Scaffolding Inspection Supervisor All Modules

Scaffolding
Inspection/Supervisor
Module 1.1 State the Responsibilities of the Scaffold Inspector and Scaffold
Supervisor
Saudi Aramco Training
Pilot
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 7: Identifying Responsibilities of the Scaffold Inspector and Scaffold Supervisor
Module 7.7
State the Responsibilities of the Scaffold Inspector and the Scaffold Supervisor
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
Information Sheets 7
October 2000
j INFORMATION SHEET
Terminal Objective
Enabling Objectives
1.1.1 Unaided the employee will

Unaided, the employee will correctly state the correctly state the
responsibilities of Scaffold
responsibilities of a Scaffold Inspector, in accordance Inspector and Scaffold
with Saudi Aramco G. I. 8.001. Supervisor, as defined in
Saudi Aramco General
1.1.2 Instructions (G. I.) 8.001.
Unaided, the employee will correctly state the
responsibilities of a Scaffold Supervisor, in accordance
with Saudi Aramco G. I. 8.001.
Module 1.1 4
INFORMATION SHEET
Module 1.1 5
j INFORMATION SHEET
INTRODUCTION
Scaffolds play an important part in the work and
maintenance of onshore and offshore facilities at
Saudi Aramco plants and facilities. They must be
erected safely and conform to Saudi Aramco
standards in the Scaffold Safety Handbook and
General Instruction (G. I.) 8.001.
Scaffold Supervisors and Scaffold Inspectors play a
major role in verifying and ensuring scaffold safety
You will now learn about these responsibilities in
more detail.
Module 1.1 6
INFO RMATIO N SHEET
PART IOBJECTIVE 1.1.1
State the Responsibilities of Scaffold Inspector,

as Stated in Saudi Aramco G. I. .001
INTRODUCTION
As a Scaffold Inspector, your responsibility begins

when scaffolds requiring inspection are completed
and before they are put into use.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF SCAFFOLD
INSPECTORS
Your job as a Scaffold Inspector is to verify, by in-

person field inspection, that the scaffold is safe and
conforms to the requirements of three standards:
q Saudi Aramco G. I. 8.001
qSaudi Aramco Construction Safety Manual

(Scaffold Safety Handbook)
qthe accepted scaffold plan, if applicable
As an inspector, when you are satisfied that a scaffold is

safe and conforms to all applicable requirements, you
indicate your inspection and acceptance of the scaffold as
safe and serviceable. You do this by co-signing scaffold
tag(s) with the Scaffold Supervisor, whose
responsibilities are discussed later in this module.
Certified Scaffold Inspectors can inspect and sign
scaffold tags for all scaffolds, as needed.
1 Scaffolding Inspection/Supervisor
j INFORMATION SHEET
A scaffold inspector should complete his inspection of
a scaffold as soon as possible after the scaffold
supervisor completes his inspection.
After the Scaffold Supervisor and the Scaffold
Inspector agree that the scaffold is safe and meets plan
requirements, they both sign the same green or yellow
scaffold tag(s), as applicable. After this tag is signed,
the scaffold can be used for work. You will learn more
about the scaffold tagging procedures later in this
course of instruction.
A Scaffold Inspector begins his job when scaffolds

requiring inspection are completed and before they are
put into use. He performs an in-person field inspection
and verifies that the scaffold is safe and conforms to
Saudi Aramco standards. When he is satisfied the
scaffold is safe and meets requirements, he co-signs
with the Scaffold Supervisor the appropriate tag(s) for
the scaffold.
Certified Scaffold Inspectors can inspect and sign
scaffold tags of Al scaffolds, as needed.
Now you will learn about the job of the Scaffold

Supervisor.
INFORMATION SHEET
PART ll
OBJECTIVE
1.1.2
State the Responsibilities of Scaffold
Supemisor, as Stated in Saudi Aramco G. I. .001
Saudi Aramco certifies three levels of Scaffold

Supervisor ll-S can supervise,
inspect, and sign scaffold tags Supervisors: Supervisor II-S and Supervisor II-T, and
for only system scaffolds or
fabricated tubular frame
Supervisor I. The grades below Supervisor I have more
scaffolds less than 12.2 meters limited responsibilities. This program of instruction
(40 feet tall). Supervisor ll-T
can supervise, inspect, and covers the highest level of supervisor, Scaffold
sign scaffold tags for only tube Supervisor I, which is called Scaffold Supervisor in this
and coupler scaffolds of less
than 12.2 meters training program.
Like the Scaffold

Inspector, the
highest-level Scaffold
Supervisor can
supervise, inspect,
and sign scaffold tags
for all scaffolds,
including special
scaffolds. (At least
five (5) years of
scaffold erection
experience is required
before you are
eligible to seek
certification as a
Certified Scaffold
Supervisor I.)
The Scaffold
Supervisor has two
basic responsibilities:
j INFORMATION SHEET
He ensures that
scaffold
erection,
alteration, and
dismantling is
done safely and
in accordance
with the
accepted
scaffold plan and
applicable safety
rules and
regulations, as
required in the
Saudi Aramco
Scaffold
Safety Handbook
and G. I. 8.001.
He places scaffold
tags, as
appropriate,
on all new
and Al
altered
scaffolds.
In performing
these
responsibilities,
the Scaffold
Supervisor
performs many
jobs, some of
them in
coordination with
the Scaffold
Erector, and, later,
INFORMATION SHEET
after scaffold
construction, with
the Scaffold
Inspector.
j INFORMATION SHEET
For example, the Scaffold Supervisor:
q surveys (with scaffold proponent ' s
representative) the job site prior to scaffold
erection and takes steps to remove potential
hazards, such as debris, overhead power lines,
electrical cables, ditches, excavations, roads, etc.
q inspects scaffold materials before,
during, and after scaffold erection, to ensure
they meet specifications and requirements. Any
damaged components must be marked with
bright fluorescent paint and removed
immediately.
q directs on-site erection and
dismantling of scaffold
q ensures that personal protective
equipment, including personal fall-arrest
systems, are used by scaffold erection craftsmen
q removes red ( " Do Not Use " ) scaffold
tags, as appropriate, when a scaffold is
completely erected, altered, repaired, or
dismantled
q inspects each scaffold as soon as
possible after his craftsmen finish the scaffold
erection, and before workers other than
scaffold erection craftsmen may use the
scaffold
· completes and signs a "Scaffold Field Inspection
Checklist " after each inspection
· signs and dates scaffold tag(s) for scaffolds equal
to or less than 6 meters (20 feet) in height,
including tags for "Passed Inspection, " " Full Body
Harness Required ", etc.
INFO RMATIO N SHEET
q signs tag(s) with Scaffold Inspector for

scaffolds higher than 6 meters and special
scaffolds
Module 1.1 7
j INFORMATION SHEET
ensures that dismantling of scaffolds is planned,
orderly, and performed level by level from top to
bottom and that scaffold components are returned
to the proponent after scaffold is dismantled
Scaffold Inspectors verify-by in-field inspection-that

scaffolds are safe for use and they conform to the
requirements of Saudi Aramco G. I. 8.001, the Saudi
Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH),
and the accepted scaffold plan, if applicable.
Scaffold Supervisors ensure that scaffold erection,

alteration, and dismantling are done safely in
accordance with the scaffold plan and applicable safety
rules and regulations, also in accordance with the
SASSH and G. I. 8.001.
The Scaffold Supervisor and the Scaffold Inspector
place scaffold tags, as appropriate, on all new and Al
altered scaffolds.
With this knowledge of the responsibilities of the
Scaffold Inspector and Supervisor, you will learn in the
next unit the rules and regulations regarding
components and their installation and the safety
procedures for tube and coupler scaffolds. You must
know these rules and regulations to inspect scaffolds.
Scaffolding
Module 2.1 Identify Safety Rules and Regulations for Scaffold Foundations
and Clearances
Pilot
_TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 2: Identifying the Acceptable Condition of Components and Installations/Safety Procedures fo

Scaffolds
Module 2. 1
Identify Safety Rules and Regulations for Scaffold Foundations and Clearances
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
Information Sheets
Exercise A
Exercise B
j INFORMATION SHEET
Enabling Objectives Terminal Objective
2.1.1 Unaided, the employee will

correctly identify safety
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify safe
rules and regulations for
ground preparation and clearances for scaffolds. scaffold foundations and
clearances, in accordance
2.1.2
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify with the Saudi Aramco
regulations for base plates and sills (sole plates). Scaffold Safety Handbook.
INFORMATION SHEET
INTRODUCTION
Scaffolds must be erected on solid foundations. They

also must have proper clearances. To make a proper
inspection, you must know these requirements.
In this module, you will learn the rules and

regulations for safe ground preparation and
foundations and clearances.
Module 2.1 13
j INFORMATION SHEET
PART I OBJECTIVE 2.1.1
Identify Safe Ground Preparation for Scaffolds
INTRODUCTION
Inspection of tube and coupler scaffolding construction
begins with knowledge of the rules and regulations for
foundations and clearances.
SAFE GROUND PREPARATION
Scaffold foundations must be sound, rigid, and capable

of carrying the scaffold self-weight and the maximum
intended load without settling or displacement. Using
unstable objects, such as barrels, boxes, loose brick, or
concrete block, in foundations are not permitted as
supports for scaffolds. (For unsafe foundations, see
Figure II.9.42.)
Because a sound base is essential for a scaffold, the
ground or floor on which a scaffold stands must be
carefully examined for its load-bearing capacity.
Carefully check foundations of Always check foundations and look for signs of
sand or made-up ground (fill). underground cables and pipe work. When scaffolds are
These foundations may require
compacting to ensure there are erected on sand, made-up ground, asphalt pavement,
no cavities and the base is wooden floors, uneven surfaces, and other soft or
sufficient for the intended load.
In addition, such bases as floors slippery surfaces, the surface must be level and
and roofs may need shoring compact. Such surfaces may require timber sills (sole
from beneath.
boards). Requirements for timber sills (sole boards)
are in the next section.
INFORMATION SHEET
Some other rules you need to know when inspecting

scaffolds are:
qNever use front-end loaders, forklifts, or pieces
of equipment as acceptable supports for scaffolds.
These are forbidden for scaffold support.
· Never approve any scaffold that is hung from or
supported by guardrails or handrails.
· A crane or other lifting device must not be used to
lift any scaffold, unless it is a Special Scaffold that
is designed for lifting and the scaffold plan was
reviewed in accordance with G. I. 8.001.
CL EA RA NCES
The two major concerns of clearances occur when

scaffolds are erected near power lines and excavations.
Power Lines
Scaffold operations next to overhead power lines are
prohibited if they are outside the guidelines as
stipulated in Table II.9.4 in Figure 1, unless one of the
following conditions is satisfied:
1. The power line has been de-energized,
relocated, or protective coverings installed to
prevent accidental contact with lines.
2. If a power line is de-energized, a lock-out / tag-
out shall be used to prevent the line from being
energized until the line has been relocated or
protected.
Module 2.1 15
j INFORMATION SHEET
Table 11.9.4: Clearances Between Scaffolds and Power Lines
Insulated Lines
Voltage Minimum Distance
Less than 300 volts 1 meter (3 feet)
300 volts to 50 kV
3 meters (10 feet)
More than 50 kV 3 meters (10 feet) plus
100 mm (4 inches) for
each 1 kV over 50 kV
Uninsulated Lines
Minimum Distance
Voltage
Less than 50 kV 3 meters (10 feet)
3 meters (10 feet) plus
More than 50 kV 100 mm (4 inches) for
each 1 kV over 50 kV
Figure 1
Clearances Between Scaffolds and Power Lines
Excavations
Bases of scaffolds should be away from the edges of any

excavations (including trenches) at least 1.5 times the
depth of the excavations, unless adequate precautionary
measures (including shoring and cribbing, etc.) are taken
to prevent the collapse of the excavation and ensure the
integrity of the scaffold foundation.
Building/Structures
Another clearance to be taken into consideration is

when erecting a scaffold against a building or
structure.
The scaffold can be closer but should be no more than

360 mm (14 " ) away from the face of a wall or other
structure. Check that posts are set correctly. (See section
9.8.4 in the SASSH.)
INFORMATION SHEET
Foundations for scaffolds must be sound, rigid, and

capable of carrying the scaffold self-weight and the
maximum intended load without settling or
displacement. Your job is to ensure foundations meet
rules and regulations. Always check foundations.
The two major concerns regarding clearances for
scaffolds are power lines and excavations. Scaffold
operations near power lines are prohibited if they are
outside the guidelines in Figure II.9.4. Bases of
scaffolds should be at least 1.5 times the depth of any
excavations away from the edges of excavations
(including trenches), unless adequate precautions are
taken to prevent the collapse of the excavation and
integrity of the scaffold foundation.
Scaffolds may be closer but should be erected no
more than 360 mm (14 inches) from the face of a
building wall or structure.
After you complete the exercise, you will learn the

regulations for two other important parts of scaffold
foundations: base plates and sills (sole plates).
Module 2.1 17
j INFORMATION SHEET
EXERCISE A
Directions: Answer the following questions. If needed, refer to the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety
Handbook.
1. When scaffolds are erected near

excavations, what is the minimum distance
the scaffold should be away from the
excavation?
2. When erecting scaffolds near electrical

lines, what special precaution should be
taken?
3. at is the purpose of posting a LOCKOUT/ TAG

OUT?
4. What item(s) is/are NEVER used to support a

scaffold?
5. at are the two main subjects of concern that you

must consider when you think of clearance for a
scaffold?
INFORMATION SHEET
6. at below-ground items should you check for in

considering a foundation for scaffolds?
7. What are two basic requirements for

surfaces beneath a scaffold?
8. at is the maximum distance scaffolds can be

erected away from buildings or structures?
9. If you are inspecting a scaffold and find that it

is hung from or supported by guardrails and
handrails, what should you do: approve it or reject
it?
Module 2.1 19
j INFORMATION SHEET
PA R T I l OBJECTIVE 2 ,1,2
Identify Regulations for Base Plates and ills

(Sole Plates)
BASE PLATES
A base plate is steel plate that provides a flat bearing

surface, to distribute the load from posts (standards).
Base plates have holes in all four corners. The holes are
for nails that can secure the base plates to sills. See a
typical base plate in Figure II.9.12.
Base plates are always used on scaffolds, except for

mobile scaffolds, regardless of the condition of the
surface the scaffolds are placed on.
All scaffold posts (standards) must be pitched on steel

For special scaffolds, the base
plates used must be designed b e plates that are at least 150 mm (6 inches) by 150
to support the maximum
scaffold post (standard) load. mm (6 inches) and 6 mm ('A-inch) thick. (See Figure
Timber sills are not allowed II.9.3.)
where base plates may be
exposed to corrosive
SILLS
materials. For a detailed
definition of a special scaffold,
A sill (sole board) is a timber spreader (minimum size
see section 2.20 in G. I. 8.001 225 mm or 9 inches wide and 38 mm or 1 1 /2 inches
and the glossary (section 9.4
Definitions) in the Saudi thick) used beneath a base plate to distribute the load.
Aramco Scaffold Safety
Handbook (SASSH). See an example of ground support in Figure II.9.42 and
sills at bottom left side in Figure II.9.2.
INFORMATION SHEET
When scaffolds are erected on sand, made-up ground,

asphalt surfaces, wooden floors, and other soft or
slippery surfaces, the surface may require timber sills
(sole boards). The ground beneath these timber sills
must be level and compact. In addition,
a sill must extend under at least two posts Scaffold planks must not be
(standards), unless this is not feasible because of used as sills.
uneven or sloping ground. In cases of such ground

conditions, sills of at least 765 mm (30 inches) long
must be under individual posts (standards).
For another example of ground support, see Figure

