pre-sedimentation pond to reduce turbidity before water purification process.
Sedimentation property was assessed by the temporal change (reduction) of turbidity and color in the
supernatant of sample at intervals of 0 hour, 3 hour, 6 hour, 9 hour, 24 hour, 36 hour, 48 hour and 72
hour.

Photo 4 Progress of Sedimentation Test
In this survey, Turbidity was measured using WA-PT-4DG Turbidity meter (Kyoritsu Chemical-check
Lab.). This Turbidity meter measures Kaolin turbidity unit. However, Myanmar uses Nephelometric
turbidity unit (NTU). Therefore, measured data by this turbidity meter have to be converted to NTU.
Conversion factor of turbidity is calculated by the comparison of NTU and Kaolin turbidity of
Kokkowa River water. Calculated conversion factor was 0.5 (Kaolin / NTU).
Result of sedimentation test is shown below. Turbidity and color in supernatant decreases gradually. It
seems that sedimentation period of 24 to 48 hours is necessary to stabilize the residual turbidity and
color in supernatant. Considering this result, adequate retention time of pre-sedimentation pond is 24
to 48 hours.
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2015 May 27 Sedimentation property 2015 June 01 Sedimentation property
800 800
600 600
Degree / NTU
Degree / NTU
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Time (Hour) Time (Hour)
Turbidity(NTU) Colour (Pt-Co) Turbidity(NTU) Colour (Pt-Co)
2015 June 07 Sedimentation property 2015 June 14 Sedimentation property
800 800
600 600
Degree / NTU
Degree / NTU
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72

Figure 4 Result of Sedimentation Test (May and June)
2015 June 21 Sedimentation property 2015 June 28 Sedimentation property
800 800
600 600
Degree / NTU
Degree / NTU
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
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2015 July 05 Sedimentation property 2015 July 17 Sedimentation property
800 800
600 600
Degree / NTU
Degree / NTU
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72

Figure 5 Result of Sedimentation Test (June and July)
2015 Aug 17 Sedimentation property
1200
1000
800
Degree / NTU
600
400
200
0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Time (Hour)
Turbidity(NTU) Colour (Pt-Co)

Figure 6 Result of Sedimentation Test (August)
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Precipitation Test of Kokkowa River Raw Water in Rainy season Precipitation Test of Kokkowa River Raw Water in Dry season
1000 Max. 2520 NTU
400
27-May-15 1-Jun-15
900 3-Nov-15 16-Nov-15 30-Nov-15
7-Jun-15 14-Jun-15
800 21-Jun-15 28-Jun-15 18-Dec-15 11-Jan-16 25-Feb-16
5-Jul-15 17-Jul-15 300

700 AVERAGE
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (NTU)
5-Aug-15 11-Aug-15
600 17-Aug-15 25-Aug-15
500 7-Oct-15 21-Oct-15 200

AVERAGE 指数 (11-Aug-15)
400
y = 842.58e-0.061x
300 R² = 0.7681
100
200
100
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Time (hr) Time (hr)
in Rainy Season (From May to Nov 2015) in Dry Season (From Nov 2015 to Feb 2016)
Figure 7 Results of Sedimentation Test in Rainy and Dry Season
1.5 Coagulation-sedimentation treatment

Coagulation-sedimentation treatment was simulated by Jar-test. Considering a primary clarifier
process, Jar test was conducted to the supernatant of 24 hours settled raw water.
Condition of Jar-test is as follows;
Rapid mixing: 120 rpm/5min Slow mixing: 40rpm/15min Sedimentation: 20min
Result of Jar test is shown below. Considering the standard value of turbidity and color in the
Myanmar Drinking Water Quality Standard, desired value after coagulation - sedimentation process is;
Turbidity: < 5 NTU, Color : < 15 TCU.
Turbidity of raw water ranged from 52 to 379 NTU and color ranged from 75 to 410 degree. July and
August was rainy season, and December was dry season. Highest level of turbidity was observed in
the sample of 19 August. On the other hand, highest color was observed in the sample of 20 October.
Optimum ACH dose ranged from 5 to 20 ppm. However, optimum ACH dose for raw water in October
was very high (60ppm for turbidity, 50ppm for color).
Table 6 Summary of Jar Test, Optimum ACH Injection Ratio and Removal of Turbidity
Optimum Turbidity (NTU)
Sampling date ACH dose
(ppm) Raw water After coagulation
17 Jul. 2015 16 201 1.4
19 Aug. 2015 10 379 3.5
20 Oct. 2015 60 273 2.2
9 Dec. 2015 20 133 1.0
21 Dec. 2015 5 52 1.5
Source: YCDC
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Table 7 Summary of Jar Test, Optimum ACH Injection Ratio and Removal of Color
Optimum Color (TCU)
Sampling date ACH dose
(ppm) Raw water After coagulation
19 Aug. 2015 10 170 1.5
20 Oct. 2015 50 410 3.0
9 Dec. 2015 20 85 1.0
21 Dec. 2015 5 75 4.0
Source: YCDC

Figure 8 Result of Jar test, Turbidity and Color
Turbidity Color
Figure 9 Removal Property of Turbidity and Color by Coagulation - Sedimentation Process
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In this coagulation – sedimentation test, removal of Fe and Mn was investigated. In this survey, Fe and
Mn concentration before/ after coagulation – sedimentation treatment was compared. Condition of
coagulation- sedimentation process is same as that of 19 Aug. (Coagulant injection ratio: 31 ppm). pH
before coagulation is: 7.0, and after coagulation is: 7.2.
Test result is shown below. WHO-GL4th describes that presence of Fe > 0.3 mg/L and Mn > 0.1 mg/L
will deteriorate the quality of water (e.g. color, odor). On the other hand, Myanmar Drinking Water
Quality Standard decides following standard values of Fe and Mn;
Fe: 1.0 mg/L, Mn: 0.4 mg/L
In this test, Fe and Mn were removed by coagulation and sedimentation process.

Figure 10 Removal Properties of Fe and Mn by Coagulation - Sedimentation Process
To confirm the treatment property of Fe and Mn, additional confirmatory experiment was conducted.
In this experiment, separation analysis of dissolved form and suspended form of Fe and Mn was
adopted. Separation of dissolved form was done using 0.45 m membrane filter.
Confirmatory experiment was done using Kokkowa raw water (Sampling: 19 Aug.). ACH injection
rate was 5 ppm.
As shown in Figure below, major part of Fe and Mn were in suspended form. Thus, it is expected that
major part of Fe and Mn exist as particle (dissolved on particle or colloidal form) and were transported
as suspended matter.
This experiment showed that Fe and Mn of suspended form were well removed by coagulation -
sedimentation process. Therefore, it is judged that the implementation of adequate coagulation –
sedimentation treatment can reduce Fe and Mn in raw water.
A3-12
Figure 11 Removal Properties of Fe and Mn (Morphological Analysis)
1.6 Chlorine consumption test

In this study, chlorine consumption before and after coagulation – sedimentation treatment was
measured. Chlorine consumption before coagulation – sedimentation treatment is a simulation of pre
chlorination treatment process, and chlorine consumption after coagulation – sedimentation treatment
is a simulation of mid-chlorination treatment process.
Test was carried out 2 times. Condition of coagulation – sedimentation of each test is shown below;
Table 8 Summary of Jar Test for Chlorine Consumption Test

Coagulant injection ratio Turbidity (NTU)
Date
(ppm) Before* After*
17 June 2015 16 ppm 172.0 1.4
19 Aug.2015 31 ppm 298.0 3.0
Note: Before: Raw water before coagulation and sedimentation process
After: Filtered water After coagulation and sedimentation process
Time course of residual: Time course of residual chlorine is shown below. Both test (17-June 2015 and
19-Aug. 2015) showed that decrease of residual chlorine is reduced after coagulation – sedimentation
process. This result is because Fe, Mn or other oxidizable matter by chlorine are reduced by
coagulation – sedimentation process.
This test simulates mid chlorination process. Therefore, this test result means that implementation of
adequate coagulation – sedimentation process ensures more long-term retention of disinfection effect.
Based on this result, when 1 mg/L of residual chlorine is necessary in water distribution system,
injection ratio of chlorine is estimated about 2 mg/L.
Note: In figure 12 and 13, Residual chlorine at 0 hour means injection ratio of chlorine.
A3-13
Chlorine consumption (Before Chlorine consumption (After coagulation
coagulation- sedimentation process) - sedimentation process)
10 10
9
Residual Chlorine (mg/L)

8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Hour Hour

Figure 12 Chlorine Consumption Test (Date: 17-Jul 2015)
Chlorine consumption (Before Chlorine consumption (After coagulation -
coagulation - sedimentation process) sedimentation process)
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Hour Hour

Figure 13 Chlorine Consumption Test (Date: 19-Aug. 2015)
Figure 15 (17-Jul 2015) and Figure 16 (19- Aug. 2015) show relationship between chlorine injection
and residual chlorine at time intervals of (2, 4, 8, 18 and 24 hours after commencing test). These figure
also show the test result of before (upper tier) and after (lower tier) sedimentation – coagulation
treatment process.
In the result of 17-July 2015, residual chlorine curve in upper tier (before sedimentation - coagulation)
shows slight evidence of break – point (See test result of 18hours and 24 hours). Moreover, residual
chlorine curve of upper tier shows the evidence of chlorine consumption by oxidation. This evidence
means that this water sample contains substance to be oxidized by chlorine (e.g. Fe, Mn. etc.).
Concentration of Fe, Mn and NH4-N in the water sample is shown in Table 9. From this water quality
data, chlorine consumption by Fe and Mn is estimated. However, in case of the after coagulation –
sedimentation phase (lower tier in Figure 15), trace of chlorine consumption is almost reduced. This
A3-14
difference means that coagulation – sedimentation process can reduce chlorine consumption matter in
the water sample.
On the other hand, residual chlorine curve of 19-Aug. 2015 did not show the trace of break point. In
case of before coagulation – sedimentation phase (upper tier in Figure 16), slight evidence of chlorine
consumption was observed, however, these evidences were reduced by coagulation – sedimentation
process (lower tier in Figure 16). The reason behind this result is similarly explained as the case of
17-Jul 2015 experiment. That is, chlorine consumption matter was removed by coagulation –
sedimentation process.
1.7 Conclusion
In this water quality test, water treatment property (coagulation – sedimentation and chlorination) of
Kokkowa River water was investigated. In coagulation – sedimentation treatment process, Turbidity,
Fe and Mn were removed. In addition, coagulation – sedimentation process removed chlorine
consuming materials.
Considering these result, in the water purification of Kokkowa River water, adequate implementation
of coagulation – sedimentation process is important factor to produce clear and safe water.
A3-15
Before coagulation - sedimentation
After coagulation - sedimentation

Figure 15 Chlorine Consumption Curve (Test Date: 17 July 2015)
A3-16
Before coagulation - sedimentation
After coagulation - sedimentation

Figure 16 Chlorine Consumption Curve (Test Date: 19 Aug. 2015)
A3-17
Appendix -4
Result of Soil Investigation Survey
A4-1-1
A4-1-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
A4-1-3
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
A4-1-4
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
A4-1-5
Deepth (m)
SPT-N (Value)
Figure 5.2 Standard Penetration Test N-Value Vs Depth
Project Name : Greater Yangon Watr Supply Improvement Project Phase II(Htan Tapin Township)
A4-1-6
A4-1-7
A4-1-8
Bore Hole
Ground
Elevation
A4-1-9
Bore Hole
Ground
Elevation
A4-1-10
A4-1-11
A4-1-12
A4-1-13
A4-1-14
A4-1-15
A4-1-16
A4-1-17
A4-1-18
A4-1-19
A4-1-20
A4-1-21
A4-1-22
A4-1-23
A4-1-24
No Name Date Water Level(m)
16.10.2015 1.10
1 WTP (No-1) 17.10.2015 1.00
18.10.2015 1.20
16.10.2015 1.10
2 WTP (No-2) 17.10.2015 1.00
18.10.2015 1.20
7.10.2015 1.12
3 WTP (No-3)
8.10.2015 0.70
11.10.2015 1.20
4 WTP (No-4) 12.10.2015 0.92
13.10.2015 0.11
15.10.2015 1.50
16.10.2015 1.00
5 WTP (No-5)
17.10.2015 2.00
18.10.2015 1.50
4.10.2015 1.30
6 WTP (No-6)
5.10.2015 0.90
4.10.2016 1.50
7 WTP (No-7)
5.10.2016 1.80
9.10.2015 1.50
10.10.2015 1.50
8 WTP (No-8)
11.10.2015 1.00
12.10.2015 1.00
30.9.2015 1.20
9 WTP (No-9) 1.10.2015 1.00
2.10.2015 1.10
29.9.2015 1.00
30.9.2015 1.00
10 WTP (No-10)
1.10.2015 1.00
2.10.2015 2.00
A4-1-25
A4-2-1
A4-2-2
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
A4-2-3
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
A4-2-4
Depth (m)
SPT-N (Value)
Project Name : Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project Phase II (Hlaing Tharyar Township)
A4-2-5
A4-2-6
A4-2-7
Bore Hole
Ground
Elevation
A4-2-8
A4-2-9
A4-2-10
A4-2-11
A4-2-12
A4-2-13
A4-2-14
A4-2-15
A4-2-16
A4-2-17
No Name Date water Level(m)
18.10.2015 4.00
1 SR(NO-1) 19.10.2015 4.60
20.10.2015 5.40
21.10.2015 3.70
2 SR(NO-2) 22.10.2015 4.10
23.10.2015 6.70
16.10.2015 4.70
3 SR(NO-3) 17.10.2015 5.20
18.10.2015 5.70
12.10.2015 4.00
4 SR(NO-4) 13.10.2015 4.50
14.10.2015 6.30
3.10.2015 3.00
6.10.2015 3.50
5 SR(NO-5) 8.10.2015 4.50
9.10.2015 8.00
10.10.2015 8.70
A4-2-18
Figure (1
1.1) Location
n Sites of thhe Project areea
A4-3-1
A4-3-2
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
A4-3-3
Depth (m)
SPT-N (Value)
Project Name : Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project Phase II ( Right and Left)
A4-3-4
A4-3-5
A4-3-6
Bore Hole
Ground
Elevation
A4-3-7
A4-3-8
A4-3-9
A4-3-10
A4-3-11
A4-3-12
A4-3-13
No Name Date Water Level(m)
27.10.2015 1.80
1 Right
28.10.2015 2.50
13.11.2015 3.00
14.11.2015 Full
2 Left 15.11.2015 Full
16.11.2015 2.50
17.11.2015 3.50
A4-3-14
Kokkowa Water Treatment Plant 60MGD =272,800m3/d Appendix -5
Design Basis
1 Design Condition
1.1 Intake water flow rate
10% QTin= 300,000 m3/d＝ 12,500 m3/hr
= 208.33 m3/min＝ 3.472 m3/sec
1.2 Treated water flow rate

5% Loss QTin= 286,400 m3/d＝ 11,933 m3/hr
= 198.89 m3/min＝ 3.315 m3/sec
1.3 Outlet water flow rate = Transmission water amount

QTout= 272,800 m3/d＝ 11,367 m3/hr
= 189.44 m3/min＝ 3.157 m3/sec
1.4 Water quality

Turbidity (Raw W.) 50~ 1000 NTU Turbidity Data by YCDC Lab.
Ave. 250 NTU 600NTU x 2 Month, 300 NTU x 4 Month and 100NTU x 6 Month
Ave. after Pre-sedimentation pond 50 NTU by Precipitation test
Turbidity (Treated W.) <1 NTU
2 Specification
2.1 Pre-Sedimentation Pond
Quantity 1 Pond
Type Gravity flow
W.L + 1.30 m
Dimension Width 200 m x Length 500 m x Height 5.05 m as Ave.
Total Volume 505,000 m3 (including 0.5m sand pocket)
Retention time 1.7 days (= 42.3 hours)
Accessories Slope, Bypass pipe dia.1800mm
2.2 Lift pump well

Quantity 2 basin
Dimension Width 2.2 m x Length 13.6 m x Height 4.0 m
Total Volume 527 m3
Retention time 2.5 min
Accessories Gates for lift pumps, Auto-screen, Sand pumps
2.3 Lift pump

Intake pump 67m3/min x H18m x approx. 300kw
Quantity 5 sets (3 duty + 2 stand by)
Type Horizonal Doble Suction Volute
Accessories VFD(Operation), Electrical panel, Electrically crane
2.4 Receiving well

Quantity 3 basins
Total Volume 365 m3
2.5 Mixing well

Quantity 3 basins
Type Flash mixer
Total Volume 310 m3
Accessories Over flow weir
A5- 1/4
Kokkowa Water Treatment Plant 60MGD =272,800m3/d
2.6 Flocculation basin
Quantity 6 basins
Type Horizontal and vertical zigzag flow
Dimension Width 1.1 m x Length 145.2 m x Height 4.35 m (Ave.)
Total Volume 4,074 m3
Accessories Weir
2.7 Sedimentation basin

Quantity 6 basins
Type Horizontal flow + Tube settler
Total Dimension Width 24.2 m x Length 31.1 m x Height 4.00 m (Effective)
(Tube settler: Width 23.9 m x Length 24.4 m x Height 4.00 m
Retention time of Total basin 1.5 hr
Flow speed 0.4 m/min
Upward flow speed 57 mm/min
Surface loading 12.5 mm/min
Accessories Tube settler, Sludge collector, De-sludging valves with Air-compressor
2.8 Rpid sand filter

Quantity 8 basins x 3 trains
Type Gravity flow rapid sand filter
Dimension Width 9.5 m x Length 12.0 m
Filter layer single-media filter layer Sand Dep. 0.6 m
Filtration rate 120 m/d
Washing method Backwashing: 0.40 m/min Self-washing by filtered water
Air washing: 0.75 m/min
Accessories Underdrain, Rotary blower, Electrical driven valves with Control unit
2.9 Alum Dosing Facility

Liquid ACH Packing Style
Feed Rate Ave. 25 mg/L
Consumption Ave. 7,160 L/day = 7.2 m3/day
1) Dissolving/Storage Tank
Quantity 6 tanks
Type Cylindrical tank
Effective Volume 50 m3
Total Volume 300 m3
Retention time as average 7.0 days as average
Accessories Transfer pump
2) Alum Dosing Pump

Quantity 6 sets (3 duty + 3 stand-by)
Type Diaphragm pump
Capacity 0.8 - 3.4 L/ min x 0.5 Mpa
2.10 Disinfection Dosing Facility

Liquid Sodium hypochlorite Packing Style
Feed Rate of Pre&Interm. Ave. 3.0 mg/L
Feed Rate of Post. Ave. 0.5 mg/L
Consumption Ave. 955 L/day = 1.0 m3/day
Storage Volume Ave. 1.6 m3/day Considering concentration reduction
1) Dissolving/Storage Tank
Quantity 6 tanks
Type Cylindrical tank
Effective Volume 50 m3
Total Volume 300 m3
Retention time as average 31.4 days as average
Accessories Transfer pump
A5- 2/4
2) Dosing Pump Pre& Intermediate chlorination
Type Diaphragm pump
Capacity Pre-Chlorine 0.9 - 4.0 L/ min x 0.5 MPa
Inter-Chlorine0.9 - 4.0 L/ min x 0.5 MPa
Post-Chlorine 0.9 - 4.0 L/ min x 0.5 MPa
2.1 Clear Water Reservoir

Quantity 3 basins
Dimension Width 25 m x Length 30 m x Height 5.5 (Effective)
Retention time 1.1 hr
2.1 Trasmission pump station for Zone9

Trasmission pump 32 m3/min x H 49.0m x approx. 375 kw
Accessories On/Off, Flywheel, Electrical panel, Electrically crane
2.1 Trasmission pump station for Relay Tank

Trasmission pump 64 m3/min x H 38.0m x approx. 630 kw
Accessories On/Off, Flywheel, Electrical panel, Electrically crane
3 Wastewater Treatment Facility

3.1 Water quality
Ave. Turbidity (Intake W.) 250 NTU
Planned Turbidity 50 NTU Ave. after 48 hrs
3.2 Alum Dosing Facility

Liquid PAC 40 Packing Style
Dissolving Concentration C= 15 %
Feed Rate Ave. 5 ppm
Dry Sludge Amount 33,975 Dry-kg/day
3.3 Sludge concentration

Wash water drainage basin 0.5 C: % 5 kg/m3 from Filter
Sludge basin 3.0 C: % 30 kg/m3 from Sedimentation
Sludge thickener 3.0 C: % 30 kg/m3
Sludge drying bed 6.0 C: % 60 kg/m3
3.4 Wash water drainage basin

Quantity 3 basins
Wash water amount 10,944 m3/day
Retention time 2.8 hr > 1 hr of washing cycle
Accessories Wastewater Trans. Pump (2 duty + 1 stand-by) x 3
Slurry Pump; Capa. 23m3/min x 10m x approx. 55 kw
3.5 Sludge basin

Quantity 3 basins
Drainage Amount 789 m3/day
Retention time 1.6 day > 1 day
Accessories Wastewater Trans. Pump (2 duty + 1 stand-by) x 3
Slurry Pump; Capa. 0.2m3/min x 10m x approx. 1.5 kw
A5- 3/4
3.6 Sludge thickener
Quantity 3 basins
Dimension Dia. 12 m x Height 1.5 m (Effective)
Total Volume 509 m3
Sludge Amount 395 m3/day
Retention time 1.3 day
Accessories Center driven column : Dia. 12.0 m x 1.5 m x 3
3.7 Sludge drying bed

Quantity 9 basins
Dimension Width 18 m x Length 20 m
Total Area 3,240 m2
Accessories Sand, Gravel, Collecting pipe
A5- 4/4
Kokkowa WTP System: Hydraulic Calculation for Transmission Pumps/Pipelines
Starting Point End Point Flow Design Flow Design Flow Design Flow Pipeline Planning Remarks
(MGD) (m3/D) (m3/min) (m3/sec) Dia. Length Velocity C-Value Hydrauric Head loss Start Point Start Point Pump Start Point End Point End Point Residual
(mm) (m) (m/sec) Gradient (m) LWL Pump Head Around Loss D.W.L D.W.L HWL Effictive
(per mille) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Head(m)
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯=⑬+⑭-⑮ ⑰=⑯-⑩ ⑱ ⑲=⑰-⑱
In 2025
A (Kokkowa WTP) B (Z9:Zone 9 SR) 60 272,800 189.4 3.20 1600 21,350 1.57 110 1.52 32.39 +3.20 +38.00 +0.50 +40.70 +8.31 +3.00 +5.31 > 5.0m, O.K
C(Z1:Relay P.S.) D 37 168,300 116.9 1.90 1600 8,250 0.97 110 0.62 5.12 -4.00 +87.00 +0.50 +82.50 +77.38 South Route
Hlaing River Crossing 37 168,300 116.9 1.90 1600 550 0.97 110 0.62 0.34 +77.38 +77.04
D F 37 168,300 116.9 1.90 1600 6,150 0.97 110 0.62 3.82 +77.04 +73.22
F J 37 168,300 116.9 1.90 1600 2,200 0.97 110 0.62 1.37 +73.22 +71.85
J H (Z1:Kokine SR) 37 168,300 116.9 1.90 1400 2,850 1.27 110 1.19 3.39 +71.85 +68.46 +42.60 +25.86 > 5.0m, O.K
In 2030
C(Z9:Zone 9 SR) D 60 272,800 189.4 3.20 1600 8,250 1.57 110 1.52 12.52 -4.00 +87.00 +0.50 +82.50 +69.98 South Route
D F 60 272,800 189.4 3.20 1600 6,150 1.57 110 1.52 9.33 +69.15 +59.82
F J 60 272,800 189.4 3.20 1600 2,200 1.57 110 1.52 3.34 +59.82 +56.48
J H (Z1:Kokine SR) 40 181,900 126.3 2.10 1400 2,850 1.37 110 1.37 3.91 +56.48 +52.57 +42.60 +9.97 > 5.0m, O.K
J K (Z1:Central SR) 20 91,000 63.2 1.10 1000 2,150 1.34 110 1.96 4.22 +56.48 +52.26 +41.94 +10.32 > 5.0m, O.K
C(Z9:Zone 9 SR) O 22 100,100 69.5 1.20 1800 7,350 0.46 110 0.13 0.98 -4.00 +50.00 +0.50 +45.50 +44.52 North Route
O D 22 100,100 69.5 1.20 1600 3,650 0.58 110 0.24 0.87 +44.52 +43.65
D G 22 100,100 69.5 1.20 1600 3,350 0.58 110 0.24 0.79 +43.65 +42.86
G E (Z3:Inya SR) 22 100,100 69.5 1.20 1400 460 0.75 110 0.46 0.21 +42.86 +42.65 +14.00 +28.65 > 5.0m, O.K
A6- 1/3
In 2035
A-2 (Kokkowa WTP) B-2 (Z9:Zone 9 SR) 80 363,700 252.6 4.20 1800 21,350 1.65 110 1.46 31.09 +3.20 +38.00 +0.50 +40.70 +9.61 +3.00 +6.61 > 5.0m, O.K
D F 65 295,500 205.2 3.40 1600 6,150 1.70 110 1.76 10.82 +67.02 +56.20
F J 65 295,500 205.2 3.40 1600 2,200 1.70 110 1.76 3.87 +56.20 +52.33
J H (Z1:Kokine SR) 43 195,500 135.8 2.30 1400 2,850 1.47 110 1.57 4.48 +52.33 +47.85 +42.60 +5.25 > 5.0m, O.K
O D 50 227,300 157.8 2.60 1600 3,650 1.31 110 1.08 3.95 +32.47 +28.52
D G 50 227,300 157.8 2.60 1600 3,350 1.31 110 1.08 3.62 +28.52 +24.90
G E (Z3:Inya SR) 50 227,300 157.8 2.60 1600 460 1.31 110 1.08 0.50 +24.90 +24.40 +14.00 +10.40 > 5.0m, O.K
O P (Z4:Airport SR) 39 177,300 123.1 2.10 1500 3,850 1.16 110 0.94 3.60 +32.47 +28.87 +23.00 +5.87 > 5.0m, O.K
In 2040
A-2 (Kokkowa WTP) B-2 (Z9:Zone 9 SR) 80 363,700 252.6 4.20 1800 21,350 1.65 110 1.46 31.09 +3.20 +38.00 +0.50 +40.70 +9.61 +3.00 +6.61 > 5.0m, O.K
D G 110 500,100 347.3 5.80 1600 3,350 2.88 110 4.66 15.60 +40.52 +24.92
G E (Z3:Inya SR) 110 500,100 347.3 5.80 1600 460 2.88 110 4.66 2.14 +24.92 +22.78 +14.00 +8.78 > 5.0m, O.K
O P (Z4:Airport SR) 55 250,100 173.7 2.90 1500 3,850 1.64 110 1.77 6.81 +40.15 +33.34 +23.00 +10.34 > 5.0m, O.K
E (Z3:Inya SR) I (Z2:Thingangyun SR) 54 245,500 170.5 2.80 1400 9,300 1.85 110 2.39 22.25 +8.00 +36.00 +0.50 +43.50 +21.25 +14.00 +7.25 > 5.0m, O.K
Appendix -6
N (Dala SR) F 71 322,800 224.2 3.70 1600 7,950 1.86 110 2.07 16.47 +5.00 +72.00 +0.50 +76.50 +60.03
F J 71 322,800 224.2 3.70 1600 2,200 1.86 110 2.07 4.56 +60.03 +55.47
J H (Z1:Kokine SR) 46 209,200 145.3 2.40 1400 2,850 1.57 110 1.78 5.07 +55.47 +50.40 +42.60 +7.80 > 5.0m, O.K
Kokkowa WTP System: Hydraulic Calculation for Transmission Pumps/Pipelines (Kokine Repair)
(MGD) (m3/D) (m3/min) (m3/sec) Dia. Length Velocity C-Value Hydrauric Head loss Start Point Start Point Pump Start Point End Point End Point Residual
(mm) (m) (m/sec) Gradient (m) LWL Pump Head Around Loss D.W.L D.W.L HWL Effictive
(per mille) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Head(m)
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯=⑬+⑭-⑮ ⑰=⑯-⑩ ⑱ ⑲=⑰-⑱
In 2025
C(Z9:Zone 9 SR) D 41 186,400 129.4 2.20 1600 8,250 1.07 110 0.75 6.19 -4.00 +72.00 +0.50 +67.50 +61.31 Under Kokine Repair: 72m
D F 41 186,400 129.4 2.20 1600 6,150 1.07 110 0.75 4.61 +60.90 +56.29
F J 41 186,400 129.4 2.20 1600 2,200 1.07 110 0.75 1.65 +56.29 +54.64
J H (Z1:Kokine SR) 41 186,400 129.4 2.20 1400 2,850 1.40 110 1.44 4.09 +54.64 +50.55 +42.60 +7.95 > 5.0m, O.K
A6- 2/3
Kokkowa WTP System: Hydraulic Calculation for Transmission Pumps/Pipelines (Yegu Pumong Station) 5,360 2,670
(MGD) (m3/D) (m3/min) (m3/sec) Dia. Length Accumulati Velocity C-Value Hydrauric Head loss Start Point Start Point Pump Start Point End Point End Point Residual
(mm) (m) Length (m/sec) Gradient (m) LWL Pump Head Around D.W.L D.W.L GL/HWL Effictive
(per mille) (m) (m) Loss (m) (m) (m) Head(m)
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯=⑬+⑭-⑮ ⑰=⑯-⑩ ⑱ ⑲=⑰-⑱
In 2025 (Yegu Pump Station to Central Reservoir), Pump Head 47m (Existing)
1 (Yegu Pump Station) 2 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1400 2,120 2,120 0.76 110 0.46 0.97 3.70 +47.00 +2.00 +48.70 +47.73 +12.00 +35.73
2 3 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1400 320 2,440 0.76 110 0.46 0.15 +47.73 +47.58 +7.00 +40.58
3 4 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1400 1,680 4,120 0.76 110 0.46 0.77 +47.58 +46.81 +12.00 +34.81
4 5 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1400 1,240 5,360 0.76 110 0.46 0.57 +46.81 +46.24 +37.50 +8.74
5 6 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 380 5,740 1.34 110 1.86 0.71 +46.24 +45.53 +27.00 +18.53
6 7 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 90 5,830 1.34 110 1.86 0.17 +45.53 +45.36 +25.00 +20.36
7 8 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 420 6,250 1.34 110 1.86 0.78 +45.36 +44.58 +25.00 +19.58
8 9 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 150 6,400 1.34 110 1.86 0.28 +44.58 +44.30 +20.00 +24.30
9 10 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 220 6,620 1.34 110 1.86 0.41 +44.30 +43.89 +17.00 +26.89
10 11 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 580 7,200 1.34 110 1.86 1.08 +43.89 +42.81 +15.00 +27.81
11 12 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 330 7,530 1.34 110 1.86 0.61 +42.81 +42.20 +27.50 +14.70
12 13 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 160 7,690 1.34 110 1.86 0.30 +42.20 +41.90 +32.50 +9.40
13 14 (Central Reservoir) 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 340 8,030 1.34 110 1.86 0.63 +41.90 +41.27 +41.94 -0.67 < 5.0m, N.G
※Flow (Transmission Flow = 17 MGD, Distribution Flow = 5.1 MGD (30% of transmission flow) , Total Flow =22.1 MGD
In 2025 (Yegu Pump Station to Central Reservoir), Pump Head 47m → 53m
1 (Yegu Pump Station) 2 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1400 2,120 2,120 0.76 110 0.46 0.97 3.70 +53.00 +2.00 +54.70 +53.73 +12.00 +41.73 Pump Head 47m → 53m
2 3 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1400 320 2,440 0.76 110 0.46 0.15 +53.73 +53.58 +7.00 +46.58
3 4 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1400 1,680 4,120 0.76 110 0.46 0.77 +53.58 +52.81 +12.00 +40.81
4 5 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1400 1,240 5,360 0.76 110 0.46 0.57 +52.81 +52.24 +37.50 +14.74
A6- 3/3
5 6 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 380 5,740 1.34 110 1.86 0.71 +52.24 +51.53 +27.00 +24.53
6 7 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 90 5,830 1.34 110 1.86 0.17 +51.53 +51.36 +25.00 +26.36
7 8 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 420 6,250 1.34 110 1.86 0.78 +51.36 +50.58 +25.00 +25.58
8 9 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 150 6,400 1.34 110 1.86 0.28 +50.58 +50.30 +20.00 +30.30
9 10 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 220 6,620 1.34 110 1.86 0.41 +50.30 +49.89 +17.00 +32.89
10 11 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 580 7,200 1.34 110 1.86 1.08 +49.89 +48.81 +15.00 +33.81
11 12 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 330 7,530 1.34 110 1.86 0.61 +48.81 +48.20 +27.50 +20.70
12 13 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 160 7,690 1.34 110 1.86 0.30 +48.20 +47.90 +32.50 +15.40
13 14 (Central Reservoir) 22.1 100,500 69.8 1.20 1050 340 8,030 1.34 110 1.86 0.63 +47.90 +47.27 +41.94 +5.33 > 5.0m, O.K
※Flow (Transmission Flow = 17 MGD, Distribution Flow = 5.1 MGD (30% of transmission flow) , Total Flow =22.1 MGD
Improvement Project (Phase II) Appendix -7
Study of Transmission Pipeline Laying Position from WTP up to

