SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING

UNIIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

ACADEMIC SESSION 2017/2018

RES202- BUILDING TECHNOLOGY STUDIO II

A CASE STUDY OF THERMAL COMFORT

PREPARED BY:

LAI PUI SUN ------------------------------------------------------------ 132641

STUDIO MASTER:
ASSOC. PROF. DR. MOHD RODZI

SUBMISSION DATE:
18TH MAY 2018
 TABLE CONTENT

Contents Page Number

Abstract
1.0 Introduction of Project
2.0 Building Description
 Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the internal space in a building from the aspect of
thermal comfort quality by measure and verify whether the thermal environment meets the
design criteria and standard requirements of the building and its specific functions. The study
was conducted on selected hostel in Hostel Cahaya Gemilang, which is Block H35-03-05. The
study was conducted field experiment from Saturday, 5th May 2018, 6pm to Sunday, 6th May
2018, 6pm. Hourly readings were taken for air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity
by using Extech 3 in 1 Thermo Hygro Anemometer while activity level and clothing value also
be observed and estimated. The result also found that thermal comfort level in the selected
room located in zone.
1.0 Introduction

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the average people spend 93%
on their life indoors. Hence, indoor environment quality (IEQ) extremely beneficial to their
well-being while thermal comfort is one of the factor to increase Indoor Environment
Quality (IEQ). There are many ways to create thermal comfort in an indoor environment
such as reduction of air temperature in an office during heat wave using air conditioning
system or increase air movement using fans or natural air flow to provide thermal comfort.

According to ASHRAE (1966), thermal comfort can be defined as the condition of mind
which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. It is thus the condition of
minimal stimulation of the skin’s heat sensors and of the heat sensing portion of the brain.
With respect to thermal comfort, the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) which is Predicted
Percentage of Dissatisfied (PDD) is a well-known and widely used example of a
performance indicator (Fanger, 1970).

Thermal comfort can be affected by air temperature, globe temperature, radiant temperature,
relative humidity and air velocity. Hostel occupants’ satisfaction of their indoor comfort
level also depends on the building’s design and infrastructure, activity level and clothing
value. Other factors that affect thermal comfort including gender, age, health condition,
body built, food intake, ethnicity and acclimatisation.

To evaluate the internal space in buildings from the aspect of thermal comfort quality, a
field survey of thermal comfort study been carried out to measure and verify whether the
thermal environment meets the design criteria and standard requirements of the building
and specific functions. A field survey of thermal comfort is an in-situ poll of comfort among
a given population together with simultaneous measurements of the environmental
 condition. In field survey, participants wear their normal clothing and go about their usual
work. The result of such surveys is analysed statistically to estimate the temperature at
which the average survey participant will be comfortable, usually called the ‘comfort
temperature’.

A room from Hostel Cahaya Gemilang was selected to evaluate the thermal comfort.
Orientation of the building, exposure of the room to the sunlight and direct opening for
penetration of sunlight are the criteria that need to be considered while collecting and
interpret the data.

2.0 Building Profile

Figure 1: Desasiswa Cahaya Gemilang

Desasiswa Cahaya Gemilang is a residential building for Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
student. Desasiswa Cahaya Gemilang consist of 5 buildings: 2 blocks of hostel buildings
(block H34 and H35), Management office building (H33) and 2 blocks of accommodation
for master students’ and their family members. (H38 and H39).

Desasiswa located in Jalan Gemilang. It is situated near to Health Service Centre and
School of Physic. It also situated beside Hadhanah day-care centre.

Figure 2: Location map of Desasiswa Cahaya Gemilang, H35

The selected room to carry out field experiment is located at third floor, room 5.
 Figure 3: Outside view of hostel H35-03-05

Figure 4: Plan view of sun path diagram Figure 5: Front view of sun path diagram

Figure 4 and Figure 5 show sun path diagram at hostel Cahaya Gemilang. The opening of
the surveyed room face to North side while the sun path is from the East to the West.
Therefore, there is no direct sunlight throughout the day.
Interior of hostel H35-03-05:

Figure 6: Room with artificial light Figure 7: Room with day-lighting

The opening of the surveyed room is faced to North side. Consequently, daylight instead
of direct sunlight is absent throughout the day. From the Figure 7 shows, there is inadequate
lumen to carry out daily tasks if only depends on day light.
 Figure 8: Layout plan of hostel H35-03-05 (Not to scale)