II.9.43.
Base plates and sills (sole plates) are important parts of

scaffolds. Base plates provide a flat bearing surface and
distribute the load from posts (standards). They are
used on all scaffolds, except mobile scaffolds,
regardless of the condition of the surface.
Sills (sole boards) are timber spreaders used beneath a

base plate on soft or uneven ground to distribute the
load.
With this background on foundations and clearances
and after you complete the exercise, you will learn how
to identify and inspect scaffold components and
erection procedures for tube and coupler scaffolds.
Module 2.1 21
EXERCISE B
Directions: Answer the following questions. If it is required,
you may use the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook to
review or check your answers.
1. at is the minimum size of a sill (sole board) that

you can use on a scaffold?
2. W
here do you use a sill (sole board)?
3. at is the minimum number of posts for each sill

(sole board)?
4. at item should you always use on the

bearing surface of a scaffold?
5. at is the minimum size of an acceptable

base plate for a scaffold?
6. at is the main function or reason for using

base plates and sills (sole boards) for scaffolds?
Scaffolding
Module 2.2 Identify the Acceptable Condition of Components and
Installation Procedures for Scaffolds
Pilot
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 2: Identifying the Acceptable Condition of Components and Installation Procedures for Scaffolds
Module 2.2
Identify the Acceptable Condition of Components and Installation Procedures

for Scaffolds
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
/Information Sheets
Exercise A
Exercise B
INFORMATION SHEET
Module 2.2 26
Enabling Objectives
Terminal Objective
2.2.1 Unaided the employee will
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify correctly identify the
acceptable condition of couplers (fitting clamps), acceptable condition of
components and installation
boards, and ladders.
procedures for scaffolds, in
accordance with the Saudi
2.2.2
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify
Aramco Scaffold Safety
installation and safety procedures for posts (standards),
Handbook
runners (ledgers), bearers (transoms), and bracing.
INTRODUCTION
As a Scaffold Inspector or Scaffold Supervisor, you are
aware that Al scaffold components are inspected before
each scaffold is built. After it is built, it is your job to
ensure that all components conform to requirements for
materials, strength, and dimensions. Generally, this
means they must be installed according to the
manufacturer 's instructions.
In this module you will learn how to identify the
condition of components (couplers, boards, and
ladders, and the proper installation and safety
procedures for posts (standards), runners (ledgers),
bearers (transoms), and bracing.
Module 2.2 27
_j INFORMATION SHEET
Identify Acceptable Condition of Couplers (Fitting

Clamps), Planks (Scaffold Boards), and Ladders
COUPLERS (FITTING CLAMPS)
A coupler is a device that is used to join scaffold

tubes together.
The six types of couplers used in scaffolds in Saudi

Aramco are:
1. Right-angle coupler (known as the double, 90

degree, load bearing, or standard coupler): a load-
bearing coupler used to connect two tubes at right
angles. It is a critical component in the scaffold
structure and must resist both slip and distortion.
See Figure II.9.7.
2. Adjustable (swivel) coupler: A device
used to connect two tubes at an angle other than
90 degrees. See Figure II.9.13.
3. End-to-end (sleeve) coupler: A device used for
When using the sleeve coupler,
equal insertion of each tube externally joining two (2) scaffold tubes co-
must be ensured.
axially end-to-end. The steel divider is located
centrally to ensure equal insertion of each tube.
See Figure II.9.9.
28 Scaffolding
4. Bearer coupler (putlog or single coupler): A
device used to fix a bearer (transom or putlog) to a
runner (ledger), or to connect a tube used only as a
guardrail to a post (standard). See Figure II.9.13.
Module 2.2 29
INFORMATION SHEET
5. Check (safety) coupler: A right-angle coupler that is

added to the top of a suspended tube on an
underhung scaffold and beneath a trapese tube. The
safety coupler gives extra security against slip to
the coupler carrying the load. See Figure II.9.34.
6. Girder coupler (drop forged): A device used to Table 11.9.2 on page 27 in the
connect a scaffold tube to a steel wide-flange (I- Saudi Aramco Scaffolding
Safety Handbook (SASSH)
beam). Girder couplers must be used only in pairs, shows the types of load and safe
one on each opposite flange. They are also called working load for individual
couplers.
an " SK " for Steel-Klamp. See Figure II.9.16.
Joint ins (Expanding Spigot) and

Spigots
Other fittings include the joint pints (expanding

spigots) and spigots and spigot pins.
A joint pin is an " expanding " fitting that goes in the bore
of a scaffold post (standard) to connect one post to
another vertically in tube and coupler scaffolds. This
fitting is best used for compression loading, not tension
loads. See Figure II.9.14.
The spigot is a pinned or bolted fitting used to join one

post (standard) to another coaxially. It is used in system
scaffolds. See Figure II.9.15.
A spigot pin is a pin or bolt placed through the spigot
and the scaffold post (standard) to prevent the spigot
from pulling out the tube. It is also known as a tension
pin, dowel pin, and coupling pin. See Figure II.9.15.
30 Scaffolding
CONDITION OF COUPLERS
As an inspector, you must always check that fittings

are the proper ones and installed correctly.
In Saudi Aramco, couplers may be either pressed or

drop-forged type.
Scaffold couplers must be marked as conforming to BS

1139, EN74, or Saudi Aramco approved equivalent
specifications.
All fittings (couplers, clamps, joint pins, etc.) must

resist corrosion. Inspectors must check to ensure
couplers, clamps, and joint pints, are galvanized or
zinc-coated to resist corrosion. (See letter H in Figure
II.9.7.)
Girder couplings must always be used in pairs,

according to SASSH Section 9.7.2 (K).
Threaded parts of fittings (and Al scaffold

components) must be capable of attaining full thread
engagement and shall be lubricated lightly.
Check individual couplers to ensure that they comply

with the minimum safe working loads (SWL) in the
table in Figure 11.9.2 on page 27 in the SASSH.
End-to-end (sleeve) couplers can be used (along with
joint pins) as joints in posts (standards). However, joint
pins are only designed for compression loads. Sleeve
couplers can be used where tension (uplift) can be
present in a post (standard) or other scaffold tube. Refer
to SASSH Section 9.11.1B.
Module 2.2 31
INFORMATION SHEET
CONDITION
BOARDS)
A plank (scaffold board) is an individual timber
board. A plank serves as a flooring member of a
working platform. See Figure II.9.17.
Plank Installation
All scaffold platforms must be closed planked or The exception: The
requirement to provide full
decked. planking or decking does not
apply to platforms and
walkways under
For medium-duty and more heavily loaded scaffolds,
construction/erection or those
at least one board bearer (intermediate transom) must used solely by workmen
performing scaffold erection or
be installed to support the platform. dismantling.
The maximum span (distance between bearers/board

bearers) for solid sawn wood planks and laminated
veneer lumber (LVL) planks with a thickness of 38
mm (1-1/2 inches) must not exceed 1.5 meters (5 feet),
unless the manufacturer ' s identification permits (in
accordance with Section 9.8.1) longer spans for that
plank. See Figures II.9.49 and Table II.9.3.
The maximum span for solid sawn wood planks and

laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks with a thickness
of 50 mm (2 inches) must not exceed 2.4 meters (8
feet), unless the manufacturer ' s
identification mark is clearly visible on each plank and

the manufacturer 's published literature permits, in
accordance with Section 9.8.1, longer spans for that
plank. (See Figure II.9.49 and Table II.9.3.
Planks must be secured at both ends to prevent
vertical and horizontal movement. Acceptable
securing materials are fiber rope, wire lashing,
Module 2.2 32
clamped toeboards, or other equivalent means. This is

especially important for planks of less than 1.8 meters
(6 feet) long. See Figure II.9.50.
The ends of planks must extend beyond the centerline of

their end support bearer (transom) by at least 150 mm
(6 inches), unless cleated or otherwise restrained by
equivalent means. See Figure II.9.51.
Ends of planks must not extend more than 300 mm (12

inches) beyond the centerline of their end support bearer
(transom). See Figure II.9.51.
Plank overlaps are permitted but only over supports (i.

e., bearers or board bearers). Plank lap lengths must not
be less than 300 mm (12 inches). Planks must not be
nailed together. (See Figure II.9.51.
Planks must be laid flush side-by-side to each other on

Al scaffold platforms.
The exception: The regulation On platforms where scaffold planks are placed endto-
for independent support does
not prohibit the use of common end, each end shall be independently supported.
support members, such as "T"
sections, to support abutting
planks, or hook-on platforms At all points of a scaffold where the planks change
that are designed to rest on direction, such as turning a corner, any planks that rest
common supports.
on a bearer (transom) at an angle other than a right
angle must be laid first. Planks that rest at right angles
over the same bearer (transom) must be laid second
and on top of the first plank.
Each platform unit (scaffold plank, fabricated plank,

fabricated deck, or fabricated platform) must be
installed so that gaps between platform units are less
Module 2.2 33
j INFORMATION SHEET
than 25 mm (1 inch) wide. When larger gaps are
unavoidable, they must be covered as follows:
1. Gaps of less than 600 mm (2 feet) in

width must be covered with at least 20 mm (3A
inch) thick exterior grade plywood. Such plywood
coverings must be overlapped at least the width of
the gap, 300 mm (12 inches) minimum, on both
sides of the opening and also held in place with
cleats.
2. Gaps wider than 600 mm (2 feet) must

be covered with properly secured (but not
nailed) cross planks.
It is best to use a system

Precautions such as covering planks with fire retardant scaffold with compatible metal
planks rather than wood planks
blankets must be taken to prevent the wood planks from whenever a scaffold is to be
erected near a heat source
coming into contact with welding slag or open flames. (such as a heater) or process
Plank Inspection equipment containing
hydrocarbon material above its
Scaffold platform units must be of either solid sawn ignition temperature.
wood planks, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks,

fabricated planks, or fabricated platforms. See Figure
II.9.17. All recommendations by the platform unit
manufacturer or the lumber-grading association or
inspection agency must be followed.
34 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
Solid sawn wood planks must be of solid sawn timber

and may be either 2 x 10-inch (nominal), 2 x 9-inch
(rough), 38 mm x 225 mm (basic).
Solid sawn wood scaffold planks must be of a

"
scaffold plank grade " and must be certified by and
bear the grade stamp of the West Coast Lumber
Module 2.2 35
j INFORMATION SHEET
Inspection Bureau (WCLB), Southern Pine Inspection

Bureau (SPIB), or other lumber-grading agency
approved by the American Lumber Standards
committee.)
Also acceptable are solid sawn wood scaffold planks

that conform to and are marked in accordance with BS
2482.
Laminated veneer lumber (LUL) planks should

measure at least 38 mm (1-1/2-inch) thick by 225 mm
(9 inches) wide, or larger. All laminated veneer lumber
(LUL) planks must have the words " PROOF TESTED
SCAFFOLD PLANK" AND "OSHA", or Saudi Aramco
accepted equivalent, continuously embossed along both
edges.
Solid sawn wood and LVL planks must conform to the
following (see Figure II.9.40):
1. Plank ends must not be split more than 25 mm

(1 inch) without metal banding. Even with
banding, plank ends must not be split more than
300 mm (12 inches).
2. Planks must not be twisted from end-to-end or
curled from side-to-side more than 13 mm (1/ 2
inch).
Planks must be inspected before use for defects,
including damage, decay, and warping. Planks that are
split, warped, twisted (more than allowed above), saw-
cut, drilled, worn, decayed, broken, or damaged must
not be used. See Figure II.9.41. However, the defective
parts may be cut off to produce shorter planks. In this
case, the cut end(s) must be banded.

36 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
Planks must be properly

Planks must not be painted, treated, or coated in any stacked, off the ground, on
way (except at the ends) that could conceal defects or a suitable foundation. Where
the height of a stack
obscure the top or bottom surfaces. exceeds 20 planks, steps
must be taken to tie or bond
succeeding layers.
Planks must not be stood end on end unattended.
Module 2.2 37
INFORMATION SHEET
Scaffold planks must not be used as concrete forms,

trench shoring, or as sills for scaffolds.
LADDERS AND CONDIT/ON OF LADDERS
This section is divided into three parts:
q types of ladders
q installation of ladders
q inspection of ladders
Types of Ladders
A ladder is a device used for climbing vertically

between levels.
The common types of ladders are:

q Straight Ladders: A straight ladder is a
portable ladder that consists of one section that
determines its overall length. It cannot be
adjusted in length. For support it leans against an
object.
qExtension Ladder: a portable ladder that leans
against an object for support and can be adjusted
in length.
qStepladder: A stepladder is a ladder that folds
out and forms the letter " A" . The workman steps
up the ladder on rungs and the foldout part braces
or supports the ladder.
Module 2.2 38
INFORMATION SHEET
Job-Made Ladders: As the name indicates, these are

ladders that are constructed on the site to fit the
need of the job. These include interior and
exterior ladders. Job-made ladders shall not be
used on scaffolds.
CONDITION OF LADDERS
This part of the module

All portable ladders and stepladders must meet the
contains requirements for applicable standard in Section 9.3.2 of the Saudi
portable ladders and
stepladders, including job- Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH), or
made ladders. Permanent equivalents standard. In addition, ladders must be in
ladders must be constructed in
accordance with SAES-B-054 good condition at all times. Joints must be tight. All
and SAES-M-100, as rungs, hardware, and fittings must be securely
applicable.
attached, and movable parts must operate freely
without binding or undue play.
Each portable ladder must be examined before it is put

into use. Any ladder that is damaged or weakened must
be immediately removed from Saudi Aramco property
or project site. See Figure II.9.37. Examples of damage
include
a. split or broken side rails
b. missing or damaged rungs
c. bent or missing hinges
d. any other damage that hinders safe

usage of the ladder
Wood and aluminum ladders and stepladders must not

be painted. Side rails must have smooth surfaces
(without slivers) with no projections.
The rungs on all ladders must be the same distance

apart (uniformly spaced rungs), between 250 mm
Module 2.2 39
INFORMATION SHEET
(10 inches) and 360 mm (14 inches) on center. A rung

spacing of 300 mm (12 inches) is best.
The minimum distance between side rails of a straight

ladder, or any section of an extension ladder, must be
300 mm (12 inches), except for tripod ladders.
The rungs of portable metal ladders must be

corrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated with skid-
resistant material, or otherwise treated to minimize
the possibility of slipping.
Position of Ladders
Straight ladders and extension ladders must be placed at
a slope of 4:1 (for every 4 meters of vertical rise, the
base set one (1) meter out from 90 degree angle, or
perpendicular. See Figure II.9.38. However, straight
ladders and extension ladders may be placed vertically
if both side rails are rigidly attached to a supporting
structure (i. e., scaffold) at the top, middle, and bottom
of the ladder.
All ladders must extend at least 900 mm (3 feet)
above the landing, platform, eave, or roofline. (See
Figure II.9.38.)
The base supports of all ladders must be equally

supported on a firm level surface. Boxes, blocks,
barrels, and other such items must not be used as a
means of support.
The bottom rungs of ladders must not be more than 600
mm (2 feet) above the lower level used to mount the
ladder.
Module 2.2 40
INFORMATION SHEET
j INFORMATION SHEET
For requirements on wood rung Ladders must not be supported on their rungs. Rungs
dimensions, see Table 11.9.1 in
the Saudi Aramco Scaffold must not be used to support scaffold planks.
Safety Handbook (SASSH).
The area at the base of a ladder must be kept clear.
Ladders must not be used in a horizontal position as

platforms, walkways, or scaffolds.
Both side rails of a ladder must be evenly supported at

the upper resting place. Side rails should be securely
tied off to prevent movement. Where secure fixing is
impractical, other measures must be taken to prevent
movement by securing at the base, using side guys, or
stationing a man at the base.
When a ladder could be struck by moving vehicles or
equipment, a flagman must be stationed to warn off
drivers, or a substantial barricade with flashers must
be erected around the ladder base.
If a ladder is erected near a doorway, the door must be

either locked shut or secured in the open position with
a man on guard to prevent anyone from using the door.
Safe clearances must be maintained to prevent

workers from bumping into, or snagging onto,
projecting objects while walking up or down the
ladder.
Ladders must be have a minimum clear perpendicular
distance of 760 mm (30 inches) from the rungs to the
nearest projecting object on the climbing side. When
unavoidable obstructions are encountered, the
minimum clearance distance may
Module 2.2 41
INFORMATION SHEET
be reduced to 610 mm (24 inches) if deflector plates are

provided.
The distance from the face of the ladder to the nearest

fixed object must not be less than 250 mm (10
inches). When horizontal obstructions such as beams,
pipes, etc., are unavoidable, the vertical toe clearance
specified in Section 9.6.3 (E) applies.
The minimum clearance to the nearest fixed object

must be 330 mm (13 inches) on each side of the
centerline of single-rung ladders.
The minimum vertical toe clearance must be 100 mm