Hlaing River along Route No. 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 On the South Side of Route No. 5 (Htantabin TS and Part of Hlaing Tharyar TS) .................. 1
1.1.1 Transmission Pipe Laying Position ..................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Obstacles.............................................................................................................................. 2
1.2 On the North Side of Route No. 5 (Hlaing Tharyar TS) ........................................................... 3
1.2.1 Transmission Pipe Laying Position ..................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 Area 1: Upper Stream of Zone 9 SR.................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Area 2: Lower Stream of Zone 9 SR (SR to Kyan Sittar Road） ....................................... 9
1.2.4 Area 3: Lower Stream of Zone 9 (Kyan Shitter Road to North End Point of Route No.
5) ....................................................................................................................................... 15
1.2.5 Transmission Pipeline Laying Position from End-Point of Area 3 to Arrival Shaft .......... 25
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Comparisons of Laying Plans for Area 1-1 ......................................................................7

Table 2 Comparisons of Laying Plans for Area 1-2 ......................................................................9
Table 3 Comparisons of Laying Plans for Area 2-1 ....................................................................12
Table 5 Comparison of Laying Plans for Area 3-1 ......................................................................17
Table 6 Comparison of Laying Plans for Area 3-2 ......................................................................19
Table 8 Comparison of Laying Plan for Area 3-4 .......................................................................25
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure.1 Road Situation (Htantabin TS) .......................................................................................1

Figure.2 Bridge Types Crossing Irrigation Canals (Htantabin TS) ...............................................2
Figure 3 Cross-section of Connection Canal (Htantabin TS)........................................................3
Figure.4 Road Situation (Hlaing Tharyar TS) ...............................................................................4
Figure.5 Laying Plan Area (Hlaing Tharyar TS: Area 1) ..............................................................5
Figure 6 Situation of Area 1-1 .......................................................................................................6
Figure 7 Laying Plan for Area 1-1 ................................................................................................6
Figure 8 Situation of Area 1-2 .......................................................................................................8
Figure 9 Laying Plans for Area 1-2 ...............................................................................................8
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Figure 10 Laying Plan Area (Hlaing Tharyar TS: Area 2) ..........................................................10

Figure 11 Situation of Area 2-1 ...................................................................................................10
Figure 12 Laying Plans for Area 2-1 ........................................................................................... 11
Figure 13 Planned Laying Position for Area 2-1.........................................................................12
Figure 15 Bridge of Area 2-2 ......................................................................................................13
Figure 16 Laying Plans for Area 2-2 ...........................................................................................14
Figure 17 Laying Plan Area (Hlaing Tharyar TS: Area 3) ..........................................................16
Figure 21 Route plans for Area 3-2 .............................................................................................19
Figure 23 Situation of Crossing Bridge of Area 3-3 ...................................................................21
Figure 24 Laying Plans for area 3-3 ............................................................................................21
Figure 26 Situations of Crossing Bridges of Area 3-4 ................................................................23
Figure 28 Laying Plan Location of Area 3-4...............................................................................25
Figure 29 Situation of the Area between End-Point of Area 3 and Arrival Shaft .......................26
Figure 30 Cross Section of Each Part between End-Point of Area 3 and Arrival Shaft ..............26
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1.1 On the South Side of Route No. 5 (Htantabin TS and Part of Hlaing Tharyar
TS)
1.1.1 Transmission Pipe Laying Position

The current road situation is shown in the following Figure. The actual Route No. 5 is a 2-lane
opposing road, but it is planned to be expanded to a 4-lane opposing road (lane width 3.25 m) with a
sidewalk/ditch, and the expansion area width is estimated to be 30 m. The below two plans are
proposed for the transmission pipe laying position for the construction of the loan project.
Plan A: Inside the road land (outside of the future expansion site)
Plan B: Inside the Yangon Government jurisdiction area adjacent to the road land
1600 New Transmission Pipe
1800 Transmission Pipe

(In the future)
600 Existing Main

B A

Figure.1 Road Situation (Htantabin TS)
Following discussions with YCDC and MoAI, the general pipe laying position has been decided to
adopt Plan A (within the road land) at a location 18.3 m (60 ft) away from the road center for the
1600 mm transmission pipes of the loan project, since the area proposed in Plan B is used for
irrigation canals. At several points in the area of Plan A the irrigation canals appear, since the sidewalls
of canals are not formed by concrete, but the area of Plan A is road land.
As per the instructions of MoAI, the earth covering shall be over 1.5 m considering the heavy vehicles
which shall be used for pipeline maintenance works.
During the construction, sandbags shall be used to divide the irrigation canal and the construction site,
and to maintain the irrigation canal area and flow during excavation.
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Discussions between YCDC and MoAI have not yet been hold for the 1800 mm transmission
pipeline of the future plans, hence said pipes are currently planned to be laid in the same Plan A
position as the 1600 mm transmission pipes. This is to be finalized when the actual development is
being discussed, considering the road expansion plan and situation, and the usage of the land along the
road at the time.
1.1.2 Obstacles
(a) Bridges Crossing Irrigation Canals
There are three (3) types of bridges crossing the irrigation canals which are located along the proposed
route of the transmission pipelines.
Pedestrian bridge
Bridge through which vehicles can pass, and connect to public roads along Route No. 5
Bridge through which vehicles can pass, and are used to enter private areas along Route No. 5
The bridges through which vehicles can pass are basically owned by MoC, including those which
connect to private areas. Pedestrian bridges are simple and made up of wood, so they shall be removed
and restored after the transmission pipeline construction. As shown in the following Figure, there are
two (2) types of bridges through which vehicles can pass.
Road Embankment
Range of Plan A
(a) Bridging Type
Range of Plan A
(b) Box-culvert Type

Figure.2 Bridge Types Crossing Irrigation Canals (Htantabin TS)
Bridging type is used for roads with narrow width, and box- culvert type is used for wide roads and
bridges connecting to private areas. The retaining wall structure of the bridging type bridges within the
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road land is embankment, and the box-culvert type is embankment and concrete or bricks, and there
are no main structures for the upper construction. The transmission pipes are to be laid at locations
which will not affect the upper construction. The retaining walls of the box-culvert types shall be
partly removed and restored for the construction.
(b) Canals Crossing Route No. 5 to link Canals on

Both Sides
There are six (6) locations in Htantabin TS where a
canal crosses the road to link canals on both sides. As
shown in Photo 1, these connecting parts are lower than
its surroundings. It is required to dig deeper than normal
to lay transmission pipes in order to cross under this
structure, and the water suspension/draining works may
be difficult since the water tends to concentrate in these
locations. It is recommended to construct pipelines over
the crossing canals at these locations, as shown in the
Photo 1 Canal Crossing
following Figure.
1600 Transmission Pipe

Pile for Pipe Support

Figure 3 Cross-section of Connection Canal (Htantabin TS)
1.2 On the North Side of Route No. 5 (Hlaing Tharyar TS)
1.2.1 Transmission Pipe Laying Position

The current situation of road is shown in the following Figure. As shown in the Figure, there are two
types of cross sectional drawings of the public land areas neighboring Route No. 5 land in Hlaing
Tharyar TS: Lands which have public roads and others which do not. The actual Route No. 5 is a
4-lane road, but it is planned to be expanded to have 4-lanes on each side (lane width 3.25 m) with a
sidewalk/ditch, and the expansion area width is estimated to be 30 m. The below three (3) plans are
proposed as the transmission pipe laying position.
Plan A: Inside the road land (outside of the future expansion site)
Plan B: Inside the YCDC jurisdiction area adjacent to the road land
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Plan C: Inside the YCDC side roads neighboring YCDC jurisdiction area (only areas with side
roads)
A B
(1) No Side Road
A B C
(2) With Side Road

Figure.4 Road Situation (Hlaing Tharyar TS)
The street status differs largely within Hlaing Tharyar TS. Therefore, the transmission pipe laying
positions shall be considered divided into two (2) areas; the upper stream of Zone 9 SR/RPS, and the
lower stream of SR/RPS.
1.2.2 Area 1: Upper Stream of Zone 9 SR

(a) Considered Area
This area is divided into 2 areas, based on whether it has a side road or not. The area is shown in the
following Figure. The pipe laying position shall be decided by evaluating the status of water in the low
grounds, obstacles such as steel towers and trees, illegal houses and construction workability.
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Area 1-1: No side roads. Laying plan A or B

Area 1-2: With side roads. Laying plan A, B or C.
Area 1-2: With Side Road
Source: JICA Study Team, Background Google Earth

Figure.5 Laying Plan Area (Hlaing Tharyar TS: Area 1)
(b) Area 1-1

Situation of Area 1-1
No side roads.
Transmission pipe of 1600 mm (ODA loan project), and a distribution main of 1000 mm
(YCDC) are to be constructed by 2025. A transmission pipe of 1800 mm (YCDC) is also to be
added in the future.
The width of YCDC jurisdiction area neighboring the road land is 60 m, and wider than the
general design shown in the following Figure.
There is a steel tower on the road side of the YCDC area (26 m from the road center). There are
puddles in the 2 blocks located south of the bus terminal, but no other puddles have been found.
Said puddles are not irrigation ponds.
An YCDC stockyard is located next to the bus terminal.
There are no illegal houses.
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YCDC’s Stock Yard
Bus Terminal
Jurisdiction Area of
YCDC (Red line)
Puddles
Route No.5

Figure 6 Situation of Area 1-1
Considerations for Pipe Laying Position

2 plans are proposed for Area 1-1 to avoid the steel tower (refer to the following Figure). The
considered methods are listed below.
Laying plan 1: Area A, between the steel tower and Route No. 5
Laying plan 2: Area B, avoiding the steel tower and located along the puddle at the south of the
bus terminal
Source JICA Study Team

Figure 7 Laying Plan for Area 1-1
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The comparisons of the 2 plans are shown in the following Table.

The construction workability is superior in Laying plan 2, the land condition, influence to traffic for
maintenance works and social economic consideration points are equal in both plans.
From the study, Laying plan 1 is recommended for the small diameter 1000 mm distribution main
(YCDC), and Laying plan 2 is recommended for the 1600 mm transmission pipe (JICA) and 1800
mm transmission pipe (YCDC, future plan).
Table 1 Comparisons of Laying Plans for Area 1-1

Item Laying Plan 1 Laying Plan 2
1. Technical Evaluation (Land Acquisition and Impact on Traffic)
・Land Acquisition No need No need
・Land Owner MoC YCDC
・Impact on Traffic by Construction No No
・Impact on Traffic by Pipeline
No No
Maintenance
2. Technical Evaluation (Construction Workability and Maintenance)
・Construction Workability ・Distance close to steel tower ・Enough distance from steel tower
・Many trees ・Less trees than Plan 1
・Measures necessary for water south of ・Measures necessary for water south of bus
bus terminal terminal
・Maintenance OK OK
・Evaluation △
3. Social Economic Evaluation
・Illegal Households 0 0
・Illegal Squatters 0 0
・Evaluation ◎ ◎
4. Overall Evaluation △ 〇 (Recommended)
(c) Area 1-2

There are side roads.
Transmission pipe of 1600 mm (loan project), and a distribution main (YCDC, 1000 mm to the
first roundabout and 1600 mm from there to the SR) are to be constructed by 2025. A
transmission pipe of 1800 mm (YCDC) is also to be added in the future. There are 2
roundabouts in this area.
There are steel towers in the area north of the road along the upper stream of YCDC jurisdiction
area neighboring the road land (low land) to the first roundabout. There are no steel towers from
this roundabout to Zone 9 SR, but there are public roads and pedestrian bridges. There are
puddles, although the water amount declines in the dry season.
There are many illegal households near the 2 roundabouts, mainly located along Route No. 5.
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Side Road
Zone 9 SR
Illegal Houses
Round About


4 pipe laying positions (following Figure) shall be compared for Area 1-2. The major points of each
plan are as follows.
Laying plan 1: Area A (Within road land)
Laying plan 2: Area B, close to the road
Laying plan 3: Area B, close to the side road
Laying plan 4: Area C (Within side road land)

Figure 9 Laying Plans for Area 1-2
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Laying plan 1 has obstacles such as trees, pedestrian bridges and illegal households and the
construction workability is poor, but it allows avoiding the removal of upper construction of the road
bridges. The construction workability for laying plan 2 and 3 is also poor, due to steel towers, bridge
crossings (pedestrian and road bridges) and illegal households. Laying plan 2 also requires measures
for puddles. On the other hand, laying plan 4 is superior in terms of both construction workability and
social economic consideration, since there are no obstacles and illegal housings in the area and it is
also easy to avoid the two roundabouts.
For this reason, laying plan 4 is proposed for the 1600 mm construction of the loan project. Laying
plan 1 is recommended for the 1000 mm distribution main (from 1600 mm to 1000 mm) and
future plan 1800 mm transmission pipe construction by YCDC.

Item Laying Plan 1 Laying Plan 2 Laying Plan 3 Laying Plan 4
・Land Acquisition No need
・Impact on Traffic by
No Small
Construction
No Small
Maintenance
・Construction Workability ・Obstacles (trees, ・Obstacles (steel ・Obstacles (crossing, ・No obstacles
bridges) throughout towers, crossing bridges) throughout ・Easy to avoid the
the area bridges) throughout the area round about
・Measure for puddle the area ・Resettlement of
is necessary ・Measure for puddle illegal households
・Resettlement of is necessary is necessary
illegal households ・Resettlement of
is necessary illegal households
is necessary
・Maintenance OK OK OK OK
・Evaluation △ × × 〇
・Illegal Households 5 2 4 0
・Illegal Squatters 25 10 20 0
・Evaluation 〇〇〇 ◎
△ × × 〇
4. Overall Evaluation
(Recommended)
Notes: Interviews of illegal squatters were not permitted by YCDC due to safety reasons. The number of squatters was
calculated as 5 persons per household (Reference: 2014 census 4.4person/household)
1.2.3 Area 2: Lower Stream of Zone 9 SR (SR to Kyan Sittar Road）

(a) Considered Area
This area is divided into 2 areas, Area 2-1 and 2-2, depending on whether it has a side road or not. The
area is shown in the following Figure. The pipe laying position shall be decided by evaluating the
status of water in the low grounds, obstacles such as crossing bridges and trees, illegal houses and
construction workability.
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Area 2-1： No side road. Laying plan area A or B

Area 2-2： With side road. Laying plan area A., B or C
Area 2-1: No Side Road
Area 2-2：With Side Road

Figure 10 Laying Plan Area (Hlaing Tharyar TS: Area 2)
(b) Area 2-1

No side roads.
A transmission pipe of 1600 mm (loan project) shall be constructed by 2025. A distribution main of
1000 mm (YCDC) is also planned.
There are 7 bridges crossing low grounds. 2 of the bridges connect to private areas.
Illegal households are concentrated near the bridge at the center of the area, between the low-ground
puddles and Route No. 5.
Zone9 SR
Bridge to Private Property

Dense Illegal Houses

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Laying plan 1: Area A, outside the expected expansion area
Laying plan 2: Area B, inside the puddle circle of the low grounds (road side)
Laying plan 3: Area B, outside the puddle circle of the low grounds
Gutter

The comparison of the 3 plans is shown in the following Table.

There are 7 crossing bridges for the low grounds, but inside the road land of Route No. 5 there is only
the approach parts to the bridges and not the bridging upper structures. Therefore, there is no need to
remove the road bridges to lay the transmission pipes in laying plan 1, although resettlement of illegal
households is necessary.
The approach parts of the bridges connecting to private areas are larger than other bridges. For laying
plan 2, there is no need to interfere with the bridge upper structure of the bridges connecting to private
areas, but the other bridges shall require removal and restore construction. And in addition,
resettlement of illegal households is necessary. Laying plan 3 shall require the removal and restoration
of the bridges connecting to private areas, but there are no other problems. There are no illegal
households near the bridges connecting to private areas. By adopting laying plan 3 to lay pipes near
this area, using plan 2 to cross the low grounds and pass the private area connecting bridges, and then
returning to plan 3, it is possible to avoid both the removal of bridges and resettlement of illegal
households.
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Therefore laying plan 2 is proposed for the areas near private area connecting bridges, and laying
plan 3 for other areas. For the distribution main construction by YCDC, laying plan 1 shall be
proposed to avoid the removal and restoration of crossing bridges, instead of plan 2 which uses
YCDC’s land.

Item Laying Plan 1 Laying Plan 2 Laying Plan 3
・Land Owner MoC YCDC YCDC, Private land
・Impact on Traffic by Construction No Affect private land
No Affect private land
Maintenance
・Construction Workability ・No need to remove/ ・No need to remove/ ・Partial private land. To
restore bridge restore bridges avoid it, remove/restore
・Resettlement of illegal connecting to private of private area
households is necessary areas connecting bridges is
・Remove/ restore is necessary
necessary for other ・No obstacles, workability
bridges is high except the private
・Resettlement of illegal land connecting bridge
households is necessary area
・Maintenance OK OK OK
・Evaluation △ △ △
・Illegal Households 7 1 0
・Illegal Squatters 35 5 0
・Evaluation 〇 ○ ◎
・Area of private land connecting 〇〇 ×
bridges
・Other areas △ △ 〇
Notes: interview of illegal squatters were not permitted by YCDC due to safety reasons. The number of squatters was
Transmission
Distribution

Figure 13 Planned Laying Position for Area 2-1
(c) Area 2-2

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A transmission pipe of 1600 mm (loan project) shall be constructed by 2025. A distribution pipe
of 800 mm (YCDC) is also planned.
There are 4 bridges crossing the low grounds (including the area border), and the area is divided
into 3 areas by these bridges. The crossing bridges are box-culvert type. As shown in Figure 15,
water is running through the north of area 1, and the center of area 2 and 3.
The width of the low grounds neighboring road land is narrow in the upper stream area.
The amount of water in low grounds is small.
Illegal households are concentrated near the bridges crossing the low grounds. There are more
houses along the crossing bridges (inside the low grounds) than along Route No. 5.
Dense illegal houses/shops near bridges
Gutter ③
Bridge (Box culvert Type）

Bridge Superstructure
(Water Passing) Bridge Superstructure
(Water Passing)

Bridge of No. 1 Bridges of No. 2, 3 and Border
Figure 15 Bridge of Area 2-2

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Laying plan 1: Area A, outside the expected expansion area.
Laying plan 2: Area B, inside the puddle circle of the low grounds (road side)
Laying plan 3: Area B, the side road side of the puddle circle of the low grounds.
Laying plan 4: Area C, under the side road.