Figure 8 shows the interior layout plan (not to scale) of selected room. The room measure as
3.80m (length) × 3.65m (width). The size of the room is 13.87m2 which is sufficient to provide
a comfortable space for 2 occupants to stay in the room. The room envelope embodies 6 panels
of louvered airows with 1.1m2 (1.84m × 0.6m) each which allowing natural ventilation. Besides,
the single hinge leaf timber door which is shown in Figure 9, is also allowing natural ventilation
and day light.

Due to the orientation of the opening of the room, the surveyed room is absent throughout the
day. Consequently, the lumen of the room is mostly depending on artificial light. The artificial
light that used in the room is T12 lamps, as shown in Figure 10, while fan also be used to
increase air movement. For the fire protection system, smoke detector be installed in the room,
as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11

For the finishes of the room, cement be used to cover all the floor area. Visually from the room,
by referring to figure 12, the building is surrounding by vegetation. Abundant of trees and
scrubs play important role to decrease the temperature of the building.

Figure 12: Exterior environment from the room outside of the building

3.0 Methodology

The study conducted field experiment from Saturday, 5th May 2018, 6pm to Sunday, 6th
May 2018, 6pm. The room be selected to conduct field survey thermal comfort is one of
room from block H35. It located at 3rd floor, room 5. Hourly readings were taken for air
temperature, relative humidity and air velocity by using Extech 3 in 1 Thermo Hygro
Anemometer while activity level and clothing value also be observed and estimated. While
carry out the field survey, occupants in this room wear their normal clothing and carried
out their daily task as usual.

3.1 Instrument and parameters

To collect several data, such as air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were
taken by using Extech 3 in 1 Thermo Hygro Anemometer as shown in Figure 13.
 Figure 13: Extech 3 in 1 Thermo Hygro Anemometer

3.2 Measuring procedure and consideration

3.2.1 Procedure of air temperature measurement

1. Power on the instrument by pressing the “Power Button”.
2. Select the Temperature function by pressing “Function Button”
3. Press the “Unit” to select the unit (˚C).
4. Contact the Thermocouple Sensor Head with measuring object and the
reading value will be displayed on the LCD display.
5. Repeat the process 3 times to get the temperature of the room every hour and
the average value be recorded.
3.2.2 Measuring consideration of air temperature measurement
 The temperature vary with height from floor to ceiling and it will cause an
inaccurate measuring result. Therefore, for the best measuring and accuracy
performance, the vertical height at which sensor is placed should be
representative of the occupants’ experience. For example, placing the sensor
at a vertical height of about 0.6m above the floor representative of sitting
height while 1m to 1.2m above the floor representative of standing height.
 It also important to avoid placing sensor in up- or down-draughts which can
occur near heated or cooled surfaces.
3.2.3 Procedure of relative humidity measurement
1. Power on the instrument by pressing the “Power Button”
2. Select the Relative Humidity function by pressing “Function Button”
3. At the mean time the reading value of relative humidity and temperature will
be displayed on the LCD display.
 4. When the meter is applied in a new environment, a few minutes are required
to reach a stable condition.
5. Press the "Max./Min. Button". Once and the "Max" symbol along with the
maximum value will appear on the display.
6. Press the "Max./Min. Button" again, the "Min" symbol along with the
minimum value will appear on the display.
7. To exit the memory record function, press the "Max./Min. Button"
continuously for at least 2 seconds. The display will revert to the current
reading.
8. Clear the "Max./Min. value recorded by pressing the "Hold Button" once.
Previous recorded "Max./Min. value will be given up and then revert to the
REC function keep on recording.
9. Repeat the process 3 times to get the relative humidity of the room every hour
and the average value be recorded.
3.2.4 Measuring consideration of relative humidity measurement
 External factors will affect the relative humidity (RH) measurement. For
example, if the sensor is measuring RH, temperature has a direct effect on the
measurement. Sunlight shining directly on an instrument with a RH sensor
will significantly distort the reading because of the heat generated. Pressure
differences significantly affect a true dew point sensor.
 A person who takes a reading standing too close to a RH sensor will distort
the measurement. Temperature leakage caused by temperature differences
between the measured environment and the external environment are quite
typical in causing measurement problems.

