See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303393627

Modeling and design of NFC/RFID backbone

using a Computer Aided Design tool

Conference Paper · April 2016

DOI: 10.1109/ICDIPC.2016.7470811

CITATIONS READS

0 131

4 authors, including:

Yehya NASSER Mohammad A. Bazzoun

Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de … Lebanese International University
8 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS 3 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Ali Chamas Al Ghouwayel

Lebanese International University
35 PUBLICATIONS 154 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Design and Verification of Near Field Communication Backbone View project

Power Estimation Techniques on FPGAs for Digital Signal Processing Applications View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Yehya NASSER on 30 October 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Modeling And Design of NFC/RFID BackboneUsing
a Computer Aided Design Tool
Yehya A. Nasser, Mohammad A. Bazzoun, Hussein Hijazi, and Ali Al Ghouwayel
School of Engineering, Department of Computer and Communication, Lebanese International University, Beirut-Lebanon
Email: yehya.nasser@liu.edu.lb, 30831464@students.liu.edu.lb, hussein.hijazi@liu.edu.lb, ali.ghouwayel@liu.edu.lb
Abstract—This paper introduces a Schematic Model of the
Magnetic Coupling revolving in the NFC/RFID Systemusing a
Computer Aided Design tool.Industry bodies are developing
programs to improve NFC/RFID devices based on several
specifications. Magnetic coupling is one of the most important
factorsin near-field communication. Thus a Schematic Model is
proposed, based on a precise standardized specifications and
dimensions, which takes into consideration the impedance
matching network, in addition to the coupling coefficient and the
voltage transformation. Simulations are accomplished using
Advanced Design System (ADS) which yields pretty good results
that may help designers of the NFC/RFID technology to
ameliorate their suggested design for an efficient and
reliablecommunication.
Keywords—Near Field Communication (NFC), Reader, Tag,
Mtaching Network, Coupling ceofficient.
I. INTRODUCTION
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a standard-based
short-range wireless connectivity technology that makes life
easier and more convenient for consumers around the world.
NFC makes it simpler to connect electronic devices via
Electromagnetic Field.Data transmission between two NFC
interfaces uses high-frequency magnetic alternating fields in
the frequency range of 13.56 MHz[1].Thus, inductively
coupled NFC technology allows the devices to communicate
through the coupling of magnetic field rather than the energy
radiation-interception process in far-field communications[2].
It enables users to perform intuitive, safe, contactless
transactions, access digital content and connect electronic
devices simply by bringing devices into close proximity.
Moreover, users can share business cards, access information
from a smart poster or provide credentials for access control
systems.
The NFC coupling system consists of a contactless HF
“Reader” and a contactless card “Tag” [3]. The Proximity
Coupling Device (PCD) or the Reader is an antenna connected
to an electronic circuit. Whereas the Proximity Integrated
Circuit Card (PICC) or the Tag consists of an inductive antenna
and an integrated circuit connected to the ends of the antenna.
NFC operates in a frequency range centered on 13.56 MHz
and offers a data transmission rate of up to 424 kbps within a
distance of up to 10 cm by using Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK) as the modulation scheme. The Operating range of a
Reader-Tag pair is determined by communications
requirements as well as power transfer requirements. To meet
the power transfer requirements, the received power at the Tag
must be sufficiently enough as to provide operating power at
the Tag[4]. NFC supports two modes of communication: the
active mode or peer-to-peer and the passive mode or
reader/writer. In active mode, both the devices generate their
own magnetic field and require power supply in each of them.
While in passive mode, one of the devices (an active device)
generates its magnetic field and the other devices (i.e., passive
device, such as contactless smart card or smart posters) retrieve
the power from the active device.
The NFC contactless system using communications across
an inductive coupling link consists of a transmitter coil, a
receiver coil and a communication channel between the two
entities[5]. Similar to the transformer principle, the magnetic
near-field of two conductor coils is used to couple the Reader
and the Tag. Hence, the inductive coupling connects the
Reader with the Tag via their loop antennas[3]. The coupling is
represented by the coupling coefficient k, which is affected by
the separating distance between the two antenna loops. Some
simulation and experimental approaches have been employed
to compute the coupling coefficient in several near-field
scenarios, including for the case of a practical near-field ultra-
high frequency (UHF) and radio-frequency identification
(RFID) systems[6]. However, in this paper, the proposed
model of the coupling occurring in the NFC/RFID System is
examined based on specific standardized Features and
measurements related to this Technology.
NFC is as wireless data interface between devices, is
similar to Infrared or the well-known Bluetooth. However,