For area 1, many trees and illegal households cause difficulties for laying plan 1 and 2. The area
mentioned in laying plan 3 has a crossing bridge which water is running and hence water gathers at the
point, in addition to that the pipes need to be laid at the water running point.
Laying plan 4 has no problems for the crossing bridge or illegal households.
For area 2, the construction workability has no problems for all laying plans, since there are no illegal
households and the water of the crossing bridge is running through the center of the low grounds,
although plan 1 and 2 areas have lower workability due to the many trees.
In area 3, many illegal households are concentrated along Kyan Sitter Road, and resident resettlement
is necessary for all plans except laying plan 4. In addition, plan 1 and 2 areas have lower workability
due to the many trees.
For the above reasons, the transmission pipe laying plans can be narrowed down to either laying plan 4
for all areas, or a combination of plan 4 for area 1 and 3 and plan 3 for area 2. Laying plan 4 shall be
proposed since it will enable to lay the transmission pipes straight through the area. For the
distribution main which will be constructed by YCDC, laying plan 2 is proposed. The construction
workability is low due to the trees, but the land is owned by YCDC.
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・Impact on Traffic by Construction No Small
No Small
Maintenance
・Construction Workability ・Trees throughout ・Trees throughout ・Interfering with ・No obstacles
the area the area water point of
・Resettlement of ・Resettlement of crossing bridge
illegal illegal at area 1
households is households is ・Resettlement of
necessary necessary illegal
households is
necessary
・Evaluation △ △ × 〇
・Evaluation 〇〇〇 ◎
・Area 1 △ △ × ○
・Area 2 △ △ ○ ○
・Area 3 △ △ △ ○
1.2.4 Area 3: Lower Stream of Zone 9 (Kyan Shitter Road to North End Point of Route No.
5)
(a) Considered Area
This area is divided into 4 areas, Area 3-1 to 3-4, considering whether it has a side road or not. The
area is shown in the following Figure. The pipe laying position shall be decided by evaluating the
status of water in the low grounds, obstacles such as crossing bridges and trees, illegal houses and
construction workability.
Area 3-1: With side road. Laying plan area A, B or C
Area 3-2: No side road. (Details mentioned below)
Area 3-3: With side road. Laying plan area A, B or C
Area 3-4: No side road. Laying plan area A or B
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Figure 17 Laying Plan Area (Hlaing Tharyar TS: Area 3)
(b) Area 3-1

A transmission pipe of 1600 mm (loan project) shall be constructed by 2025. A distribution pipe of
There are 3 bridges crossing the low grounds (including the area border). The crossing bridges are
box-culvert type shown in the following Figure.
There are only 3 illegal households.
The water amount of the low grounds throughout Area 3 is high.
Bridge
Water: relatively much
Side Road
Illegal Houses


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Laying plan 2: Area B, inside the puddle circle of the low grounds (Route No. 5 side)
Laying plan 3: Area B, the side road side of the puddle circle of the low grounds
Laying plan 4: Area C, under the side road


Laying plan 1 has poor workability due to the number of trees, and resettlement of illegal households
is also necessary. Laying plan 2 and 3 have box-culvert type crossing bridges in the area. The bridge
superstructure does not affect the construction works, but draining will be required since large amount
of water accumulate, which is a cause of poor workability. Laying plan 4 does not have crossing
bridges or illegal households, and the laying position is same as the neighboring Area 2-2.
For these reason, laying plan 4 is proposed as the transmission pipe laying plan. For the distribution
main which will be constructed by YCDC, laying plan 2 is proposed. The construction workability is
low due to the trees, but the land is owned by YCDC.
Table 5 Comparison of Laying Plans for Area 3-1

No Small
Maintenance
・Construction Workability ・Trees throughout ・Trees throughout ・Trees throughout ・No obstacles
the area the area the area
・Resettlement of ・Resettlement of ・Measures for
illegal illegal water collecting
households is households is is necessary
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necessary necessary
・Evaluation △ △ △ 〇
・Evaluation 〇〇 ◎ ◎
4. Overall Evaluation △ △ △ 〇 (Recommended)
(c) Area 3-2

There is a side road, but it runs around
A transmission pipe of 1600 mm is planned by 2025
No crossing bridges or illegal households
The water amount of the low grounds throughout Area 3 is high.
Conduit
Water: relatively much


4 pipe route plans (following Figure) shall be compared for Area 3-2. The major points of each plan
are as follows.
Route plan 1: Excavate low ground water puddle area to lay transmission pipes
Route plan 2: Lay transmission pipes along the edge of side road (cross over the crossing canal)
Route plan 3: Cross the canal to lay transmission pipes along Route No. 5
Route plan 4: Lay transmission pipes along a further north side road
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Route Plan-4
Distribution Main
Route Plan-2
Route Plan-1
Route Plan-3

Figure 21 Route plans for Area 3-2
Comparison of Route Plans is shown in the following Table. In Route Plan-1, length of pipe laying is
short, but workability is poor because amount of standing water is relatively much. Route Plan-2 and
Plan-4 were studied because it is able to avoid laying pipe crossing the standing water. However,
alignment of pipeline of Route Plan-2 is sinuous and Route Plan-4 has a disadvantage because
increased pipeline length is large. Pipeline alignment and workability of Route Plan-3 are relatively
well, and this plan has a cost advantage because increased pipeline length is small.
Therefore, Route Plan-3 is proposed for this area.
Table 6 Comparison of Laying Plans for Area 3-2

Item Route Plan-1 Route Plan-2 Route Plan-3 Route Plan-4
Laying transmission Laying transmission Laying transmission Laying transmission
pipeline in the shortest pipeline in the slope of pipeline along the pipes along a further
Concept distance with crossing the side road Route No. 5 inside of north side road
water puddle area and YCDC’s property
road
Pipeline Length Shortest Plan-1+75m Plan-1+65m Plan-1+260m
Workability is not Even though over Workability is relatively Workability is well
Water puddle preferable because crossing of conduit is well because water because pipe is laid
area crossing water puddle area required, workability is amount of pipe laying under the road.
crossing is required. relatively well. area is a little.
Up-down of pipeline is Pipeline is laid over Pipeline alignment is Pipeline alignment is
required in a short crossing at the conduit, relatively well. relatively well.
Alignment of section because there is and buried under the
a road between water road in a short section.
Pipeline puddle areas. Therefore, Therefore, pipeline
pipeline alignment is alignment is not
not preferable. preferable.
Pipeline length is the Workability is relatively Workability and Workability and
shortest, but taking well, but pipeline pipeline alignment is pipeline alignment is
Evaluation
measure for standing alignment is not relatively well, and relatively well, but
water is necessary and preferable. installation cost is installation cost is
A7-19
Item Route Plan-1 Route Plan-2 Route Plan-3 Route Plan-4

pipeline alignment is cheap expensive because
not preferable. pipeline length is the
longest.
× △ 〇 (Proposed) △
(d) Area 3-3

A transmission pipe of 1600 mm (loan project) shall be constructed by 2025. A distribution pipe
of 800 mm (YCDC) is also planned.
There are 8 bridges crossing the low grounds (including the area border). Several of the crossing
bridges have bridge superstructure which has the same width of the low ground (following
Figure).
There are many illegal households, especially concentrated around the crossing bridge located at
the point at which the road branches from Route No. 5. The houses can be found in the wide area
from inside the low ground of Route No. 5 sides to the side roads.
Side Road
Dense Illegal Houses

A7-20

Figure 23 Situation of Crossing Bridge of Area 3-3

Laying plan 3: Area B, on the side road side of the puddle circle of the low grounds
Laying plan 4: Area C, under the side road

Figure 24 Laying Plans for area 3-3
A7-21
Laying plans 2 and 3 interfere with the bridge superstructure of the crossing bridge, and shall require
large-scale construction for removal and restoration. The resettlement of illegal households will also
be necessary. Laying plan 1 has many trees in the area. On the other hand, laying plan 4 has high
workability, since it does not require removal/ restoration of crossing bridge structures and
resettlement of illegal households.
For these reasons, laying plan 4 is proposed for this area. For the distribution main which will be
constructed by YCDC, laying plan 2 is proposed. Resettlement of illegal households will be necessary,
but the land is owned by YCDC. By shifting the laying position partly toward the road (laying plan 1)
for the locations which interfere with the crossing bridge superstructure, the removal/restoration of the
structure can be avoided.

No Small
Maintenance
・Construction Workability ・Trees throughout ・Remove/ restore ・Remove/ restore ・No obstacles
the area of crossing of crossing
・Resettlement of bridge is bridge is
illegal necessary necessary
households is ・Resettlement of ・Resettlement of
necessary illegal illegal
households is households is
necessary necessary
・Measures for
water collecting
is necessary
・Evaluation △ × × 〇
・Evaluation △ × △ ◎
4. Overall Evaluation △ × × 〇(Recommended)
(e) Area 3-4

No side roads
A transmission pipe of 1600 mm (loan project) shall be constructed by 2025. A distribution pipe of
There are 2 bridges crossing the low grounds (including the area border). 1 bridge connects to private
A7-22
land. As shown in the following Figure, the bridge superstructure is located at a point away from
Route No. 5, in the low grounds.
5 illegal households have been found in the low grounds along Route No. 5.
Private Property
Illegal Houses
Bridge
Source: JICA Study Team. Background Google Earth

Bridge

Figure 26 Situations of Crossing Bridges of Area 3-4

A7-23

Laying plan 3: Area B, inside the puddle circle of the low grounds (private land side)


Laying plan 1 has many trees in the area, and also requires resettlement of illegal households. Laying
plan 2 has fewer trees than plan 1, but also requires resettlement. Laying plan 3 consists of low
grounds with a lot of water, and also interferes with the superstructure of crossing bridges and requires
removal/restoration works. For these reasons, laying plan 2 is proposed for this area. Resettlement of
illegal households will be required, but the scale of construction of bridge structure
removal/restoration will be too large.
The laying plan is shown in the following Figure. The neighboring area plan is to use the side road;
hence the transmission pipe is to be crossed at a location which will not be affected by illegal
households to lay pipes according to the plan of this area. By this method, the removal/restoration of
road bridges will not be necessary.
For the distribution main which will be constructed by YCDC, it is proposed to lay the pipes parallel
to the transmission pipes at the location of laying plan 2.
A7-24
Table 8 Comparison of Laying Plan for Area 3-4

Item Laying Plan 1 Laying Plan 2 Laying Plan 3
・Land Owner MoC YCDC YCDC
・Impact on Traffic by Construction No To private land
No To private land
Maintenance
・Construction Workability ・Many trees ・Remove/ restore of ・Measures for water
・Remove/restore of crossing bridges are not collecting is necessary in
crossing bridges are not necessary several locations
necessary ・Resettlement of illegal ・Remove/ restore of
・Resettlement of illegal households is necessary crossing bridges are
households is necessary ・Measures for water necessary
collecting is necessary ・No obstacles, the
workability is high
except the bridges
connecting to private
land
・Maintenance OK OK OK
・Evaluation △ △ ×
・Illegal Households 2 2 0
・Illegal Squatters 10 10 0
・Evaluation △ △ ◎
4. Overall Evaluation △ (Recommended) ×
Transmission
Distribution

Figure 28 Laying Plan Location of Area 3-4
1.2.5 Transmission Pipeline Laying Position from End-Point of Area 3 to Arrival Shaft
Overview of this Area is shown in Figure 29, and cross-section of each part is shown in Figure 30.
There is no obstruction along the south side of Route No. 5 from the start point of this area. Hlaing
A7-25
River crossing is located on the south side from Route No. 5 from the point of view of securing site for
arrival shaft, hence it was decided through the discussion that transmission pipeline is planned to be
located along the south side of Route No. 5. And then, transmission pipeline is planned to be located
west side of the road along Hlaing River within ROW.
Hlaing River
Start Point of
This Area
Pipeline Position:
south side of route 5
(No obstruction)
Pipeline Position:
Arrival Shaft
West side of the road
along Hlaing River
Source: JICA Study Team, Back ground: Google Earth

Figure 29 Situation of the Area between End-Point of Area 3 and Arrival Shaft
(a) Area along Route No. 5 (b) Area of the Road Along Hlaing River
Figure 30 Cross Section of Each Part between End-Point of Area 3 and Arrival Shaft
A7-26
Appendix -8
Distribution Option Plans Considering Water from Kokkowa and Reservoir System for Zone 1
Distribution of water in case of various option plans considering treated water from Kokkowa system
and water from Reservoir system for Zone 1 is explained through Figures given below. The length of
distribution pipes in corresponding plan is given in Tables below.
Table Facilities Considered for Cost Comparison of Various Distribution Plans

Plan-1
Plan-0
Item (JICA-YCDC Plan-2 Plan-3 Plan-4
(Original)
discussion)
Pump
Replacement in
Yegu
Repair of Repair of Kokine SR Kokine SR Kokine SR
Kokine ** Kokine ** Replacement Replacement Replacement
Considered
(8.3 MGD) (23.6 MGD) (16.0 MGD)
facility
Central SR Central SR Central SR 0 Central SR
in 2025 for
(8.3 MGD) (8.3 MGD) (15.3MGD) (7.7 MGD)
cost
Distribution Distribution Distribution DistributionDistribution
comparison
Main (Low Main (Low Main (Low Main (Low Main (Low
Zone) Zone) Zone) Zone) Zone)
Distribution Distribution Distribution DistributionDistribution
Main (High Main (High Main (High Main (High Main (High
Zone) Zone) Zone) Zone Zone)
51.016 52.932 59.001 56.528 51.693
Construction Pipe: 44.779 Pipe: 44.779 Pipe: 48.374 Pipe: 45.900 Pipe: 41.020
Cost Mil. Cen SR: 3.737 Cen SR: 3.737 Cen SR: 6.890 Cen SR: 3.468
USD Ko SR: 2.500* Ko SR: 2.500* Ko SR: 3.737 Ko SR: 10.628 Ko SR: 7.205
E&M: 1.916
Note: **In Plan 1 and 0: Reconstruction of Kokine SR with capacity of 15.3 MGD if required: 6.89 million
USD.
*Repair cost considering 25% of total construction cost: about 2.5 million USD
A8-1
【Plan-0 (Original Plan)】
Figure 0 Schematic Diagram Showing Distribution Plan 0
Table 0 Length of Planned Distribution Main Pipe in Zone 1 in Case of Plan 0

(Kokine SR supplies to Low Subzone and Central SR Supplies to High Subzone)
New Pipe New Pipe Total Length of
Length of
Length Length Proposed
Gravity (Low) Pump (High) Distribution Main
(mm) to be Used (m)
Zone (m) Zone (m) (m)
(2) (3) (4) (2+3+4)
200 1,181 1,181
300 1,647 5,836 7,483
2,368
400 (823 Gravity + 7,663 4,446 14,477
1545 Pump)
450 252 252
500 893 (Pump) 7,126 4,588 12,607
600 3,863 1,603 5,466
800 4,938 2,252 7,190
900 1,369 1,369
1,000 1,862 826 2,687
1,200 10,738 377 11,115
1,400 455 455
1,800 156 156
2,000 223 223
Grand Total 3,261 38,468 22,932 64,661
Railway crossing: Dia. 600 and Dia.1200
A8-2
【Plan-1】

(Kokine SR Supplies to Low Subzone and Central SR Supplies to High Subzone)
Length of
(mm) to be Used (m)
(2) (3) (4) (2+3+4)
200 1,181 1,181
300 1,647 5,836 7,483
2,368
400 (823 Gravity + 7,663 4,446 14,477
1545 Pump)
450 252 252
500 893 (Pump) 7,126 4,588 12,607
600 3,863 1,603 5,466
800 4,938 2,252 7,190
900 1,369 1,369
1,000 1,862 826 2,687
1,200 10,738 377 11,115
1,400 455 455
1,800 156 156
2,000 223 223
Grand Total 3,261 38,468 22,932 64,661
Railway crossing: Dia.600 and Dia.1200
A8-3
【Plan-2】

(Kokine SR Supplies to High Subzone and Central SR Supplies to Low Subzone)
Length of
(mm) to be Used (m)
(2) (3) (4) (2+3+4)
300 3,336 6,586 9,922
283 (Gravity)
400 4,447 4,309 10,584
1545 (Pump)
500 893 (Pump) 3,132 5,126 9,151
600 2,885 2,000 4,885
800 4,211 2,700 6,911
900 871 871
1,000 3,662 3,662
1,200 2,494 1,007 3,501
1,300 1,182 1,182
1,400 593 1,087 1,680
1,500 102 102
1,800 2,455 2,455
2,000 2,340 2,340
Grand Total 2,721 31,608 22,917 57,246
A8-4
【Plan-3】

(Kokine SR Supplies to both High Subzone and Low Subzone)
Length of
(mm) to be Used (m)
(2) (3) (4) (2+3+4)
300 1,647 6,586 8,233
823 (Gravity)
400 7,663 4,309 14,340
1545 (Pump)
450 252 252
500 893 (Pump) 7,126 5,126 13,145
600 3,863 2,000 5,863
800 4,938 2,700 7,638
900
1,000 1,862 1,862
1,200 10,738 1,007 11,745
1,300
1,400 1,087 1,087
1,500 102 102
1,800 156 156
2,000 223 223
Grand Total 3,261 38,468 22,917 64,646
A8-5
【Plan-4】

(Kokine SR Supplies to High Subzone, and Eastern and Western Part of Low Subzone and
Central SR Supplies to Southern Part of Low Subzone)
New Pipe New Pipe
New Pipe Total Length of
Length of Length Length
Pipe Length Proposed
Existing Pipe Gravity (Low) Gravity (Low)
Diameter Pump (High) Distribution Main
to be Used (m) Zone from Zone from
(mm) Zone (m) (m)
Kokine (m) Central (m)
(2) (3) (4) (5) (2+3+4+5)
300 1,959 1,248 6,586 9,793
823 (Gravity)
400 1,712 5,681 4,309 14,070
1545 (Pump)
500 893 (Pump) 4,668 330 5,126 11,017
600 2,045 1,255 2,000 5,300
700 1,412 1,412
800 2,314 2,655 2,700 7,669
1,000 932 958 1,890
1,100 5,818 5,818
1,200 798 1,007 1,805
1,400 225 1,544 1,087 2,856
1,500 102 102
Grand
3,261 19,673 15,881 22,917 61,732
Total
A8-6
Current Situation of Existing Facilities, Operation and Management

System and Capacity
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Organization, Duties and Responsibilities of EDWS ............................................................... 1

1.1.1 YCDC .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 EDWS .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Nyaunghnapin WTP (Phase 1 and 2) ........................................................................................ 5
1.2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2.2 Problems and Issues ............................................................................................................ 5
1.2.3 Water Purification Process ................................................................................................. 14
1.2.4 Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................................... 15
1.3 Transmission & Distribution Pipeline and Water Supply Facilities........................................ 17
1.3.1 Transmission Pipeline........................................................................................................ 17
1.3.2 Distribution Pipeline .......................................................................................................... 18
1.3.3 House Connection ............................................................................................................. 22
1.4 Customer Management ........................................................................................................... 23
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Duties and Responsibilities of Each Division of EDWS..................................................3

Table 2 List of the Number of Permanent Staff by Position in EDWS .........................................4
Table 3 Specifications of Nyaunghnapin WTP .............................................................................5
Table 4 Main Equipment List in The Phase 1 .............................................................................13
Table 5 Main Equipment List in The Phase 2 .............................................................................14
Table 6 Operation Staff of Nyaunghnapin WTP .........................................................................16
Table 7 List of Activities of Donors ............................................................................................21
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Organization Chart of YCDC .........................................................................................1

Figure 2 Organization Chart of EDWS as of 30 June 2016 ..........................................................2
Figure 3 Water Purification Process of Nyaunghnapin WTP......................................................15
Figure 4 Organization Chart of Nyaunghnapin WTP..................................................................15
Figure 5 Flow Chart of New Service Connection .......................................................................23
Figure 6 Flow Chart of Old System of Water Charge Collection (up to Sep. 2014) ...................23
Figure 7 Flow Chart of New System of Water Charge Collection (Oct. 2014 onwards) ............24
A9-i
1.1 Organization, Duties and Responsibilities of EDWS
1.1.1 YCDC
YCDC was established based on the Yangon City Development Committee Law (revised from old
version in 2013, amended in 2014) aiming to serve the Yangon city citizens for fulfilling the needs of
the citizens under leadership of the mayor who is appointed by the regional government, and
committee members.
The motto of YCDC is “Clean, green and fair Yangon City”. The Council of YCDC consists of one
mayor and eight committee members, which also includes the secretary and the joint secretary. In the
existing situation, one committee member is responsible to manage three departments or districts
concurrently. The departments and districts assigned to each committee member of YCDC are shown
in YCDC organization chart below.
Mayor
(Chairman of YCDC)
Minister of Development Affairs
Yangon Region Government
Secretary
Joint Secretary
Committee Member 4 Committee Member 5
The Administration Budget & Accounts Work Inspection Co-ordination Assessors' Revenue Markets
Department Department Department Department Department Department Department
Engineering
Veterinary & Pollution Control Engineering Engineering Motor Transport &
Department Central Stores
Slaughter House & Cleansing Department Department Workshop
(Water & Department
Department Department (Roads & Bridges) (Buildings) Department
Sanitation)
City Planning and
Playgrounds, Parks Security & Public Relations
Land Production
& Gardens Disciplinary Health Department and Information Committee Office
Administration Department
Department Department Department
Department
Source: YCDC
Figure 1 Organization Chart of YCDC
1.1.2 EDWS
Among the departments under YCDC, EDWS performs the function of supplying water to 33 T/Ss out
of 45, and managing sewerage services within the downtown area .The 5 visions of the EDWS are as
follows:
To distribute adequate, safe and wholesome water to residents.
To collect the water tariff from users.
To prevent water leakage and manage the reduction of non-revenue water.
To manage systematic sewage collection, treatment and disposal.
To upgrade water supply and sewerage systems.
A9-1
The department is administered by one Chief Engineer (head of department) and three Deputy Chief
Engineers. In addition, in each of the seven divisions, there is one Assistant Chief Engineer who is
responsible to perform their duties in order to provide water supply and sewerage services in the City
and achieve abovementioned vision.
Figure 2 Organization Chart of EDWS as of 30 June 2016
A9-2
EDWS is composed of 7 divisions. The responsibilities of each division are regulated by “Orders to
be obeyed by YCDC staff” as given in Table below.
Table 1 Duties and Responsibilities of Each Division of EDWS

Division Duties and Responsibilities
1. Reservoir Division • Maintenance and preservation to be sustainable.
• Protection of catchment area and forest cover.
• Disinfection as chlorination, coagulation and chemical dosing for water
purification.
• Daily measurements of water levels and precipitations in or near reservoirs and
the amount of delivered water
• Operation of the main pumps in reservoirs and maintenance of main pumps,
transformers and other electrical and mechanical equipment.
• Cleaning and screening of rubbishes on the surface of reservoirs
• Upgrading of roads, bridges and infrastructures for water supply in reservoirs.
2. Water Supply • To maintain the main transmission pipes, additional pipe lines and the
Division distribution ones and to install new pipe lines.
• To operate the booster pumping stations in all T/Ss.
• To distribute the water from tube wells to the T/Ss which have no direct
distribution lines from the reservoirs.
• To facilitate distribution of safe and clean water by dosing chlorine, alum and
appropriate chemicals.
• To prevent the non-revenue water caused by leakages.
• To maintain and guard the communal tanks and fire hydrants.
• To prevent illegal connections.
• To manage the permission for construction of septic tank, connection of sewer
lines and installation of service connection.
• To arrange water supply to the new satellite towns and the T/Ss on the other
sides of Yangon river.
3. Electrical and • To operate and maintain the booster pumping stations.
Mechanical Division • To implement the major repairs and maintenance of main pumps, transformers
and electrical and mechanical equipment.
• To maintain the old tube wells and to construct the new ones.
• To maintain and install the mechanical and electrical equipment.
• To maintain and assemble the submersible pumps for tube wells.
• To maintain the vehicles and machines.
• To upgrade the existing machines and equipment with the modernized ones and
the auxiliary ones.
4. Supporting Branch • Issuing, keeping the instrument necessary for the sites and the auxiliary ones.
• To undertake collection of water sample, monitoring and analysis for water
quality.
• To estimate and workout for bill of quantity and preparation of engineering
design for water supply facilities.
• Documentation for designs, drawings, mapping and official assistance.
• Planning of the projects and allocation of new water resources.
• Sustainable development for the job training and preparation of the local and
overseas training program.
5. Finance and • Documentation and collection of the water charges.
Administration • Receiving the incomes and managing the expenditures.
Division • Preparation of short term and long term plans, and the estimation of current
capital and expenditures.
• To service for the liens.
• To arrange the staffs to follow the disciplines.
• To support the staffs for their good living.
6. Sanitation Division • Maintenance for the sewer lines.
A9-3
Division Duties and Responsibilities

• Operation and maintenance of the air compressor and ejector station.
• Project planning for extension of sewerage system and desludging of septic tank
system.
• Implementation of the improvement of sewerage system.
• Upgrading the existing facilities by replacing with the modernized machines and
equipment
7. Pipe Production • Production of concrete pipes and special pipes for water supply purposes.
Factory • Production of other products for improvement of income.
• Maintenance of electrical and mechanical equipment.
• Supplying and purchasing the products used in manufacturing process, spare
parts and modernized machineries.
The total number of existing staff as of 30 June 2016 in EDWS is 2,152 including 1,087 permanent
and 1,065 temporary staff members. Staff are categorized by employment type into the following 5
types: (1) Officer, (2) Permanent, (3) Flat, (4) Work Authority, (5) Daily Wages.
(1) Current permanent staff- Officers 81

Other levels 1,006
Sub Total 1,087
(2) Numbers of temporary staff
a. Flat 96
b. Daily Wage 85
c. WA (Work Authority) 884
Sub Total 1,065
Total (1) + (2) 2,152
The list of the assigned personnel and vacancies according to the positions is as follows.
Table 2 List of the Number of Permanent Staff by Position in EDWS

(As of 30 October, 2015)
Number of Permanent
Position
Staff-members
1 Head of Department (Chief Engineer: CE) 1
2 Deputy Chief Engineer (DYCE) 2
3 Assistant Chief Engineer (ACE) 5
4 Factory Manager 1
5 Executive Engineer (EE) 20
6 Deputy Factory manager 1
7 Assistant Engineer (AE) 39
8 Chief Officer 3
9 Chief Officer (Account) 3
10 Office Manager (Superintendent) 2
11 Accountant-1 7
12 Supervisor 36
13 Electronic Expert-1 -
14 Sub-Assistant Engineer-2 (SAE) 110
15 Computer Planner 2
16 Deputy Supervisor 61
17 Deputy Supervisor ( Drawing) -
18 Accountant 2 11
19 Branch Clerk 7
A9-4
Number of Permanent
Position
Staff-members
20 Store Keeper 2 -
21 Junior Steno -
22 Assistant Supervisor 189
23 Assistant Supervisor (Drawing) -
24 Assistant Computer Planner 3
25 Senior Clerk 31
26 Accountant 3 2
27 Senior Typist -
28 Skillful worker 4 324
29 Skillful worker 4 (measurement) -
30 Deputy Assistant Computer Planner -
31 Junior Clerk 54
32 Junior Typist -
33 Filing & Copying -
34 Accountant 4 1
35 Skillful worker 1
36 Labor 198
37 Security -
38 Cleaner -
Total 1,114
1.2 Nyaunghnapin WTP (Phase 1 and 2)
1.2.1 Overview
Nyaunghnapin WTP is the first large scale WTP designed and constructed by YCDC. The
specifications are given in Table below.
Table 3 Specifications of Nyaunghnapin WTP

WTP Nyaunghnapin Phase 1 Nyaunghnapin Phase 2
3
Capacity 45 MGD (204,500 m /day) 45 MGD (204,500 m3/day)
Water source Irrigation canal coming down from Irrigation canal coming down from
Ngamoeyeik reservoir Ngamoeyeik reservoir
Purification process Coagulation sedimentation Coagulation sedimentation
+ Rapid sand filtration + Rapid sand filtration
Coagulant ACH (started from March 2015) ACH (started from March 2015)
Chlorination None None
Completion year 2005 2013
Distribution area Central and eastern area of Yangon Eastern area of Yangon City
City
Remarks Water distribution pump station was
replaced by Japanese Grant “The
Project for Urgent Improvement of
Water Supply System in Yangon
City”
1.2.2 Problems and Issues

Problems and issues related to this WTP based on the M/P and on this survey are as follows.
A9-5
(1) Raw Water Conveyance

・ Raw water canal
The canal under the jurisdiction of MoAI is used as a raw
water transmission facility. According to MoAI, sand, mud,
etc. accumulate in the canal, and flow capacity of canal is
reduced. It is necessary to recover the flow capacity by
dredging sand and mud. However during the dredging of
canal, withdrawal of water for WTP will not be possible.
Therefore, MoAI has recommended the construction of
Photo-1 Raw water conveyance
dedicated raw water transmission pipe to YCDC (Photo-1). channel (Open channel)
・ Water quality
Risk of contamination resulting from pesticides is a matter of concern due to higher turbidity in
open channel than that of Ngamoeyeik reservoir.
When it rains heavily, turbidity of raw water becomes higher due to inflow of turbid water
including plants and muddy water from open channel.
(2) Intake Facility

・ Intake amount
Clogged plants and solid waste before the inlet screen gate between pre-sedimentation basin and
intake pump well obstruct inflow of raw water, so the intake pumps are stopped due to the decrease
of water level in the well. Therefore, it is difficult to intake sufficient amount of water (Photo-2).
The electric motor of one of the intake pumps in case of each of Phase 1 & 2 is out of order and are
left without repair. If another pump gets out of order, it will be difficult to intake sufficient amount
of water because of no reserve pump anymore (Photo-3 and 4).
Intake flow meters are not installed.
・ Maintenance
Floor of intake pumping station is flooded due to the leakage from gland packing. (Photo-5)
Pressure gauge on outlet pipe of intake pump is out of order in case of Phase 1 facilities and there
are no pressure gauges in Phase 2 facilities. Therefore, it is impossible to monitor water pressure
which is necessary for taking decision on maintenance of pumps. (Photo-6)
Photo-2 Inlet gate of intake Photo-3 Intake pump without Photo-4 Dismantled parts of
pump well, Front: Pump well electric motor electric motor
Back: Pre-sedimentation basin,
A9-6
Photo-5 Leakage through Photo-6 Pressure gauge on

gland packing outlet pipe
(3) Coagulant Injection Equipment

・ Coagulant injection rate
Coagulant dosing rate is an important factor for appropriate operation of coagulation sedimentation
process but flow meter is not installed for this purpose (Photo-7).
Earlier coagulant from Malaysia was used along with coagulant injection equipment from Germany
until March 2015. After that both coagulant and injection equipment from China are being used.
Even though automatic coagulant injection system, which operates based on monitored turbidity
level, is installed, coagulant dosage rate is set manually with frequency dial of injection pump
because turbidity meter is already out of order and automatic injection is not working (Photo-8 and
9).
・ Coagulant injection point

Management of coagulant injection rate on each line is complicated because the injection point is
located at two channels after outlet of receiving well. Therefore, the injection equipment should be
reinstalled around outlet point of intake pipe in order to mix coagulant with raw water rapidly
(Photo-10).
Photo-7 Cogulant Photo-8 Broken Photo-9 Equipmtent Photo-10 Coagulant

injection facilities turbidity meter for setting frequency injection point
(4) Coagulation Sedimentation Facilities