(4 inches) above the top edge of the rung.
The minimum clear distance between the sides of

adjacent single-rung ladders or stepladders must be
410 mm (16 inches).
Use of Ladders
Metal ladders, ladders with metal reinforced side rails,
and ladders that are wet must not be used near electrical
equipment or while using electrical tools. Only wooden
or fiberglass ladders can be used for electrical
applications. Portable metal ladders must have a warning
notice attached to guard against use near electrical
equipment.
Aluminum ladders must not be used where there is
a likelihood of contact with materials that chemically
react with aluminum, such as caustic liquids, damp lime,
wet cement, and acids.
Module 2.2 42
INFORMATION SHEET
Ladders and ladder sections must not be spliced,

lashed, or tied together.
Before using a ladder, workers should check that their

shoes and the ladder are free of grease, oil, and mud.
Only one person can properly be on a single-run

ladder at one time.
Workers should not carry tools or materials in their

hands when they climb a ladder. Tools should be
carried in secure pockets or on special tool belts.
Materials or heavy tools should be raised and lowered
by rope.
If work is done while a worker stands on a ladder and

he is higher than 1.8 meters (6 feet) above the ground,
he must keep one hand on the ladder or wear a
personal fall arrest system. Work requiring lifting
heavy materials or substantial exertion must not be
done from ladders.
Ladders should not be moved, shifted, or extended
while someone is on the ladder.
When climbing or descending ladders, workers must

face the ladder and keep both hands on the ladder.
For regulations on stepladders and job-made ladders,

refer to Sections 9.6.5 and 9.6.7 in the Saudi Aramco
Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH).
Module 2.2 43
The conditions of couplers (fitting clamps, joint pins and

spigots), boards, and ladders are important to the safety
of scaffolds. You know now the regulations you need to
know to check them and ensure they meet Saudi Aramco
standards.
Now you will learn the installation and safety
procedures for posts (standards), runners (ledgers),
bearers (transoms), and bracing.
44 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
EXERCISE A
Directions: Answer the following questions. If needed,
refer to the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook.
1. at is the only load-bearing coupler in a

scaffold?
2. Which coupler connects runners (ledgers)

to posts (standards) in a scaffold?
3. On what type of scaffold do they use check

safety couplers?
4. at is the maximum span permitted for 1-1/ 2-

inch (38 mm) boards?
5. at is the maximum span permitted for 2-

inch (50 mm) boards?
6. at is the maximum permitted distance that a

board should extend beyond its last support bearer
in a scaffold?
Module 2.2 45
7. at is the minimum length of a plank (board)
that should be secured both ends?
8. What is the maximum size of gaps allowed on

a platform between planks (boards) in a scaffold?
9. at is the first thing to look for when

inspecting planks (boards) in a scaffold?
10. What is the maximum length a split may occur

in planks (boards) without metal banding?
11. at is the maximum distance a plank (board) is

allowed to twist over its full length and still be
usable in a scaffold?
12. What are the two types of ladders commonly

used when erecting scaffolds?
13. at is the reason for the Saudi Aramco regulation

that ladders must not to be painted?
46 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
14. at is the permitted sloping ratio of a ladder?
15. Where is the proper place to secure a

vertical ladder?
16. at is the maximum distance that a ladder

must extend beyond a landing platform?
17. at place on a ladder must never be used to

support the ladder?
18. The bottom rung of ladders must not be more

than above the lower level used to mount the
ladder.
19. What type of ladder must never be used

near electrical equipment?
20. at must you never do to a ladder(s) to gain

more height?
Module 2.2 47
PART Il OBJECTIVE 2.2.2
I enti Installation and Safety Procedures for

Posts (Standards), Runners (Ledgers), Bearers
(Transoms), and Bracing
INTRODUCTION
Saudi Aramco has many required procedures for safe and

proper installation of posts (standards), runners
(ledgers), bearers (transoms), and bracing. Each will be
discussed in order.
POSTS (STANDARDS)
A post or standard is a vertical upright scaffold tube

that bears the weight of the scaffold. See Figure II.9.1.
Joints in posts (standards) should be staggered. Joints in

adjacent posts (standards) should not occur at the same
bay. See Figure II.9.65.
Two components can be used as joints in posts

(standards). These are joint pins and end-to-end
(sleeve) couplers.
Joint pins are designed for compression loads only.
End-to-end (sleeve) couplers can be used where
tension (uplift) can be present in a post (standard) or
other scaffold tube.
48 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
RUNNERS (LEDGERS)
(TRANSOMS)
A runner (ledger) is a lengthwise horizontal scaffold

tube that extends from post (standard) to post and
governs the length of a scaffold. It supports the bearers
(transoms) and forms a tie between the posts.
The Letter "I" in Figure II.9.1 identifies runners

(ledgers).
A bearer (transom) is a horizontally transverse

scaffold member that is supported by at least two
runners (ledgers) or connected directly to at least two
posts (standards). A bearer (transom) may support
platform units. A bearer (transom) governs the width
of a scaffolds. See bearers (transoms) in Figure II.9.1
and II.9.4.
Runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) must be
securely fixed to the inside of each post (standard).
See Figure II.9.2.
Ledgers (runners) must connect to posts (standards)

with right-angle (load-bearing) couplers only.
Ledgers (runners) must not have more than one joint
between adjacent posts (standards). Such joints shall be
located as close as possible to a post (standard) and
must be staggered (adjacent joints shall not occur in the
same bay). Refer to Figure II.9.65.
When bearers (transoms) are coupled to posts
(standards), the bearers must be connected to the posts
with right-angle (load-bearing) couplers. The bearers '
couplers must rest directly on the runners ' (ledgers ')
right-angle couplers.
Module 2.2 49
When a bearer (transom) is coupled to a supporting
runner (ledger), the coupler must be as close as
possible to the post (standard) and never more than
300 mm (12 inches) from the post.
At lifts that are to be planked, right-angle (load-

bearing) couplers must not be used to attach bearers
(transoms) or board bearers (intermediate transoms) to
runners (ledgers). The reason for this prohibition is the
coupler bolts may interfere with proper placement of
planks. (Instead, bearer (putlog) couplers should be
used. See Figure II.9.13.
Bearers (transoms), including board bearers
(intermediate transoms) must extend at least 100mm (4
inches) beyond the runner centerline and must provide
full contact with the couplers.
The lowest runners and bearers (base lift) must be

located approximately 150 mm (6 inches) above the
scaffold base, except where this is not possible. See
Figures II.9.5 and II.9.6.
Runners (ledgers) or bearers (transoms) must not have
more than one joint between adjacent posts (standards).
Such joints must be located as close as possible to a
post (standard) and must be staggered. For example,
adjacent joints must not occur in the same bay. See
Figure II.9.65.
A brace is a rigid connection that holds one scaffold

member in a fixed position with respect to another
member. Bracing in a scaffold gives the scaffold
rigidity.
50 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
Scaffold bracing comes in many types:

qCross Bracing: Two diagonal braces joined at
their center to form an "X" bracing or cross
bracing. This brace is commonly used on
systems scaffolds. See Figure II.9.3.
qDiagonal Brace: A scaffold tube placed
diagonally with respect to the vertical and
horizontal members of a scaffold and fixed to
them to give the scaffold stability
qLongitudinal (Facade or Sway) Bracing:
Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the
longer dimension (length) of the scaffold. See
Figures II.9.3 and II.9.4.
qPlan Bracing: Diagonal braces installed in a
horizontal plane, particularly used immobile
and tower scaffolds. See Figure II.9.27.
qTransverse (Sectional or Ledger) Bracing:
Transverse braces are installed in the plane of
the shorter dimension (width) of the scaffold.
See Figures II.9.1 and II.9.4.
qZig-Zag (Dog-Leg) Bracing: Diagonal braces
placed end-to-end and that alternate back and
forth. See Figure II.9.4.
Vertical bracing to prevent excessive sway is necessary

in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of all
system and tube and coupler scaffolds, for the full
length and full height of the scaffold. (Refer to other
Sections 9.10 and 9.11 in the Saudi Aramco
Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH).
Module 2.2 51
Transverse (sectional) braces must be connected to
either posts (standards) or runners (ledgers). This
connection must be as close as possible to the
intersection (node point) of the bearer (transom) and
post (standard), not more than 300 mm (12 inches)
from the node point. See Figure II.9.56.
Longitudinal (facade) braces must be connected to posts
(standards) as close as possible to the intersection (node
point) of the runner (ledger) and post (standard), not
more than 300 mm (12 inches) from the node point. See
Figure II.9.56.
Brace ends may be joined together with end-to-end
(sleeve) couplers. See Figure II.9.62.
With transverse (sectional) "zig-zag " bracing, the first
diagonal brace must be installed from the base of the
first post (standard) diagonally upward to the first lift at
whichever post (standard) is required to make the angle
of the diagonal brace be between 35 and 55 degrees
(and it may be across two bays). Additional diagonal
braces must then be installed in alternating directions
( "zig-zag " ) until they reach the top of the scaffold.
For wide scaffolds, this transverse " zig-zag " bracing
For "X" bracing, refer to Section
must be repeated across the width of the scaffold in a 9.11.3 (B) in the SASSH.
way that no more than three (3) adjacent bays are open
without transverse bracing. This set of transverse " zig-
zag " braces must be installed at both ends and repeated
along the length of the scaffold at least every third line
of posts (standards). See Figures II.9.4, II.9.55, and
II.9.56.
52 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
Longitudinal (facade) bracing for a scaffold that has

greater length than height is as follows: Install diagonal
bracing from the base of the first end post (standard)
diagonally upward, at between 35 and 55 degrees, to the
extreme top of the scaffold. This longitudinal bracing
must be repeated along the length of the scaffold at least
every fifth post (standard). See Figure II.9.59. This set
of longitudinal (facade) bracing must be installed in
opposite directions, along the front (inner) and rear
(outer) lines of posts (standards).
For longitudinal (facade) bracing for a scaffold whose

length is less than its height, the procedure is as follows:
The first diagonal brace must be installed from the base
of the first end post (standard) upward, at between 35
and 55 degrees, along the entire length of the scaffold to
the last end post (standard). Additional diagonal braces
must then be installed, at between 35 and 55 degrees, in
alternating directions ( " zig-zag ") across the entire
scaffold length until reaching the top of the scaffold.
(See Figure II.9.60.) This set of longitudinal (facade)
braces must be installed along the front (inner) and rear
(outer) lines of posts (standards).
For interior longitudinal "zig-zag " bracing for a scaffold

with multiple bays across its width ( " birdcage " scaffold),
check to see that the following procedure was used. The
first diagonal brace must be installed from the base of
the first end post (standard) upward, at between 35 and
55 degrees, to the second post (standard) at the first lift
(across one bay in one lift height). Additional diagonal
braces must then be installed, in alternating directions
( "zig-
Module 2.2 53
zag " ) until reaching the top of the scaffold. Such

longitudinal "zig-zag " bracing must be repeated along
the length of the scaffold such that no more than four
(4) adjacent bays are open without longitudinal braces.
This set of longitudinal " zig-zag " braces must be
repeated across the width of the scaffold at least every
third line of posts (standards). See Figure II.9.61.
Posts (standards) are vertical scaffold tubes that bear

the weight of the scaffold. Runners (ledgers) are
lengthwise horizontal scaffold tubes that extend from
posts (standards) to posts and they support the bearers.
Bearers (transoms) are horizontally transverse scaffold
members that are supported by at least two runners or
connected directly to at least two posts. Bearer
(transoms) may support platform units.
With the knowledge of the installation and safety
procedures for posts, runners, bearers, and bracing,
you will now learn about rules and regulations for
installation of ties, guys, and rakers, which serve to
make a scaffold more stable.
54 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
EXERCISE B
Directions: Answer the following questions. If needed, refer to the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety
Handbook.
1. What installation procedure must be followed
when extending more than one post (standard) in
a scaffold?
2. What should you never find in the same bay

on erected scaffolds?
3. Which tube controls the length of a scaffold?
4.
Which tube controls the width of a scaffold?
5. at are the proper places to fix runners (ledgers)

and bearers (transoms) on a scaffold?
6. at is the maximum distance away from posts

(standards) that is allowed for bearers (transoms)
connected to runners (ledgers)?
Module 2.2 55
7. at is the minimum distance bearers must
extend beyond the centerline of runners
(ledgers)?
8. Regarding bracing, what is the maximum

distance you can place bracing away from node
points?
9. at coupler must be used when you overlap

bracing?
10. What is the maximum distance allowed

when overlapping bracing?
11. Which type of bracing prevents excessive sway?
12. What is the maximum number of bays before

you must install transverse (zig-zag) bracing?
13. At what angle should bracing be installed?
56 Scaffolding
14. at is the maximum number of lifts allowed
before transverse (zig-zag) bracing is required?
15. at is the maximum distance longitudinal

bracing must be installed along the length of a
scaffold?
Scaffolding
Module 2.3 Identify Rules and Regulations for Installation of Ties, Guys, and
Rakers
Pilot
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 2: Identifying the Acceptable Condition of Components and Installation/Safety Procedures for Scaffolds
Module 2.3
Identify Rules and Regulations for the Installation of Ties, Guys, and Rakers
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
Information Sheets
Exercise A
Exercise B
INFORMATION SHEET
2.3.1 Unaided, the employee will
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify rules correctly identify rules and
and regulations for the installation of ties. regulations for the
installation of ties, guys,
and rakers, in accordance
2.3.2
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify rules with the Saudi Aramco
and regulations for the installation of guys. Scaffold Safety Handbook.
2.3.3
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify rules
and regulations for the installation of rakers.
INTRODUCTION
All scaffolds must be stable. Stability is achieved, in
part, through the use of ties, guys, and rakers.
Module 2.3 61
In this module you will learn the rules and
regulations for these three important scaffold
stabilizing components.
Module 2.3 62
INFORMATION SHEET
j INFORMATION SHEET
Identify Rules and Regulations for the Installation

of Ties
INTRODUCTION
When a scaffold is being A tie is an assembly of scaffold components that are

dismantled, the components
above each tie must be
installed to provide an anchor for a scaffold. Scaffolds
dismantled or removed before may be secured to buildings or other structures. Ties
the tie is removed. Stability must
be maintained while the scaffold provide lateral stability to scaffolds.
i s being dismantled.
The three common ties used in Saudi Aramco are

the:
1. Box Tie
2. Two-Way Tie
3. Reveal Tie
BOx Tie
A box tie is an assembly of tubes and couplers that
form a frame around a column or other part of a
building to provide an anchor point for scaffold tubes.
It is also known as the column box tie. See Figures
II.9.19.
Two-Way Tie
This tie is an assembly of scaffold components through
an opening in a wall or other solid structure that
provides an anchor point for scaffold tie tubes. It is
also known as a through tie. The two-way tie is
preferred when erecting scaffolds against buildings.
See Figure II.9.18.
Module 2.3 63
Reveal Tie
This tie is an assembly of a reveal tube, reveal pin, and

pads, if required. They are fixed between opposing
faces of an opening in a wall to provide an anchor point
for scaffold tie tubes. See Figure II.9.21.
The reveal tie is often used to secure a scaffold to

reveals (i. e., windows, doors). A special adjustable
review tube is used.
When used, reveal ties must be securely wedged (with

reveal pins) between opposing surfaces on the building
or structure and also coupled to tie tubes. To ensure the
security of reveal tubes, it is necessary to frequently
check for tightness.
Reveal ties must not exceed 50% of the total number
of ties used on the scaffold and must be evenly
distributed over the scaffold area. See Figures II.9.20
and II.9.21.
Rules and Regulations for Installing Ties Major rules and regulations about ties
include these:
qAll ties must be connected to buildings or