3.2.5 Procedure of air velocity measurement

1. Power on the instrument by pressing the “Power Button:
2. Select the Anemometer function by pressing “Function Button”
3. Press the “Unit” to select the unit (m/s) and face the “Air Flow Sensor” to the
source of the air.
4. Allow time for the reading to become stable and note the value indicated.
From m a practical point of view the velocity may fluctuate.
 5. Repeat the process 3 times to get the air velocity of the room every hour and
the average value be recorded.
3.2.6 Measuring consideration of air velocity measurement
 The vertical height at which sensor is placed to measure air velocity should
be same with the height of measure air temperature.
 Relative Humidity Temperature Air Velocity
RH ( °C) (m/s)
Time 1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading
Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean
6.00pm 71.4 71.1 73.4 72.2 72.5 71.8 72.1 30.4 30.3 30.2 30.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6
7.00pm 73.9 73.5 74.4 74.1 74.3 74.2 74.1 30.2 30.1 30.2 30.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
8.00pm 74.0 73.7 73.5 73.3 73.9 73.1 73.6 30.1 30.2 30.1 30.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
9.00pm 74.4 74.2 74.7 73.8 73.7 73.7 74.1 29.8 29.7 29.7 29.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5
10.00pm 72.5 72.3 71.9 71.6 72.1 72.0 72.1 29.7 29.7 29.5 29.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
11.00pm 71.8 71.5 71.9 71.8 71.9 71.9 71.8 29.5 29.5 29.5 29.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5
12.00am 73.0 72.1 73.3 70.5 72.9 71.7 72.3 29.0 29.0 28.9 29.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
1.00am 74.5 74.3 75.0 74.8 73.6 73.0 74.2 28.7 28.6 28.6 28.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6
2.00am 73.9 72.7 75.2 74.1 74.4 73.8 74.0 28.6 28.6 29.0 28.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
3.00am 75.6 75.4 76.9 76.7 76.1 76.0 76.1 29.1 29.3 29.3 29.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
4.00am 77.4 77.1 78.8 77.3 78.5 78.0 77.9 29.5 29.5 29.5 29.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5
5.00am 79.6 79.2 80.6 80.5 79.7 79.1 79.8 29.6 29.6 29.9 29.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
6.00am 79.7 79.6 79.8 79.2 79.1 78.8 79.4 30.0 30.1 30.5 30.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5
7.00am 78.4 78.1 78.1 78.0 77.9 77.8 78.1 30.9 30.8 30.3 30.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5
8.00am 78.2 78.0 78.6 77.9 77.7 77.4 78.0 29.6 29.6 29.6 29.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
9.00am 76.6 76.3 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.6 76.1 29.7 29.7 29.9 29.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
 10.00am 75.9 75.5 74.8 73.9 74.9 74.4 74.9 30.2 30.6 30.7 30.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
11.00am 74.3 74.1 73.5 72.3 72.9 72.7 73.3 30.5 30.3 30.3 30.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5
12.00pm 73.1 73.0 72.6 72.1 72.3 72.2 72.6 30.6 30.7 30.7 30.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6
1.00pm 71.9 71.7 70.5 68.2 69.7 69.6 70.3 30.7 30.7 30.7 30.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7
2.00pm 68.6 68.5 66.8 66.1 67.7 67.2 67.5 30.9 31.2 31.0 31.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
3.00pm 67.5 67.3 67.8 67.3 68.0 67.6 67.6 31.0 31.0 30.9 31.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
4.00pm 67.8 67.5 68.1 67.0 69.9 69.5 68.3 30.9 30.8 30.8 30.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7
5.00pm 69.7 69.3 70.8 69.4 69.6 69.2 69.7 30.7 30.7 30.5 30.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
4.0 Data analysis

Table 1: Indoor environment condition of hostel H35-03-05

 Relative Humidity (%)
79.8 79.4
79 77.9 78.1 78

77 76.1 76.1
Relative Humidity

74.9
75 74.1 74.1 74.2 74
73.6 73.3
72.6
73 72.1 72.1 71.8 72.3

71 70.3
69.7

69 68.3
67.5 67.6
67
65

4.00am
10.00pm
11.00pm
12.00am

10.00am
11.00am
12.00pm
6.00pm
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm

1.00am
2.00am
3.00am

5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
8.00am
9.00am

1.00pm
2.00pm
3.00pm
4.00pm
5.00pm
Time
Relative Humidity (%)

Graph 1: Relative Humidity (RH)

Graph 1 shows the Relative Humidity (RH) of the surveyed room. Relative Humidity
(RH) is a ratio, expressed in percent, of water vapor in the air at a specific temperature
compared to the amount of water vapor the air is saturated at that temperature. Too low or too
high of relative humidity will decrease the thermal comfort of an area.

The graph showed the lowest relative humidity occur at 2pm, recorded as 67.6%. The
surveyed room expose to the sun most at this duration and cause the temperature of the room
increase whereby most of the water vapour be evaporated at this time. Consequently, there are
lesser water vapour in the air at noon compare with morning and night. Less water vapour in
the air cause low humidity. Low humidity causes static electricity, dry skin, lips and hair,
scratchy throats and noses, and itching and chapping. Mucous membranes in nose and throat
dry out, increasing your discomfort and susceptibility to colds and respiratory illness. With low
humidity levels, body moisture evaporates so quickly that you feel chilled even at higher
thermostat settings.

In the other side, highest relative humidity recorded as 79.8% at 5am. The building is
surrounding by vegetation. Vegetation helps to reduce the temperature. Consequently, there
are more water vapour consist in the air. More water vapour consists in the air cause high
humidity. High humidity also increases the discomfort level. High humidity can even trigger
allergic reactions, contribute to ongoing allergies, and dust mite problems. High humidity
makes it easier for molds to reproduce, and they can appear virtually anywhere, damaging
whatever they grow upon. Mold spores pose a threat for allergy and asthma sufferers. Dust
mites will thrive when the humidity is high. Present in almost every home, these tiny pests are
yet another nuisance for people with allergies and asthma.

Temperature (˚c)
31.5
31 31
31 30.8
30.7 30.7 30.7
30.6
30.5
Temperature (˚c)

30.4
30.5 30.3
30.2 30.2
30.1
30 29.8
29.7 29.7
29.6 29.6
29.5 29.5
29.5
29.2
29
29
28.6 28.7
28.5
10.00pm
11.00pm
12.00am

10.00am
11.00am
12.00pm
6.00pm
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm

1.00pm
2.00pm
3.00pm
4.00pm
5.00pm
1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
8.00am
9.00am

Time

Temperature

Graph 2: Temperature

Graph 2 shows the temperature of surveyed room. From the graph above, we can know
that the temperature of the room started to drop from 6pm as sun set exactly due west at this
time. The opening of the room less expose to the sun at evening. At 1am, we can observe from
the graph, the temperature of the room drops drastically from 29˚c to 28.6˚c. This can be
explaining as the occupants of this room switch off the artificial light which can helps to
decrease the temperature.

Temperature started to increase and reached the highest temperature at 2pm and 3pm
which is 31˚c. In noon, the room expose most to the sun and artificial lights is on to ease the
occupants carry out their daily tasks. Consequently, this increase the temperature of the room.
 Time Relative Humidity (%) Temperature (˚c)
6.00pm 72.1 30.3
7.00pm 74.1 30.2
8.00pm 73.6 30.1
9.00pm 74.1 29.7
10.00pm 72.1 29.6
11.00pm 71.8 29.5
12.00am 72.3 29.0
1.00am 74.2 28.6
2.00am 74.0 28.7
3.00am 76.1 29.2
4.00am 77.9 29.5
5.00am 79.8 29.7
6.00am 79.4 30.2
7.00am 78.1 30.7
8.00am 78.0 29.6
9.00am 76.1 29.8
10.00am 74.9 30.5
11.00am 73.3 30.4
12.00pm 72.6 30.7
1.00pm 70.3 30.7
2.00pm 67.5 31.0
3.00pm 67.6 31.0
4.00pm 68.3 30.8
5.00pm 69.7 30.6

Table 2: Relationship between Relative Humidity and Temperature

 Relationship between RH (%) and Temperature (˚c)
82 31.5
80 31
78
Relative Humidity (%)