・ Inflow rate to flocculation basin
Inflow rate to each flocculation basin is not managed by adjusting opening of inlet gate valve, so
floc size is different in each flocculation basin due to difference in detention time. Therefore,
turbidity management in sedimentation basin is complicated (Photo-11 and 12).
Water flows over the wall of vertical baffled channel in some flocculation basins due to large
inflow rate when three intake pumps in the Phase 2 are running at the same time. Consequently,
A9-7
immature flocs flow out to sedimentation basin due to the shortage of floc formation time
(Photo-13).
・ Structure
Matured floc disintegrates by falling down along with water due to difference in level between
flocculation and sedimentation basin (Photo-14).
Matured flocks are also broken by increase of flow velocity due to the small outlet; vertical 850mm
x horizontal 1050mm, of flocculation basin (Photo-15).
It is difficult to drain sludge in the sedimentation basin due to the broken PVC pipe, so volume of
sedimentation basin is reduced by accumulated sludge and detention time gets shorter.
Consequently, suspended particles that are not settled in sedimentation basin flows along with
water to filtration basin and causes a load on the filtration basin.
・ Water quality
Algae are observed on the walls of sedimentation basin, filtration basin and treated water reservoir,
so chlorination should be considered at the points before flocculation basin and between
sedimentation and filtration basins.
Photo-11 Small opening of inlet gate of Photo-12 Large opening of inlet gate of
flocculation basin flocculation basin
Photo-13 Over flow on the Photo-14 Outlet of Photo-15 Outlet of

wall of vertical baffled channel flocculation basin in the Phase 1 flocculation basin in the Phase 2
(5) Filtration Basin

・ Filter media
Filter media in filtration basin consists of two layers; filter sand and anthracite. Some of filter
media particles flow out of filter due to high-rate backwashing and as a result the filter layers get
thin (Photo-16).
Some mud balls are found around insufficient backwashing portions in filtration basin, and
suspected solids along with water flows out through the special route made by the mud ball
(Photo-17).
A9-8
Filter sand and anthracite are mixed in the upper layer of filter in the Phase 2, so the anthracite does
not work effectively and cause increase of head loss and filter clogging (Photo-18 and 19).
Filtration basin is not managed and quality management of anthracite is not implemented. For
example, big size anthracite; approximately 200mm x 100mm, was found around the place between
filter sand and gravel layers in the Phase 2 (Photo-20).
Therefore, it is difficult to accomplish filtration effectively.
・ Washing filtration basin
All filtration basins; 28 in the Phase 1 and 32 in the Phase 2, are supposed to be washed once a day
but based on observation during survey period it seems these basins are not washed every day.
Workers only open and close manual valves for washing basins but washing process, flow rate and
duration of washing is not managed appropriately (Photo-21).
Size of backwashing drainage pipe in the basin is too small; dia. 300 mm, so backwashing flow rate
should be reduced by adjusting backwashing pump or by closing drainage valve a little.
A surface washing pipe and a backwashing pipe are installed in each basin. However, the basins
have to be washed one by one due to capacity shortage of pumps, so one hour is spent in washing
(Photo-22).
Some surface washing pipes are out of order.
Some holes are drilled at the bottom of surface washing pipes but injection nozzles are not attached
to the pipes, so it is difficult to wash uniformly (Photo-23).
・ Quality control
Filter media; filter sand and anthracite, are bought in huge quantity for refilling and stored on the
ground, so contamination with foreign materials is a matter of concern (Photo-24 and 25).
Particle size of anthracite stored in Nyaunghnapin WTP is bigger than that in Japan. Filter sand and
anthracite are mixed due to the large specific gravity, so effect of anthracite would be disappeared
(Photo-26 and 27).
Photo-16 Discharged filter Photo-17 Mud ball Photo-18 Mix of anthracite

sand in the drainage and filter sand
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Photo-19 Divided two layers; Photo-20 Big size anthracite Photo-21 Operating valves for
anthracite and filter sand in backwashing
Fukuoka
Photo-22 Washing a filtration Photo-23 Surface of filter Photo-24 Filter sand stored on
basin layer the ground
Photo-25 Anthracite stored on Photo-26 Anthracite in Japan Photo-27 Anthracite in

the ground with small particle size Yangon with big particle size
・ Difference of coagulation sedimentation
The performance of coagulation sedimentation process in not better than before because turbidity
of outflow from sedimentation basin on 12 Oct. 2015 is clearly worse than that of outflow sample
collected on 25 Feb. 2014 (Photo-28 and 29). Turbid water puts a load on the filtration basin and
raises head loss, so it is required to increase washing frequency of filter.
Photo-28 Water collection device after Photo- 29 Water collection device after
sedimentation basin on 25 Feb. 2014 sedimentation basin on 12 Oct. 2015
(6) Transmission Facilities

・ Water hammer
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Since power supply interruption occurs very frequently and surge tank capacity of transmission
pumps is insufficient, there is concern about damages of pumps and valves due to occurrence of
water hammer.
・ Operation
New transmission pumping station installed in the Phase 1 started its operation in September 2015
(Photo-30).
Flow rate to distribution is not managed appropriately, as a result treated water sometimes overflow
from the treated water reservoir (Photo-31).
・ Structure
As an improvement, a cover has been constructed for treated water reservoir in the Phase 2 but
there is risk of contamination due to foreign materials through an opening that still exists in the
cover (Photo-32).
Photo-30 New transmission Photo-31 Over flow from Photo-32 Opened portion of
pumping station in Phase 1 treated water reservoir in Phase treated water reservoir in Phase
2 2
(7) Electrical Instrumentation

・ Electrical suspension
Power supply failure occurs very frequently; more than 150 times a year, and total duration is about
128 hours a year (average about 20 min/day).
・ Maintenance
Although transmission flow rate is measured by flow meters installed in Phase 2, it is difficult to
confirm the existing condition of the equipment due to flooding in the chamber. Electrical
equipment such as flow meters should not be flooded to prevent it from failure.
Equipment for water quality monitoring such as turbidity meters and pH meters installed at the
transmission pumping station in Phase 2 are out of order (Photo-33).
Some parts are removed from the washing pump board of Phase 2, so it is impossible to operate the
pump (Photo-34).
・ Safety management
There are risks of electric leakage and shock on the electric board of the Phase 1 & 2 because their
doors are opened and there are some foreign matters inside boards (Photo-35).
There is a high risk of electric leakage while using power supply socket with burnt mark
(Photo-36).
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Photo-33 Broken Photo-34 Photo-35 Photo-36

equipment for water Empty electric board Electric board with Socket with burnt
quality monitoring grass mark
(8) Others
・ Contamination
There is concern of contamination at following three places in the Phase 1 facilities; clear water
channel without cover, clear water tank without cover, washed water drain without cover if water
from this drain comes in contact with clear water (Photo-37).
・ Maintenance
It is difficult to procure spare parts after a warranty period because there are few maintenance
services in Myanmar.
Some valves and gates are out of order (Photo-38).
・ Leakage
Leakage occurs from some old concrete structure and from some valves and gates (Photo-39, 40
and 41).
・ Safety management
There is risk of accidents of workers during inspection and operation due to some broken floors at
WTP (Photo-42).
・ Water quality
There is no disinfection equipment.
Photo-37 Treated water Photo-38 Photo-39

reservoir and drainage basin in A broken gate valve Leakage from concrete
the Phase 1 structure
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Photo-40 Leakage from inlet Photo-41 Leakage from Photo-42

gate of filtration basin drainage valve of filtration Broken floor
basin
The list of main equipment used in Nyaunghnapin WTP Phase 1 & 2 are as follows.
Table 4 Main Equipment List in The Phase 1

Total
Name of equipment Specification Number Remark
(standby)
Coarse mesh screen Width of mesh 100 mm 4
Water intake pump Horizontal shaft double-suction 4(1) Made in China
single-stage volute pump
2,841 m3/hour x 10 m x 110 kW
Inlet gate of filtration Manual gate，450 mm square 28 Made in Myanmar
basin Out of control and water
leakage occurs often.
Valve of surface Manual butterfly valve, Diameter 150 56 Made in YCDC
washing mm
Valve of back washing Manual butterfly valve, Diameter 56 Made in YCDC
300mm
Outlet gate of filtration Manual gate，600 mm square 28 Made in Myanmar
basin Out of control and water
leakage occurs often.
Outlet gate of treated Manual gate，1,050 mm square 4 Made in Myanmar
water tank
Suction valve Manual shut valve, Diameter 600 mm 4 Morita Iron Works Co.,
Ltd.
Water distribution Horizontal shaft double-suction 4 TORISHIMA Pump
pump single-stage volute pump Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
3
2,850 m /hour x 72 m x 800 kW
Back flow prevention Non water hammer back flow 4 Yokota Manufacturing
valve prevention valve, Diameter 600 mm Co., Ltd.
Discharge valve Motor-operated butterfly valve, 4 Morita Iron Works Co.,
Diameter 600 mm Ltd.
Air compressor 605 L/min x 0.93 MPa(Max) x 5.5 kW 1 SANWA Co., Ltd.
Surge tank Steel plate 65m3 2 Lack of capacity
Backwashing pump Horizontal shaft single-suction 2(1) New construction for
single-stage volute pump backwashing (2012)，
3 Made in Singapore
792 m /hour x 25 m x 90 kW
3
ACH storage tank FRP tank，14 m 4 2012
ACH transfer pump 23 m3/hour x 16m x 0.75 kW 2(1) Made in China
ACH Injection pump 120 L/hour x 70 m x 0.37 kW 2(1) Made in China
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Table 5 Main Equipment List in The Phase 2

Total
Name of equipment Specification Number Remark
(standby)
Coarse mesh screen Width of mesh 100 mm×40 mm 4
Water intake pump Horizontal shaft double-suction 4(1) Made in China
2,841 m3/hour x 10 m x 110 kW
Inlet gate of filtration Manual gate，450 mm square 32 Made in Myanmar
basin Out of control and
water leakage occurs
often.
Valve of surface Manual butterfly valve, Diameter 150 64 Made in YCDC
washing mm
Valve of backwashing Manual butterfly valve, Diameter 300 64 Made in YCDC
mm
Outlet gate of filtration Manual gate，600 mm square 32 Made in Myanmar
basin Out of control and
water leakage occurs
often.
Outlet gate of treated Manual gate，1,050 mm square 6 Made in Myanmar
water tank
Suction valve Manual butterfly valve, Diameter 500 6 Made in China
mm
Water distribution pump Horizontal shaft double-suction 6(2) Made in China
2,130 m3/hour x 72 m x 560 kW
Back flow prevention Rapid closing valve, Diameter 500 6(2) Made in China
valve mm
Discharge valve Motor-operated butterfly valve, 6(2)
Diameter 500 mm
Air compressor 300 m3/min x 70 m x 15 kW 2 Made in China，No
backup
Surge tank Steel plate 65 m3 2 Lack of capacity
Backwashing pump Horizontal shaft double-suction 3(1) New construction for
single-stage volute pump backwashing(2012)，
733 m3/hour x 25 m x 90 kW Made in Singapore
ACH storage tank FRP tank，1 m3・14m3 4
ACH transfer pump 23 m3/hour x 16 m x 0.75 kW 2(1) Made in China
ACH injection pump 120 L/hour x 40 m x 0.13 kW 2(1) Made in China
1.2.3 Water Purification Process

The purification process of Nyaunghnapin WTP is illustrated in the following schematic diagram.
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Figure 3 Water Purification Process of Nyaunghnapin WTP
1.2.4 Operation and Maintenance

(1) Organization
・ There are 112 numbers of staffs including plant manager and deputy plant manager at
Nyaunghnapin WTP.
・ There are 2 Assistant Engineers (AE) as a plant manager and a deputy plant manager, 4
Sub-Assistant Engineers (SAE), 1 Junior Engineer 6 (JE6), 1 Junior Engineer 4 (JE4) and 104
Work Assistants (WA) who are hired at Nyaunghnapin WTP (organization chart of Nyaunghnapin
WTP is shown in Figure 4).
・ The working hours are divided into three shifts: 6:00 to 14:00, 14:00 to 22:00 and 22:00 to 6:00,
but in actual practice there are only two shifts of working hours: 6:00 to 18:00 and 18:00 to 6:00.
PLANT MANAGER
(Assistant Engineer)
DEPUTY PLANT MANAGER

(Assistant Engineer)
Mechanical & Pipeline

Water Quality Water Quality Administration
Electrical (Junior Engineer Open Channel
(Sub Assistant) (Sub Assistant) (Sub Assistant)
(Sub Assistant) 4)
Junior Engineer Work Assistants Other Range Other Range Office Staff
6 14 Nos 6 Nos 1 Nos 8 Nos
General Worker
Work Assistants Other Range Work Assistants Work Assistants
Work Assistants
33 Nos 2 Nos 4 Nos 6 Nos
8 Nos
Work Assistants
21 Nos
Figure 4 Organization Chart of Nyaunghnapin WTP
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Table 6 Operation Staff of Nyaunghnapin WTP

Sub
Assistant Junior Junior Work
Staff Assistant Total
Engineer Engineer 6 Engineer 4 Assistants
Engineer
Plant manager 1 1
Deputy plant manager 1 1
Mechanical & 1 1 33 35
Electrical
Water Quality 1 23 24
Water Quality 1 14 15
Pipeline 1 10 11
Open Channel 7 7
Administration 1 16 17
Total 2 4 1 1 103 111
(2) Capacity of staffs

Staff members who are managing each section have knowledge about purification process and some
of them have experiences of participating in overseas trainings.
(3) Water quality management

・ Facility and equipment
Water quality laboratory is located on the second floor of the administration building at the WTP
(Photo-43 and 44).
Equipment for jar test will be installed in the laboratory.
Turbidity and color should be measured correctly by measuring equipment instead of portable ones.
Pumps and pipes for water sample collection are installed and the water sample reaches to the
laboratory where it can be easily collected (Photo-45 and 46).
・ Water quality test

It is required to improve the reliability of tests by clarifying the calibration procedure and the
frequency of water quality test measurements.
It will be required to measure ammonia of raw water because YCDC will install hypochlorous acid
injection equipment in the future.
Photo-43 Photo-44 Photo-45 Photo-46

Water quality test Equipment for water Taps for collecting Pipes of water sample
laboratory quality test water sample
(4) Operation record

・ There are few operation records.
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・ It is possible to check operation status by monitoring displayed records and trend graph on
monitor in the monitoring room of pumping station of Phase 1 and 2 (Photo-47 and 48).
Photo-47 Operation status Photo-48 Trend graph
(5) Inspection record of facilities and equipment

・ Operation records are sent to Yangon regional government every day.
・ There are no records of inspection, repairs and consumption of chemicals and electricity.
・ Records of washing filtration basin were recorded before.
(6) Others
・ Consciousness related to maintenance has improved. The scum is removed, water quality
laboratory has been constructed and sample water pipes are installed.
1.3 Transmission & Distribution Pipeline and Water Supply Facilities

1.3.1 Transmission Pipeline
There are 5 transmission pipelines; one from Gyobyu, two from Hlawga, one of which was laid when
Phugyi reservoir was constructed, and two from Nyaunghnapin, to supply water to Yangon City.
However, leakages and unregistered connections on transmission pipelines are not repaired and
registered due to lack of maintenance activities such as patrol and inspection of pipelines and valves.
Current situation of leakages and unregistered connections on Gyobyu pipeline; 68 km length, dia. 56
inches and mild steel, which were laid up to Kokine SR before 1940 above ground, are as follows
(Photo-49~58).
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・ 89 numbers of leakages
Photo-50 Photo-51
Leakage on main pipe Leakage on drain
Photo-52 Photo-53
Photo-49 Leakage map Leakage on joint portion Leakage near air valve
・ 95 numbers of unregistered connections
Photo-55 Photo-56
Connection on main pipe Connection on a drain
Photo-54 Photo-57 Photo-58

Unregistered connection map Connection on joint portion Connection on an air valve
As a result of the survey, it was estimated that only 51.5% of water from Gyobyu reservoir which is
about 63,390 m3/day out of 123,000 m3/day, reaches Kokine SR. And it was also estimated that
YCDC lost about 1.92 billion kyat of water charges yearly due to the leakage amount of about 610
m3/day which can be supplied to about 6,100 persons, and water consumption by unregistered
connections amounts to about 59,000 m3/day.
1.3.2 Distribution Pipeline

(1) Distribution Network
Distribution pipes in downtown area were systematically laid in the first water served area in Yangon,
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so it is understood that they are already old. On the other hand, some leakages are identified on water
supply pipes where a lot of service pipes are laid parallel and distribution pipes are not laid
systematically. Distribution pipe networks are designed using EPANET in 2014 for establishing
DMAs (Photo-59~66).
Photo-59 Systematic distribution network in Photo-60

downtown area Unsystematic distribution network in other areas
Photo-61 Photo-63
Old distribution pipes Service pipes above ground
Photo-62
Service pipes above ground

Leakage on service pipe Leakage on service equipment Leakage on service pipe
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(2) Insufficient Water Amount and Low Water Pressure

Key issues in existing water supply services are insufficient amount of water and low water pressure
at the tail end of service area. As a result, tube well pipes are connected with distribution pipes and
distribution booster pumps are used in order to supply water to customers. Some of customers mix
YCDC water with rain water (Photo-67~69).
Photo-67 Connection with Photo-68 Photo-69

tube well water Distribution pump Mixing with rain water
(3) Specifications and Regulations

Specifications of materials and constructions such as excavation width and earth covering are not
standardized. Leaking from PVC and/or aged pipe is a matter of concern when water pressure is
expected to be raised after restructuring of pipe network. Nowadays, HDPE pipes of PN (Nominal
pressure) 6 is used as transmission and distribution pipes (Photo-70~73).

Laying distribution pipes Laying distribution pipes Laying distribution pipes
Photo-73 High Density Polyethylene Pipe (PN6)

(4) Distribution Pipeline Maps
Distribution pipeline maps were originally prepared by Auto-CAD. The existing maps were observed
to have some issues; different scale in each township, only one information about pipe diameter, and
pipe data were not updated frequently. To overcome these issues, these maps were prepared as A1 size
paper maps with same scale. More data on pipes, such as pipe diameter, installation year and materials
were added wherever available, and when new pipes are laid or old pipes are replaced updating is
carried out in database also. Gradually, distribution pipe data is also being input and compiled in GIS
system (Photo-74~76).
A9-20

AUTOCAD version A1 size paper version GIS version
(5) Records of Leakage

Leakage repair report is prepared and leakage point is recorded on maps in order to replace pipes and
carry out leak detection effectively (Photo-77~79).

Leakage repair report Leakage repair report Leakage history maps
(6) Outlines of Donor of NRW Projects

In current situation, there is high level of non-revenue water in YCDC area. So, assistance is being
provided by International Agencies to help reducing NRW. YCDC is cooperating with these
organizations to improve water distribution for reduction of NRW.
Table 7 List of Activities of Donors

Rehabilitation Program
Project for NRW FS on NRW FS on NRW
of Yangon Water
Item Reduction in Reduction by Reduction by Manila
Supply System – Pilot
Mayangone T/S Denmark Water
Project
MOFA of Japan,
Source of fund
Grassroots grant aid
Implementation DWS (Danish Water
Mitsubishi –Manila
body (Consultant Japan Construction Service + My EGIS, France ; MWI
Water
etc.) Associate)
Implementation
Oct 2014 – Oct 2015 Feb. 2013 1 year May.2014 (Agreement)
period
May.2015 (Final
Current status Almost completed Feb. 2014 (F/S) Survey
Report)
A pilot area in Yankin (ward No 13,
Target areas Pilot Area (TO, JS) Tarmwe, Thingangyun
Mayangone 14, 15, 16)
Scale of pilot TO -372
project (the number 400 households 259 households connections, JS
of households) -311/321 connection
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1.3.3 House Connection

(1) Connections with Distribution Pipe
Apartments with an underground tank are connected to distribution pipe through one service pipe.
However, customers who live in apartments without underground tanks have to connect to distribution
pipe through separate service pipes at short intervals, so there is a high leakage risk. (Photo-80~82)

Aged connection Connections by each customer Service pipes to each customer
(2) Water Meters

Specifications of water meters are not defined, so there are various types of water meters in use
(Photo-83).
It is impossible to read some meters because they are damaged, for example, in case of a site survey
in Yankin township, out of 112 meters surveyed, approximately 90% were damaged (Photo-84).
Meters are owned by customers, so it would be difficult to ask them to replace damaged meters to
new ones by their own cost.
Photo-83 Various water meters
Photo-84 Impossible to read meter data
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1.4 Customer Management

(1) Customer Registration
Latest customer registration books are managed in each township office.
Application for new service connections is made by customers to the Head Office of YCDC. Upon
confirmation with each township office whether it is possible to supply water or not in terms of
amount and pressure around their houses, and after receiving application charges, approval is made by
Head Office for new connection. New customers are registered on the book in each township. Flow
chart of the process is shown in the following Figure.
Figure 5 Flow Chart of New Service Connection
(2) Water Charge Collection

In old practice, there were a lot of formats in hand writing for water charge collection (Figure 6).
However, in October 2014, use of e-governance system was started for collecting water charges from
customers who have flat rate connections (Figure 7). Also, in December 2015 use of e-governance has
started for meter connections. Consequently, it is expected that the number of formats in hand writing
for these purposes will reduce and eventually disappear.
Figure 6 Flow Chart of Old System of Water Charge Collection (up to Sep. 2014)
A9-23
Figure 7 Flow Chart of New System of Water Charge Collection (Oct. 2014 onwards)
A9-24
Appendix -10
The Guidance for the Management of Safety for Construction Works

in Japanese ODA Projects
Chapter 1 General Rules
1.1 Purpose
The Guidance contain the basic policies for safety management, and technical guidance on
specific methods for safe execution of works in order to prevent occupational accidents and
public accidents on ODA construction projects for public and other facilities.
By fully understanding these Guidance and complying with the regulation therein, Project
Stakeholders will be in a position to respect the basic human rights of all parties involved in
ODA construction projects. This will help prevent the occurrence of occupational and
public accidents by creating a culture of safety, and help realize social development in
the recipient country. This is the purpose of these Guidance.
1.1.2 Composition of the Guidance

The Guidance are composed of the following six chapters:
Chapter 1 General Rules
Chapter 2 Basic Policies for Safety Management
Chapter 3 Contents of the “Safety Plan”
Chapter 4 Contents of the “Method Statements on Safety”
Chapter 5 Technical Guidance for Safe Execution (by the Type of Work)
Chapter 6 Technical Guidance for Safe Execution (by the Type of Accident)
Chapter 2 Basic Policies for Safety Management
2.1 Basic Principles of Safety Management
2.1.1 Basic principle 1: Safety is a top priority

All Project Stakeholders shall put top priority on safety and use their best endeavors to
eliminate the occurrence of accidents.
2.1.2 Basic principle 2: Elimination of causes

The Contractor shall identify every possible danger in each process of construction work, and
examine, analyze and eliminate the causes of such danger and take appropriate action to
ensure the safe execution of the work.
2.1.3 Basic principle 3: Thorough precautions

The Contractor shall give consideration to in advance the inherent risk of accidents at each
stage of construction work, review appropriate measures to cope with such risks, and
commence work once these preventive measures have been implemented.
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2.1.4 Basic principle 4: Thorough compliance with relevant laws and regulations
In addition to following the Guidance, the Contractors
shall conduct ODA Projects in compliance with all
related laws and regulations of the recipient country.
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar

The Labor Organization Law
A10-2
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2.1.5 Basic principle 5: Thorough prevention of public accidents
All Project Stakeholders shall implement

safety management measures taking the
interests of third parties duly into
consideration in order to prevent public
accidents.
2.1.6 Basic principle 6: Thorough implementation of PDCA cycle for safety management
The basic principle of PDCA for safety management
shall be the cycle of "Plan, Do, Check, Act" with
"Plan" being the process of establishing the Safety
Plan and its Method Statements on Safety, "Do" Plan Do
being the specific implementation of the plan thus
established, "Check" being the observation and
confirmation of the safety management process, and
"Act" being the implementation of improvements to
the implemented plans based on the past
performance to ensure the continuous development
of field site safety standards. The cycle of these
processes shall be defined as PDCA for safety
management. The Contractor shall have chief
Act Check
responsibility for the implementation of safety
management.
2.1.7 Basic principle 7: Thorough sharing of information

All Project Stakeholders shall share all safety-related information they possess in a manner
and at times as appropriate in the circumstances.
2.1.8 Basic principle 8: Thorough participation of all Project Stakeholders

All Project Stakeholders shall actively participate in activities related to safety management
at construction sites.
A10-4
Chapter 3 Contents of the “Safety Plan”
3.1 Composition of the Safety Plan
3.1.1 Items for inclusion in the Safety Plan

A typical Safety Plan shall comprise of the following:
(1) Basic Policies for Safety Management
(2) Internal Organizational Structure for Safety Management
(3) Promotion of the PDCA Cycle
(4) Monitoring
(5) Safety Education and Training
(6) Voluntary Safety Management Activities
(7) Sharing Information
(8) Response to Emergencies and Unforeseen Circumstances
Chapter 4 Contents of the “Method Statements on Safety”
4.1 Composition of the “Method Statements on Safety”
4.1.1 Items for inclusion in a “Method Statements on Safety”

The Contractor shall formulate a Method Statements on Safety for each type of work based on
the design or documents implementing the design in order to accurately and efficiently
undertake work, maintain a safe working environment and prevent any unsafe action by
workers. The Contractor shall incorporate the following items in any Method Statements on
Safety:
(1) Construction plant and machinery
The Contractor shall include the specifications and quantity of any construction plant
and machinery to be used for the works.
(2) Equipment and tools
The Contractor shall include any equipment and tools to be used for the works.
(3) Materials
The Contractor shall include the specifications and quantities of any major materials to
be used for the works.
(4) Necessary qualifications and licenses
The Contractor shall include the required qualifications and licenses required for each
type of work.
(5) The order of command for the works
The Contractor shall include the order of command for the works specifying the
relevant supervisors for each type of works. At times, the process for monitoring the
implementation of works may be unclear, especially in cases involving subcontractors.
As such, in order to avoid any confusion, the Method Statements on Safety should
specify the relevant supervisors for each type of work (including subcontract works).
(6) Work items
The Contractor shall categorize each item of work and set them out according to the
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works schedule.
(7) Procedure for the execution of the works
The Contractor shall specify the procedure for the execution of major work operations
for each type of work.
(8) Foreseeable risks
The Contractor shall include all foreseeable risks for each work item.
(9) Precautionary measures
The Contractor shall review and include precautionary measures to prevent occurrence
of foreseeable risks, including information on the type of protective gear required for
the works.
4.1.2 Method Statements on Safety - Template
Method Statements on Safety [Enter the type of work or Project name]
A10-6
4.2 Applicable Standards for the "Technical Guidance for Safe Execution of Works"
4.2.3 Checklist for foreseeable risks

1) Does the work involve a risk that workers will fall from high places?
2) Does the work involve a risk that flying or falling objects will hit workers?
3) Does the work involve a risk that workers will be crushed by the collapse or fall of
sediment or structures?
4) Does the work involve a risk that workers will be caught or entangled by machines or
structures?
5) Does the work involve a risk of explosion?
6) Does the work involve a risk of fire?
7) Does the work involve a risk that the general public or any other third party will suffer
adverse effects?
8) Does the work involve a risk that underground facilities, aerial lines, or surrounding
facilities will be damaged?
9) Does the work involve the risk of traffic accidents?
Case Dump truck is going back without checking back side…
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Chapter 5 Technical Guidance for Safe Execution (by the Type of Work)
5.1.2 Key points for excavation work
5.1.2.1 Prevention of ground collapse