structures by connecting tie tubes to at least two
posts (standards) or two horizontal members (i. e.,
runners) and coupling this to a two-way tie,
column box tie, reveal tie, or an equivalent
connection. (See Figure II.9.74.)
qTies must be installed according to the
Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety
Handbook (SASSH).
qAll tie connections must be made with right-
angle (double) couplers.
Module 2.3 64
INFORMATION SHEET
qTie tubes must be installed at locations where

runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) support
the post (standard) in both directions. Like guys,
tie tubes must be connected to posts as close as
possible to the horizontal members, or connected
to horizontal members as close as possible to the
posts. See Figure II.9.21.
qTies must be installed adjacent to transverse
bracing. See Figure II.9.47.
qThe lowest level of ties in a lift located closest
to the height of 4 times the minimum base
dimension (4:1 ratio). See Figure II.9.47.
qThe uppermost level of ties must be installed as
close as feasible to the top of the scaffold.
qTies shall be spaced vertically every eight
meters (26 feet) (4 lifts) or less.
qTies should be installed at both ends of the
scaffold and at horizontal intervals not to exceed
9 meters (30 feet), the distance to be measured
from one end toward the other. See Figure
II.9.47.
qTie tubes play an important role with reveal
tubes. When used, reveal tubes must be securely
wedged, using reveal pins, between opposing
surfaces on the building or structure and coupled
to tie tubes. To ensure the security of reveal tubes,
it is necessary to frequently check for tightness.
Ties to reveal tubes must not exceed 50% of the
total number of ties used on the scaffold and shall
be evenly distributed over the scaffold area. See
figures II.9.20 and II.9.21.
Module 2.3 65
A tie is a scaffold component that provides an anchor to

a scaffold to a building or other structure. Ties provide
lateral stability to scaffolds. They include tie tubes
attached to scaffolds.
Ties must be attached according to the specifications of

their manufacturer.
Now, you will learn the rules and regulations for guys,
which are similar to ties. After completing the second
part of this module, you will complete Exercise A,
which covers both ties and guys.
INFORMATION SHEET
PART II OBJECTIVE 2.3.2
Identify Rules and Regulations for the Installation

of Guys
INTRODUCTION
Guys are tension members (i.e., wire ropes) between the

scaffold and the ground to provide stability in the same
way as ties.
The uppermost level of guys must be installed as

close to the top of the scaffolds as possible.
Guys also must be secured to an anchor point at

ground level. (See Figure II.9.25.)
RULES AND REGULATIONS
Guys should be installed at the four corners of a

scaffold and at horizontal intervals not to exceed 9
meters (30 feet), the distance to be measured from one
end toward the other.
Guys should slope at approximately 45 degrees above
the horizontal. The strength of the guy wires and the
anchorage used must be calculated, giving due regard
to the horizontal wind forces and other forces that may
be applied to the scaffold. See Figure II.9.25.
Because guys perform functions similar to those
performed by ties, the rules and regulations for guys are
similar to those for ties. Major rules and regulations on
guys include these:
Module 2.3 67
q Guys must be installed at locations where

runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) support
the post (standard) in both directions. Like tie
tubes, guys must be connected to posts as close as
possible to the horizontal members, or connected
to horizontal members as close as possible to the
posts. See Figure II.9.21
q Guys must be installed adjacent to
transverse bracing. See Figure II.9.47.
q The lowest level of guys shall be installed
at the lift located closest to the height of 4 times
the minimum base dimension (4:1 ratio). See figure
11.9.47.
q The uppermost level of guys must be
installed as close as feasible to the top of the
scaffold.
q Guys must be spaced vertically
every eight meters (26 feet) (4 lifts) or less.
Like ties, guys are tension members (i.e., wire ropes)

that are used between the scaffold and the ground,
building, or other structure to enhance the scaffold 's
lateral stability
Guys should be installed at both ends of the scaffold
and at horizontal intervals not to exceed 9 meters (30
feet), the distance to be measured from one end toward
the other. Guys should slope at
approximately 45 degrees above the horizontal.
Strength of the guy wires and the anchorage used must

be calculated, giving due regard to the horizontal wind
forces and other forces that may be applied to the
scaffold. INFORMATION SHEET
Module 2.3 69
The rules and regulations for guys are similar to those

for ties. All guys must be installed according to the
scaffold manufacturer ' s recommendations. You must
check these before an inspection.
Now you know the rules and regulations for ties and
guys. After you complete the exercise for this part of
the module (guys and ties), you will learn about
rakers.
INFORMATION SHEET
EXERCISE A
Directions: Answer the following questions. If required,
refer to the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook
(SASSH).
1. at is the name of the tie that is normally

used around columns?
2. What is the name of a tie that is installed

through a wall or opening?
3. at is the name of a tie that is installed

between opposing faces of an opening?
4. What type of coupler must be used on all ties?
5. When installing ties, each tie must be

connected to at least
6. How far apart should ties be spaced vertically?
7. How far apart should ties be

spaced horizontally?
Module 2.3 71
8. at is the maximum height allowed before

the first tie should be installed?
9. at is the maximum number of reveal ties

allowed in any one scaffold?
10. at is the recommended and allowable angle

for installing guys?
11. At what points should guys be fixed when they

are being installed?
12. Where should guys and ties be installed on a

scaffold to gain maximum stability?
PART III OBJECTIVE 2 .3.3 INFORMATION SHEET
I enti Rules and Regulations for the Installation

of Rakers
INTRODUCTION
A raker is an inclined bearing tube that braces the

scaffold against the ground. Scaffold erectors may use
rakers to provide scaffold stability only if it is
impractical to provide stability with ties, guys, and
outrigger frames. See Figure II.9.22.
RULES AND REGULATIONS
Each raker must be a single piece of scaffold tubing that

is not longer than 6.4 meters (21 feet). In addition,
rakers must not be joined together (spliced).
When inspecting rakers, always check their angle.

Each raker ' s angle above horizontal must not be
greater than 75 degrees (4:1).
Only one additional lift may be installed on the scaffold
above the raker tie-in point. The top of the raker must
not be coupled to the scaffold any higher than the third
lift.
The bottom of the raker must be coupled to a firmly
anchored ground stake or otherwise well anchored
against movement in Al directions (including uplift).
In addition, the bottom of the raker must always be
tied back to the scaffold by a horizontal tube coupled
to the raker and to the scaffold post. (See Figure
II.9.22.)
Module 2.3 73
Remember: When a Stability of the scaffold may be achieved using rakers

scaffold is being
dismantled, the
only if it is impractical to provide ties, guys, or
components above each outrigger frames. Rakers must not be joined together
tie must be dismantled or
removed before the tie is (spliced). The raker angle above horizontal must not be
removed. Stability must be greater than 75 degrees (4:1) or less than 65 degrees
maintained while the
scaffold is being (2:1).
dismantled.
Regulations limit scaffolds to one additional lift above
the raker tie-in point n each scaffold. The top of the
raker must be coupled to the scaffold no higher than the
third lift. The bottom of the raker must be coupled to a
firmly anchored ground stake or otherwise well anchored
against the movement in all directions. In addition, the
bottom and midpoint of each raker must always be tied
back to the scaffold by horizontal tubes coupled to the
raker and to at least two scaffold posts (standards). See
Figure II.9.22.
A raker is an inclined bearing tube that braces the

scaffold against the ground. Rakers provide scaffold
stability only if it is impractical to provide stability
with ties, guys, and outrigger frames.
Each raker must be a single piece of scaffold tubing

that is not longer than 6.4 meters (21 feet). In addition,
rakers must not be joined together (spliced).
You will now complete the exercise for this part of the
module. Then, with the knowledge of the information
in this unit (ties, guys, and rakers, scaffold foundations
and clearances, and acceptable
Module 2.3 75
conditions of components and installation procedures for

scaffolds), you will now learn the regulations on the
design, construction, and use of tubular scaffolds.
EXERCISE B
(SASSH).
1. at is the maximum length of a raker?
2
. at is the maximum recommended allowable
degree of angle for installing a raker in a scaffold?
3. at is the maximum number of lifts allowed

above a raker tie in point in a scaffold?
4. at is the minimum degree of angle for a

raker in a scaffold?
5. at is the maximum length of a raker?

Scaffolding
Module 3.1 State Regulations for Design, Construction, and Use of Tubular
Scaffolds
Pilot
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 3: Stating Regulations on the Design, Construction, and Use of Tubular Scaffolds
Module 3.1
State Regulations for Design, Construction, and Use of Tubular Scaffolds
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
Information Sheets
Exercise A
Exercise B
Exercise C
Exercise D
INFORMATION SHEET
3.1.1
Unaided, the employee will correctly state the Unaided, the employee with
correctly state the
regulations for design, construction, and use of
regulations for the design,
mobile scaffolds. construction, and use of
tubular scaffolds, in
3.1.2 accordance with the Saudi
Unaided, the employee will correctly state the Aramco Scaffold Safety
regulations for design, construction, and use of Handbook.
underhung (underslung/suspended) scaffolds.
Module 3.1 81
INFORMATION SHEET
3.1.3
regulations for design, construction, and use of tower
tube and coupler scaffolds.
3.1.4
regulations for design, construction, and use of
bracket tube and coupler scaffolds.
INTRODUCTION
As a scaffold inspector, you must inspect several types
of scaffolds. You must know their regulations for design,
construction, and use.
A tube and coupler scaffold is an assembly that is
constructed of steel tubing that serves as posts
(standards), runners (ledgers), bearers (transoms),
braces, and ties. A base supports the posts. Specially
designed scaffold couplers are used to connect the
various members in tube and coupler scaffolds.
Module 3.1 82
INFORMATION SHEET
In this module you will learn the regulations for the

design, construction, and use of four types of tubular
scaffolds:
q mobile scaffolds
q underhung (underslung/suspended) scaffolds
q tower tube and coupler scaffolds, and
q bracket tube and coupler scaffolds
Module 3.1 83
State the Regulations for Design, Construction,

and Use of Mobile Scaffolds
INTRODUCTION
A mobile scaffold is a rigid scaffold assembly that is

supported by casters that can be manually moved
horizontally. For examples of mobile scaffolds, see
Figures II.9.27, II.9.28, and II.9.29.
First, you will learn the regulations for the design and
construction of mobile scaffolds. Then, you will learn
the regulations for the use of these scaffolds.
DESIGN CONSTRUCTION
Mobile scaffolds should be plumb, level, and square

Design and construction of
and be horizontally and vertically braced (in both mobile tube and coupler
scaffolds are similar to those
directions) by diagonal braces. Again, see Figures for tower tube and coupler
II.9.27, II.9.28, and II.9.33. scaffolds, which you will learn
about in another section in this
To prevent racking (twisting), install plan bracing module. All references to
scaffolds in this module, unless
(horizontal) at the base, at the top, and at least every otherwise noted, are for tube
and coupler scaffolds.
third lift in all mobile scaffolds. (Check closely in
Figures II.9.27 and II.9.33.)
84 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
The post-spacing requirement is 2 meters (6.5 feet) in

both directions for light-duty tube and coupler mobile
scaffolds that are
1. used only for personal access and inspection

2. are one bay long by one bay wide
(only 4 posts), and
Module 3.1 85
3. constructed entirely of steel tubing
manufactured and embossed per section 9.7.2 of
the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook
(SASSH).
The maximum post-spacing is 1.7 meters (5.5 feet) in

both directions for light-duty tube and coupler
mobile scaffolds that are one bay long by one bay
wide (only 4 posts) and are constructed with steel
tubing that is NOT MANUFACTURED AND
EMBOSSED according to section 9.7.2 of the
SASSH.
The regulations for medium-duty tube and coupler
mobile scaffolds is different. Those scaffolds that are
one bay long by one bay wide (only 4 posts) must be
constructed of steel tubing manufactured and embossed
per Section 9.7.2 of SASSH. In addition, these
medium-duty scaffolds must have a maximum post
spacing of 1.5 meters (5 feet) in both directions.
For mobile scaffolds, an internal ladder with a cover
(preferably hinged) over the access is preferred over
an external ladder.
If an external ladder must be used, it should be
installed vertically on the narrow side of the scaffold
to minimize the potential for overturning. In addition,
the external ladder should have a step-through opening
in the guardrail system that is protected by a self-
closing drop-bar at toprail height. The step through
opening allows access without having workers climb
over the guardrails.
86 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
Other regulations for design and construction of

mobile scaffolds are:
q Mobile scaffolds rated for light-duty use
must have steel casters not less than 120 mm (5
inches) in diameter.
q Mobile scaffolds rated for medium-duty
use must have heavy-duty steel casters not less
than 170 mm (7 inches) in diameter.
q All casters must be fitted with a positive
wheel lock (which cannot be accidentally
released, to prevent movement while the mobile
scaffold is being used. (See Figure II.9.30.)
q Casters must be securely fixed to the base
of the scaffold posts or screw jacks by locking
pins.
q The working area on any mobile scaffold
platform must not extend outside the scaffold
base dimensions. Cantilevered working areas are
not permitted for mobile scaffolds.
q Platform units (planks) must be securely
fixed in position.
Where the basic scaffold does
q The uppermost work platform height shall not meet this requirement for
static tower scaffolds,
not exceed 4 times the minimum base dimension outriggers must be installed on
the scaffold to achieve this
of any mobile scaffold. least-base dimension, or
provisions such as guys, ties,
q A complete guardrail system must be and rakers must be taken to
provided at every platform, according to section stabilize the scaffold against
tipping.
9.5.2 of the SASSH.
USE OF MOBILE SCAFFOLDS
The first rule of using a mobile scaffold is that no
men, materials, or equipment shall be on the
scaffold ' s working platform or elsewhere on the
scaffold while it is in motion.
Module 3.1 87
The mobile scaffold 's casters shall be locked at all
times, except when the scaffold is being moved.
Mobile scaffold should be moved only by manually

pushing or pulling at the base of the scaffold. Forces
shall not be applied at a height greater than 1.5 meters
(5 feet) above the supporting surface.
A mobile scaffold should be used and moved only on
surfaces sufficiently firm and level to ensure stability
Where the scaffold is to be used on an elevated floor or
roof, the scaffold must be designed to apply loads no
greater than the capacity of the floor or roof.
When a mobile scaffold is on soft or uneven ground,
temporary foundations (or tracks) must be properly set
in place on the ground to facilitate movement of the
scaffold. The temporary foundation or track must be
level and properly secured.
A mobile scaffold is a rigid scaffold assembly that is

supported by casters that can be manually moved
horizontally. It must be constructed within the Saudi
Aramco regulations for mobile scaffolds.
The first rule of using a mobile scaffold is that no men,
materials, or equipment shall be on the scaffold 's
working platform or elsewhere on the scaffold while it
is in motion. The mobile scaffold 's casters shall be
locked at all times, except when the scaffold is being
moved.
88 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
Mobile scaffold should be moved only by manually

pushing or pulling at the base of the scaffold.
Now that you know the regulations for mobile

scaffolds, you will complete the exercise) and then
learn about regulations for underhung (underhung/
suspended) scaffolds.
Module 3.1 89
EXERCISE A
Directions: Answer the following questions. If required, use the
Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH) as
reference.
1. Plan bracing should be installed at the top and

bottom of a scaffold and at every lift in
between.
2. at is the maximum distance apart for posts

(standards) for light-duty tube and coupler
mobile scaffolds erected with embossed tubing?
3. at is the maximum distance apart for posts