NFC has several characteristics that are of interest in relation to
RFID systems[1]. Bluetooth wireless technology was designed
to replace cables between cell phones, laptops, and other
computing and communication devices within a 10 meter
range. Moreover, Wi-Fi technology was designed and
optimized for Local Area Networks (LAN); communication
within a 100 meter range. RFID is an automatic identification
method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using
devices called RFID tags. All mentioned applications use
electromagnetic waves in communication. However, in NFC,
i.e. an extension of RFID, the communication is achieved
through magnetic coupling, so there is no signal propagation.
This paper introduces a Schematic Model (soft design) that
describes the NFC/RFID system. First the Reader and the Tag
are modeled, then the matching network of each device is
169
designed to achieve the desired modeling of the NFC/RFID
system. Thereafter, we study the main parameter which is the
quality factor of the whole system. The Reader and Tag models
presented in this paper have been designed and simulated with
Advanced Design System (ADS).
The paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the
proposed Reader Modeling design, whereas Section III
describes the proposed Tag Modeling design. Section IV
introduces the NFC/RFID System Modeling and Design.
Section V shows and interprets different simulation result.
Finally, our conclusions are presented in Section VI.
II. READER MODELING DESIGN
A. Antenna Modeling of the NFC “Reader”
The Reader antenna is a complex inductive load. It can be
modeled bylumped components and can bewell represented by:
itsself-inductance LREADER, parasitic antenna capacitance CANT,
and internal resistance R. An inductor LREADER is essentially
just a coil of wire and so often has a non-negligible resistance.
This is most readily modeled as a resistor R (of resistance 0.25
Ω) in series with the inductor. An equivalent RLC circuit
shown in Fig. 1is used to describe the electrical behavior of the
Reader antenna.
Fig. 1- Reader Antenna Model.
The parasitic antenna capacitance CANT (derived using the
resonance frequency FRESof the reader antenna) is equal to
29.21 pF as shown in(1). The resonance frequency of the
reader antenna is 34 MHz.
1 1
FRES = C ANT =
2π LREADER ⋅C ANT 4π 2 ⋅ FRES
2
⋅ LREADER
(1)
1
CANT = 2 = 29.21ρF
4π ⋅ (34MHz )2 ⋅ (750nH )
The Quality Factor, or Q-Factor, describes how under-
damped a resonator is; the higher the Q-factor the less damping
there is. In an electrical resonator circuit, damping is caused by
the loss of energy in resistive components.
1 antenna, we add C3 and C4, where C3 is fixed capacitor (of
Q = ω ⋅C ANT RANT ;ω =
LREADERC ANT
(2)
750nH
 RANT = 45⋅ = 7.210ΚΩ
29.2ρF
The Quality factor-Q of the Reader antenna is the ratio of
reactance of the coil to its resistance. Thus for an inductor, Q-
factor is expressed asin (2), where LREADER is the effective
inductance of the coil in Henrys and RANT is the effective
resistance of the coil in Ohms.The Reader antenna has a Q-
factor of 45. As shown in(2), RANT, the parallel resistor to
LREADERwhich represents the resistivity of the Reader antenna,
is computed and equals to 7.210 KΩ.
After modeling the Reader antenna using lumped elements
on ADS, simulation is carried out to generate the S-parameters
of the antenna and check the reflection coefficient S11 of the
modeled antenna. The modeled antenna reveals a maximum
reflection coefficient S11 at 13.56 MHz (the operating
frequency of the Reader antenna). Thus to minimize this high
reflection and to match the modeled reader antenna to the
power source SRC1, a “Matching Network” is required.
B. Matching Netwrok design of the “Reader” antenna
An impedance adjustment network, simply called
“Matching Network”, is the next stage. It transforms the
antenna impedance ZANT into a different impedance equals to
the power source impedance ZS.
Hence, the “Matching Network” is desired to satisfy the
NFC/RFID standardized requirements concerning the operating
frequency of the Reader antenna, and to guarantee a minimum
reflection from the antenna toward the power source or a
maximum power transfer from the Reader antenna to the Tag
antenna. In addition,the “Matching Network” is necessary to
adjust the reader antenna resonance frequency FRES.
Fig. 2- S11of Reader Antenna after Matching Network.
By tuning the modeled antenna in order to have a minimum
reflection S11 and to achieve the operating frequency of the
NFC/RFID system, we start by adding capacitors in parallel
and series and check S11 of the antenna to regulate S11 to have
the minimum reflection at 13.56 MHz. In parallel with the
modeled antenna,we add two capacitors C1 and C2, where C1is
a fixed capacitor (of 87.55 pF capacitance) and C2is the
variable (tunable) capacitor. In series with the modeled
13.011 pF capacitance) and C4 is the variable capacitor, as
shown in Fig. 3.
Using ADS Tuner Tool in the schematic of the modeled
antenna, and after tuning the variable capacitor fractions, we
achieve a -53.165 dB reflection coefficient at 13.56 MHz as
shown in Fig. 2. S11 is minimum (-53.165 dB) at 13.56 MHz
and the resulting modeled “Matching Network” with Reader
antenna are shown in Fig. 3. Therefore, the designed Matching
Networkis a frequency dependent capacitive Network that
170
produces, in addition to the Reader antenna, a 50 Ω impedance 1
at 13.56 MHz. Q = ω ⋅CANT RANT ;ω =
LTAGCANT (4)
2.4μH
 RANT = 72 ⋅ =58.07ΚΩ
3.69ρF