(1) The Contractor shall have excavation
work undertaken strictly in accordance
with the instructions of the responsible
supervisor and in accordance with the
excavation procedure and methods.
(2) The Contractor shall not place or store
excavated earth and sand near excavated
slopes. In case the earth and sand has to
be temporarily stored near an excavated
slope, the Contractor shall take
appropriate measures to prevent collapse
of the excavated slope or falling of the
earth and sand into the excavated area.
(3) When the surface of the ground falls as a
result of rain, wind or water flowing from
the ground surface to the excavation site,
the Contractor shall implement protective
measures such as covering the slope
surface with protective sheets or nets.
(4) The responsible supervisor shall
immediately evacuate workers to a safe
place when there is a risk of ground
collapse or landslide.
(5) The Contractor shall cancel excavation work when there is a risk that workers will be
exposed to danger during those excavation works as a result of bad weather such as
strong wind or rainstorms.
(6) When bad weather due to sudden change or a natural disaster occurs, the responsible
supervisor shall immediately suspend the work and evacuate workers to a safe place.
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5.1.2.5 Prevention of public accidents and traffic accidents
(1) When work is undertaken on a public road, the Contractor shall adopt appropriate
measures to prevent the entry of unauthorized personnel including third parties into the
work area, such as barricading the work site and stationing the watch-personnel and
traffic-control personnel.
(2) When work is undertaken on a public road, workers shall wear reflector vests.
(3) Where buried utilities or facilities are located under the ground of a work site or where
excavation is undertaken in the ground near a structure, then if damage to those utilities,
facilities or structures by overturning or collapsing is likely, the Contractor shall take
appropriate measures prior to the
commencement of work, so as to prevent
the risk, such as the relocation or
reinforcement of the utilities, facilities or
structures.
(4) When earth and sand is backfilled over
buried utilities or facilities, the
Contractor shall undertake backfilling
undertake according to the
predetermined specifications, without
applying unsymmetrical pressure or
damaging the buried utilities or facilities.
5.1.2.6 Working environment

(1) Where there is seepage water at or an inflow of surface water to a work site, the
Contractor shall properly treat such water prior to the commencement of any work.
(2) The Contractor shall provide lighting strong enough to ensure safe excavation at the
excavation site, taking into account the depth of excavation and the working
environment.
(3) When powder dust is generated from work, workers shall wear protective gear such as
respirators when undertaking the work.
(4) When loud noise is generated from the works, workers shall wear protective gear such
as earplugs when undertaking the work. Since verbal communication is difficult in such
circumstances, the Contractor shall
determine an alternative means of
communication in advance.
(5) The Contractor shall install ventilation
equipment as required to properly
maintain the air quality at an excavation
site. Particularly when a mechanical
apparatus that houses an internal
combustion engine is installed at an
excavation site, installation of ventilation
equipment is necessary to prevent
accidents by exhaust gas poisoning.
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5.1.2.7 Inspection of excavation sites
(1) The Contractor shall inspect the ground and the area surrounding at an excavation site
as follows:
1) Inspection timing
a) Before the start of work and at the beginning of each work shift
b) After the occurrence of heavy rain or an earthquake
2) Items to be checked
a) The ground to be excavated
b) The condition of seepage water at an excavation site
(2) In case the ground inspection indicates a risk of ground failure, the responsible
supervisor shall immediately suspend excavation work and take appropriate anti-failure
measures. The Contractor shall clarify the appropriate method of excavation or means to
prevent ground failure taking into account the particular ground conditions, and resume
the work only after confirming there is
no likelihood of ground failure.
(3) The Contractor shall ensure that
mechanical equipment such as
excavation machines or rock drills
undergo predetermined inspection before
the commencement of work and at any
predetermined time, so as to ensure that
equipment is free of all defects. The
Contractor shall immediately remove or
repair any equipment that is found to be
defective, prior to the start of work.
5.1.3 Key points for cofferdam and timbering
5.1.3.1 When installing cofferdam and timbering, the Contractor shall:

(1) Install cofferdam and timbering in accordance with the predetermined sequences.
(2) Commence excavation only after it is clear that the necessary structural of the
cofferdam and timbering have been precisely safely installed in their correct positions.
(3) Firmly fix the cofferdam wall and timbering to prevent dislocation caused by vibrations
and/or other external forces such as
excavation works. In addition, the
Contractor shall align the structural of all
timbering in a linear fashion and normal
to the cofferdam wall.
(4) Not place heavy materials on the
structural of the timbering.
(5) Not use the timbering structural for
suspension used in the protection of
buried utilities or facilities unless
otherwise specified. The Contractor shall
install another structural columns suspended for purpose of protection separately from
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the timbering.
(6) Regularly inspect the cofferdam walls and timbering for deformation of the structural,
slackening of the fastening portions, or changes in groundwater or the surrounding
ground level of the cofferdam wall and timbering during the construction. The
Contractor shall undertake such inspections even during a period when no work is being
undertaken.
(7) Ensure that when any anomaly is observed in the cofferdam wall and timbering, the
responsible supervisor shall immediately evacuate workers to a safe place and take
all necessary action to cope with the observed abnormal phenomenon. The responsible
supervisor shall notify the appropriate manager in charge of the work suspension and
also take appropriate action while the work is suspended.
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5.8 Work where there is danger of oxygen deficiency
5.8.1 Key points for the preparation stage
5.8.1.1 Understanding of the conditions for construction

The Contractor shall take appropriate measures that assume oxygen levels are deficient when
undertaking works in the following circumstances:
1) Wells, open caissons, shafts, tunnels, pneumatic caissons and other similar places that
have not been used for a long period of time
2) The insides of those places listed in 1) above, that are in contact with or either lead to
the following layers:
a) Sand gravel layers that have impermeable layers located right above, which have
little or no water content or running water
b) Strata containing ferrous salts or first manganese salts
c) Strata containing methane, ethane or butane
d) Strata gushing out or likely to gush out with carbonated water
e) Sludge layers
3) Cisterns, conduits, manholes and pits
4) The insides of cisterns, conduits, manholes and pits where rainwater, river water, or
seepage water stagnates or previously stagnated at some point in time.
5) The insides of tanks, holds, cisterns, pipes, conduits, manholes, ditches, pits in which
human waste, sapropel, sludge, pulp liquid, or other corroded or easily decomposable
substances are contained or were once contained.
6) An excavation work site, a pile foundation work site or surroundings, where
construction by a pneumatic method is or once was carried out .
7) Places where work is undertaken with internal combustion engines of construction
machines operated in a closed environment.
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5.8.1.2 Procedure for execution of the works
The Contractor shall specify in advance the procedure for execution of the works and the
supervisors responsible for work to be undertaken where there is a danger of oxygen
deficiency, taking into account the relevant conditions for construction and other relevant
factors.
5.8.1.3 Measurement of the working environment

The Contractor shall specify in advance the timing and method for measuring oxygen
concentration, and the procedure when the management concentrations in various working
environments is to be applied.
5.8.1.4 Advance training to workers

The Contractor shall provide training to workers undertaking work in areas where there is a
risk of oxygen deficiency on:
1) The influence of oxygen deficiency on the human body and the related symptoms
2) Usage of protective gear including a respirator
3) Evacuation in the event of accident and methods of emergency treatment
5.8.1.5 Protective gear

Workers shall wear safety helmets and protective gear to protect their feet when undertaking
work. Where toxic gas exists, they shall wear gas masks or respirators. They shall use safety
belts when working at places where they may fall.
5.8.2 Key points for working in places where there is a risk of oxygen deficiency
The Contractor shall:
(1) Install and maintain measurement equipment necessary to measure gas concentration in
the working environment, when working in places where there is a risk of oxygen
deficiency.
(2) Undertake measurements of the working environment when undertaking work in places
where there is a risk of oxygen deficiency, prior to the start of each and every work shift.
If the measurement result exceeds the management standard, the Contractor shall
immediately take necessary measures and ensure that no work is undertaken until the
measurement reading shows a value below the standard value.
(3) Comply with the following requirements when measuring the working environment:
1) When entering the measuring area, protective gear such as respirators shall be worn
so as not to directly breathe in the air in the measuring area.
2) Measurements shall not be made by a single worker only; they shall be made always
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with the appropriate watch-personnel stationed.
(4) Always maintain ventilation when work is undertaken at a place where there is a risk of
oxygen deficiency.
(5) Provide protective gear including respirators, evacuation tools including ladders and
ropes, and other appliances necessary for rescue, when work is undertaken at a place
where there is a risk of oxygen deficiency.
(6) Take measures to prevent unauthorized access in areas where there is a risk of oxygen
deficiency, and post relevant signs.
(7) Ensure that the supervisor responsible immediately suspends the work whenever there
is the potential for oxygen deficiency and evacuates workers to a safe place.
(8) Ensure that rescue crew use protecting gear (such as respirators) when rescuing victims
of oxygen deficiency and take measures to prevent secondary accidents.
(9) Ensure that work is always undertaken with constant ventilation, when working in a
closed space where an internal combustion engine of a construction machine is being
operated.
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Chapter 6 Technical Guidance for Safe Execution (by the Type of Accident)
6.1 Measures for Prevention of Fall Accidents
6.1.1 General rules

When undertaking work at a place more than
two meters above ground level, the Contractor
shall construct scaffolding prior to the
execution of the works and ensure that
workers wear safety helmets when conducting
the works.
Where it is impossible to construct scaffolding,
workers shall use protective gear such as
safety belts, fall arrestors and other anti-fall
gear. The Contractor shall affix handrails,
main ropes and other equipment as appropriate
where the use of anti-fall protective gear is
contemplated.
6.1.2 Scaffolding
6.1.2.1 Structure and materials of scaffolding
(1) Analyze the structural strength required for
scaffolding based on the loads to be applied in the
working areas and the expected service loads, and
determine the appropriate structure for scaffolding.
(2) Design the scaffolding structure to sustain expected
loads for the relevant works after adequate review of
the risk of any overturning or collapse of the structure.
(3) Use materials for scaffolding that can be reasonably
procured within the country in which the project is
located. More specifically, the Contractor shall select
reliable, durable and appropriate materials that are
free of defects in terms of strength, damage or
corrosion.
(4) Construct scaffolding on a firm and flat foundation to prevent sliding or collapse and
use additional supports as appropriate where any part(s) of the foundation is on soft
ground.
(5) Provide supporting measures such as braces to prevent the collapse of the scaffolding
structure.
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6.2 Measures for Prevention of Accidents Involving Flying or Falling Objects
6.2.1 General rules

When undertaking work involving a risk of flying or
falling objects, the Contractor
shall take the following measures into account for the
particular work conditions.
The workers shall also wear safety helmets.
(1) Measures for the installation of safety nets
(2) Measures for work areas with height differences
or openings
(3) Measures for work conducted at different heights
(4) Measures for work with rotating machines
6.4 Measures for Prevention of Accidents Involving Construction Machinery
6.4.1 General rules

The Contractor shall consider the following particulars when undertaking work using
construction machinery.
1) The Operator
2) Inspection and maintenance of the
machines
3) Safety devices on the machines
4) Stationing of flagmen
5) Measures to prevent unauthorized
access
6) Measures for the suspension and
completion of work
7) Provision of training on safety
issues
6.4.1.1 Operator
(1) The Contractor shall appoint and permit only trained, qualified and certified operators
of construction machinery to operate the machines. The names of the regular operators
shall be inscribed on their respective machines and only those appointed operators shall
operate the machines.
(2) The Contractor shall take steps to ensure the good physical and health condition of the
operators. The operators shall be trained to have sufficient rest and shall not be subject
to excessive work.
(3) The Contractor shall not permit any operator to operate construction machinery if he is
seen to be under the influence of any of the following conditions:
1) Intoxicated from consumption of alcohol
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2) Suffering from the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol
3) Extremely exhausted
4) Suffering from any other condition that makes him unfit for any works for the
operation of construction equipment or machinery.
6.4.1.2 Inspection and maintenance

The Contractor's personnel with requisite knowledge
and skill shall undertake inspection and maintenance of
construction machinery in accordance with the relevant
laws and regulations of the recipient country, prior to
the start of work and at the predetermined times.
The Contractor shall undertake such inspection and
maintenance taking into account the following
requirements.
1) In principle, undertake inspection and maintenance
only after ensuring the machine has ceased to
operate and the power is turned off.
2) Take appropriate measures to prevent falling or
overturning machines.
3) Take appropriate measures to prevent any unauthorized access to the work area where
inspection or maintenance is undertaken.
4) Undertake inspection and maintenance on a flat and secure surface when the machine is
not in operation. If for some unavoidable reason it has to be undertaken on a slope,
stoppers shall be applied for the undercarriage of the machine to prevent slippage or
movement.
5) Shut down the engine of the construction machinery, engage the brake and lock all
rotating parts.
6) Lower all attachments onto the ground. If for some unavoidable reason inspection or
maintenance has to be undertaken under a raised blade or bucket, the Contractor shall
take appropriate measures to prevent the attachment from dropping, for example, by
using supports such as struts or blocks.
7) Take appropriate measures when a machine is being repaired, including the complete
shutdown of the machine's functions and preventing any operation or movement of the
machine during repair.
6.4.1.3 Safety devices

(1) The Contractor shall check the safety
devices fitted to construction machinery
confirm the operation of the device, and
shall not operate any construction
machinery if the safety device has been
removed or modified.
(2) For construction machines capable of
moving backwards, the Contractor shall
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use only such machines fitted with safety devices that give a warning when the machine
moves backwards.
6.4.1.4 Stationing of flagmen

(1) Station flagmen when work is undertaken at the road shoulder, on the edge of a slope, and
at other locations where there is a risk of vehicles overturning.
(2) Station flagmen where workers and construction machinery are required, for unavoidable
reasons, to work in the same vicinity.
(3) Establish standardized signs and controlling procedures where flagmen are stationed.
6.4.1.5 Prevention of unauthorized access

The Contractor shall declare danger zones to be off-limits to unauthorized personnel in order
to prevent the occurrence of accidents, such as injury caused by collision with construction
machinery. Where it is impossible to restrict access for unavoidable reasons, the Contractor
shall station flagmen or other appropriate personnel.
6.4.1.6 Measures for suspension and completion of work

When suspending or completing work using
construction machinery, the Contractor shall:
1) Station construction machinery on flat and
secure ground and lower buckets onto
ground level.
2) Apply stoppers around the undercarriage
of construction machinery to immobilize
them when they must be positioned on a
slope.
3) Turn off the engine, engage the brakes and
remove the key from the vehicle.
6.4.1.7 Provision of education on safety

(1) The Contractor shall provide operators and workers engaging in work using
construction machines with necessary training, including training on the deployment of
construction machines, the work area, the scope of work, the method of work, and the
work procedures to be undertaken prior to the commencement of work.
(2) Whenever any major changes are made to the deployment of construction machinery,
the work area, the scope of work, the method of work, and the work procedures, the
Contractor shall provide further training to the relevant operators and workers.
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6.4.2.1 Guiding and signaling for mobile cranes
(1) The Contractor shall appoint only one signalman, who shall use the predetermined
signals and provide signals in a clear manner.
(2) The signalman shall give signals from a
position outside the work range that holds
a good view of the hoisted cargo and is
reasonably visible by the crane operator.
(3) In case the signalman has no choice but to
give signals at a position not visible to the
operator, he shall use radio or other means
to allow the operator to receive the
signals.
6.4.2.2 Measures for the arrangement and installation of mobile cranes

(1) Ensure that there are no obstacles in the work range of the mobile crane.
(2) Establish a procedure that considers any obstacles in the work area and alerts all
relevant workers and operators as to their existence in advance.
(3) Check the ground conditions on which to position or transport the mobile crane.
(4) Apply steel plates or conduct ground improvement works when the load-bearing
capacity of the ground is insufficient, so as to prevent the crane from overturning.
(5) Set the body of the mobile crane horizontally and extend the outriggers to their fullest
depending on the load.
(6) Conduct pre-operation inspection of the mobile crane to check safety devices or
warning equipment. Safety devices or warning equipment shall not be turned off during
work.
(7) Check the condition of the outriggers or the condition of the ground on which the crane
is positioned during operation. Any anomaly, if found, shall immediately be corrected
or removed.
6.4.2.3 Measures for operation of mobile cranes

(1) Immediately suspend work if anomaly is found during the work, investigate the causes,
and take all necessary measures prior to resuming work.
(2) Confirm that the entire weight, including the cargo to hoist, hooks, slinging equipment
and other hoisting attachments, is less than the rated hoisting load.
(3) Provide indications or other means that allow operators and slinging workers to always
be aware of the rated load of the mobile crane.
(4) Use anti-release appliances when hoisting cargo, so as to prevent slinging equipment
from releasing from the hooks.
(5) When slinging cargo, temporarily stop the cargo when it is afloat only slightly from
ground level, and check the machine for stability, the center of gravity of the cargo and
the condition of sling.
(6) When hoisting cargo, position the hook right above the cargo to hoist.
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(7) When turning cargo, confirm that there are no workers or obstacles inside the turning
range, and the operators shall slowly turn the cargo.
(8) Slowly and silently lower cargo.
(9) Not use mobile cranes to transport or hoist workers unless, because of the nature of the
work or the need to complete the work, it is necessary to undertake such crane operation,
in which case the Contractor shall take the following measures:
1) Provide means to prevent overturning or falling off of the hoisting basket.
2) Have workers use protective equipment such as safety belts.
3) Use the power-driven lowering when the hoisting basket is lowered down.
(10) Ensure that no operators leave the operator's cabin with the cargo hoisted up.
(11) Ensure that no workers are present under the hoisted cargo.
(12) Take appropriate measures to restrict unauthorized access during the mobile crane
work, so as to prevent workers from entering areas where cargo may fall.
6.7 Measures for Prevention of Public Accidents
6.7.1 General rules for prevention of third-party accidents

When undertaking work with a risk of third-party accidents, the Contractor shall review
following measures taking into account the particular work conditions:
1) Installation of temporary enclosures and gates and related measures
2) Measures relating to the area around gates to construction sites
3) Installation of temporary pedestrian passages
4) Communication with local residents in the
vicinity of the construction sites
5) Decluttering and cleanliness
6) Measures relating to work on public roads
7) Prevention of flying or falling object
accidents to third parties
8) Prevention of dust generation
9) Provision of sufficient lighting
10) Prevention of noise and vibration
11) Site patrol
6.7.2 General rules on preventing accidents relating to underground utilities or facilities

(1) When the presence of underground utilities or facilities is foreseen at a construction site,
the Contractor shall conduct a survey on such buried utilities or facilities based on the
design documents and preliminary survey information, taking into account safe work
methods and procedures for the protection of buried utilities or facilities.
(2) When the presence of underground materials or facilities is foreseen at a work site, the
Contractor shall consult with the relevant organizations in charge of such buried utilities
or facilities, and after obtaining all appropriate permissions, shall undertake the
necessary work in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the recipient
country.
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(3) The Contractor shall check the kind and type, location (plan and depth), relevant
standard, structure, and other details of the underground utilities or facilities in advance,
so as to accurately understand the area of impact associated with excavation of those
buried utilities or facilities.
(4) The Contractor shall notify and ensure the
relevant workers understand the
information on the underground utilities
or facilities, the method and procedure of
excavation, the method of protection,
emergency response and other necessary
data relating to those utilities or facilities.
6.8.2.2 Measures relating to work on public roads

(1) Obtain the relevant permission when it is necessary to conduct work on public roads,
through the relevant procedures in accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws
and regulations of the recipient country prior to the commencement of work.
(2) Clearly indicate work areas on public roads and take measures to prevent unauthorized
access by third parties to the area. Relevant watch-personnel shall be stationed as
needed.
(3) Maintain the travelling areas for pedestrians and public vehicles so as to prevent road
traffic issues, and station flagmen at appropriate spots to guide public vehicles.
(4) Maintain safe pedestrian passages for the smooth passage of children and the elderly.
(5) Take measures to allow drivers of public vehicles to be able to identify the work area
from a distance and drive in a safe and secure manner by:
1) Installing road signs at work areas.
2) Installing notice boards to give advance notice of work on public roads.
3) Providing lighting that increases the visibility of road signs and notice boards, when
working after nightfall.
4) Firmly affix road signs and notice boards, so as to ensure they do not overturn
owing to strong wind or rainfalls.
(6) Provide appropriate lighting when
undertaking work after nightfall, and take
care to prevent the dazzling light of the
installed lighting fixture from disturbing
drivers of public vehicles.
(7) Install a detour information board to
inform public vehicles and pedestrians of
the need for diversions of public vehicles,
and deploy flagmen as appropriate.
(8) Notify local residents of the plan to work
on public roads, so as to obtain their
understanding and cooperation.
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6.9 Protective Gear
6.9.1 General rules

(1) Ensure that workers use personal protective gear appropriately for the type of work and
working environment where they may be exposed to danger during construction work.
(2) Use personal protective gear that is properly certified by the relevant laws and
regulations of the recipient country.
(3) Provide workers with training on how to use and manage protective gear, and instruct
them to use it appropriately.
(4) Ensure that workers use appropriate protective gear depending on the work, and
undertake work in a safe and secure manner.
6.9.2 Safety helmet

(1) The Contractor shall ensure that safety helmets are used to reduce the impact to the
head in the event of a fall, and protect the head from flying or falling objects.
(2) The Contractor shall inform workers of the type and location of work that requires
safety helmets to be worn, and provide
them with education on how to use the
helmets. They shall also be instructed to
use them whenever necessary.
(3) The safety helmet shall be designed or
conditioned to fit the head of a wearer,
and the chinstrap shall always be
tightened when the wearer conducts work
with a risk of falling.
(4) The Contractor shall ensure that damaged
safety helmets are never used.
6.9.3 Safety belts

The Contractor shall ensure that:
(1) Safety belts are used to prevent falls when work is undertaken at a high level, on the
edge of a working floor, and near an opening where workers may fall.
(2) Safety belts are used that are appropriate to the location or contents of work.
(3) Workers are notified of the type and
location of work that requires use of
safety belts, and trained to correctly use
them. They shall also be instructed to use
them whenever necessary.
(4) Damaged safety belts (even if damaged
from a single event) are not used.
(5) Safety belt hooks that have a latch are
used.
(6) Safety belt hooks are attached at a
position higher than the waist.
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(7) A safety belt attaching system is installed whenever using a safety belt. The attaching
system is strong enough to support a fall, and shall be checked for any anomalies before
use.
6.9.6 Protective gear for hands

(1) The Contractor shall ensure that protective gear is used to protect hands against
substances that may damage the skin, and
during welding or cutting work.
(2) When protective gear such as gloves is
used, the right type of gear shall be used
taking into account the type of work.
(3) Workers shall be notified of the type and
location of work requiring hand protective
gear, trained to correctly use them and
given detailed instructions to use them
whenever necessary.
6.9.7 Protective gear for feet

(1) The Contractor shall ensure that protective gear is used to protect feet against injuries
from falling objects, being caught between objects, electric shocks and skin-damaging
substances.
(2) When protective gears for feet such as
safety boots or high boots are used, the
right type of gear shall be used taking into
account the type of work.
(3) Workers shall be notified of the type and
location of work requiring feet protective
gear, trained to correctly use them and
given detailed instructions to use them
whenever necessary.
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PROCUREMENT OF SERVICES AND APPLICATION OF PUBLIC

PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Procurement of Services ........................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Precondition and Study policy............................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 Implementing Agency.......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Public Private Partnership (PPP) .............................................................................................. 4
1.2.1 Background of PPP.............................................................................................................. 4
1.2.2 Legal and Institutional Framework...................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Process of PPP Infrastructure Projects................................................................................. 8
1.2.4 Recent PPP Projects............................................................................................................. 8
1.2.5 Environment for PPP Infrastructure Development .............................................................. 9
1.2.6 Application of PPP in Water Supply Projects .................................................................... 10
LIST OF TABLES
Table.1 Implementing Agency of Activities under each Plan .......................................................1

Table.2 Comparison of Procurement of Services ..........................................................................3
Table.3 Features of Foreign Investment Law (2012) ....................................................................6
Table.4 Recent PPP Projects in Selected Sectors ..........................................................................9
Table.5 Issues of PPP in Myanmar ................................................................................................9
Table.6 Institutional Development for PPP Water Supply Projects............................................. 11
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure.1 PPP Project for Bulk Water Supply ..............................................................................13

Figure.2 Performance Based Contract for NRW Reduction .......................................................13
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1.1 Procurement of Services

1.1.1 Precondition and Study policy
1) Construction period
・ Construction period should be shorter to tackle chronical water shortage.
2) Project cost
・ Project cost should be reduced as low as possible.
3) Operation and maintenance skills

・ Life of facilities and equipment should be prolonged as much as possible by appropriate operation
and maintenance.
・ Capacity development activities on operation and maintenance of new facilities and equipment
should be implemented because this is the first experience for YCDC to purify river water.
4) Risk of Contractor
・ Low construction risks for a contractor are preferable.
1.1.2 Implementing Agency

(1) Implementing Agency
Standard Process of ODA loan, Design Build (DB), Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Design Build Operation
& Maintenance (DBO) are studied as measures against the issues. Implementing agencies for activities
in case of each plan is given in the following table. In addition, PPP is considered as section 2.
Table.1 Implementing Agency of Activities under each Plan

(A) Standard (B) (C) (D) (E)
Activity CONTENTS
Process DB LCC DBO DBO
Finance Japanese ODA loan YCDC YCDC YCDC YCDC
(D) Design Detail design of WTP Contractor A
Contractor
(B) Build Construction of WTP Contractor B Contractor
(O) Operation Operation of WTP YCDC YCDC Contractor
Contractor
Routine inspection of
(M)
WTP and Repair of YCDC YCDC YCDC
Maintenance
equipment
(2) Study of Procurement of Services
1) Construction period until start of operation

Construction period until start of operation in case of DB, LCC and DBO is generally shorter than that of
standard process because the contractor can design as well as construct the facilities.
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2) Project Cost
a) Design and Build (DB)
The cost of design and construction in case of DB is generally smaller than in case of standard
process because the contractor can design and procure the materials/equipment of specifications
matching their requirement.
b) Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
LCC is formation in which a verification test with a period is added to DB. The outline of LCC is;
A tender party calculates the construction cost (CAPEX: capital expenditure), and O&M cost
during 15 years (OPEX: operating expenditure) with the unit price specified by an ordering party.
The total amount of two types of cost is evaluated at the time of bidding. Contractor calculates
actually required OPEX through verification operation during one to three years (generally) after
trial operation. Then, the guaranteed OPEX during 15 years at the time of bidding is compared with
actual OPEX during 15 years. The contractor has to pay a compensation payment, when the actual
OPEX exceeds the guaranteed OPEX, Or has to improve the plant by its own expense, in order to
satisfy the guaranteed OPEX. Therefore, candidate contractor with sufficient experience only
participate in such bidding. However, the risk cost after verification test is included in bidding
expenses, and the expense becomes large compared to the case of DB.
c) Design, Build, Operation and Maintenance (DBO)
The cost of design and construction is equivalent to DB. Operation and maintenance cost in case of
DBO is generally higher than that of LCC because the contractor shall arrange experienced staff
from Overseas for O&M of WTP. However, this method has an advantage in terms of maintenance
of facilities and equipment properly. As a period of O&M, 15-20 years after M&E equipment
replacement is advisable.
3) Operation and Maintenance Skills

a) In case of Standard Process and DB
The ordering party (owner of facilities) needs to operate and maintain the facilities by themselves,
so O&M manuals should be provided to the owner of facilities and O&M activities be
demonstrated by the contractor during warranty period based on the manual.
In this case, the contractor shall ask suppliers or maintenance companies to implement regular
inspection and carry out simple repairing once a year and parts replacement after precise inspection
during warranty period. In order to manage proper O&M of facilities and equipment, supply
obligation of spare parts of 3 years or more is proposed.
b) In case of LCC and DBO