(standards) for light-duty tube and coupler
mobile scaffolds erected with non-embossed
tubing?
4. at is the minimum size of caster wheels for a

light-duty mobile scaffold?
5. at is the minimum size of caster wheels for a

medium-duty mobile scaffold?
90 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
6. at is the maximum height of a mobile

scaffold?
7. What is the maximum number of

working platforms allowed on a mobile
scaffold?
Module 3.1 91
PART ll OBJECTIVE 3.1.2
State the Regulations for Design, Construction,

and Use of Underhung (nderslun /Sus ended)
Scaffolds
INTRODUCTION
An underhung (underslung/suspended) scaffold is an

assembly that is suspended from an overhead structure
directly above by fixed-length wire ropes (cables) or a
scaffold that is rigidly attached by scaffold tubes and
load-bearing couplers to an overhead structure directly
above (but not outrigger beams).
Underhung (underslung) scaffolds have a work platform
that cannot be raised or lowered. See Figure II.9.34.
Underhung scaffolds are normally used where ground

space is not available. Most underhung/suspended
scaffolds are used offshore.
This part of the module will discuss regulations in

four areas:
1. General criteria for underhung (underslung)

scaffolds (tube and coupler)
2. Underhung (underslung) scaffolds suspended by
wire rope
3. the use of wire rope clips, and
4. welding from underhung scaffolds suspended by
wire rope
92 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
One general regulation for Al underhung scaffolds is

that they must be hung from structures capable of
supporting at least four (4) times the load imposed on
them by the scaffold. In addition, underhung scaffolds
must have guardrail systems as provided in Section
9.5.2 of the SASSH.
You will first learn about regulations for underhung
scaffolds suspended by tubes and couplers. Next, in
order, you will learn about underhung scaffolds
suspended by wire rope, the use of wire rope clips,
and welding from underhung scaffolds suspended by
wire ropes.
GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCITON
CRITERIA
SUSPENDED BY TUBES AND COUPLERS
Suspension points for hanger tubes on underhung

scaffolds shall be securely fixed to prevent their being
dislodged by Al potential forces acting upon them.
When a hanger tube is coupled to a horizontal tube that

is placed across the top of a supporting b e , a second
horizontal tube shall be attached underneath the
supporting beam with a pair of girder couplers. Both
horizontal tubes shall be attached to the hanger tubes
with right-angle couplers. (See Figure II.9.34.)
Check (safety) couplers must be installed at the top of
Al hanger tubes. Check (safety) couplers must also be
installed directly beneath Al tapeze tubes (see Figure
II.9.34).
To assist in erection, modification, and dismantling,

trapeze tubes must be installed approximately
Module 3.1 93
700 mm (2 feet) below the runners (ledgers). Trapeze
tubes also serve as a secondary support, should a runner
slip.
Vertical hanger tubes, wherever possible, should be in

one length. Where joints are necessary, the tubes should
be single-lapped using at least four couplers. (See
Figure II.9.34.)
Runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) should be

coupled to hanger tubes using right-angle (not
adjustable) couplers. Hanger tube spacing shall
comply with the tube and coupler post spacing
requirements for the load duty of scaffold (see
Sections 9.11.4 and 9.11.5 of the SASSH).
At least one board bearer (intermediate transom)

must be installed when the hanger tube spacing is
more than 1.5 meters (5 feet) apart in the longitudinal
direction.
Only drop-forged girder couplers may be used for the

support of hanging scaffolds. Pressed girder couplers
must not be used for the support of hanging scaffolds.
UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS
BY WIRE ROPE
A working platform must have a least six suspension

points that are evenly spaced and kept taut (tight). To
prevent swaying, they must be tied or otherwise
secured.
Each wire rope or cable that suspends an underhung

scaffold, including connecting hardware, must be
94 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
capable of supporting, without failure, at least six (6)

times the maximum intended load applied or
transmitted to that rope.
Wire suspension ropes must be a minimum diameter

of 9 mm (3/8-inch).
When an underhung scaffold is suspended by wire

ropes, the wire ropes must be wrapped at least twice
around the supporting members and twice around the
scaffold ' s bearers (ledgers).
Splices in wire ropes used to suspend an underhung

scaffold are prohibited. In addition, the use of
repaired wire rope to suspend an underhung scaffold
is also prohibited.
Softeners must be used on all sharp edges to prevent

rubbing action between the suspension points and wire
rope. This will prevent damage to the wire rope.
Wire ropes must be inspected for integrity before each

work shift and after each occurrence that could affect
the rope ' s integrity. Wire ropes must be replaced if any
of the following conditions exist.
1. Any physical damage that impairs the
function or strength of the rope.
2. Abrasions, corrosion, scrubbing, flattening,
or preening which has caused loss of more than
one-quarter of the original diameter of the
outside wires in the rope.
3. Heat damage that is caused by a torch,
or any damage that is caused by contact with
electrical wires.
Module 3.1 95
Spacing of wire ropes that are used to carry the

scaffold load must comply with the post spacing
requirements for the scaffold ' s duty (see Sections
9.11.4 and 9.11.5 in the SASSH).
Suspension wire ropes must be shielded from heat-

producing processes. When acids or other corrosives
are used on a scaffold, the ropes shall be shielded,
treated to protect against the corrosive substance, or
be of a material that will not be damaged by the
substances(s) being used.
USE OF WIRE CLIPS
When using wire rope clips, the regulations require a

minimum of 3 clips be installed at the load of each wire
rope end and 3 clips installed at the attachment end of
each wire rope. Clips must be spaced a minimum of 6
rope diameters apart.
Check the Riggers Handbook Clips must be installed according to the manufacturer 's
for more details on clips. recommendations. Clips must be retightened to clip 's
specifications after initial loading.
You must check to ensure that clips are inspected and

retightened to the clip ' s specifications at the start of
each work shift thereafter.
When you are checking where wire rope clips are in

use, check to see that the U-bolt is placed over the dead
end of the rope, and the saddle (bridge) is placed over
the live (loaded) end of the rope. ( " Don ' t saddle a dead
horse. ")
Before an inspection of an underhung scaffold that

uses wire rope clips, it is good to refer to the
96 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
SASSHB.
Module 3.1 97
INFORMATION SHEET
USE OF UNDERHUNG (UNDERSLUNG)

SCAFFOLDS FOR WELDING
As you now know, underhung (underslung) scaffolds
are commonly used for welding.
The five things that you must check when you inspect
an underhung (underslung) scaffold that will be used
for welding are:
q Ensure that an insulated thimble is used
to attach each suspension wire rope to its
support. Any additional lines to provide
grounding must also be insulated.
q All suspension wire rope must be
covered with insulating material extending at
least 1.2 meters (4 feet) above the working
platform.
q Ensure that a grounding conductor be
connected from the scaffold to the structure, in
addition to a work lead attachment also required
by the welding process. Check that the size of the
conductor is at least the size of the welding
process work lead, and that this conductor is in
series with the welding process or the work
piece.
q If the scaffold grounding lead is
disconnected at any time, the welding machine
must be turned off.
q An active welding rod or uninsulated
welding lead must not be allowed to contact the
scaffold or its suspension system.
Module 3.1 98
INFORMATION SHEET
An underhung (underslung) scaffold is an assembly that

is suspended from an overhead structure directly above
by fixed-length wire ropes (cables) or a scaffold that is
rigidly attached by scaffold tubes and load-bearing
couplers to an overhead structure directly above (but not
outrigger beams).
Underhung (underslung) scaffolds can be suspended
by wire rope.
Underhung (underslung) scaffolds have a work

platform that cannot be raised or lowered.
Underhung (underslung) scaffolds are commonly
used offshore.
One general regulation for Al underhung scaffolds is
that they must be hung from structures capable of
supporting at least four (4) times the load imposed on
them by the scaffold. In addition, underhung scaffolds
must have guardrail systems as provided in Section
9.5.2 of the SASSH.
After completing the exercise for this section, you
will then learn about regulations for design,
construction, and use of tower tube and coupler
scaffolds.
Module 3.1 99
EXERCISE B
Directions: Answer the following questions. If required, use
the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH) as
reference.
1. All underhung scaffolds must be

capable of withstanding the intended load.
2. What must be installed at the top of

every underhung scaffold hanger tube and below
the trap?
3. When using girder couplers, what

basic installation procedure must be followed
with such couplers?
4. at is the minimum number of

suspension points required when suspending a
scaffold?
5. What is the minimum diameter wire rope

that is permitted when using wire ropes to
suspend an underhung scaffold?
6. What is the minimum number of turns of

wires required around a suspension point for an
underhung scaffold?
100 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
PART III OBJECTIVE 3.1.3
State the Regulations for Design,

Construction, and Use of Tower Tube
and Coupler Scaffolds
INTRODUCTION
A tower scaffold is a supported assembly that consists of

only four (4) posts (standards) connected together
longitudinally with runners (ledgers) and bearers
(transoms), which are at right angles to each other,
thereby forming a square or rectangular tower.
A tower scaffold may be constructed of tube and

coupler, fabricated tubular frame, or system scaffold.
See Figure II.9.33.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Design and construction of

Tower scaffolds should be plumb, level, and square
tower scaffolds are similar to and be horizontally and vertically braced (in both
those for mobile scaffolds, directions) by diagonal braces. (See Figures II.9.27,
which you learned about in the II.9.28, and II.9.33.)
first part of this module.
You may know about system

tower scaffolds, which are To prevent racking (twisting), plan (horizontal)
constructed to each bracing should be installed at the base, at the top, and
manufacturer's specifications. at least every third lift in Al tower tube and coupler
However, this program of
instruction concentrates on only
scaffolds. (Check closely in Figures II.9.27 and
tube and coupler tower II.9.33.)
scaffolds. References to tower
scaffolds in this section omit the
designation tube and coupler,
but they are the type being
discussed.) The post-spacing requirement for tower scaffolds is 2
meters (6.5) feet in both directions for light-duty
tower scaffolds that are
Module 3.1 101

INFORMATION SHEET
1. used only for personnel access and inspection
2. are one bay long by one bay wide (only 4

posts), and
Module 3.1 102

INFORMATION SHEET
3. constructed entirely of steel tubing

manufactured and embossed per section 9.7.2 of
the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety
Handbook (SASSH).
The maximum post-spacing is 1.7 meters (5.5 feet) in

both directions for light-duty tower scaffolds that are
one bay long by one bay wide (only 4 posts) and are
constructed with steel tubing that is NOT
manufactured and embossed according to section 9.7.2
of the SASSH.
The regulations for medium-duty tower scaffolds is
different from those for light-duty. Medium-duty tower
scaffolds that are one bay long by one bay wide (only
4 posts) must be constructed of steel tubing
manufactured and embossed per Section 9.7.2 of
SASSH. In addition, these medium-duty tower scaffolds
must have a maximum post spacing of 1.5 meters (5
feet) in both directions.
Other regulations for design and construction of

tower scaffolds are:
The working area on any tower scaffold platform
must not extend outside the scaffold base
dimensions. Cantilevered working areas are not
permitted for tower scaffolds.
Platform units (planks) must be securely fixed in
position.
Module 3.1 103

The uppermost work platform height shall not exceed 4
times the minimum b e dimension of any tower
scaffold. Where the basic scaffold does not meet
this requirement, outriggers must be installed on
the scaffold to achieve this least-base dimension,
or provisions such as guys, ties, and rakers must
be taken to stabilize the scaffold against tipping.
A complete guardrail system must be provided at every
platform, according to section 9.5.2 of the
SASSH.
USE OF TOWER SCAFFOLDS

Tower scaffolds are used mostly for personnel access
and inspection purposes.
A tower scaffold is a supported assembly that consists of

only four (4) posts (standards) connected together
longitudinally with runners (ledgers) and bearers
(transoms), which are at right angles to each other,
thereby forming a square or rectangular tower. Tower
scaffolds should be plumb, level, and square and be
horizontally and vertically braced (in both directions) by
diagonal braces.
Tower scaffolds may be constructed of tube and
coupler, fabricated tubular frame, or system scaffold.
Design and construction of tower scaffolds are similar
to those for mobile scaffolds. These scaffolds are used
mostly for personnel access and inspection purposes.
104 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
Now you will review the regulations for tower

scaffolding by completing the exercise. Then, you will
learn about regulations for bracket tube and coupler
scaffolds.
Module 3.1 105

EXERCISE C
Directions: Answer the following questions. If required, use the
Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH) as
reference.
1. Regulations for tower tube and coupler scaffolds

are similar to those of another type of scaffold.
Which scaffold is that?
2. A tower scaffold can be constructed by three

different methods. Tube and coupler and fabricated
tubular are two methods. What is the third
method?
3. What should be installed in a tower tube and

coupler scaffold to prevent racking (twisting)?
4. at is the post-spacing requirement for light-duty

tower scaffolds that are used only for personnel
access and inspection, are one bay long and one
bay wide (only 4 posts), and constructed entirely
of embossed steel tubing?
5. at are the two most common uses of tower

scaffolds?
6. How many posts are permitted in tower

scaffolds?
106 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
PART IV OBJECTIVE 3.1.4
State the Regulations for Design, Construction, and Use of Bracket Tube and
Coupler Scaffolds
INTRODUCTION
A bracket tube and coupler scaffold is a special type of

scaffold. Because of its common use by tank builders,
the bracket scaffold is also known as a tank builder 's
scaffold.
The distinguishing feature of a bracket tube and coupler

scaffold is found in its method of support. Bracket
scaffolds are supported by bracket straps that are
welded to the tank wall. Upright brackets are hooked to
the straps. (See Figure II.9.26.)
After reviewing the regulations for design and

construction of bracket scaffolds, including
regulations for guardrails and platforms, you will
learn the use of these scaffolds.
design and construction of bracket scaffolds
Brackets and bracket straps for bracket scaffolds must

be constructed and erected in accordance with the
manufacturer 's instructions and the Saudi Aramco
Scaffold Safety Handbook, using the minimum
dimensions shown in Figure II.9.26.
Bracket scaffolds are designed to support a light-duty

loading of 120 kilograms per square meter (120 kg/
sq.m), (1.2 kN/sq.m), or 25 pounds per square foot.
Module 3.1 107

The major regulations regarding brackets, bracket
straps are the following:
qBrackets, bracket straps, and other associated
structural members must be free of detrimental
corrosion, damage, and defect.
qBracket straps, welded to the tank wall, shall be
at least 250 mm (10 inches) wide and 75 mm (3
inches) high x 10 mm (3/8-inch) thick, with bends
at the center for inserting brackets. The gap
created by the bent section of the bracket strap
must be compatible in size with the bracket that
will be inserted into it, with a 2 mm (1/8-inch)
maximum clearance on the front or back faces.
qBrackets must be welded to the tank shell for a
length of 150 mm (6 inches) along the top edge of
the strap (two 75 mm welds minimum) and down
25 mm (1 inch) along each side of the strap, with
a 5 mm (3/16-inch) fillet weld. No weld is
required along the bottom edge of the bracket
straps. (See Figure II.o.26.)
qIf 38 mm (1-1/2-inch) thick wood planks are
used, the maximum circumferential distance
between brackets cannot exceed 1.5 meters (5
feet) on center. Except as noted in the next
paragraph, if 50 mm (2-inch) thick wood planks
are used, the minimum circumferential distance
between brackets shall not be more than 2.4
meters (8 feet) on center.
108 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
q Only if Al brackets (frames), platform

units (planks), etc., are certified to meet Al
requirements of OSHA 1926.450, Appendix A,
Section 2 (z), "Tank builder ' s scaffold, " the
maximum circumferential distance between
brackets may be 3.2 meters (10 feet, 6 inches) on
center. In this case, planks must be full-
dimensioned 50 mm (2-inch) thick by 300 mm (12-
inch) wide Douglas Fir or Southern Yellow Pine of
Select Structural Grade or Scaffold Grade.
qBrackets must be installed vertically. (Only
welders certified by Saudi Aramco may weld
bracket strops to the tank wall. Prior to welding to
any tank, approval of welding procedures and
verification of tank integrity is required from the
Proponent ' s Engineering Unit.)
qPrior to attaching the bracket, completed bracket
strap welds must be inspected and approved by a
welding inspector who is certified by Saudi
Aramco. Brackets also must be
inspected prior to installation by scaffold
craftsmen and prior to each use by scaffold users.
Damaged or defective brackets must be removed
from service.
GUARDRAILS BRACKET
SCAFFOLDS
A continuous guardrail system must be provided
along the outside platform edge of all bracket
scaffolds.
A guardrail system must be provided on the inside

platform edge in Al cases where the gap between the
platform and the tank exceeds 360 mm (14 inches).
Module 3.1 109

j INFORMATION SHEET
Guardrails must be constructed using either wire rope

or steel tubing. Wire rope guardrails must be at least
10 mm (3/8 inch) in diameter and be securely fixed
and kept tight (i. e., by the use of turnbuckles). Steel
tubing must meet the capacity requirements of 9.5.2
(E) in the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook.
There should be no endto-end tubing connections
anywhere but at the guardrail-support uprights.
Guardrail-support uprights must be made of scaffold-