To tune the antenna in order to achieve a minimum

acceptable reflection at the operating frequency of the Tag
antenna and to maximize the absorption of the power
transmitter by the Reader antenna, a “Matching Network” is
proposed.
Fig. 3- Reader Model Design.

External resistors (R2 and R3), of 1.38 Ω equivalent

resistance, are added in series with the antenna. Their function
is to sense the current in the coil and to allow for batch to batch
variations in the characteristics of the coil.
III. TAGMODELING DESIGN
A. Antenna Modeling of the NFC “Tag”
The behavior of the NFC/RFID “Tag” antenna can be
mimicked with a parallel resonant circuit, as it is shown inFig.
4. It is composed by the antenna’s inductanceLTAG, the
impedance adjustment network capacitor CANT and the internal
resistance Rof 0.85Ω.
Fig. 5-S11of Tag Antenna before Matching Network.

B. Matching Netwrokdesign of the “Tag” antenna

The Tag antenna has an inductive characteristic (imaginary
part). So the matching is achievedby removing the imaginary
part which yields a purely real antenna at the operating
frequency of the Tag antenna. Thus, the phase at the Tag
antenna Ѳ (Z11) should be approximately zero in order to
Fig. 4-Tag Antenna Model. achieve the matching. By adding capacitors C2 and C3in
parallel, the inductive characteristic of the Tag antenna will be
Using the resonance frequency of the Tag antenna which is deleted. One of the added capacitors is fixed with 29 pF (C2)
equal to 53.5 MHz, the parasitic antenna capacitance CANTis whereas the other capacitor is variable and used for tuning the
computed which yields3.69 pF, as shown in(3). modeled antenna.
1 1
FRES = CANT =
2π LTAG ⋅CANT 4π ⋅ FRES
2 2
⋅ L2
(3)
1
CANT = 2 = 3.69ρF
4π ⋅ (53.5MHz )2 ⋅ (2.4μH )

For the Tag antenna which is modeled by an inductor, the

Q-factor is expressed as in (4), where LTAG is the effective
inductance of the coil in Henrys and RANT is the effective
resistance of the coil in Ohms. The Tag antenna has a Q-factor
of 72.RANT, the parallel resistor to LTAG represents the
resistivity of the Tag antenna, is computed and equals to 58.07
KΩ as shown in Fig. 4.
After modeling the Tag antenna using lumped elements on Fig. 6- Z11 of Tag Antenna after Tuning.
ADS, simulation is carried out to generate the S-parameters
and Z-parameters of the modeled antenna and check the Using the ADS Tuner Tool, we subsequently tune the
reflection coefficient S11 of the modeled antenna. The antenna capacitor C3 and monitor Ѳ (Z11) at each new value, until
reveals a minimum reflection (S11=-1.024 dB) at 23.09 MHz as having an approximately zero-phase Ѳ (Z11). As shown in Fig.
shown in Fig. 5, which is not the required operating frequency. 6, the phase of the impedance of the modeled antenna is

171
approximately zero (Ѳ (Z11) = -0.415) at 16.05 MHz. The
resonance frequency is achieved when having an
approximately zero-phase. Thus at 16.05 the Tag will operate
at the resonance frequency, which is the carrier frequency of
the Tag. The most efficient energy transmission to a Tag is
achieved, if the transponder resonance frequency is set very
close to the carrier frequency [7].
coils[9]. As in a typical transformer, the voltage in the Reader
antenna coil is transferred to the Tag antenna coil and vice
versa. When the Tag and reader antennas are in close
proximity, the time-varying magnetic field that is produced by
a Reader antenna coil due to the presence of the generator
“SRC1” as shown in Fig. 9 induces a voltage in the tag antenna
coil. The current flow in the primary coil produces a magnetic
flux that causes a voltage induction at the secondary
coil[10].The induced voltage in the coil causes a flow of
current on the Tag coil that will power up the Tag.