The contractor operates and maintains the facilities during term of the contract, so the ordering
party does not need to do anything during the period. It is required to hand over the experiences of
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the contractor to YCDC before end of the term of contract.
4) Risk of Contractor
Uncertain natural conditions are the large risks for Contractor. Particularly, deep pile foundation is
planned in this project, and this issue contains upside risk of construction cost. It is difficult for
Contractor to estimate these construction costs accurately before bidding. For that reason, DB, LCC
and DBO have high-risk for Contractor. In general, public organizations should owe large risks.
(3) Evaluation
The summary of measures against issues is as follows. The standard process is proposed from the
following table.
It is understood that in terms of implementation, DB method is better than standard process to achieve
the objectives considering current situation and issues due to construction period and project cost.
However, there exists concern about high contractor’s risk. It is difficult to implement the project by
DBO method because YCDC has a plan to continue operation and maintenance of facilities and
equipment by itself. In case of LCC, under the current situation of non-existent operation record as
reference, it is difficult to set up unit prices of OPEX for bidders.
Table.2 Comparison of Procurement of Services

(A) Standard
(B) DB (C) LCC (D) DBO
Process
Experience of YCDC O X X X
Construction period
until starting D(A) > D(B) = D(C) =D(D)
operation
Project Cost C(D) > C(C) > C(A) > C(B)
(Implementing Agency) (Implementing Agency)
Water utility immediately after The contractor during contract period
completion of construction (Skills)
Operation &
(Skills) Handover of experiences from the contractor to
Maintenance
Demonstration of operation and YCDC before end of the contract.
maintenance based on manuals is
required
Contractor’s Risk Low High High High
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1.2 Public Private Partnership (PPP)
1.2.1 Background of PPP

The proposed Phase 2 project is planned to be implemented by YCDC with public funding mostly
considered to be financed by Japanese ODA loan. None of the stakeholders on both Myanmar and
Japanese sides have recently expressed their intention to implement the project as a Public-Private
Partnership (PPP) except some past failed attempts by other proponent foreign investors to formulate the
project through PPP. Given such understanding of existing situation, however, in accordance with the
terms of reference of this survey, the present chapter covers a brief overview of PPP environment in
Myanmar, the current status of infrastructure development through PPPs, and its possible application to
the water supply sector in future.1
1.2.2 Legal and Institutional Framework

(1) Overview
There is no institutional or regulatory framework that governs PPP in general in Myanmar. A potential
private investor interested in a PPP project often makes a proposal to a respective sector ministry, state,
region or any other government department like YCDC, and negotiates with relevant authority. PPP
projects are usually implemented based on an agreement in the form of MOU concluded between the
investor and the respective government counterpart sometimes without any competitive procurement
process. On the other hand, foreign investment and formation of business entities in general are
governed by the Foreign Investment Law (2012) and Myanmar Companies Act (1913).
In short, foreign investors who intend to carry out PPP projects in Myanmar are required to follow the
steps below to start their business:
- Concluding an agreement with a sector ministry or a state-owned entity based on proposal and
negotiation about details of the project;
- Obtaining a permit from Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC Permit) as stipulated in Foreign
Investment Law;
- Obtaining a Permit to Trade for which the particulars are determined by Myanmar Companies
Act; and
- Incorporating and registering the company with the Company Registration Office.
(2) PPP regulations and institutional setup

There are no comprehensive laws or regulations in Myanmar so far, which determine the national
1
Primary sources of the information for the present chapter are “Data Collection Survey on Investment Climate for
Infrastructure Development” by JICA in June 2013; and presentation materials of “National Workshop on Public-Private
Partnerships in Myanmar” in November 2014 by United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific
(ESCAP) retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/events/national-workshop-public-private-partnerships-myanmar, unless
otherwise indicated.
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policy on PPP, or standardized conditions and process applicable to all infrastructure development
through PPP. There is no specific institutional setup or agency on national level that formulates
policies and governs the process for PPP projects in general. Recent private participation has taken
place in many public infrastructure projects in various sectors such as roads and power generation
under management of respective sector ministries such as MOC and MOEE as well as respective
states and regions. However, it is pointed out in the JICA survey (2013) that even ministerial-level
regulations also lack rules or regulations specifically designed for PPP infrastructure projects, in
addition to the lack of abovementioned general PPP regulations on national level.
Since there is no standardized process for PPP project preparation and implementation, sector
ministries often respond proposals from potential private investors on a solicited basis, rather than
formulating their own development priorities which effectively apply to both PPP and public
investment projects towards integrated development goals. There are no procurement standards for
PPP development either on a solicited or unsolicited basis; hence PPP project implementation is
typically determined by individual agreements such as MOUs based on negotiations sometimes
without any competitive bidding.
To cope with the said underdeveloped institutional and regulatory framework for PPP, Asian
Development Bank (ADB) is currently providing technical assistance called “Support for
Public-Private Partnership Framework Development” for Ministry of National Planning and Economic
Development (MNPED) and MOEE to develop PPP framework in Myanmar including establishment
of PPP Unit in MNPED.
As of March 2016, this technical assistance project has implemented two major components: (a)
project assessment and prioritization for MNPED; and (b) overall enhanced public financial
management/ oversight for MOEE. According to ADB’s Project Data Sheet dated April 8, 2016,
Component (a) has seen the consulting team evaluate 7 unsolicited proposals of MNRED’s choosing,
comparing those to the recently completed competitive bidding process for Myingyan Power Plant
project, and all of those against international benchmarks, which has helped MNPED understand the
value of competitive bidding. Currently work is underway on creating a policy-based transition
structure from unsolicited reliance to government-run competitive bidding. This work is also feeding
into the development of standardized bid specifications, contracts and terms and conditions of requests
for quotation (RFQs) and requests for proposal (RFPs).
Component (b) is creating a standardized means for capturing and quantifying the direct and
contingent liabilities coming out of PPP contracts, projecting prospective subsidies, and project
foreign exchange requirements. This work is creating standardized reports and management criteria for
the government to follow. The ADB assistance is expected to complete in December 2016 with
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one-year extension from December 2015.
(3) Foreign Investment Law (2012)

The union government enacted the Foreign Investment Law (FIL) in 2012 which repealed the former
law of the same title of 1988. FIL regulates all foreign private investment in the country and establishes
a new legal base of Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) as the regulatory body of foreign
investment under MNPED. MIC is managed by Directorate of Investment and Companies
Administration (DICA) of MNPED. Based on FIL (Article 56), two bylaws, namely MNPED
Notification No. 11/2013 and MIC Notification No. 1/2013, are established as detailed rules and
regulations. Following Table summarizes the salient features of FIL.
Table.3 Features of Foreign Investment Law (2012)

Item Regulation on 2012 FIL
1. Types of permitted foreign Listing various principles for foreign investment allowed in
investment Myanmar (Article 8).
MNPED and MIC Notifications lists various business categories
exclusively reserved for Myanmar citizens, prohibited, or only
allowed in case of Joint Venture with Myanmar citizens.
2. Applications for investment permit Apply to MIC. MIC must accept/reject within 15 days and make final
decision within 90 days (Article 20).
3. Minimum capital investment MIC may prescribe thresholds (Article 10 (a) (iii)). In practice, the
threshold minimum thresholds determined in the 1998 FIL remain in place:
- Heavy industry, hotels and manufacturing: USD 500,000
- Service industry: USD 300,000
4. Permitted level of foreign ownership 100 % (at discretion of MIC)
(FDI)
5. Permitted level of foreign ownership Concerned parties may decide.
(Joint Venture) There is maximum limit of 80 % for foreign ownership for certain
restricted businesses.
6. Income tax exemption 5 years (investors in goods and services)
7. Land Leases permitted up to 50 years with up to two discretionary 10 year
extensions.
8. Labor Myanmar citizens must make up at least 25 % of workforce for the
first two years, 50 % in the second two years, and 75 % in the third
two years.
Investors must provide training.
Source: Project for the strategic urban development plan of the Greater Yangon
(4) Myanmar Companies Act (1913)

Myanmar retains the British common law system which was established before the country’s
independence. Laws enacted well over hundred years ago still continue to be applied unless expressly
amended or repealed.
Myanmar Companies Act (MCA) originally enacted in 1913 with later amendments, is applied today
to govern the formation, constitution and administration of companies. MCA is further supplemented
by its sub-legislation, namely the Companies Rules and the Companies Regulations. Of importance to
foreign investors in Myanmar will be the requirements stated in the MCA and the Companies
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Regulations for the registration of companies since in fact FIL stipulates that a foreign investor must
carry out its business by forming a company under Myanmar law.
There is distinction drawn by MCA between Myanmar companies and foreign companies. A Myanmar
company, as defined by MCA, is a company whose share capital is entirely owned by citizens of
Myanmar. Therefore, if a company has one or more foreign shareholders (even if that interest is a
single share), or is incorporated outside of Myanmar, it will be considered a foreign company. Every
foreign company is required to obtain from the DICA a "Permit to Trade" before registration of the
relevant company. A foreign company is not entitled to carry out business unless it has obtained such a
permit.
Other than MCA, Myanmar Partnership Act (1932) sets out the details of partnerships between a
foreign company and local companies; whereas Special Company Act (1950) applies to joint ventures
formed with state-owned economic enterprises.
(5) State-owned Economic Enterprises Law (1989)

State-owned Economic Enterprises Law (1989) determines a number of activities in which only
state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are allowed to engage, such as mining, post and telecommunication,
electricity generation, etc.; however, the law’s Sections 4 and 5 also offer the government a legal basis
to permit involvement by other entities (such as foreign investors) if it is in the interest of Myanmar to
do so. Such involvement may be via a joint venture with a SOE or independently, under other
conditions. Thus, foreign investors may legally engage in such sectors using this legislature but only
with government support. Along with the respective sector laws and regulations, potential investors
should follow this law and negotiate with respective government department to formulate the details of
PPP projects.
(6) Other laws related to PPP

A number of other laws are related to the activities of foreign investors engaged in PPP projects, such
as Myanmar Contract Act (1872), Land and Revenue Act (1879), etc. Amongst these, Myanmar land
laws stipulate that all land in Myanmar is owned by the government with administration delegated to
various government departments. Transfer of Immovable Property Restriction Act (1987) explicitly
prohibits foreigners from owning land with few exceptions. Therefore, it is normally required for
foreign companies to obtain an interest in land to implement PPP projects either (i) through land lease
from government departments; or (ii) in the form of in-kind contribution from a state-owned entity
which is a joint venture partner for the subject PPP project.
As for the international commercial arbitration, Myanmar formally became a signatory of the New
York Convention in 2013. According to the JICA survey on Investment Climate (2013), however,
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“Myanmar's outdated legislation on arbitration will require extensive overhaul in order for it to
incorporate the provisions of the New York Convention in domestic law and provide an effective
framework for international arbitration and the enforcement of recognition of foreign awards.”
1.2.3 Process of PPP Infrastructure Projects

Based on the current FIL regulations and procedure established for foreign investment, PPP
infrastructure projects shall follow the process below to obtain MIC Permit.
1) Project proposal from private company

A private company submits project proposal to a relevant line ministry (or government entity).
2) Discussion and consultation on the proposal
A private company and a line ministry have a discussion and consultation on the contents of the
proposal to conclude an agreement between the parties.
3) Application to MIC
Line ministry completes the application form and submits the completed form to MIC.
4) Request for review from MIC to DICA
After receiving the report, MIC requests DICA of MNPED (secretariat of MIC) to review the
project.
5) Request for assessment to PAPRD
DICA asks Project Appraisal and Progress Reporting Department (PAPRD) of MNPED for
assessment of the proposal.
6) PAPRD’s assessment report
PAPRD provides assessment on the project from various aspects (e.g. political, financial and
environmental). Obtaining environmental clearance is responsibility of the line ministry. PAPRD
report is submitted to MIC through DICA.
7) Approval of project by MIC
Based on the report submitted by DICA (based on the PAPRD assessment), MIC finally approves
the investment to the project. MIC is not bound by the conclusion of the PAPRD assessment and
can make its own decision regardless of the contents of the assessment.
1.2.4 Recent PPP Projects

According to the World Bank’s Private Participation in Infrastructure Database, eight PPP projects have
been implemented since 1995 for gas pipelines, hydropower and gas-fired power generation, seaport
container terminal, and telecommunication, with investment amounting to USD 2,995 million in total.
Besides these, a number of PPP projects have been executed or is in progress in other sectors such as
roads and airport. Table below summarizes recent developments of PPP projects in selected sectors in
Myanmar. It is noted that all the on-going PPP infrastructure development in Myanmar is initiated by
respective line ministries under sector laws and other laws applicable such as FIL and State-owned
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Economic Enterprises Law. Land required for the projects is either leased to private-sector participant or
in-kind contribution under joint venture agreements.
Table.4 Recent PPP Projects in Selected Sectors

Recent Projects Applied PPP Scheme
Sector Investment Salient Features
Year Project (USD million)
Electricity 2006 Shweli River Cascade 1 Hydropower 414 Joint venture or
2006 Nanli 1-2 Hydropower 142 Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
2013 Ahlone Gas-fired Power Plant 170 contracts are applied to power
generation projects.
Seaports 1997 Myanmar International Terminal Thilawa 101 25 to 30-year BOT contracts are
1998 Asia World Port Terminal (Ahlone No. 2) 5 applied to seaport terminal
1998 Myanmar Integrated Port (Thilawa) 18 operation.
2001 Asia World Port Terminal (Ahlone No. 1) 21 One internal container depot is
2003 Myanmar Industrial Port Terminal (4,837 million operated under JV of Myanmar Port
kyat) Authority and a private company
2005 Asia World Port Terminal (Ahlone No. 3) 18 from 1995.
Telecommu 2014 Telenor Myanmar 1,000 Two greenfield mobile
nication 2014 Ooredoo Myanmar 500 telecommunication business
licenses are awarded to foreign
investors through competitive
biddings.
Roads - 61 BOT projects have been implemented - 40-year BOT contracts are applied
from 1996 until May 2012 by Myanmar to brownfield toll road projects
private companies. through competitive biddings. No
greenfield projects are implemented
so far.
Airport 2014 Hanthawaddy International Airport 1,500 Bidders were able to opt for PPP
2014 Mandalay International Airport 100 scheme from BOT and JV on their
proposal
Source: JICA Study Team based on JICA (2013) “Data Collection Survey on Investment Climate for Infrastructure
Development” and World Bank (2014) “Private Participation in Infrastructure Database”
1.2.5 Environment for PPP Infrastructure Development

Along with the country’s rapid economic growth and government’s policy promoting foreign direct
investment, there seems to be vast potential needs for infrastructure development with private sector
participation. However, there has been relatively small number of PPP infrastructure projects in various
sectors such as electricity, seaport, telecommunication, etc., as described in the previous section.
Underdeveloped institutional and legal framework is one of the bottlenecks for PPPs among others. The
JICA survey (2013) summarizes a number of challenges faced by PPP infrastructure development in
Myanmar as given in Table below.
Table.5 Issues of PPP in Myanmar

Item Issue
1. Legal and Regulatory Framework
Public and procurement rules - Public procurement law is not in place.
PPP law - PPP is not defined under regulation/laws.
- New foreign investment law/regulation (i.e. 2012 FIL) is
currently used for PPP
- Revision of sector law is underway.
2. Institutional Framework
Institutions to promote/implement PPPs - PPP promotion is not institutionalized.
Process for project preparation and - Guidelines on the process for the project preparation and
approval approval are not defined.
3. Finance
Long-term financing - Limited availability of long-term financing (limited recourse
financing).
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Item Issue
- Long-term loans denominated in local currency are not
available.
Government financial support/guarantee - No support mechanism is defined, although government has
provided cash in kind for some past transactions with private
sector participation.
4. Implementation Capacity
Project development capacity - Awarding agency (implementing government agencies) has
limited capacity and funds for preparation are limited.
Advisory services have been provided by international
consultants on a project-by-project basis.
- Knowledge sharing and capacity development of awarding
agencies will be required.
Number of successful transactions and - A limited number of transactions have been conducted.
project in pipeline
5. Political Will
Political will - Government identifies the needs of private sector
participation for public services.
Government payment risk - Political stability has been a concern of the private sector.
Source: JICA (2013) “Data Collection Survey on Investment Climate for Infrastructure Development”
1.2.6 Application of PPP in Water Supply Projects

There are no on-going PPP projects in water supply sector in Myanmar so far. Before the present JICA
preparatory survey, some foreign investors expressed interest in developing a water supply project
through Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT). According to YCDC officials, the project development was
not carried out due to absence of regulations for YCDC to develop and implement a PPP project.
However, to accelerate the investment in water supply infrastructure, YCDC might opt to implement
PPP projects in future, to which Japanese ODA loan or Private Sector Investment Finance (PSIF)
could be applicable for financing. Certain challenges and possibilities for implementation of PPPs for
water supply facilities of YCDC are considered in following sections. It is considered that
considerable institutional development of YCDC’s water supply services is required before it
implements PPP projects.
(1) Political will

While YCDC has not yet developed a comprehensive policy on the financing of facility development
proposed in M/P, YCDC and the union government have not explicitly stated its political will to
implement water supply projects in Yangon area with private sector participation.
According to YCDC officials, it is confirmed that PPP for water supply projects is still considered in
premature stage because (i) water supply projects are still financially not viable due to the current low
water tariff level, etc.; and (ii) the union government policy and legal framework on PPP for water
supply projects is underdeveloped.
(2) Institutional and legal framework
The legal basis of YCDC’s water supply service is The City of Yangon Development Law (No.11/90)
which stipulates very general mandates for YCDC to implement relevant activities. Moreover on the
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national level, there is no institutional and legal framework that governs the water supply utilities in
general. Besides the absence of national PPP regulations as described in the previous sections, there is
no clear legal basis for public sector water utility provider like YCDC to implement PPP projects for
facility development; hence there is no standardized process established for PPP water supply projects
in Myanmar so far. Such absence of institutional and legal framework is one of the bottlenecks to
promote private sector participation in water supply projects.
(3) Water tariff and financial structure of water supply service

Current domestic water tariff is set as low as 88 kyat/m3 which is far lower than the cost recovery level.
In FY 2014, YCDC earned 9,288 million kyat from water supply services which accounts for only
15 % of total expenditure including its capital expenditure, or only 68 % of operational expenses
excluding capital expenditure (See Chapter 10). Water tariff level is politically controlled to extremely
low level which makes the water supply service financially unviable to potential private investors.
Financial structure of the Engineering Department (Water and Sanitation) heavily relies on revenue of
other departments of YCDC and is not given mandates to be self-sustainable. This indicates that
availability payment contracts will be the only viable option for water supply development through
PPP.
(4) Necessary capacity development for PPPs in water supply development

As described in sections above, PPP environment in Myanmar is still underdeveloped. It is considered
that it is very difficult for YCDC to implement PPP projects for water supply facilities in near future.
On the other hand, the union government is currently developing national policy framework to
promote PPPs with donor assistance. Besides such efforts on national level, it is necessary to develop
institutional capacity and policy framework for YCDC to implement PPP projects as summarized in
Table below. If YCDC opts to implement PPP infrastructure development in future, it is required to
continue and enhance the capacity development efforts to ensure appropriate environment for
preparation of private sector participation.
Table.6 Institutional Development for PPP Water Supply Projects

Item Current Status Necessary Capacity Development
National Level
1. Regulatory and There is no regulatory and [MNPED is developing PPP framework with
institutional framework for institutional framework to technical assistance by ADB.]
PPP implement PPPs. - Regulatory framework for PPP project
development principles
- Prioritization of PPP projects
- PPP tendering and evaluation processes, etc.
- Establishment of national level PPP unit
2. Regulatory and There is no regulatory and Policy and legal framework for water supply
institutional framework for institutional framework that development should be established on national
water supply service governs water supply sector level
on national level.
Local Level (YCDC)
1. Policies of financing for M/P does not contain Capacity development of YCDC is necessary to
water supply projects financing policies for water be able to establish financing policies
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Item Current Status Necessary Capacity Development

supply projects - Prioritizing water supply projects
- Financing principles for water supply projects
- Financing plan for each project
2. Financial management of - Water supply service of [Capacity development is underway through JICA
water supply service YCDC is not financially Technical Cooperation “Project for Improvement
self-sustainable. of Water Supply Management of YCDC”]
- Financial management of - Staff training on financial management of
water supply service is not water supply service
independently accounted or - Financial planning for future projects
evaluated - Staff training on PPPs, etc.
(5) Potential PPP project types and JICA finance in future

As stated above, it is considered that capacity development and establishment of policy framework is
firstly needed before YCDC implements PPP projects for its water supply facility development. Under
such conditions, two potential PPP project types could be envisaged for future development utilizing
Japanese ODA loan and PSIF.
1) Bulk water supply

- A private investor will be responsible for WTP construction and operation whereas YCDC will be
responsible for transmission and distribution network development and operation (See following
Figure).
- Bulk water supply from the private-owned WTP is sold to YCDC based on an availability
payment contract at bulk water price to cover both capital and operational costs of the WTP.
Consumer water charge is collected by YCDC which also covers the gap between the bulk water
price and lower consumer tariff.
- The WTP component is implemented by Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO) whereas the
transmission and distribution network development is implemented through conventional public
investment by YCDC.
- Potential involvement of Japanese ODA loan would be financing for the public component
implemented by YCDC. Japanese PSIF may be used for private investment portion for WTP
development.
- Similar project scheme would be applicable to the case where the private operator sells the bulk
water directly to large-scale users such as industrial zones at a higher tariff that is able to fully
cover both capital investment and operational cost.
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Figure.1 PPP Project for Bulk Water Supply
2) Performance based contract for NRW reduction

- A private investor is responsible for investment and maintenance works in distribution facility to
reduce NRW in certain designated area.
- Capital and maintenance cost borne by the private operator is covered by revenue sharing from
YCDC in accordance with the performance of NRW reduction.
- Japanese PSIF would be applicable to financing the private sector investment for distribution
facilities.

Figure.2 Performance Based Contract for NRW Reduction
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Financial Analysis of YCDC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Fiscal Conditions of YCDC ...................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Financial Conditions of Water and Sanitation Department....................................................... 1
1.3 Financial Projection of Phase 2 Project .................................................................................... 4
1.4 Combined Financial Projection of Phase 1 and Phase 2 Projects ............................................. 6
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Revenue and Expenditure of YCDC ................................................................................1

Table 2 Revenue and Expenditure of Water and Sanitation Department ......................................2
Table 3 Results of Financial Projection.........................................................................................6
Table 4 Sensitivity Analysis ..........................................................................................................6
Table 5 Assumptions of Combined Cash Flow Projection............................................................7
Table 6 Results of Combined Financial Projection .......................................................................8
Table 7 Sensitivity Analysis ..........................................................................................................8
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Revenue and Expenditure per Water Consumption ........................................................3

Figure 2 Financial Status of YCDC and Water and Sanitation Department..................................3
Figure 3 Financial Projection (Base Case) ....................................................................................4
Figure 4 Financial Projection (Case 1)..........................................................................................5
Figure 7 Required Tariff Increase in Four Cases...........................................................................6
Figure 8 Combined Financial Projection (Base Case) ..................................................................7
Figure 9 Combined Financial Projection (Case 1) ........................................................................7
Figure 10 Combined Financial Projection (Case 2) ......................................................................7
Figure 11 Combined Financial Projection (Case 3) ......................................................................8
Figure 12 Required Tariff Increase in Four Cases.........................................................................8
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1.1 Fiscal Conditions of YCDC

According to YCDC officials, financial accounts of YCDC are independently managed from those of
Yangon Region Government or Union Government. However, its budgeting decisions are subject to
approval of the Yangon Region Government and Union Government. Normally YCDC does not
receive any subsidy from Yangon Region Government or Union Government. As for the Water and
Sanitation Department of YCDC, all the revenue derived from water supply services is directly
received by YCDC and there is no fund transfer from Yangon Region Government.
Following Table shows recent fiscal status of YCDC. YCDC’s total revenue and expenditure are
managed to be balanced in each year, with exception that YCDC had a deficit budget in FY2015 due
to the Union Government’s decision on the salary hike for all government employees after the YCDC
budget approval, for which YCDC is granted the special withdrawal right to compensate the planned
deficit (5.6 billion Kyat) as an ex-post measures by the Union Government. Though the YCDC’s
overall fiscal status is managed to be balanced, as it is seen in the next section, revenue and
expenditure are not necessarily balanced in individual department accounts.
It is noted that YCDC’s fiscal scale has rapidly increased from FY2011 to FY2015 mainly due to the
rapid growth in capital revenue that represents property development projects which YCDC operates
in joint venture with private entities as well as recurrent revenue increase such as property tax and
stamp duty because of the recent economic growth of the Yangon area. FY2016 budget, however, has
decreased by 18% from FY2015 revenue. According to YCDC officials, this mainly reflects the
current drop in property market prices.
From FY 2013, YCDC receives foreign grant and loans for water supply projects including ODA loan
for the Phase 1 project.
Table 1 Revenue and Expenditure of YCDC

(million Kyat)
Fiscal Status of YCDC Actual Actual Actual Actual Budget Revised Actual Budget
FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 FY2015 FY2015 FY2016
I. Revenue 58,152 103,167 145,768 252,179 339,719 340,203 279,359 228,721
(Growth %) - 77% 41% 73% - - 11% -18%
1. Recurrent revenue 51,886 95,311 92,180 134,232 103,354 119,229 141,795 106,832
2. Capital revenue 6,266 7,856 52,953 115,562 216,593 200,745 122,210 76,542
3. Foreign Grant 634 2,385 14,468 14,926 12,539 1,811
4. Loan 5,303 5,303 2,815 43,536
II. Expenditure 52,214 100,198 145,727 252,141 345,335 345,819 284,826 228,721
1. Recurrent expenditure 36,008 48,273 50,410 67,693 87,937 87,964 79,779 99,803
2. Capital expenditure 16,206 51,926 94,682 182,062 237,626 237,626 189,693 83,570
3. Grant expenditure 634 2,385 14,468 14,926 12,539 1,811
4. Expenditure from Loan 5,303 5,303 2,815 43,536
III.Surplus (Deficit) 5,938 2,969 41 38 -5,616 -5,616 -5,467 0
1.2 Financial Conditions of Water and Sanitation Department

Following Table shows revenue and expenditure of Water and Sanitation Department. It is noted that
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the water supply revenue is not able to cover operational cost. Also, the operational deficit has rapidly
increased mainly due to the hike in electricity expense from FY 2013.
Table 2 Revenue and Expenditure of Water and Sanitation Department
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In terms of average revenue and expenditure per water consumption, the average expenditure of
EDWS accounts for 626 kyat/m3 i.e. 696 % of average revenue (90 kyat/m3) due to extremely low
level of water tariff (See following Figure). The revenue cannot even cover the operational cost (126
kyat/m3).
Water & Sanitation Dept. Revenue and Expenditure

per Water Consumption (FY2015) (kyat/m3 )
700.00
600.00
500.00
400.00 499.97
300.00
200.00
100.00
89.76 125.99
0.00
Revenue Expenditure
Operational Expenditure Capital Expenditure

Figure 1 Revenue and Expenditure per Water Consumption
Huge deficit of Water and Sanitation Department (70.2 billion kyat in FY 2015) is financed by other
departments’ surplus within YCDC; therefore, the fiscal status of YCDC as a whole is balanced taking
into account that in FY 2015 YCDC had to take special arrangement for additional salary expense to
be funded by the union government as mentioned in Section 10.1 (See the following Figure). As seen
in Table 2, it is anticipated that fiscal burden of YCDC due to the EDWS’s deficit seems to
continuously increase as the operation and investment of water supply service expands in future.
Financial Status of YCDC and Water & Sanitation Dept.