30.5
76

Temperature (˚c)
74 30
72 29.5
70 29
68 28.5
66
28
64
62 27.5
60 27
7.00pm

9.00pm

11.00pm
10.00pm

12.00am

10.00am
11.00am
12.00pm
6.00pm

8.00pm

1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
8.00am
9.00am

1.00pm
2.00pm
3.00pm
4.00pm
5.00pm
Time

Relative Humidity Temperature

Graph 3: Relationship between Relative Humidity and Temperature

Graph 3 showed the relationship between relative humidity and temperature. According to the
graph, Relative humidity (Rh) is inversely related to the air temperature. If temperature is
increases, the Rh decreases and vice versa. Value of relative humidity depends on temperature.
Warm temperature can saturate more water vapour compare with cool temperature while more
water vapour in the air increases the relative humidity and vice versa. In the other word, highest
the temperature the lowest relative humidity. This can be proved in Graph 3. At 6am, the
temperature showed 30.2˚c while relative humidity showed 79.4%. At 7am, temperature
increase to 30.7˚c while relative humidity drops to 78.1%.
 Air velocity (m/s)
0.8
0.75 0.7 0.7
0.7
Air velocity (m/s)

0.65 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.6
0.55 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5
0.45 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.4
0.35
0.3

7.00am
10.00pm
11.00pm
12.00am

10.00am
11.00am
12.00pm
6.00pm
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm

1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am

8.00am
9.00am

1.00pm
2.00pm
3.00pm
4.00pm
5.00pm
Time

Wind velocity (m/s)

Graph 4: Air Velocity

According to the Graph 4, the highest value of air velocity occurs at 1pm and 4pm which
recorded ae 0.7m/s. The average of air velocity for the surveyed room is 0.5 m/s. The range air velocity
to reach thermal comfort level is 0.5m/s to 1.5m/s. Consequently, the surveyed room consider reach the
thermal comfort level.
 Time Relative Humidity (%) Air Velocity (m/s)
6.00pm 72.1 0.6
7.00pm 74.1 0.4
8.00pm 73.6 0.4
9.00pm 74.1 0.5
10.00pm 72.1 0.6
11.00pm 71.8 0.5
12.00am 72.3 0.6
1.00am 74.2 0.6
2.00am 74.0 0.5
3.00am 76.1 0.4
4.00am 77.9 0.5
5.00am 79.8 0.4
6.00am 79.4 0.5
7.00am 78.1 0.5
8.00am 78.0 0.4
9.00am 76.1 0.4
10.00am 74.9 0.5
11.00am 73.3 0.5
12.00pm 72.6 0.6
1.00pm 70.3 0.7
2.00pm 67.5 0.4
3.00pm 67.6 0.6
4.00pm 68.3 0.7
5.00pm 69.7 0.6

Table 3: Relationship between Relative Humidity and Air Velocity

 Graph of Relative Humidity (%) and Air Velocity (m/s)
82 0.8
80
0.7
78
Relative Humidity (%)

0.6

Air Velocity (m/s)

76
74 0.5
72
0.4
70
68 0.3
66 0.2
64
0.1
62
60 0
1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
8.00am
9.00am
6.00pm
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm

1.00pm
2.00pm
3.00pm
4.00pm
5.00pm
12.00am

10.00am
11.00am
10.00pm
11.00pm

12.00pm
Time

Relative Humidity Air Velocity

Graph 5: Relationship between Relative Humidity and Air Velocity

The graph showed the relationship between relative humidity and air velocity. Relative
humidity (Rh) is inversely related to the air velocity. If air velocity is increases, the air relative
humidity decreases and vice versa. When the air velocity increase, the water vapour in the air
will be evaporated. Consequently, the relative humidity will be decreased. At 5am, the air
velocity of the room recorded 0.4 m/s while relative humidity recorded 79.8%. At 6am, the air
velocity increase to 0.5m/s while relative humidity decreases slightly to 79.4%.