Guardrails and support uprights grade tubing or structural angles. It is preferred that
that are certified to meet OSHA
1925.450, Appendix A, Section these uprights be permanently welded to the brackets,
1(d) may be used for bracket However, an acceptable alternative is for each upright
scaffolds.
to be firmly secured into a 150 mm (6-inch) minimum
high sleeve or spigot pin, either of which is welded to
the bracket.
Guardrail-support uprights must be constructed so that

the toprail is at least 0.95 meter (38 inches)-but not
more than 1.15 meter (45 inches)-above the walking
surface.
In addition to wearing hardhats, each person around a

bracket scaffold must be protected from falling objects
through one or more of the following:
1. barricading the area below into which objects
can fall and not permitting workers to enter the
hazard area, or
2. installing toeboards with or without screens, or
3. erection of debris nets, catch platforms, or
canopy structures sufficient to catch falling
objects.
110 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
Toeboards, where used, must be installed per Section

9.5.4 of the SASSH. Toeboards must not be nailed into
scaffold planks.
All working levels on bracket scaffolds must be fully

planked. Working levels must be at least 2 planks but
not more than 3 planks wide.
Planks can overlap in one direction only. The

minimum overlap must be 230 mm (9 inches).
Platform units and planks must be secured to the

brackets in a way that prevents movement.
The area below bracket scaffolds must be barricaded

and warning signs must be posted.
USE OF BRACKET SCAFFOLD

The bracket scaffold is commonly used during the
erection of large storage tanks. For this reason, this
scaffold is often called the "tank builder 's " scaffold.
The distinguishing feature of a bracket tube and coupler

scaffold is its method of support. Bracket scaffolds are
supported by bracket straps that are welded to the tank
wall. Upright brackets are hooked to the straps.
Because of its common use by tank builders, the

bracket scaffold is also known as a tank builder 's
scaffold.
A guardrail system must be provided along the

outside platform edge of Al bracket scaffolds.
Module 3.1 111

112 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
A guardrail system must be provided on the inside

platform edge in all cases where the gap between the
platform and the tank exceeds 360 mm (14 inches).
Next, you will complete the exercise for this part of
the module to review the regulations for bracket tube
and coupler scaffolds. Then you will learn about load
and duty ratings for tube and coupler scaffolds, which
are covered in the next module.
Module 3.1 113

INFORMATION SHEET
EXERCISE D
Directions: Answer the following questions. If required, use
the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH) as
reference.
1. What is the maximum number of boards

on a bracket scaffold?
2. On a bracket scaffold, what is the

maximum circumferential distance permitted
between brackets if 38 mm (1-1/2 inch) boards are
used?
3. at is the name and number of the standard

that governs distances brackets must be apart?
4. In which section of the Saudi

Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook
(SASSH) will you find the definition of a
bracket strap?
5. at is the recommended piece of

equipment for use to keep the wire taut on a
bracket scaffold?
6. at is the minimum distance that

boards should overlap on a bracket scaffold?
Module 3.1 114

INFORMATION SHEET
Module 3.1 115

Scaffolding
Module 3.2 State Load and Duty Ratings for Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
Pilot
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 3: Stating Regulations on the Design, Construction, and Use of Tubular Scaffolds
Module 3.2
State Load and Duty Ratings for Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
Information Sheets
Exercise A
Exercise B
Exercise C
INFORMATION SHEET

Given loading conditions,
3.2.1
the employee will correctly
Given loading conditions, the employee will
state load-duty ratings for
correctly identify load-duty ratings for light-duty
tube and coupler scaffolds,
tube and coupler scaffolds.
in accordance with the
Saudi Aramco Scaffold
3.2.2
Safety Handbook
Given loading conditions, the employee will correctly
identify load-duty ratings for medium-duty tube and
coupler scaffolds.
3.2.3
Given loading conditions, the employee will correctly
identify load-duty ratings for special-duty tube and
coupler scaffolds.
INTRODUCTION
Every scaffold in Saudi Aramco and each scaffold

component must be capable of supporting, without
failure, its own weight (dead load) and at least four (4)
times the maximum intended load (live weight) applied
or transmitted to it. The weight of platform units
(including planks) must be included in the scaffold's
load rating.
In addition, each type of scaffold is designed to

support a maximum load. For safety sake, these
loads must not be exceeded.
As an inspector, you must know these load duty

ratings.
Module 3.2 120

INFORMATION SHEET
Maximum intended load is In this module you will learn the maximum load
defined as: the maximum load
of all persons, equipment, duty ratings for three types of tube and coupler
tools, materials, transmitted scaffolds:
loads, and other live loads
reasonably anticipated to be
applied to a scaffold or q light-duty
scaffold component at any one
time. It does not include q medium-duty
scaffold or plank self-weight.
q special-duty
Module 3.2 121

_j INFORMATION SHEET PART I OBJECTIVE 3.2.1
1 enti Load Duty Ratings for Light-Duty Tube

A light-duty scaffold is designed and constructed to

carry only the weight of the workmen, with no material
storage allowed, except for the weight of the workmen ' s
tools. The uniformly distributed
maximum intended load for light-duty scaffolds is 120

kg/m 2 (1.2 kN/m 2 ) or 25 lb./ft 2 . For the load-duty rating
of a light-duty scaffold, see figure II.9.35.
Light-duty scaffolds are often used for inspection,

painting, access, and light cleaning.
For light-duty tube and coupler scaffolds that are

constructed entirely of tubing manufactured and
embossed (stamped) in accordance with SASSH
Section 9.7.2, the permitted transverse post spacing
(bearer/transom span) and corresponding maximum
longitudinal post spacing (runner/ledger span) must be
that shown in Figure 1.
Table 11.9.5: Embossed Light-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffold

Post Spacing
Number Transverse Post Longitudinal Post

Embossed of 225mm Spacing Spacing
Tubing (9") wide (Bearer/Transom (Runner/Ledger
planks per Span) Span)
bay width
Option 1 4 1.0 m (3.25 ft.) 2.7 m (9.0 ft.) max.
Option 2 5 1.2 m (4.0 ft.) 2.4 m (8.0 ft.) max.
Figure 1
Post Spacing for Embossed Light-Duty Tube

INFORMATION SHEET
For light-duty tube and coupler scaffolds that are

constructed of tubing which is NOT embossed
(stamped) in accordance with SASSH Section 9.7.2, the
permitted bearer (transom) spans and the corresponding
maximum runner (ledger) spans must be reduced and
must conform to the requirements in Figure 2.
Table 11.9.6: Non-Embossed Light-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffold
Post Spacing*
Number Transverse P
of 225mm Spacing
Non-embossed (9' ) wide (Bearer/Trans
Tubing planks per Span)
bay width
Option 1 4 1.0 m (3.25 ft
Option 2 5 1.2 m (4.0 f
*Based on 48.3 mm O.D., 3.2 mm wall thickness, Fy=235 N/mm2 (34 ksi),
steel tubing
Figure 2
Post Spacing for Non-Embossed Light-Duty Tube and Coupler
Scaffolds
Larger post spacing may be used if justified (see

SASSH Section 9.8.1) by structural calculations or load
tests submitted for review according to G.I. 8.001,
along with the material tensile/yield stress test reports
for the specific scaffold tubing to be used.
All light-duty tube and coupler scaffolds may have a

maximum of three working levels in use at any one
time only when there are no additional levels where
platform units (i. e., planks) are installed.
The maximum total number of levels that can be

planked at one time depends on the number of
Module 3.2 123

working levels simultaneously being used by workmen.
Numbers and levels are shown in Figure 3.
Maximum intended load is defined as: the maximum

load of all persons, equipment, tools, materials,
transmitted loads, and other live loads reasonably
anticipated to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold
component at any one time. It does not include
scaffold or plank self-weight.
Table 11.9.7: Light-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
Maximum Number Max. Total Number Maximum Scaffold

of Working Levels Planked/Platformed Height
Levels
1 9 38 m (125 ft.)
2 6 38 m (125 ft.)
3 3 28 m (91 ft.)
Figure 3 Light-Duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds Reference: GS 217/1994, Table 8
The maximum allowable span for a scaffold is the

shortest simple span required to support, without
failure, the platform unit ' s own weight and at least four
times the most critical maximum intended load case.
Concentrated load cases for platform units are shown
in Figure 4.
Table 11.9.3: Concentrated Load Cases for Platform Units
110 kg (250 lbs.) 110 kg (250 lbs.) 110 kg (250 lbs.)

250 lbs. 250 lbs. 250 lbs
0.9 m (36")
18" 18"
A A
One Man Two Man A Three Man A
Figure 4
Concentrated Load Cases for Platform Units

INFORMATION SHEET
SUMMARY
All Saudi Aramco scaffold components must be

capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight
(dead load) and at least four (4) times the maximum
intended load (live weight) applied or transmitted to
it. In addition, each type of scaffold is designed to
support a maximum load. For safety sake, these loads
must not be exceeded.
Maximum intended load is defined as: the maximum
load of Al persons, equipment, tools, materials,
transmitted loads, and other live loads reasonably
anticipated to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold
component at any one time. It does not include scaffold
or plank self-weight.
A light-duty scaffold is designed and constructed to
carry only the weight of the workmen, with no material
storage allowed, except for the weight of the workmen 's
tools.
Light-duty scaffolds are used often for inspection,

painting, access and light cleaning.
Now that you know the load-duty rating for light-duty

tube and coupler scaffolds, you will complete the
exercise and then learn about the load-duty ratings for
medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds.
Module 3.2 125

_j INFORMATION SHEET EXERCISE A
(SASSH).
1. at is the minimum dead load any scaffold

erected in Saudi Aramco should be able to
support/withstand?
2. What is the maximum load duty rating for

light-duty scaffolds?
3. at is the maximum post spacing for light-duty

scaffolds 4 boards wide that use embossed
tubing?
4. What is the maximum post spacing for light-

duty scaffolds 5 boards wide that use embossed
tubing?

INFORMATION SHEET
6. at is the maximum post spacing for light-

duty scaffolds 5 boards wide that use non-
embossed tubing?
. at is the maximum number of working levels

in a light-duty scaffold when there are no
additional platforms installed?
Module 3.2 127

_j INFORMATION SHEET PART ll OBJECTIVE 3.2.2
l enti Load-Duty Ratings for Medium-Duty Tube and

Coupler Scaffolds
A medium-duty tube and coupler scaffold is designed

and constructed to carry the weight of light materials,
tools, and workmen. The uniformly distributed
maximum intended load for medium-duty scaffolds is
240 kg/m 2 (2.4kN/m 2 ) or 50 lb./ ft 2 . See Figure II.9.36.
All scaffolds used for abrasive blast cleaning
( " sandblasting " ) are classified as medium-duty, if there
is a potential for buildup of abrasive on the platforms
(all platforms are not continuously cleaned of abrasive).
Medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds may have a

maximum of two working levels in use at the same
time, but only when there are no additional levels
where platform units (i. e. planks) are installed.
However, when only one working level is being used, a
maximum of six additional levels may be planked if
they are not being used at the same time.
All tubing used to construct medium-duty and more

heavily loaded tube and coupler scaffolds must be
manufactured and embossed (stamped) in accordance
with SASSH Section 9.7.2. Scaffold tubing that is not
properly embossed must not be used for medium-duty
or more heavily loaded tube and coupler scaffolds.

INFORMATION SHEET
For medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds that are

constructed entirely of tubing manufactured and
embossed in accordance with SASSH Section 9.72, the
maximum transverse post spacing (bearer/ transom
span) is 1.2 meters (4 feet) and the maximum
longitudinal post spacing (runner/ledger span) is 1.8
meters (6 feet). See Figure II.9.72.
Larger post spacing may be used if justified (check
SASSH Section 9.8.1) by structural calculations or
load tests submitted for review per G. I. 8.001, along
with material tensile/yield stress test reports for the
specific scaffold tubing proposed for use.
At least one board bearer (intermediate transom) must
be installed in each bay of every platform (planked)
level. Alternatively/alternately, double bearers may be
used only if the maximum allowable plank spans do not
exceed those in SASSH Section 9.8.4. Also, see Figures
II.9.72 and II.9.73.
Medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds may have a
maximum of two working levels in use at any one time,
but only when there are no additional levels where
platform units (i.e., planks) are installed. However,
when only one working level is in use, a maximum of
six additional levels may be planked if they are not
being used at the same time. The maximum distributed
load on each working level must not exceed 240 kg/m 2
(2.4 kN/m 2 ), or 50 pounds per square foot.
Figure 5 gives maximum working levels and
maximum number of planked levels, according to
maximum scaffold heights.
Module 3.2 129

Table 11.9.8: Medium-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds

of Working Planked/Platformed Height
Levels
1 7
2 2
24 m (78 ft.)
Figure 5 Maximum Working and Planked Levels f for Medium-Du Tube Tube
and Coupler Scaffolds Reference:
GS 217/1994, Table 9
Medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds that require

more than the levels and more height than those in
Table II.9.8 are classified as Special Scaffolds, which
you will learn about in the next section of this module.
Medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds are designed

and constructed to carry the weight of light materials,
tools, and workmen. All scaffolds used for abrasive blast
cleaning (sandblasting) are classified as medium-duty, if
there is a potential for buildup of abrasive on the
platforms (all platforms are not continuously cleaned of
abrasive).
The uniformly distributed maximum intended load for
medium-duty scaffolds is 240 kg/m 2 (2.4kN/m 2 ) or 50
lb./ft2.
After completing the exercise, you will then learn

about load-duty ratings for special-duty tube and
coupler scaffolds.

INFORMATION SHEET
EXERCISE B
(SASSH).
1. at is the maximum loading permitted on a

medium-duty scaffold?
2. at is the maximum number of working levels

permitted when there are no additional platforms
on a medium-duty scaffold?
3. When only one working level is being used on

a medium-duty scaffold, how many additional
levels may be planked if they are not being used at
the same time?
4
. at is the only type of tubing that is allowed for
the construction of a medium-duty tube and
coupler scaffold?
5. at is the maximum post spacing for a

medium-duty tube and coupler scaffold?
Module 3.2 131

_j INFORMATION SHEET PART III OBJECTIVE 3 .2.3
l enti Load-Duty Ratings for Special-

Duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
Scaffolds especially designed and constructed to carry

maximum intended loads greater than 240 kg/m 2 (2.4
kN/m 2 ) or 50 lb./ft 2 , such as masonry work, piping or
equipment, are classified as special scaffolds.
A scaffold is called a special scaffold if it meets any of

the following conditions:
1. the scaffold is higher than 38 meters (125

feet), or a tube and coupler scaffold that exceeds
the maximum height limit in Section 9.11 of the
SASSH, or
2. the scaffold is cantilevered by more
than 3 meters (10 feet), or
3. the scaffold has more than 30 square
meters (320 square feet) of total platform area
and is supported by or hung from an existing
structure or building (e. g., roof, pipe rack,
offshore platform), or
4. the scaffold is supporting loads greater
than 240 kg/sq. m. (50 pounds per square foot),
including piping, equipment, masonry, new or
existing structures, or loads other than workers
and their materials, or
5. the scaffold is supported or hung from
one or more outrigger beams, or
6. the scaffold is supported or hung from
wind girders or roofs of floating roof tanks.