(in million Kyat)
279,359
300,000 284,826
250,000
200,000
150,000 Revenue
100,000 81,957 Expenditure
50,000
11,753
0
YCDC FY2015 Water & Sanitation Dept.
FY2015

Figure 2 Financial Status of YCDC and Water and Sanitation Department
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1.3 Financial Projection of Phase 2 Project

(1) Introduction
As seen in Chapter 10, the project is not financially viable mainly due to the extremely low water tariff.
The financial analysis results show that, in case the subject customer base is limited to that of the
project (Zone 1 and 9), the current water tariff level must be increased by 9.1 times in real terms
except inflation (See 10.1 (7) of Chapter 10), which is very unlikely.
In the present section, the financial projection will be carried out to estimate (i) the project’s tariff
increase effect for the whole YCDC customer base; and (ii) subsidy and subsidiary loan conditions in
order to enhance financial viability of the project.
The projection will follow the same assumptions made for the financial analysis in Chapter 10 except
for the prices expressed in current value including inflation in the present projection, applying 1.6 %
inflation rate for FC and 5.8 % for LC in the base case scenario, which are the same as the price
escalation precondition applied in the cost estimates presented in Chapter 9. The subsidiary loan
conditions for the base case are (i) interest rate (0.01 % p.a.), loan amount and repayment period are
the same as those of ODA loan; and (ii) exchange risk premium of 6.0 % is assumed.
(2) Case Scenarios

Following case scenarios are envisaged for the analysis.
- Base Case: No subsidy from Central Government is provided to YCDC.
- Case 1: No subsidy from Central Government is provided to YCDC. Two equal-percentage
tariff increases for all YCDC customers in 2019 (Phase 1 commissioning) and in 2023 (Phase 2
commissioning) are estimated to achieve a zero cumulative cash position at the end of project life.
- Case 2: 25 % of ODA loan portion is given to YCDC as grant subsidy.
- Case 3: 50 % of ODA loan portion is given to YCDC as grant subsidy.
(3) Financial Projection and Necessary Water Tariff Increase

Financial projection of Base Case scenario is shown in Table 3 and Figure 3. Since YCDC bears all the
financial burden of ODA loan and own-fund portion of initial investment, net cash flow of the case is
negative during the entire project period. Cumulative cash position at the end of project period is ■■
kyat. The Base Case is deemed financially not viable.
Non-disclosure
Figure 3 Financial Projection (Base Case)
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In Case 1 (See Table 4 and Figure 4), water tariff increase for all YCDC customers (equal percentage
period. Necessary tariff increase is calculated at +62.1% in nominal terms each in 2019 and 2023, or
2.6 times in total which is much lower than the case of projections in Chapter 10 in which necessary
tariff increase (9.1 times in total) is applied only to Zone 1 and 9 customers. As shown in Figure 4, the
tariff increase of entire YCDC customers significantly raises operational cash flow to surplus position
in each year.
Non-disclosure
Figure 4 Financial Projection (Case 1)
In Case 2 and Case 3, grant subsidy from the central government is provided to YCDC to ease its
financial burden that derives from subsidiary loan for initial investment. Grant subsidy accounts for
25 % of ODA loan portion in Case 2 and 50 % of ODA loan portion in Case 3 respectively. Results are
shown in Table 5 and Figure 5 (Case 2) and Table 6 and Figure 6 (Case 3). Since YCDC’s debt service
payments are reduced by the grant subsidy, the water tariff increase requirements are lowered to 2.4
times (Case 2) and 2.3 times (Case 3) in total.
Non-disclosure
Non-disclosure
(4) Results of Financial Projection

Results of financial projection in respective case scenarios are summarized in the following Table and
Figures. Cases with Central Government subsidy (Case 2 and Case 3) have lowered water tariff
increase requirement. However, even with 50 % subsidy for ODA loan portion in Case 3 the required
tariff increase in 2019 and 2023 accounts for over 50 % in nominal terms. As shown in the results, in
order for the project to achieve financial viability, it is necessary to increase the current water tariff for
all customers by 62.1 % (Case 1) to 50.1 % (Case 3) depending on the subsidy provided by Central
Government.
On the assumption of 3 to 4 % of household income affordability criteria (See Section 2.3 of Chapter
2), the increased water tariff level in all the four cases are lower than 3 %, indicating the required tariff
increase is considered affordable by the domestic customers.
A12-5
Table 3 Results of Financial Projection
Non-disclosure
Non-disclosure
Figure 7 Required Tariff Increase in Four Cases
Results of sensitivity analysis in terms of tariff increase percentage in 2019 and 2023 and projected
inflation rate in the 2026-2055 period are presented in the following Table. Even in Case 3 where the
government grant for 50 % of ODA loan portion is provided, significant tariff increase around 40 % -
80 % of the current level will be required in 2019 and 2023.
Table 4 Sensitivity Analysis

Base Case Case 1
Cumulative Cash Position Inflation Rate Assumption (2026 - 2055) Cumulative Cash Position Inflation Rate Assumption (2026 - 2055)
(billion Kyat) -3,499 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.8% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% (billion Kyat) 0 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.8% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0%
0% -2,158 -2,410 -2,842 -3,499 -3,595 -4,915 -7,244
0% -2,158 -2,410 -2,842 -3,499 -3,595 -4,915 -7,244
25% -945 -1,196 -1,629 -2,286 -2,381 -3,701 -6,030
25% -945 -1,196 -1,629 -2,286 -2,381 -3,701 -6,030
50% 532 280 -152 -809 -905 -2,225 -4,554
50% 532 280 -152 -809 -905 -2,225 -4,554
62.1% 1,341 1,090 657 0 -96 -1,416 -3,744
75.0% 2,271 2,020 1,587 930 835 -485 -2,814 Tariff Increase in 75% 2,271 2,020 1,587 930 835 -485 -2,814
Tariff Increase in
100% 4,274 4,022 3,590 2,933 2,837 1,517 -812 2019 and 2023 100% 4,274 4,022 3,590 2,933 2,837 1,517 -812
2019 and 2023
125% 6,539 6,288 5,855 5,198 5,103 3,783 1,454 125% 6,539 6,288 5,855 5,198 5,103 3,783 1,454
150% 9,068 8,816 8,384 7,727 7,631 6,311 3,983 150% 9,068 8,816 8,384 7,727 7,631 6,311 3,983
175% 11,859 11,608 11,175 10,518 10,423 9,103 6,774 175% 11,859 11,608 11,175 10,518 10,423 9,103 6,774
200% 14,914 14,662 14,230 13,573 13,477 12,157 9,829 200% 14,914 14,662 14,230 13,573 13,477 12,157 9,829
Case 2 Case 3
(billion Kyat) 0 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.8% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% (billion Kyat) 0 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.8% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0%
0% -1,757 -2,009 -2,441 -3,098 -3,194 -4,514 -6,842 0% -1,356 -1,608 -2,040 -2,697 -2,793 -4,113 -6,441
25% -544 -795 -1,228 -1,885 -1,980 -3,300 -5,629 25% -143 -394 -827 -1,484 -1,579 -2,899 -5,228
50% 933 681 249 -408 -504 -1,824 -4,152 50% 1,334 1,082 650 -7 -103 -1,423 -3,751
56.2% 1,341 1,090 657 0 -96 -1,416 -3,744 50.1% 1,341 1,090 657 0 -96 -1,416 -3,744
Tariff Increase in 75% 2,672 2,421 1,988 1,331 1,236 -84 -2,413 Tariff Increase in 75% 3,073 2,822 2,389 1,732 1,637 317 -2,012
2019 and 2023 100% 4,675 4,423 3,991 3,334 3,238 1,918 -410 2019 and 2023 100% 5,076 4,824 4,392 3,735 3,639 2,319 -9
125% 6,940 6,689 6,256 5,599 5,504 4,184 1,855 125% 7,341 7,090 6,657 6,000 5,905 4,585 2,256
150% 9,469 9,217 8,785 8,128 8,032 6,712 4,384 150% 9,870 9,618 9,186 8,529 8,433 7,113 4,785
175% 12,260 12,009 11,576 10,919 10,824 9,504 7,175 175% 12,661 12,410 11,977 11,320 11,225 9,905 7,576
200% 15,315 15,063 14,631 13,974 13,878 12,558 10,230 200% 15,716 15,465 15,032 14,375 14,279 12,959 10,631
1.4 Combined Financial Projection of Phase 1 and Phase 2 Projects
The present section estimates the water tariff requirement taking into account the cash flow projection
of the Phase 1 project in addition to Phase 2, following the same assumptions stated in the previous
sections as well as the costs and assumptions used for Phase 1 project in Chapter 10. The applied
assumptions in the projection are summarized in the following Table. The same case scenarios as in
the previous section are applied in terms of degree of government subsidy for ODA loan portion of
initial investment.
A12-6
Table 5 Assumptions of Combined Cash Flow Projection

1 Exchange Rate Kyat 1.00 = JPY 0.0923 USD 1.00 = JPY 109.2 = Kyat 1,183 except for Phase 1 costs conversion
2 Price Escalation FC = 1.6% LC = 5.8%
3 Physical Contingency Construction: 5% Consulting Services: 5%
4 Administration Cost 5%
5 Taxation VAT: 5% Import Tax: 2%
6 JICA ODA Loan Conditions Currency: JPY
Interest Rate (% per anum): 0.01% Front end fee: None (0%)
Repayment period: 40 years repayment period including 10 year grace period
Interest During Construction: Phase 1: Loan-covered, Phase 2: Not covered by loan
7 Union Government Subsidiary Loan to YCDC Same conditions as JICA ODA Loan
Exchange risk premium applied to the financial projection: 6.0% p.a.
(Cost of debt applied in the financial projection: 0.01% interest rate + 6.0% risk premium = 6.01%)
8 Project Lifetime From 2014 to 2055 (42 years)
9 Prices All prices are expressed in current (nominal) price including inflation
2016 - 2025 peiord: Same inflation rates as the price escalation is applied
2026 - 2055 period: 5.8% infalation rate for LC is applied as base assumption
10 Phase 1 Cost Data Conversion Exchange rates applied for cost data conversion:
Kyat 1.00 = JPY 0.102 USD 1.00 = 970.9
Financial projection of Base Case scenario is shown in Table 10 and Figure 8. Since YCDC bears all
the financial burden of the two ODA loans and own-fund portion of initial investment, cumulative
cash position at the end of project period is ■■kyat showing that the Base Case is deemed
financially not viable even combined with Phase 1 project.
Non-disclosure
Figure 8 Combined Financial Projection (Base Case)
In Case 1 (See Table 11 and Figure 9), water tariff increase for all YCDC customers (equal percentage
period. Necessary tariff increase is calculated at +93.6 % in nominal terms each in 2019 and 2023, or
3.7 times in total which is more than the estimation applying only Phase 2 cash flows (2.6 times).
Non-disclosure
Figure 9 Combined Financial Projection (Case 1)
Results of Case 2 and Case 3, where grant subsidy from the central government (25 % for Case 2 and
50 % of Case 3) is provided to YCDC for Phase 2 ODA loan, are shown in Table 12 and Figure 10
(Case 2) and Table 13 and Figure 11 (Case 3). With the grant subsidy, the water tariff increase
requirements are lowered to 3.6 times (Case 2) and 3.4 times (Case 3) in total.
Non-disclosure
A12-7
Non-disclosure
Results of the combined financial projection in the four case scenarios are summarized in the
following Table and Figures. Cases with Central Government subsidy (25 % subsidy for Case 2 and
50 % subsidy for Case 3) have lowered water tariff increase requirement from that of Case 1 with no
government subsidy. However, these three (3) cases require water tariff increase of over 3.4 times in
total.
In terms of affordability among the residents, the increased water tariff levels in three (3) cases are
within the range of 3.0-4.0 % of household income which is the generally considered affordability
threshold.
Table 6 Results of Combined Financial Projection
Non-disclosure
Non-disclosure
Figure 12 Required Tariff Increase in Four Cases
Results of sensitivity analysis of combined cash flow projection, in terms of tariff increase percentage
in 2019 and 2023 and projected inflation rate in the 2026-2055 period.
Table 7 Sensitivity Analysis

Base Case Case 1
(billion Kyat) -5,891 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.8% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% (billion Kyat) 0 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.8% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0%
0% -2,766 -3,351 -4,358 -5,891 -6,114 -9,199 -14,648 0% -2,766 -3,351 -4,358 -5,891 -6,114 -9,199 -14,648
25% -1,552 -2,137 -3,145 -4,678 -4,901 -7,986 -13,435 25% -1,552 -2,137 -3,145 -4,678 -4,901 -7,986 -13,435
50% -76 -661 -1,668 -3,201 -3,424 -6,509 -11,958
50% -76 -661 -1,668 -3,201 -3,424 -6,509 -11,958
75% 1,664 1,079 71 -1,462 -1,685 -4,770 -10,219
75% 1,664 1,079 71 -1,462 -1,685 -4,770 -10,219
Tariff Increase in Tariff Increase in 93.6% 3,126 2,541 1,533 0 -223 -3,308 -8,757
100% 3,666 3,081 2,074 541 318 -2,767 -8,216 2019 and 2023 100% 3,666 3,081 2,074 541 318 -2,767 -8,216
2019 and 2023
125% 5,932 5,347 4,339 2,806 2,583 -502 -5,951 125% 5,932 5,347 4,339 2,806 2,583 -502 -5,951
150% 8,460 7,875 6,868 5,335 5,112 2,027 -3,422 150% 8,460 7,875 6,868 5,335 5,112 2,027 -3,422
175% 11,252 10,667 9,659 8,126 7,903 4,818 -631 175% 11,252 10,667 9,659 8,126 7,903 4,818 -631
200% 14,306 13,721 12,714 11,181 10,958 7,873 2,424 200% 14,306 13,721 12,714 11,181 10,958 7,873 2,424
Case 2 Case 3
(billion Kyat) 0 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.8% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% (billion Kyat) 0 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.8% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0%
0% -2,365 -2,949 -3,957 -5,490 -5,713 -8,798 -14,247 0% -1,964 -2,548 -3,556 -5,089 -5,312 -8,397 -13,846
25% -1,151 -1,736 -2,744 -4,277 -4,500 -7,585 -13,034 25% -750 -1,335 -2,343 -3,876 -4,099 -7,184 -12,632
50% 325 -259 -1,267 -2,800 -3,023 -6,108 -11,557 50% 726 142 -866 -2,399 -2,622 -5,707 -11,156
75% 2,065 1,480 472 -1,061 -1,284 -4,369 -9,818 75% 2,466 1,881 873 -660 -883 -3,968 -9,416
Tariff Increase in 88.6% 3,126 2,541 1,533 0 -223 -3,308 -8,757 Tariff Increase in 83.6% 3,126 2,541 1,533 0 -223 -3,308 -8,757
2019 and 2023 100% 4,067 3,483 2,475 942 719 -2,366 -7,815 2019 and 2023 100% 4,468 3,884 2,876 1,343 1,120 -1,965 -7,414
125% 6,333 5,748 4,740 3,207 2,984 -101 -5,550 125% 6,734 6,149 5,141 3,608 3,385 300 -5,148
150% 8,861 8,277 7,269 5,736 5,513 2,428 -3,021 150% 9,262 8,678 7,670 6,137 5,914 2,829 -2,620
175% 11,653 11,068 10,060 8,527 8,304 5,219 -230 175% 12,054 11,469 10,461 8,928 8,705 5,620 172
200% 14,707 14,123 13,115 11,582 11,359 8,274 2,825 200% 15,108 14,524 13,516 11,983 11,760 8,675 3,226
A12-8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. NAME SCALE No. NAME SCALE
Kokkowa Water Treatment Plant Transmission Pipe for Zone1
H=1:10,000
WTP-1 Layout Plan(1/2) 1:3000 PL-010 Plan and Longitudinal Section (7) V=2000
H=1:10,000
WTP-2 Layout Plan(2/2) 1:1500 PL-011 Plan and Longitudinal Section (8) V=2000
WTP-3 Water Level Chart NONE PL-012 Cross Section (3) 1:500
WTP-4 Flow Sheet (Intake) NONE PL-013 Hlaing River Crossing Plan and Longitudinal Section 1:1000
WTP-5 Flow Sheet (WTP) NONE PL-014 Index MAP (Yangon City) 1:30,000
H=1:10,000
WTP-6 Single Line Diagram NONE PL-015 Plan and Longitudinal Section (9) V=2000
H=1:10,000
Transmission Pipe to Zone9 PL-016 Plan and Longitudinal Section (10) V=2000
H=1:10,000
PL-001 Index MAP (Hlaing Tharyar TS) 1:80,000 PL-017 Plan and Longitudinal Section (11) V=2000
H=1:10,000 H=1:10,000
PL-002 Plan and Longitudinal Section (1) V=2000 PL-018 Plan and Longitudinal Section (12) V=2000
H=1:10,000 H=1:10,000
H=1:10,000 H=1:10,000
H=1:10,000
PL-005 Plan and Longitudinal Section (4) V=2000 PL-021 Cross Section (4) 1:500
H=1:10,000
PL-006 Plan and Longitudinal Section (5) V=2000 PL-022 Cross Section (5) 1:500
H=1:10,000
PL-007 Plan and Longitudinal Section (6) V=2000 Service Reservoirs in Zone 1
PL-008 Cross Section (1) 1:500 KSR-1 Kokine SR: General Plan 1:1200
PL-009 Cross Section (2) 1:500 CSR-1 Central SR: General Plan 1:1200
Zone 9 Service Reservoir and Relay Pump Station CSR-2 Central SR: Plan 1:1500
Z9SR-1 General Layout of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Station 1:1500 CSR-3 Central SR: Section 1:1500
Appendix -13
Z9SR-2 Plan of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Tank 1:500 Distribution Pipe
Zone9 in 2025: General Plan of Distribution Main, DMA
Z9SR-3 Section of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Tank 1:500 DPL-Z9 NONE
and Distribution Pipe
Zone1 in 2025: General Plan of Distribution Main, DMA
Z9SR-4 Single Line Diagram NONE DPL-Z1 NONE
and Distribution Pipe
SCADA Flow Monitoring Diagram NONE
216,801
[711'-3"]
515,989
[1,692'-11"]
20 0,
0
[6 5 6 0 0
' -2 "]
Note : The values are indicative, and detailed values shall be decided in detailed design.
PROJECT Scale A3; S=1:3000
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY JICA Study Team Preparatory Survey for Greater Yangon Water Supply
YANGON CITY DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WATER & SANITATION) Improvement Project Phase II (Kokkowa River)
WTP- 1
DRAWN BY DESIGNED BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY TITLE Kokkowa Water Treatment Plant
- - - - Layout Plan(1/2) Date 30 June 2016
[164'-1"]
50,000
[65'-7"]
20,000
[164'-1"]
50,000
210,000
[689']
[65'-7"]
20,000
[164'-1"]
50,000
[65'-7"]
20,000
15,000 51,650 15,000 48,900 15,000 38,000 16,000
[49'-3"] [169'-5"] [49'-3"] [160'-5"] [49'-3"] [124'-8"] [52'-6"]
PROJECT Scale A3; S=1:1500
WTP-2
- - - - Layout Plan (2/2) Date 30 June 2016
[ Intake Facility ] [ Water Treatment Facility ] [ Transmission Facility ]
Kokkowa River Leading Canal Intake Flap Gate Leading Pre-Sedimentation Lift Pump House Recieiving Well Flocculation Basin Rapid Sand Filter Clear Water Transmission
Gate Canal Pond Mixing Well Sedimentation Basin 3 Units Tank Pump Station
6 Nos. 6 Nos. 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 3 Units 6 Units 3 Units 1 Unit
for 140MGD for 140MGD for 60MGD Retention time: Pump: 5 Units Pump: 4 Units
About 48 hrs (3 duty + 2 Stand-by) (3 duty + 1 Stand-by)
for 60MGD
WL+13.60
WL+12.70 WL+12.20 WL+11.00
WL+11.70 WL+11.70
WL+9.20
Overflow L WL+9.00 HWL+8.70
+8.10 LWL+3.20
+0.80
[43'-8"]
13,300
Exist.Embankment GL+7.0(R.L+23.0')
P.GL+7.1(R.L+23.29') +7.3 P.GL+7.1(R.L+23.29')
[11'-6"]
HHWL+5.88(R.L+19.3') HWL+5.88
3,500
P.GL+4.57 (+15.0')
[18'-4"]
E.GL+3.50 ( +11.48' ) E.GL+3.60(R.L+11.81')

5,580
MWL+2.81
[28'-3"]
8,620
LLWL+0.30(R.L+1.0') +0.30 LWL+0.30
[6'-7"]
2,000
-1.20 -1.70
-2.20(-7.22') -1.70 -1.70 -2.20
-2.74
-3.70
[38'-6"]
11,730
-6.20
-11.43(R.L-37.50')
Back Wash Drainage Pipe
Sludge Removal Pipe
[ Sludge Treatment Facility ]
P.GL+7.1(R.L+23.29') WL+6.5 P.GL+7.1 P.GL+7.1
[2'-9"]
WL+6.5
850
HWL+5.88
To Thickener From Sludge Basin
E.GL+3.60(R.L+11.81') E.GL+3.60(R.L+11.81') E.GL+3.60(R.L+11.81')
LWL+0.30 Drain
To Pre-Sedimentation Pond -2.74
Wash Water Drainage Basin Sludge Basin Pre-Sedimentation Thickener Sun Drying Bed
3 Units 3Units Pond 3 Units 9 Units
60MGD=286,400m3/day
PROJECT Scale None
WTP-3
- - - - Water Level Chart Date 30 June 2016
LEGEND
KOKKOWA RIVER SYMBOL NAME
M
Process Water Pipe
Utility Water Pipe
Drainage Pipe
C Chemical Pipe
Air Pipe
P Pump
Sluice Valve
Butterfly Valve
Check Valve
Overhead Crane
Pressure Reducing Valve
S
Solenoid Valve
Boll Valve
Tap
TO RECEIVING WELL (A Train)
TO RECEIVING WELL (B Train)
TO RECEIVING WELL (C Train)
M M M M M
P P P P P
M
Duty Standby Duty Standby Duty Drain Pump

DRAIN
Lift Pump
64 m3/ min x 18 m x 300 kW (VFD)
P P
LEADING CANAL INTAKE GATE PRE-SEDIMENTATION POND LIFT PUMP HOUSE
PROJECT Scale A3; None
TITLE WTP-4
DRAWN BY DESIGNED BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY Kokkowa Water Treatment Plant
- - - - Flow Sheet (Intake) Date 30 June 2016
PRE-SEDIMENTATION LIFT PUMP HOUSE FLOCCULATION / RAPID SAND FILTER CLEAR WATER TANK TRANSMISSION PUMP STATION
POND SEDIMENTATION BASIN
Air Brower
F
Pre-chlorine
M PAC
M
KOKKOWA M Fl M M Post-chlorine
M
RIVER M M
M M
M
M A M
M
M
M M
M x3 M A
M
TO (B TRAIN)
M M
P
Inter-chlorine
M FROM (B TRAIN) T TO (A,B,C TRAIN)
M M
TO (C TRAIN) P
M
Lift Pump FROM (C TRAIN) Plant Water Pump
M
For Removing Sediment M M M M

M M
M TO Zone9 S. RESERVOIR
F
M
Transmission Pump
FROM (C TRAIN) FROM (B TRAIN) M M
M M
M M
M For Banking LEGEND
SLUDGE BASIN WASH WATER M

SYMBOL NAME
Process Water Pipe

M M M DRAINAGE BASIN
M M Utility Water Pipe
M Drainage Pipe
C Chemical Pipe
M
Air Pipe
TO DRAIN
TO DRAIN
TO DRAIN
P Pump
M M M
Sluice Valve
Butterfly Valve
Check Valve
Pressure Reducing Valve
SUN DRYING BED

S
THICKENER DRAIN Solenoid Valve
Boll Valve
Tap
WTP-5
DRAWN BY DESIGNED BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY TITLE
Kokkowa Water Treatment Plant
- - - - Flow Sheet (WTP) Date 30 June 2016
Single Line Diagram for WTP
PROJECT Scale NTS
TITLE WTP-6
DRAWN BY DESIGNED BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY Kokkowa WTP
- - - - Single Line Diagram Date 30 June 2016
la
COMMITTEE
to Zone 9
June 2016
COMMITTEE
to Zone 9
June 2016
COMMITTEE
to Zone 9
June 2016
COMMITTEE
to Zone 9
June 2016
COMMITTEE
to Zone 9
June 2016
COMMITTEE
to Zone 9
June 2016
COMMITTEE
to Zone 9
June 2016
COMMITTEE
008
to Zone 9
June 2016
COMMITTEE
009
to Zone 9
June 2016
60
0+540
0+520
0+500
0+480
0+460
0+440
0+420
0+400
0+380
0+360
0+340
0+320
0+300
0+280
0+140
0+260
0+160
0+240
0+180
0+220
0+200
80
+7
20
00
+8
20
8 20
2 0+
840
+
20
0
+ 86
20
8 80
2 0+
0
+ 90
20
20
+9
20
0
94
2 0+
0
96
2 0+
0
98
2 0+
0
+ 00
21
0
02
2 1+
0
04
2 1+
0 60
2 1+
80
+0
21
General Layout of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Station

0
10
+
21
Scale = 1:1500
0
+ 12
21
1:1500
COMMITTEE
TRM-RP-001
Z9SR-1
General Layout of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Station June 2016
B
Zone 9 Service Reservoir and Relay Tank (In the Future)
Capacity: 12.2 MG
3,800
6,500 141,200
M
14,000
Zone 9 Service Reservoir and Relay Tank (Under ODA Project)

Capacity: 12.2 MG
61,200
61,200
47,200
A A
E.X.J
B
Plan of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Tank Scale = 1:500
1:500
COMMITTEE
Z9SR-2
TRM-RP-002
Plan of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Tank June 2016

5,750 140,000 Pump House
Ventilator Chamber FGL+4.500

HWL+3.000
7,000
9,250
Zone 9 Service Reservoir and Relay Tank (Under ODA Project)
E.X.J
12,750
Capacity: 12.2 MG
LWL-4.000
A - A Section
61,200 61,200
Ventilator Chamber
FGL+4.500
HWL+3.000
Zone 9 Service Reservoir and Relay Tank (Under ODA Project) Zone 9 Service Reservoir and Relay Tank (In the Future)
9,250
Capacity: 12.2 MG Capacity: 12.2 MG

LWL-4.000
B - B Section
Section of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Tank Scale = 1:500
1:500
COMMITTEE
Z9SR-3
TRM-RP-003
Section of Zone 9 SR and Relay Pump Tank June 2016

Single Line Diagram for Zone 9
PROJECT Scale NTS
Z9SR-4
Zone 9
- - - - Single Line Diagram Date 30 June 2016
COMMITTEE
010
June 2016
COMMITTEE
011
June 2016
COMMITTEE
June 2016
TRM-PL-013
June 2016
1:1000
Scale
Date
0+100
0+080
t
a
Sh

re
Departure Sha t
rtu
0+0
60
pa
0+422.1 3.06
De
Improvement Project Phase II (Kokkowa River)
0+420 2.97
0+ 0
40
-1.34
0+400
0+0 1.66
Hlaing River Crossing Plan and Longitudinal Section
2 0
-1.34
0+0
0+380
00 -4.13
0+4 01.19 9
0+4 00
0+3 98
0+3 96
0.0
-6.84
0+3 94
0+3 92
0+3 90
0+360
0+3 88
0+3 86
-10.94
0.0
0+3 84
0+3 82
0+3 80
0+3 78
0+3 76
-12.84
0+3 74
0+3 72
0+340
Transmission Pipe or Zone 1
0+3 70
0+3 68
0+3 66
-13.79
0+3 64
0+3 62
0+3 60
0+3 58
0+3 56
-18.20
0+3 54
0+3 52
0+3 50
0+320
0+3 48
0+3 46
-21.46
0+3 44
0+3 42
0+3 40
0+3 38
0+3 36
-21.78
0+3 34
0+3 32
-22.00
0+3 30
0+300
0+3 28
0+3 26
-21.18
0+3 24
Hlaing River Crossing Longitudinal Section
0+3 22
0+3 20
0+3 18
0+3 16
-20.22
0+3 14
0+3 12
0+3 10
0+280
0+3 08
0+3 06
-19.09
0+3 04
0+3 02
0+3 00
0+2 98
0+2 96
-17.97
0+2 94
0+2 92
0+260
PROJECT
0+2 90
0+2 88
0+2 86
-17.50
0+2 84
Hlaing River Crossing Plan
0+2 82
Shield Tunnel (O.D. 2350mm)
0+2 80
Shield O.D 2350mm, Transmission Pipe Dia. f1600/Steel Pipe
TITLE
Hlaing River
0+2 78
0+2 76
-17.50
Transmission Pipe (f1600)
0+2 74
0+2 72
0+2 70
0+240
0+2 68
0+2 66
-17.50
0+2 64
0+2 62
0+2 60
0+2 58
0+2 56
-17.50
0+2 54
0+2 52
0+2 50
0+220
0+2 48
0+2 46
-17.50
0+2 44
0+2 42
0+2 40
-17.50
Hlaing River
0+2 38
0+2 36
0+2 34
0+2 32
0+2 30
0+200
Scale: H=V= 1:1000