Time Standard Effective Temperature Air Velocity (m/s)

6.00pm 28.4 0.6
7.00pm 29.3 0.4
8.00pm 29.1 0.4
9.00pm 28.1 0.5
10.00pm 27.4 0.6
11.00pm 27.6 0.5
12.00am 26.6 0.6
1.00am 26.2 0.6
2.00am 26.7 0.5
3.00am 28.0 0.4
4.00am 28.1 0.5
5.00am 29.1 0.4
6.00am 29.4 0.5
7.00am 30.0 0.5
8.00am 28.8 0.4
9.00am 28.9 0.4
10.00am 29.3 0.5
11.00am 29.0 0.5
12.00pm 29.0 0.6
1.00pm 28.5 0.7
2.00pm 29.7 0.4
3.00pm 28.9 0.6
4.00pm 28.5 0.7
5.00pm 28.6 0.6
 Table 4: Relationship between Standard Effective Temperature and Air Velocity

Graph of Standard Effective Temperature (˚c) and Air Velocity

(m/s)
31 0.8
Standard Effective Temperature (˚c)

30 0.7

Air Velocity (m/s)

29 0.6
0.5
28
0.4
27
0.3
26 0.2
25 0.1
24 0
11.00pm
10.00pm

12.00am

10.00am
11.00am
12.00pm
6.00pm
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm

1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
8.00am
9.00am

1.00pm
2.00pm
3.00pm
4.00pm
5.00pm
Time

Standard Effective Temperature Air velocity

Graph 6: Relationship between Standard Effective Temperature and Air Velocity

Standard Effective Temperature (SET*) defined as the temperature of an imaginary uniform

enclosure with 50% relative humidity and still air, in which sedentary man in standard clothing
(0.6 clo) would feel the same level of warmth, acceptability, or coolness as he would (while
sedentary) in the actual environment and with the actual clothing worn.
 Graph of PPD (%) against PMV
50
45
40
35
30 v
PPD (%)

25
20
15
10
5 v

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
PMW
 The figure above shows the psychrometric chart that was generated through CBE Comfort Tool for
ASHRAE-55.

Clothing value is one of the consideration that could affect the thermal comfort of a room or building.
Clo value of 0.5 is used to generate the psychrometric chart as it represents the typical summer outfit,
which is short sleeve clothes and short pants.

A normal adult has a surface area of 1.7 m2 , and a person in thermal comfort with an activity
level of 1 Met will thus have a heat loss of approximately 100W. Our metabolism is at its lowest
while we sleep (0.8 Met). A Met rate commonly used is 1.2, corresponding to normal work when
sitting in an office. The average Met of occupants (0.8) when sleeping and sitting normal work (1.2),
that is 1.0. In this project clo value of 1.0 is implemented as the occupants will do their works using
their laptops or do drawings and having meals just as same as office workers, and sleeping as resting.

Regarding the mean radiant temperature, it is also known as air temperature without affected
by the moisture of air. The mean radiant temperature (MRT) is a means of expressing the influence of
surface temperatures on occupant comfort.
 The mean radiant temperature (MRT) is a means of expressing the influence of surface
temperatures on occupant comfort. The air temperature that is taken at the room of CG is also used as
mean radiant temperature because the air temperature is taken at the middle of the room area, with the
Hygrometer 3 IN 1 holding at a height of 1 metre from the floor. This is because the Human Torso in
which the human body system will receive and release the heat at the core parts of the human system.
CONCLUSION

To conclude, thermal comfort condition in room of Desasiswa Cahaya Gemilang is

considered moderately warm. Our findings showed that the surveyed room have problem with the
ventilation due to low amount of air flow into the room.

However, the room’s window is facing North direction. Vegetation is front of the hostel’s
room, which means that the sunlight is blocked by the vegetation. Consequently, water vapour would
not be saturated in the atmosphere.

AVERAGE PMV =

AVERAGE PPD =
Labeee.ufsc.br
http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/antigo/arquivos/publicacoes/Thermal_Booklet.pdf

Mean Radiant Temperature | Indoor Environmental Quality with Energy Efficiency

http://www.healthyheating.com/Definitions/Mean%20Radiant.htm#.Wv6ImEiFM2w

Oem.bmj.com
http://oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/22/1/58.full.pdf

Fact & Fiction: Radiant Temperature v. Air Temperature | Heating Green

https://www.heatinggreen.com/all-posts/fact-fiction-radiant-temperature-v-air-temperature/