INFORMATION SHEET
SUMMARY
Special-duty scaffolds are designed and constructed to

carry maximum intended loads greater than 240 kg/m 2
(2.4 kN/m 2 ) or 50 lb./ft 2 . These scaffolds are used for
such tasks as masonry work and piping or equipment.
The scaffold is called a special scaffold if it meets any

one of several conditions, including being higher than
38 meters ( 1 2 5 feet), is cantilevered by more than 3
meters (10 feet), has more than 30 square meters (320
square feet) of total platform area and is supported by
or hung from an existing structure, the scaffold load is
greater than 240 kg/sq. m (50 pounds per square foot),
is supported or hung from one ore more outrigger
beams, and is supported or hung from wind girders or
roofs of floating room tanks.
A special scaffold requires a structural engineering

review of the scaffold plan.
Module 3.2 133

EXERCISE C
(SASSH).
1. A scaffold is classified as a special scaffold

when it exceeds which height?
2
. What is the maximum distance a scaffold can be
cantilevered before it is classified as a special
scaffold?
3. at is the maximum area of a working

platform before a scaffold is classified as a
special scaffold?
4. What is the maximum intended load of a

scaffold that forces it to be classified as a special
scaffold?
Module 3.2 134

Scaffolding
Module 4.1 Identify Rules and Regulations for Guardrails
Pilot
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 4: Identifying Rules and Regulations for Working Platforms and Landings
Module 4.1
Identify Rules and Regulations for Guardrails
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
Information Sheets 7
Exercise A 7
INFORMATION SHEET
Enabling Objective Terminal Objective

Unaided, the employee will
4.1.1
correctly identify rules and
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify rules
safety regulations for
and safety regulations for guardrails.
guardrails, in accordance
with the Saudi Aramco
INTRODUCTION Scaffold Safety Handbook.
A guardrail system is a barrier on a scaffold that

consists of toprails, midrails, toeboards, and
supporting uprights. Check Figure II.9.1 and find
the three major guardrail system components:
1. Toprail: The uppermost horizontal

rail of a guardrail system.
2. Midrail: A horizontal rail

approximately midway between the toprail of
the guardrail system and the working
platform.
3. Toeboard: A barrier secured along the

sides and ends of a platform to guard against the
falling of materials, tools, and other objects.
Guardrails are erected for safety reasons. They protect

those working on a scaffold and those working below
the scaffold platform. Briefly, guardrails are to prevent
workers from falling off an elevated work area.
In this module you will learn about the rules and
safety regulations for guardrails.
j INFORMATION SHEET
PA RT I O BJECTIV E 4 .1 .1
Identify Rules and Safety Regulations for

Guardrails
INTRODUCTION
Remember, a guardrail system Guardrail systems must be installed on all open sides
consists of toprails, midrails, and ends of all elevated work areas (including
toeboards, and support
uprights. scaffolds platforms and stair landings) where a person
could fall 1.8 meters (6 feet) or more.
Guardrail systems must be installed before an

elevated work area may be used by anyone other
than the scaffold craftsmen.
The top edge height of toprails must be no less than

0.95 meters (38 inches) and not more than 1.15 meters
(45 inches) above the walking/working surfaces of
platforms. See Figure II.9.1.
Midrails should be installed approximately halfway

between the walking/working surface and the toprail.
Toprails and midrails must be securely fixed to the

inside of vertical uprights (i. e., posts). Vertical
uprights supporting guardrails must not be spaced
more than 2.7 meters (9 feet) apart.
Guardrail systems must be able to withstand,
without failure, a force of at least 90 kilograms
(200 pounds) applied in any downward or horizontal
direction, at any point on the toprail or equivalent
member.
139 Scaffolding
The ends of Al horizontal guardrails must not
overhang the end uprights except when such overhang
does not constitute a projection hazard to workers.
Holes or gaps in elevated work areas must have a

guardrail system erected around them or they must be
securely covered with structurally substantial material.
Whenever the horizontal distance from the edge of an

elevated work area (including scaffold platform) to the
face of the wall or structure exceeds 360 mm (14
inches) a guardrail system must be erected along the
edge or a personal fall-arrest system must be used.
At hoisting areas, a guardrail system at least
1.2 meters (4 feet) long must be erected (if possible) on
each side of the access point through which materials
are hoisted. When hoisting operations are not taking
place, a chain or gate must be properly secured across
the opening between the guardrail sections.
Toeboards
Toeboards must be installed along all edges of elevated
work areas, including scaffold platforms, that are more
than 1.8 meters (6 feet) above lower levels, unless
personnel access to the lower level under the elevated
work area is physically prevented.
Toeboards must conform to the following
requirements:
Module 4.1
1. The vertical distance from the top edge of the
toeboard to the level of the walking/working
surface must be at last 100 mm (4 inches).
2. Wood toeboards must be at least 25 mm

(1 inch) thick.
3. Toeboards must be securely fastened in place

along the outermost edge(s) of the platform and
have not more than 6 mm (1/4 inch) clearance
above the walking/working surface.
4. Toeboards must be solid and capable of

withstanding, without failure, a force of at least
23 kilograms (50 pounds) in any downward or
horizontal direction at any point along the
toeboard.
An additional requirement applies where tools,
materials, or equipment are piled up to a point higher
than the top edge of the toeboard and where there is the
danger of objects falling through guardrails and
striking workers or equipment below. In these cases, a
protective screen of a minimum No. 18 gauge wire with
a maximum 13 mm (½ inch) mesh must be securely
fixed to the toeboard, midrail, and toprail.
Additional protection from falling objects may be
provided to workmen (who must be wearing
hardhats) by:
1. Barricading the area below into which objects can

fall and also not permitting workers to enter the
hazard area, or
141 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
2. Erection of debris nets, catch platforms, or

canopy structures sufficient to catch falling
objects. These must be strong enough to
withstand impact forces of potential falling
objects.
In addition, materials must not be piled, stacked, or

grouped (on elevated work areas unless a protective
screen consisting of a minimum No. 18 gauge wire with
a maximum 13 mm (1 -inch) mesh shall be securely
fixed to the toeboard, midrail, and toprail.
WHERE GUARDRAILS ARE NOT

PRACTICAL
Guardrails may not always be practical, but safety is

always practical and important when working on a
scaffold.
Each person who could fall more than 1.8 meters (6 feet)
NASC Guidance Note SG4:00
must be protected from falling by a fall-protection provides detailed information
on proper fall-protection
system. The fall-protection system includes a guardrail techniques for scaffold
craftsmen.
systems and personal fall-arrest systems. Fixed fall
protection, such as guardrails, are preferred over the use
of personal fall-arrest systems.
Each scaffold craftsman must continuously wear a full-
body harness with shock-absorbing lanyard while
erecting, altering, or dismantling a scaffold.
Each scaffold craftsman should, if possible, anchor
More information on personal
his lanyard whenever he is not protected by a fall protection arrest systems
can be found in SASSH Section
guardrails system and could fall more than 9.5.3.
1.8 meters (6 feet). The lanyard must be anchored to the
scaffold only if it is not possible to anchor it to a
stronger anchorage (including a lifeline).
Module 4.1
A guardrail system is a barrier on a scaffold that

consists of toprails, midrails, toeboards, and
supporting uprights.
Guardrails are erected for safety reasons. They protect

those working on a scaffold and those working below
the scaffold platform. Guardrails are to prevent workers
from falling off an elevated work area and to prevent
objects from falling from elevated areas onto workmen
below.
Where guardrails are not practical, safety regulations
require that each person who could fall more than 1.8
meters (6 feet) must be protected from falling by a
personal fall-arrest system.
Now that you know the rules and safety regulations
for guardrails, you will complete the exercise below.
Then, you will learn the rules and regulations for
access to and egress from working platforms.
143 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
EXERCISE A
(SASSH).
1. at is the maximum height for a proper

toprail on a scaffold?
2. What is the minimum height of a proper

toprail on a scaffold?
3. at is the maximum distance apart for vertical

uprights supporting scaffold guardrails?
4. at is the maximum force that guardrails

must be able to withstand?
5. What is the minimum distance from

the working platform to the top edge of the
toeboard?
6. at is the minimum thickness of a toeboard?
Module 4.1
7. at is the maximum gap allowed between the
bottom edge of a toeboard and the working
platform?
8. at force should toeboards be able to

withstand?
9. at is the minimum allowable size for

protective screens that are used on a scaffold?
10. Where are protective screens secured on

a scaffold?
11. at is the minimum height for guardrails to be

installed on erected scaffolds?
Scaffolding
Module 4.2 Identify Rules and Regulations for Access To and Egress From
Working Platforms
Pilot
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 4: Identifying Rules and Regu/ations for Working Platforms and Landings
Module 4.2
Identify Rules and Regulations for Access To and Egress From Working Platforms
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
Information Sheets
Exercise A
Terminal Objective
Enabling Objective
Unaided, the employee will
4.2.1 correctly identify rules and
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify rules safety regulations for access
and safety regulations for access to and egress from to and egress from working
platforms, in accordance
working platforms.
with the Saudi Aramco
Scaffold Safety Handbook.
INTRODUCTION
Gaining access to and leaving a scaffold ' s working
platform can be hazardous. Providing safe access to
and egress from working platforms is vital to
scaffolding safety.

INFORMATION SHEET
In this module, you will learn the rules and safety

regulations for safe access to and egress from working
platforms. They will provide you the basics on which to
inspect scaffolds and ensure they meet safety
requirements.
Module 4.2
Identify Rules and Safety Regulations for Access

To and Egress From Working Platforms
A safe means of entry and exit must be provided

and used whenever the elevated work area or scaffold
platform is 0.6 meters (2 feet) above or below a point
of access. Ladders, stairs/stairways, ramps, or walkways
may be used.
Climbing on scaffold braces, runners, etc., is not

permitted, except as required by scaffold craftsmen
during scaffold erection, alteration, or dismantling.
Whenever the horizontal travel distance exceeds 15
meters (50 feet), each elevated work area must have at

least two means of exit. A means of exit must be
provided at least every 30 meters (100 feet).
Except for scaffolds, the minimum clear headroom

above walking/working surfaces, including stairways,
must be 2 meters (6.5 feet). The minimum clear
headroom above scaffold platforms and landings is 1.8
meters (6 feet).
Ladders
The general rule is that a safe landing must be

provided at the top of all ladders and for at least
every 9 meters (30 feet) of ladder height.
Landings must be closed-planked and protected by a

guardrail system. See Figure II.9.52.

INFORMATION SHEET
Ladders must have a minimum clear perpendicular

distance of 760 mm (30 inches) from the rungs to the
nearest projecting object on the climbing side. When
unavoidable obstructions are encountered, the
minimum clearance distance may be reduced to 610
mm (24 inches), if the deflector plates are provided.
The perpendicular distance from the face of the rung on
the climbing side to the nearest fixed object on the back
side of the ladder must be no less than 250 mm (10
inches). When horizontal obstructions (e.g., beams,
pipes, etc.) are unavoidable, the vertical toe clearance
of 100 mm (4 inches) applies (as specified in SASSH
Section 9.6.3 (E).
The minimum clearance to the nearest fixed object
must be 330 mm (13 inches) on each side of the
centerline of single-rung ladders.
The minimum clear distance between the sides of

adjacent single-run ladders or stepladders must be
410 mm (16 inches).
Internal and External Ladders
Different rules apply for scaffolds with internal and

external ladders.
Internal Ladders
If an internal ladder is used, the access opening in
the landing or platform through which the ladder
passes must be at least 675 mm (27 inches) (3
planks) wide and not less than 900 mm (36 inches)
deep. See Figures II.9.27 and II.9.33.
Module 4.2
Access openings through working platforms must be

protected by a sturdy guardrail system with a self-
closing drop bar (at toprail height). Or, a hinged cover
(trapdoor) may be used. Hinged covers must be kept
closed at all times, except when workmen are passing
through them.
Hinged covers must be kept closed at all times,
except when workmen are passing through them.
External Ladders
If an external ladder is installed, the preferred
method is a step-through opening in the guardrail
system (protected by a self-closing drop door at
toprail height). The step-through opening is better
than having workers climb over or through the
guardrails. (See figures II.9.28 and II.9.54).
The width of the external ladder ' s step-through
opening in the guardrail system must be not less
than 675 mm (27 inches) and no more than
760 mm (30 inches). See figures II.9.28 and II.9.54.
Where the means of access to the working platform (i.
e., ladder) is outside the scaffold structure, due
consideration must be given to the effect of such
means of access on the stability of the scaffold.
Ladders must be installed on the narrow dimension of
the scaffold.

INFORMATION SHEET
Providing safe working platforms is vital to scaffolding

safety. A safe landing must be provided at the top of all
ladders and for at least every 9 meters (30 feet) of ladder
height. Landings must be closed planked and protected
by a guardrail system.
Separate rules apply to internal and external ladders.
For internal ladders, the access opening in the landing or

platform through which the ladder passes must be at
least 675 mm (27 inches) (3 planks) wide and not less
than 900 mm (36 inches) deep.
The preferred method for external ladders is a step-

through opening in the guardrail system (protected by
a self-closing drop door at toprail height).
After you complete the exercise, you will learn about

different types of system scaffolds and their rules and
regulations.
Module 4.2
EXERCISE A
(SASSH).
1. at is the maximum height above or below a

point of access where a ladder or other means of
access is required?
2. at is the maximum length a scaffold can be

erected before two points of access are required?
3. at is the required minimum clear headroom

above scaffold platforms and landings?
4. at is the maximum height on a scaffold

before a landing platform must be installed?
5. at is the minimum required width for an

internal ladder when it is installed on a
scaffold?
6. at is the maximum depth of a proper

internal ladder access on a scaffold?

INFORMATION SHEET
7. at is the minimum opening required for a

step-through point when installing a required
external ladder on a scaffold?
8. What is the maximum opening required for

a step-through point when installing a required
external ladder on a scaffold?
9. at is the minimum vertical toe clearance

between the rungs and objects?
Module 4.2
INFORMATION SHEET
Module 4.2
Scaffolding
Module 5.1 Identify Different Types of System Scaffolds and Rules and
Regulations for System Scaffolds
Pilot
_ TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 5: Identifying Types of System Scaffolds and Rules and Regulations for System Scaffolds
Module S.1
Identify Different Types of System Scaffolds and Rules and Regulations for System
Scaffolds
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
Information Sheets
Exercise A
Exercise B
Exercise C
Exercise D
INFORMATION SHEET
Terminal Objective
Enabling Objectives
5.1.1
Unaided, the employee will correctly identify the Unaided, the employee will
different types of system scaffolds (captive-wedge/ correctly identify the
quick-fix, cuplock, and tubular-frame). different types of system
scaffolds and, given the
Saudi Aramco Scaffold
5.1.2
Safety Handbook, identify
Given the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety the rules and regulations
Handbook, the employee will correctly identify the for system scaffolds, using
rules and regulations for system scaffolds. the Saudi Aramco Scaffold
Safety Handbook
5.1.3
Given the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety
Handbook, the employee will correctly identify the
maximum number of working levels allowed for light-
duty and medium-duty system scaffolds.
Module 5.1
INFORMATION SHEET
5.1.4
maximum number of post spacing for light-duty and
medium-duty system scaffolds.
5.1.5
regulations for screw jacks.
INTRODUCTION
To properly inspect different types of system

scaffolds, you must know the different types of
system scaffolds used in Saudi Aramco. Next, you
must know the general rules and regulations for
these scaffolds.
Module 5.1
INFORMATION SHEET
In this module, you will learn the types of scaffolds,

and the rules and regulations for some system scaffolds,
including the maximum working levels and maximum
post spacing for light-duty and medium-duty system
scaffolds. Finally, you will learn the regulations
regarding screw jacks.
Module 5.1
l d e n t i the Diff erent Types of System Scaff olds
INTRODUCTION
While there are many types of scaffolds, the two
major types of scaffolds in this program of
instruction are tube and coupler scaffolds (which you
now know about) and system scaffolds.
System scaffolds are scaffolds that consist of
1. posts (standards) with fixed connection

points that
2. accept runners (ledgers), bearers
(transoms), and braces
3. that can be interconnected at
predetermined levels
For an artist 's drawing of a system scaffold, see

Figure II.9.31.
As an inspector, you must know the different types of

scaffolds and which rules and regulations to apply to
each.
In this module you will learn to identify three types of

system scaffolds:
q captive-wedge (quick-fix)
q cuplock
q tubular-frame
165 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
The key to identifying these types of system scaffolds is

in the method of connecting the system scaffold parts.
You will now learn the differences in these
connections/couplings.
CA P l - WEDGE/QUICK-FIX
Figure C in HO 5.1-1 shows a picture of the captive-
wedge scaffold and Figure B shows the Quick-Fix
system (Layher "All-round "). You can see some
differences. Your instructor will explain how these
parts work.
Figure A in HO 5.1-1 shows a drawing of the part that

distinguishes the cuplock system scaffold. Your
instructor will explain how this part works.
TUB ULA R-FRA ME