0+2 28
0+2 26
-17.57
0+2 24
Scale = 1:1000
0+2 22
0+2 20
0+2 18
0+2 16
-17.71
0+2 14
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WATER & SANITATION)

0+2 12
0+180
0m
0+2 10
0+2 08
0+2 06
-17.83
.7
0+2 04
0+2 02
28
0+2 00
0+1 98
-18.11
-
0+1 96
l:
0+1 94
ve
0+1 92
0+1 90
0+160
Le
0+1 88
0+1 86
-18.90
0+1 84
er
0+1 82
APPROVED BY
0+1 80
nt
0+1 78
0+1 76
-19.16
Ce
0+1 74
0+1 72
0+1 70
0+140
0+1 68
0+1 66
-19.43
0+1 64
0+1 62
0+1 60
0+1 58
0+1 56
-19.50
0+1 54
0+1 52
0+1 50
0+120
0+1 48
0+1 46
-19.82
0+1 44
0+1 42
0+1 40
0+1 38
0+1 36
-19.98
-
0+1 34
0+1 32
0+1 30
0+1 28
0+100 -20.42
0+1 26
0+1 24
0+1 22
0+1 20
0+1 18
0+1 16
-20.03
0+1 14
0+1 12
0+1 10
0+080
0+1 08
0+1 06
-20.00
0+1 04
0+1 02
0+1 00
0+0 98
0+0 96
-20.00
0+0 94
0+0 92
0+0 90
0+060
0+0 88
0+0 86
-18.28
0+0 84
0+0 82
0+0 80
JICA Study Team

0+0 78
0+0 76
-15.67
0+0 74
0+0 72
0+0 70
0+040
0+0 68
0+0 66
-10.27
0+0 64
0+0 62
0+0 60
0+0 58
-4.77
CHECKED BY
0+0 56
0+0 54
0+0 52
0+0 50
0+020
0+0 48
0+0 46
-2.96
0+0 44
0+0 42
0+0 40
0+0 38
0+0 36
0.55
0+0 34
0+0 32
0+0 30
0+000
0+0 28
0+0 26
1.01
0+0 24
0+0 22
0+0 20
0+0 18
2.25
-
0+0 16
0+0 14
0+0 12
0+0 10
0-020
0+0 08
0+0 06
3.30
0+0 04

0+0 02
0+0 00
4.07
0-040
4.14
YANGON CITY DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

4.24
t
0-060
ha
4.34
DESIGNED BY
al
iv
0-076.6 4.45
Arrival Sha t
r
Ar
4.50
-8
-16
-24
-
DRAWN BY
-
E191000-m
E191500-m
E192000-m
E192500-m
E193000-m
E193500-m
E194000-m
E194500-m
E195000-m
E195500-m
E196000-m
E196500-m
E197000-m
E197500-m
E198000-m
E198500-m
E199000-m
E199500-m
E200000-m
E200500-m
N1865000-m
9
N1864500-m
16 16
N1864000-m
N1863500-m
N1863000-m
17
17
N1862500-m
Kokine Service Reservoior
N1862000-m
1+281
N1861500-m
25 25
8 .8
24 24
04
2+
N1861000-m
N1860500-m
11 19 19
13 23 23
22
Central Service Reservoior
22
N1860000-m
20
21
0+350
20
21
N1859500-m
ad
12
n Ro
u Sei
d t Roa
Hpo
U Tun Mya
D olph in R es tau rant
N1859000-m
Rd
San
Ka
aik
Ky
U Ht aun g B o R ound
N1858500-m
Index Map (Yangon City) .
0
1
D
N
E
Scale = 1:30000
PROJECT Scale
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY JICA Study Team Preparatory Survey for Greater Yangon Water Supply 1:30000
TRM-PL-014
Transmission Pipe or Zone 1
- - - - Index Map (Yangon City) Date June 2016
COMMITTEE
June 2016
COMMITTEE
June 2016
COMMITTEE
June 2016
Stoppable Tapping Method)
(F750x700)
June 2016
COMMITTEE
June 2016
COMMITTEE
June 2016
COMMITTEE
June 2016
COMMITTEE
June 2016
COMMITTEE
KSR-1
Legend
General Plan Target Facilities in 2025
COMMITTEE
CSR-1
B
99600 Dia. 1400 mm
350 98900 350 To High subzone
5100 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5100 18700
350 18700
18000 700
700
350
5100
5000 Pump Room
19400
5000 5000
30100
4400
3800 A
2500
3400
400
700
1300
1300
7000
5800
5000
700 EXPANSION JOINT W = 250

2500
9300
5000
400
700
60900
700
5000
Dia. 1000 mm
From Kokkowa WTP Power Generator
5000
and/or Yegu PS
5000 5000
30100
30450
5000
5100
350
700
EXPANSION JOINT W = 250
Plan
Note : The values are indicative, and detailed values shall be

decided in detailed design.
PROJECT Scale
COMITTEE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WATER & SANITATION) Improvement Project Phase II (Kokkowa River)
TITLE CSR-2
DRAWN BY DESIGNED BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY Central Service Reservoir
- - - - Plan Date April 2016
99600
350 80200 18700 350
5100 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5100 18700
13600
13200
2120
200
250
8100 300 200

2000
HWL +41.938
7000
7400
1300
3870 5030
+ 40.538
700
8000
9850
GL+ 37.39
100
5070
1300
6170
PUMP ROOM
6970
LWL +33.938
1000
700
300
400
700
2400
2100
3300 18000
200
100
Dia. 1200 mm 4650
700 600
SECTION A - A
60900
350 60200 350
5100 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5100
700
HWL +41.938
4570 5280
+ 40.538
9850
GL+ 37.39 GL+ 37.39

12
Clayey Silt 11
+33.89M
10 LWL +33.938
12
+32.89M Silty Sand
Clayey Silt
1000
+30.39M >50
>50
Silty Sand >50
+27.39M >50 EXPANSION JOINT W = 250
>50
>50
Silty Sand >50

>50
>50
+21.89M
>50
Silty Sand >50

>50
>50
SECTION B - B
+17.39M >50
>50
>50
Silty Sand >50
>50
>50
+11.89M
PROJECT Scale
COMMITTEE
YANGON CITY DEVELOPMENT COMITTEE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WATER & SANITATION) Improvement Project Phase II (Kokkowa River)
TITLE CSR-3
DRAWN BY DESIGNED BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY Central Service Reservoir
- - - - Section Date April 2016
COMMITTEE
YANGON CITY DEVELOPMENT COMITTEE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WATER & SANITATION) Improvement Project Phase II (Kokkowa River)
DPL-Z9
Z9 -
Zone 9 in 2025
- - - - General Plan of Distribution Main, DMA and Distribution Pipe Date Oct. 2015
June 2016
Proposed DMA in Zone1 Distribution main pipe of High subzone in Zone1
Note : The values are indicative

shall be decided in detailed design. Distribution pipe-network in Zone1 Distribution main pipe of Low subzone in Zone1
COMITTEE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WATER & SANITATION) Improvement Project Phase II (Kokkowa River)
Z1 -
DPL-Z1
Zone 1 in 2025
- - - - General Plan of Distribution Main, DMA and Distribution Pipe Date Oct. 2015
June 2016
WTP Monitoring Room (Administration Build.) ZONE9 Monitoring Room (Relay Pump Station) ZONE1 Monitoring Room (Kokine SR)
SCADA for WTP SCADA for Transmission and Distribution (ZONE9) SCADA for Distribution (ZONE1)
HMI HMI HMI HMI HMI HMI
ADSL ADSL
Server Server Server Server Server Server
Optical Fiber Network Optical Fiber Network
Data Data
LAN LAN
LAN
PLC PLC PLC PLC PLC PLC PLC PLC PLC

Data
PLC PLC PLC GPRS

Modem
Pre-sedim.pond WTP Tr. Pump St. Zone9 SR
Relay PS
x19
Lift Pump Transmission Pump Transmission Pump
Kokine
S.Reservoir
Kokkowa WTP ZONE 9
(Low Sub-Zone)
Out of Scope
PLC
x23
x18
DMA (ZONE 9) PLC PLC PLC
From Yegu PS Central (High Sub-Zone)

S.Reservoir
Distribution Pump DMA (ZONE 1)
Flow Monitoring Diagram

PROJECT Scale NTS
SCADA
General
- - - - Flow Monitoring Diagram Date 30 June 2016
Risk Management Framework
Appendix -14
Project Name: Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project (Phase 2)
Country: Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Sector: Water
Officers in charge:
- Operational staff
- Engineering staff:
- Country office staff:
Potential project risks Assessment
1. Stakeholder Risk Probability: (1) L (2) L (3) L
(Description of risk) Impact: (1) H (2) M (3) L
(1) Lowering of the priority by a change of Analysis of probability and impact:
government (1) The government has changed in April 2016, and the impact may be
-Last general election was held in Nov relatively high.
2015. (2) This project has one of the highest priority in Yangon Water Master
(2) Low priority of the project in the national Plan 2013, which is extensively known to YCDC. In addition, this project is
policy. indispensable for improvement of living condition in Yangon in terms of
(3) Conflict with the vested interest of water supply services, and a part of this project has already been started
parties and public. by YCDC.
(3) Although Stakeholder Meetings were not held during F/S, the Yangon
regional government will relocate the illegal houses in the region soon.
Therefore, the probability of occurrence of conflict with the vested interest
of parties and public might be low.
Mitigation measures:
Mutual understanding on this project among the related authorities and
public.
Action during the implementation:
-Hold SHM
-Hold Project Coordination Committee meeting
Contingency plan (if applicable):
2. Executing Agency Risk

2.1. Capacity Risk Probability: (1) L (2) L
(Description of risk) Impact: (1) M (2) M
(1) Lack of personnel, financial resources Analysis of probability and impact:
and rights' necessary for implementation of (1) Skilled Personnel : 1,311 ⇒Sufficient
the project Financial resources : 91,393 mill. Kyat (2015 Budget for WSD) out of
(2) Lack of reliability/capacity of financial 339,719 mill. Kyat (2015 total Budget of YCDC) ⇒ cost for non-eligible
management and procurement process portion is assumed as 155,236 mill. Kyat for 10 years (15,524 mill.
Kyat/year. about 4.6% of total annual budget of YCDC)
Rights : YCDC/WSD has responsibility for water supply improvement
in Yangon City.
(2) Financial capacity of relevant department of YCDC for water business
is being improved by the JICA technical assistance. Procurements for
construction has been in progress in Phase 1 project starting May 2016.
Therefore, the risk will be mitigated in terms of both financial management
and procurement process.
(1) Assignment of experienced persons
(2) Learn from the Phase 1 project outcome and improve relevant
process (if required)
(1) Collaboration with PMU of Phase 1 project
(2) Learn from the Phase 1 project outcome and improve relevant
process (if required)
2.2. Governance Risk Probability: M

(Description of risk) Impact: H
(1) Delay of budget approval by the cabinet Analysis of probability and impact:
YCDC/WSD prepares budgets, Mayor/Regional government reviews
them, and submits to the Ministry of Finance and Revenue (MoFR), which
in turn submits the Budget to the parliament through the President's Office
for approval.
Mutual and earlier consensus formation
Hold Project Coordination Committee meeting
A14-1
2.3. Fraud & Corruption Risk Probability: L
(Description of risk) Impact: L
(1) Fraud, waste and abuse due to defect Analysis of probability and impact:
and/or lack of a system in the entity -YCDC has Inspection Department for monitoring of expenditures.
-Actual expenses are compared to the planned expenses in budget.
YCDC/WSD is required to report and explain significant variations to
Mayor/Regional government for approval.
-The accounting system is paper-based.
-A financial management system will be prepared by the PMU for the
project. The PMU for Kokkowa project has already been established for
construction work.
-Adjustment of the existing financial and procurement management
system
-Collaboration with the PMU of Phase 1 project
-Learn from the Phase 1 project outcome and improve relevant process (if
required)
-OJT of members in the PMU through the Phase 1 project
3. Project Risk
3.1. Design Risk Probability: (1) L (2) L (3) M
(Description of risk) Impact: (1) H (2) M (3) H
(1) Failure of tender due to improper Analysis of probability and impact:
contract package (1) Contract package is proposed to divide into five packages and project
(2) Deterioration in quality due to capacity cost for each package is about 100 million USD which is considered to be
shortage of contractors sufficient amount for ICB. The size of contract package is decided
(3) Vulnerability to external factors such as considering the capacity of international contractor based on the
foreign exchange loss interviews. Therefore, probability might be mitigated.
(2) Although Phase 1 project is in progress, probability depends on
condition of pre-qualification and/or capacity/experience of the YCDC in
international bidding of projects.
(3) Physical contingency and price escalation are considered in the project
cost estimates. Therefore, probability might be mitigated.
(1) Adjustment in the contract package through subsequence interviews
and upon reference to related international loan projects.
(2) Setting of proper pre-qualification conditions (e.g., financial capacity in
terms of provision of rolling capital for the works)
(3) Verification of possibility of additional budget allocation

(1) Subsequence interviews and reference to related international loan
projects
(2) Collect and review information on PQ conditions of related projects in
Myanmar and similar cases of practices in other countries
(3) Collection of information from relevant entity through questionnaire
3.2. Program & Donor Risk Probability: (1) L

(Description of risk) Impact: (1) M
(1) Conflict with other projects by other Analysis of probability and impact:
donors (1) JICA has financed Phase 1 and technical assistance projects and
based on discussion with YCDC other donors are not planning to finance
proposed components under this project.
(1) Continuous information exchange and monitoring
(1) Holding periodical meetings
A14-2
3.3. Delivery Quality Risk Probability: (1) M (2) L
(Description of risk) Impact: (1) M (2) L
(1) Deterioration of project effect due to Analysis of probability and impact:
shortage of maintenance cost and (1) Annual maintenance and operation cost is 5.5% (18,778 mill. Kyat) of
maintenance capacity YCDC total budget in 2015. OM expenditure will increase and reach to
(2) Suspend or delay due to contingencies 32,073 mill. Kyat (9.4%) after completion of Kokkowa system. Therefore,
such as natural disasters increase of water tariff will be considered in two stages in order to cover
the OM expenditure.
(2) Although project area adjoins the river, these are protected by the
embankment and also the ground level of proposed site will be raised by
YCDC. The construction schedule is to be established with premise that
construction speed should slow down and affect the critical-path of works
during rainy season.
(1)-Technical assistance project
-Examination of water tariff scheme
-Optimization of water tariff
(2) Establishment of contingency plan for construction
(1) -Holding technical seminar and training as a part of OJT
-Discussion on application of improved water tariff scheme with YCDC
including Mayor
-Monitoring and interviews with the customers
(2) Including examination of countermeasures for contingencies into the
TOR of construction
4. Other Risk Probability: H/M/L

(Description of risk) Impact: H/M/L
Analysis of probability and impact:
5. Overall Risk Rating Probability: H/M/L

(Overall comments) Impact: H/M/L
1/ Descriptions in the risk management matrix can be brief and concise. In order to record the description of each risk
as well as the evidence for the team’s assessment, a separate sheet should be prepared to describe the details.
A14-3
Appendix -15
A15-1
A15-2
A15-3
A15-4
A15-5
A15-6
(Official English Version by YCDC )
YCDC,Engineering Department(Water &

U Myint Oo (Department Head)
Sanitation)
YCDC,Engineering Department
U Myo Thein (Dy.CE)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Khin Maung Hpu (A.CE)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Myint Sein (A.CE)
(Water &Sanitation)
YCDC, City Planning & Land Administration (Northern
U Nyi Nyi Thant (A.CE)
Department District)
U Soe Kyaing (Division Head)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Zaw Min (Division Head)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Than Han (Division Head)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Thant Zin Oo (District Officer)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Tint Zaw (Section Head)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Aung Ko Oo (Section Head)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Aung Htut Linn (Section Head)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Phone Naing (Section Head)
(Water &Sanitation)
Daw Khin San Win(A.E)
(Water &Sanitation)
U Aung Min Oo (J.E 2)
(Water &Sanitation)
Daw Linn Linn Chit (J.E 2)
(Water &Sanitation)
Daw Htike Htike Khaing (D.SE)
(Water &Sanitation)
Daw Sandar Win (Account - 2)
(Water &Sanitation)
Daw Thi Thi Htun (Environmental
JICA Study Team
Expert)
behalf
U Kyaw Moe Lwin (Township of
Road Department ,Ministry of Construction Yangon
Officer) Directo
r
Htan Tapin
Land Record Department U Aye Naing Htun (Officer),
Township
Htan Tapin U Sai Hpu Kyi (Township
General Administration Department
Tsp. Administrator)
behalf of
Northern District
General Administration Department U Naing Win Administ
District
rator
behalf of
Townshi
Hlaing Thar
General Administration Department U Wint Phyo Hlaing p
Yar Tsp. Administ
rator
A15-7
Anya Su
Religious Leader U Kay Wa La Monk
Village
Ka Twel
Religious Leader U Pyin Nyar Zaw Ta Monk
Village
Ka Twel
Village Administrator U Aung Myo Kyaw Linn
Village
Pan Taing
Village Sub-administrator U Myint Win
Village
Anya Su
Village Sub-administrator U Chit Ko
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Htay Myint
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Kyi Win
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Kyaw Myint
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Thaung Nyunt
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) Daw Pyone
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) Daw Tin
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Kalar Lay
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Myint Swe
Village
Pan Taing
U Myint Soe
Villager (Land Owner) Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) Daw Myint Myint San
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Kan Thein
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Aung Naing Oo
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Aung Mhway
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) Daw Hla Hla San
Village
Thanatpin
Villager (Land Owner) U Kyaw Oo
Village
Anya Su
Villager (Land Owner) U Shwe Htike
Village
Pan Taing
Villager (Land Owner) U Aye Shwe
Village
Pan Taing
Villager ( Clerk ) Daw Ei Mon Mon Zaw
Village
YCDC,Engineering Department,
Daw Khin Cho Cho Aye (Section clerk)
(Water &Sanitation)
1.
2.
A15-8
3.
4.
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
A15-9
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
A15-10
Appendix -16
A16-1
A16-2
A16-3
A16-4
Appendix -17
Interviews with Six (6) Illegal Occupants and One Local Religious Facility
(1) Identification of Illegal Occupants

Since the transmission pipeline is proposed to be installed in Htantabin and Hlaing Tharyar Townships,
a survey was conducted in both townships on 16th and 17th January 2017.
As a result of the survey, a total of 41 illegal occupancies were scattered around the pipeline ROW,
and then six (6) illegal occupancies (houses/shops) and one (1) local religious facility were situated on
the pipeline ROW as summarized in the following Figure and Table.

Figure 1 Location of Affected Household on the Pipeline ROW
Table 1 Seven (7) Illegal Occupants on the Pipeline ROW

Illegal
Township GPS coordinates Household/Business
Occupant
1 Htantabin 16º53’9.35"N 96º0’14.75"E Rice Storage/Mill
2 Htantabin 16º53’11.17"N 96º0’10.61"E Bamboo shop
3 Htantabin 16º54’56.32"N 95º56’2.33"E Noodle Shop
4 Htantabin 16º54’56.02"N 95º56’2.52"E General Shop
5 Htantabin 16º54’56.62"N 95º56’2.02"E Shop (Closed)
6 Htantabin 16º55’58.7"N 95º54’47.64"E House/ Restaurant
7 Htantabin 16°56'29.70"N 95°53'13.64"E Local religious (Buddhism) facility
A17-1
(2) Details of interview survey
1) Illegal Occupant 1
At the position No. S1, there is a rice packages storage of a rice mill. As per interview, some portion
(about 1.0-1.7 m) will be affected with 18.3 m alignment from the center of Route No. 5.
This portion is located on the ROW and other parts of this facility are situated on a private land (see
the following Table).
Table 2 Illegal Occupant 1

Item Description
Position No. (GPS) S1 (16º53’9.35"N 96º0’14.75"E)
Airborne Imagery of Google
earth (S1 on Pink Line of the
Alignment)
Gender of the owner Female

Household members 3
Type of Business Medium scale rice mill
Regime of ownership and Private Owner who has a municipal license and a No.1 Ministry of Industry’s license for
reference of documents the rice mill
Type of the Affect Partially Affected
Affected properties: 98.4ft long fence, Sunshade of rice packages storage and 15 fruit trees, 30m x 1.7m
Construction year 2014
Current situation Fair
Employees 10 part time employees
Interview date (Cut-off-date) 16th Jan.2017
Front view of the Rice mill Interview survey at the Rice mill
Source; JICA Study Team
A17-2
At the position No. S2 there is a bamboo shop which will be affected with the 18.3 m alignment from
the center of the Route No. 5 (see the following Table)

Item Description
Position No. (GPS) S6 (16º53’11.17"N 96º0’10.61"E)
Alignment)
Gender of the owner Male

Household members 5
Type of Business Bamboo Selling Business
Regime of ownership and Private Owner who has a Ministry of Forestry’s license for the Bamboo Shop
reference of documents
Affected properties: bamboo shop 9.14 m x 11 m
Current situation Fair
Condition of Bamboo Shop Interview with the Shop Owner

A17-3
At the position of S6, there are three shops which will be affected by the 18.3m alignment from the
center of the Route. The following Table summarizes S6-(a) of those three illegal occupants.

Item Description
Position No. (GPS) S6-(a) (16º54’56.32"N 95º56’2.33"E)
Alignment)

Household members 4
Type of Business Small scale general shop (cycle petroleum, betel, and vegetables selling)
Regime of ownership and No document
Type of the Affect Fully Affected
Affected properties: The shop hut of 3.96 m x 3.04 m
Current situation Poor condition
Employees Self-employee
Condition of the shop Interview with theShop Owner

A17-4
center of the Route 5. The following Table summarizes S6-(b) on those three illegal occupants.

Item Description
Position No. (GPS) S6-(b) (16º54’56.02"N 95º56’2.52"E)
Alignment)

Household members 2
Type of Business Small scale, a mokehinkar (noodle) selling shop
Affected properties: The shop hut of 4,87m x 4.57m
Employees Self-employee
Land measuring in front of the shop Interview with the Shop Owner
A17-5
center of the Route 5. The following table summarizes S6-(c) on those three illegal occupants.

Item Description
Position No. (GPS) S6-(c) (16º54’56.62"N 95º56’2.02"E)
Alignment)

Household members 5
Type of Business Small scale, recycling plastic and iron pieces buyer and seller
Affected properties: 3.9m x 3.96m hut (closed)
Employees One employee (his wife)
Condition of the Shop Interview with the Shop Owner

A17-6
At the positions between S26 and 27 of the yellow line alignment, there are a restaurant, a gas pipeline,
a bamboo shop, a temporary livestock and a local small quay which will be affected by the 18.3m
alignment from the center of the Route 5. Due to the yellow line, even though the alignment is shifted
from 18.3 m to 25 m from the center of the Route No. 5, the resultant (Myanmar pyithar restaurant)
will be affected by the project. (See the following Table)

Item Description
earth (S18 on Yellow Line of
the Alignment)

Household members 5
Type of Business small scale, liquor & restaurant
Affected properties: Restaurant and house, 21.9m x 8.2m
Current situation Fair condition
Condition of the Restaurant Interview with the Shop Owner and family menber
A17-7
At the Position of No. S11 there is a local religious facility which will be affected with the 18.3 m
alignment from the center of the Route No. 5 of which two eastern poles are at 17.3 m from the road
central line. (see the following Table)

Item Description
Alignment)
Gender of the owner Male (Benefactor)

Household members None (a Buddhist monk is occasionally come to the facility)
Type of Business every Sabbath day, the monk tells the truth and about Buddhism to community. (4 times a
month) Sometimes, celebrating the ceremony of novitiate, donation, and reciting the
Buddhist Bible.
Affected properties: Local religious facility
Current situation Fair condition
Employees -
Condition of the Local Religious Facility Interview with Benefactor

A17-8
A17-9
A17-10
A17-11

Preparatory Survey Report For Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project (Phase II) Final Report

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Preparatory Survey Report For Greater Yangon Water Supply Improvement Project (Phase II) Final Report

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THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR

YANGON CITY DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE (YCDC)

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

1 USD = 109.2 JPY

Proposed site for Intake

Phase 1 Feasibility Study:

Phase 2 Feasibility Study:

Map of 33 townships in YCDC Area and 10 Water Supply Zones

PREPARATORY SURVEY FOR GREATER YANGON WATER SUPPLY

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF YANGON CITY............................................................. 3

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF MASTER PLAN .................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER 4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT .............................................................................. 10

CHAPTER 5 TRANSMISSION FACILITY .................................................................................. 22

CHAPTER 6 DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES OF ZONE 9 .......................................................... 28

CHAPTER 7 DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES OF ZONE 1 .......................................................... 31

CHAPTER 8 OPERATION, MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY .............................................. 35

8.1 Current Challenges to Existing Facilities ............................................................................... 35

CHAPTER 9 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME OF THE PROJECT .......................................... 36

CHAPTER 10 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ..................................................... 43

CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................... 44

CHAPTER 12 PROJECT EFFECTS ............................................................................................ 47

CHAPTER 13 RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 50

Figure 3-1 Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City.................................................6

ABBREVIATION FOR THE RELEVANT STUDIES

1.1 Outline of Phase 2 Project

(2) Implementing Organization

(3) Assistance Activities Related to The Japanese Project

1.2 Outline of This Study

(1) Study Objectives

(2) Study Method and Schedule

CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF YANGON CITY

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF MASTER PLAN

3.1 Review of Planning Framework

Item Year 2011 2025 2040

3.2 Revised Supply Capacity Development

(1) Revised Water Source Development for Yangon City

199 Kokkowa Phase1 : 60 MGD

(2) Expansion Plan of Kokkowa WTP

3.3 Water Allocation to 10 Zones

(1) Changed Points from the 2014 JICA Water MP

(2) Allocation to Zones 1 and 9 in 2025

3.4 Revised Main Water Supply Facilities

Source: JICA Study Team

Source: JICA Study Team

CHAPTER 4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT

4.1 Appropriateness of The Site Location

The Kokkowa WTP site is selected based on following considerations.

4.2 Water Quality and Treatment Process

(1) Drinking Water Quality Standard

Parameters Allowable Value WHO standards Myanmar standards

(2) Raw Water Quality

(3) Sedimentation Characteristics

(4) Water Treatment Process

Sludge Sludge Sun Drying

4.3 Project Sites of WTP

(1) Land Acquisition Status of YCDC

Source: YCDC and edited by JICA Study Team

(2) Additional Land for Pre-sedimentation Pond

4.4 Planning of Intake Facility

(1) Intake Point/ Form of Leading Canal for WTP

Source: JICA Study Team