Figure D in HO 5.1-1 shows a drawing of the
tubular-frame system scaffold. Your instructor will
point out the important details of this scaffold.
You can now identify the three major types of system

scaffolds used in Saudi Aramco. You know the
differences between captive-wedge/Quick-Fix,
cuplock, and tubular-frame system scaffolds.
Complete Exercise A. Then, in the next part of this
module, you will learn the general rules for system
scaffolds.
Module 5.1
INFORMATION SHEET
EXERCISE A
Directions: Identify the items in Figure 1 without reference to
the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH).
1. Which letter in Figure 1 identifies the

frame scaffold?
2. Which letter in Figure 1 identifies

the cuplock?
3. Which letter in Figure 1 identifies the

captive-wedge (Kwickstage)?
Module 5.1
Figure 1
Module 5.1
INFORMATION SHEET
PART ll OBJECTIVE 5.1.2
Identi the Rules and Regulations for System

Scaffolds
GENERAL REGULATIONS
The first general regulation is that all system You will get manufacturer's
instructions/requirements as
scaffolds must be erected according to the part of your work as an
manufacturer 's published instructions and the inspector/supervisor. The
scaffold manufacturer's
requirements of the Saudi Aramco erection procedures should
Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH). accompany delivery of the
system scaffold.
The second regulation is that components from

different scaffold manufacturers must not be
intermixed (except for bracing, which is noted
below).
Unless otherwise specified in the manufacturer ' s

instructions, Al system scaffolds must be vertically
braced in both directions with diagonal braces (as
close to 45 degrees as possible) to its full height for
each 10 meters (33 feet) of run.
Bracing for system scaffolds must be designed
especially for the grid size of the scaffold. However,
where special design system bracing cannot be used,
tube and coupler scaffold components may be used for
bracing of certain system scaffolds, in accordance with
the manufacturer 's instructions.
Connections must be tightened with a single hammer
blow to the wedge or cup to provide a high degree of
rigidity to the scaffold.
169 Scaffolding
Unless otherwise permitted by Saudi Aramco Loss
Prevention, posts (standards), runners (ledgers), and
bearers (transoms) must be connected by means of one
of the following fastening methods.
1. Captive-wedge system (such as Saudi
Scaffolding Factory " Kwikstage "); quick-fix system
(such as Layher " All-round " )
2. Cup-locking system (such as SGB Cuplock)
The locking-pin type of system scaffold must not be

used in Saudi Aramco. (See Figure II.9.32.)
For situations where uplift may occur, posts (standards)

must be connected by bolted spigots and must be
secured into place using two spigot pins. The upper
post (standard) must slide over the spigot. (See figure
II.9.15.)
Correct lengths of runners (ledgers), bearers

(transoms), and lift heights must be used as required for
the load rating of the scaffold. The applied loads on
posts (standards), runners (ledgers), bearers (transoms),
and diagonal braces must not exceed the load-carrying
capacity of the manufacturer 's specifications.
System scaffold components must not be used to
construct underhung scaffolds.
Unless otherwise justified and stated in writing by the

system scaffold manufacturer, the maximum number of
working levels and total planked levels (see other parts
of this module) that are shown in Tables II.9.7 and
II.9.8 in the Saudi Aramco Scaffold
Module 5.1
Safety Handbook (SASSH) must also apply to system
scaffolds with the applicable load rating.
It is very important that system scaffolds be built

according to the manufacturer ' s instructions/
specifications. You now know other general
regulations of Saudi Aramco, including the
prohibition against mixing parts of different
manufacturers, using system parts for underhung
scaffolds and the requirements for bracing system
scaffolds.
Now you will learn regulations for maximum working
levels and maximum post spacing for light-and
medium-duty system scaffolds and also the regulations
for screw jacks.
As an exercise for this part of the module, your

instructor may require you to look up specified data in
the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook
(SASSH).
171 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
EXERCISE B
Directions: Answer the following questions. You may refer to the
Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH).
1. at is the only component on a system scaffold

that is allowed to be intermixed with a tube and
coupler scaffold components?
2. What is the recommended angle for bracing

on a system scaffold?
3. at is the permitted distance per run for

bracing that is installed to its full height on Al
four sides of a scaffold?
4. What type of system scaffold is not used

in Aramco?
5. What type of scaffold must be constructed

only as a system scaffold in Saudi Aramco?
Module 5.1
PART I II OB JE CTIV E 5. 1.3
Identify the Maximum Number of Working Levels

Allowed for Light-Duty and Medium-Duty System
Scaffolds
WORKING LEVELS FOR LIGHT-DUTY
The maximum number of working levels allowed for a

light-duty system scaffold is shown in Table II.9.7 in
Figure 2.
Table 11.9.7: Light-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds

of Working Levels Planked/Platformed Height
Levels
1 9 38 m (125 ft.)
2 6 38 m (125 ft.)
3 3 28 m (91 ft.)
Reference: GS 217/1994, Table 8. Figure 2 Maximum Working Levels for Light-Duty Scaffolds
Light-duty tube and coupler scaffolds that require

more than the working or planked levels in Table
II.9.7 must be classified as special scaffolds and
follow the regulations for special scaffolds.
173 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
WORKING LEVELS FOR MEDIUM-DUTY
The maximum number of working levels allowed for a

medium-duty system scaffold is shown in Table
II.9.98.
Table 11.9.8: Medium-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
Maximum working levels for Maximum Number Max. Total Number Maximum Scaffold
system scaffolds are the same of Working Levels Planked/Platformed Height
as those for tube and coupler Levels
scaffolds.
1 7 38 m (125 ft.)
2 2
24 m (78 ft.)
Module 5.1
GS 217/1994, 217/1994, Table 9.
Figure 3 Maximum Working

Levels for Medium-Duty
Scaffolds
Medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds that require
more than the working or planked levels or higher than
the maximum heights shown in Table II.9.8 must be
classified as special scaffolds and follow the
regulations for special scaffolds.
You now know that light-duty tube and coupler

scaffolds normally may have a maximum of three
working levels in use at any one time and the
maximum number of levels that can be planked at one
time depends on the number of working levels
simultaneously being used. The maximum uniformly
distributed load on each working level must be no
greater than 120 kg/m 2 (2.4 kN/m 2 ) or 25 lb./ft 2 .
For medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds, they
normally may have a maximum of two working
levels in use at any one time. When one working
Module 5.1
INFORMATION SHEET
level is being used, a maximum of six additional
levels may be planked. The maximum distributed load
on each working level must be no greater than 240
kg/m 2 (2.4 kN/m 2 ) or 50 lb./ft 2 .
There is no exercise for this part of the module.

However, your instructor may require you to look up
specified data in the Saudi Aramco Scaffold
Safety Handbook (SASSH).
Module 5.1
PA RT IV OB JE CTIV E 5. 1.4
Identify the Maximum Post Spacing for Light-Duty

and Medium-Duty System Scaffolds
INTRODUCTION
You learned that scaffolds must be built to safely

support at least four (4) times the maximum
intended load on the scaffold. But the scaffold 's
capacity depends greatly on two factors:
1. the strength of the steel in the scaffold
components
2. the spacing between the scaffold ' s supporting
posts (standards).
Since strength of steel tubing varies according to
manufacturer, some types of steel scaffolds are stronger
than others. But various grades of steel can be used to
build a scaffold that meets the safety factor of 4 as long
as the post spacing is adjusted according to the grade of
steel used. In general, reducing the spacing between
posts (standards)s gives added strength to the scaffold.
You can check steel tubing strength by checking tubing
that has been embossed (stamped) with the Saudi
Aramco-approved pipe fabrication specification. ASTM
A500 (Grade B), ASTM A53 (Grade B), or BS 1139.
Weaker tubing has not been embossed with those
specifications.
If you do not see those specifications, you can assume
the steel tubing is of a weaker strength and post
spacing must be shortened, adjusted, according
177 Scaffolding
to the work type of duty, light-duty or medium-duty,
which are explained below.
MAXIMUM SPACING LIGHT-

DUTY SYSTEM SCAFFOLDS
Figure 4 shows post spacing regulations for tube and

coupler scaffolds that are built using different grades of
steel tubing and Cuplock and Kwikstage system
scaffolding.
Maximum Allowable Post Spacing

Light Duty
120 kg/sq.m. (25 psf)
Transverse
Post Spacing Longitudinal
(Bearer/Transom Post Spacing
Span) (Runner/Ledger
Span)
Tube & Coupler
Scaffolds using
"Stronger" Tubing 2.4 m
1.2 m
Stamped with (8.0 ft.)
(4.0 ft.)
ASTM A500 (Grade B),
ASTM A53 (Grade B),
or B5 1139
Tube & Coupler

Scaffolds using
"Weaker" Tubing 1.2 m 1.8 m
NOT stamped with (4.0 ft.) (6.0 ft.)
ASTM A53 (Grade B),
or B5 1139
"Cuplok"
System Scaffolding
1.3 m 2.5 m
Manufactured by SGB-
( 4.25 ft.) (8.25 ft.)
Dabal or SGB-Baroom;
usually painted red.
"Kwikstage"
System Scaffolding
Manufactured by
0.9 m 1.8 m
Saudi Scaffolding
(3.0 ft.) (6.0 ft.)
Factory (SSF); usually
painted blue.
Figure 4
Post Spacing for Light-Duty System Scaffolds
Module 5.1
MAXIMUM SPACING MEDIUM-
DUTY Figure 5 shows post-spacing regulations for tube

and coupler scaffolds that are built using different
grades of steel tubing and regulations for Cuplock and
Kwikstage system scaffolding.
Maximum Allowable Post Spacing

Me
240 kg/
Transverse
Post Spacin
(Bearer/Trans
Span)
Tube & Coupler

Scaffolds using
"Stronger" Tubing
1.2 m
Stamped with
(4.0 ft.)
ASTM A53 (Grade B),
or B5 1139
Tube & Coupler

Don't use t
Scaffolds using
with AST
"Weaker" Tubing
ASTM A53 (
NOT stamped with
to ere
scaffolds in
ASTM A53 (Grade B),
Medium Du
or B5 1139
"Cuplok"
System Scaffolding 1.3 m
Manufactured by SGB- 4.25 ft.
Dabal or SGB-Baroom; ( )
usually painted red.
"Kwikstage"
System Scaffolding Don't
Manufactured by "Kwik
Saudi Scaffolding scaffolding
Factory (SSF); usually intended o
painted blue. Duty o
Figure 5
Post Spacing for Medium-Duty System Scaffolds
179 Scaffolding
INFORMATION SHEET
Scaffolds must be built to safely support at least four

times the maximum intended load on the scaffold.
Steel tubing strength varies according to manufacturer.

But various grades of steel tubing can be used to build
a scaffold that meets safety regulations as long as the
post spacing is adjusted according to the grade of steel
tubing used.
You have learned the proper spacing for light-duty

and medium-duty scaffolds. After completing the
exercise, you will learn regulations for the use of
screw jacks on scaffolds.
Complete Exercise C. In addition, your instructor

may require you to look up specified data in the
Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety
Handbook (SASSH).
Module 5.1
EXERCISE D
Directions: Answer the following questions. You may refer to the

Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH).
1. at is the maximum post spacing for light-

duty cuplock system scaffolds?
2. What is the maximum post spacing

for medium-duty cuplock system
scaffolds?
3. What is the maximum post spacing for

light-duty Kwickstage system scaffolds?
4. What duty rating must Kiwickstage never

be used for?
Module 5.1
INFORMATION SHEET
PART V OBJECTIVE 5 . 1 . 5
I enti the Regulations for Screw Jacks
INTRODUCTION
A screw jack is a load-carrying device that is used at Screw jacks are used in tube
the base of a scaffold to compensate for variations in and coupler scaffolds, but they
are more commonly used in
ground levels. See Figure II.9.10. systems scaffolds.
REGULATIONS
A screw jack must be used and loaded in accordance

with the manufacturer ' s specifications.
One of the basic regulations is that a screw jack must

not be adjusted to more than two-thirds of the total
length of its threaded section. See Figure II.9.44.
In addition, sole plates must be used with screw
jacks when the scaffold is on asphalt, soft ground,
and slippery surfaces
Screw jacks can play an important role in system

scaffolds. They are load-carrying devices that are used at
the base of a scaffold to compensate for variations in
ground levels. They must be used and loaded in
accordance with manufacturer ' s specifications. They
must never be adjusted to more than two-thirds of their
total length of their threaded section.
Module 5.1
EXERCISE D
Directions: Answer the following questions. You may refer to

the Saudi Aramco Scaffold Safety Handbook (SASSH).
1. at is the maximum distance that screw jacks

can be extended on a scaffold?
2. at must always be used with screw jacks on a

scaffold?
3. at is the basic purpose of using screw jacks on

a scaffold?
_HANDOUT
Scaffolding Inspection/Supervisor Handout 5.1-1

Scaffolding Inspection Supervisor All Modules

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Scaffolding

Unit 7: Identifying Responsibilities of the Scaffold Inspector and Scaffold Supervisor

1.1.1 Unaided the employee will

PART IOBJECTIVE 1.1.1

State the Responsibilities of Scaffold Inspector,

As a Scaffold Inspector, your responsibility begins

Your job as a Scaffold Inspector is to verify, by in-

q Saudi Aramco G. I. 8.001

qSaudi Aramco Construction Safety Manual

As an inspector, when you are satisfied that a scaffold is

A Scaffold Inspector begins his job when scaffolds

Now you will learn about the job of the Scaffold

Saudi Aramco certifies three levels of Scaffold

Like the Scaffold

q signs tag(s) with Scaffold Inspector for

Scaffold Inspectors verify-by in-field inspection-that

and the accepted scaffold plan, if applicable.

Scaffold Supervisors ensure that scaffold erection,

Unit 2: Identifying the Acceptable Condition of Components and Installations/Safety Procedures fo

Enabling Objectives Terminal Objective

2.1.1 Unaided, the employee will

Scaffolds must be erected on solid foundations. They

In this module, you will learn the rules and

PART I OBJECTIVE 2.1.1

Identify Safe Ground Preparation for Scaffolds

SAFE GROUND PREPARATION

Scaffold foundations must be sound, rigid, and capable

Some other rules you need to know when inspecting

The two major concerns of clearances occur when

Table 11.9.4: Clearances Between Scaffolds and Power Lines

Voltage Minimum Distance

Less than 300 volts 1 meter (3 feet)

Bases of scaffolds should be away from the edges of any

Another clearance to be taken into consideration is

The scaffold can be closer but should be no more than

Foundations for scaffolds must be sound, rigid, and

After you complete the exercise, you will learn the

1. When scaffolds are erected near

2. When erecting scaffolds near electrical

3. at is the purpose of posting a LOCKOUT/ TAG

4. What item(s) is/are NEVER used to support a

5. at are the two main subjects of concern that you

6. at below-ground items should you check for in

7. What are two basic requirements for

8. at is the maximum distance scaffolds can be

9. If you are inspecting a scaffold and find that it

Identify Regulations for Base Plates and ills

A base plate is steel plate that provides a flat bearing

Base plates are always used on scaffolds, except for

All scaffold posts (standards) must be pitched on steel

When scaffolds are erected on sand, made-up ground,

uneven or sloping ground. In cases of such ground

For another example of ground support, see Figure

Base plates and sills (sole plates) are important parts of

Sills (sole boards) are timber spreaders used beneath a

1. at is the minimum size of a sill (sole board) that

3. at is the minimum number of posts for each sill

4. at item should you always use on the

5. at is the minimum size of an acceptable

6. at is the main function or reason for using

Identify the Acceptable Condition of Components and Installation Procedures

Identify Acceptable Condition of Couplers (Fitting

COUPLERS (FITTING CLAMPS)