μ0 ⋅ n1 ⋅ n2 ⋅π ⋅d12 ⋅d22
M= (6)
2( z 2 + d 22 )
3/2

According to Biot-savart law, “M” shown in (6) is

Fig. 7- Tag Model Design. equivalent to a voltage transformation in typical transformer
applications, where μ0 is the magnetic constant (4π ×10-7), n1
The resulting Tag model design is shown in Fig. 7, where and n2 are the numbers of turns of each antenna coil,d1= 7cm
C2 and C3 represent the Matching Network (Tuning Network). and d2= 8 cm are the diameters of Tag and Reader antennas
The value of the added capacitors can be chosen or tuned to get respectively,and z is the separating distance between the two
the desired resonant frequency. coil antennas.
Additionally, the bridge rectifier transforms the sinusoidal μ0 ⋅ n1 ⋅ n2 ⋅π ⋅ d12 ⋅d 22
signal received by the Tag antenna to a DC-voltage, as supply k= (7)
( )
LREADER ⋅ LTAG ⋅ ( z 2 + d 22 )
3/2
for the Tag chip (Integrated Circuit). The bridge rectifier is 2
composed by the 4 diodes and the capacitor C4.
Communication between Reader and Tag is done through The magnetic coupling between the two antennas is
magnetic coupling, and data is sent from the Tag to the Reader modeled on ADS by the Mutual Inductance block (represented
by means of Load Modulation. A variation in the loadat the by k) between the two coil antennas as shown inFig. 9.
Tag side increases the current passing through the Tag antenna,
( μ ⋅ n ⋅ n ⋅π ⋅d ⋅d22 )
2/3
which affects the mutual coupling between Tag and Reader. 2

Thereafter, the current passing through the Reader antenna coil 2

z = x −d ; x =
0 1 2 1
(8)
2
2( k ) ⋅ ( LREADER ⋅ LTAG )
2/3 1/3
increases, where this variation in the current causes a voltage
variation by means of amplitude modulation. This technique is
called Load Modulation.
Hence, from (5) and (6),the coupling coefficient k and the
IV. THE COMPLETE MODELING OF NFC/RFID SYSTEM separating distance z can be represented as a function of coils
geometry and the spacing between them as given in (7) and in
In NFC/RFID systems, it is desirable for Tags tobe (8), where LREADER and LTAG are the inductance of the Reader
detectable within a specified read range and not beyond that. In and Tag coil antennas, respectively.
other words, within a specific range of separating distances, the
Tag can communicate wirelessly with the Reader through
magnetic coupling.The Magnetic coupling connects the Reader
to the Tag, which is typically in a Proximity distance, via their
antennas.
M
k= (5)
L1 ⋅ L2

The parameter magnetic coupling is designated by the

mutual inductance “M”, or the coupling coefficient “k”, which
is affected by the separating distance between the two
antennas. In addition the geometrical antenna shape influences
the value of k [8].
Fig. 8- Output Voltage Measured at the Tag Side
The voltage transfer between the Reader and Tag coils is
accomplished through magnetic coupling between the two

172
 Fig. 9- Schematic of NFC/RFID Modeled System.

The output voltage in a standard NFC/RFID System is a Depending on the separating distance, we can notice a
key point concerning the NFC passive mode, specifically the decrease in the coupling coefficient and the output voltage at
Tag. So an average of 5 volts (DC) is needed to power up the the Tag terminals when the separating distance increase as
Tag (passive) using the RF field to have a reliable shown in TABLE I. Thus, for an efficient communication
communication between Tag and Reader. The 5 volts at the between the modeled Reader and Tag, the separating distance
Tag side is required to feed the Integrated Circuit or the between them should not exceeds 10 cm to have a reliable
Microcontroller in the Tag that is responsible for signal communication without any dis-connectivity. So by increasing
processing, modulation, and cryptography. For this reason a the separating distance up to 20 cm, we may lose the
standard NFC/RFID system need to be tested to avoid any connection between the two devices.
point of failure due to the degradation of voltage when
separating distance increase. As illustrated in the Fig. 8 we
noted that there is an acceptable output voltage (5 volts) when
the separating distance z is 5.2 cm, which is sufficiently
enough to power up the Tag.
Finally, we present results for several NFC coupling
scenarios as function of separating distance between Reader
and Tag based on the proposed model presented in Fig. 9.
V. RESULTS
In order to successfully design and optimize NFC systems,
it is critical to investigate the antenna coupling that occurs
when antennas are placed in close proximity.
Fig. 10- Coupling Coefficient for NFC/RFID Modeled System vs Distance.
The reader inductance LREADER ensures the generation of
the magnetic field, whereas the tag inductance LTAG allows
receiving the signal. The magnetic field due to the interaction
between the two coils is characterized by a coupling coefficient
k [11]. The coupling coefficient k shows a significant decrease
when the separating distances increase as shown inFig. 10.
Based on the given equations and the schematic model
shown inFig. 9, calculations are done using the Mathematical
model (equations of k), and simulation in the time domain is
carried out to investigate a coupling scenario of the two loop
antennas over varied separating distances. Simulation is
proposed to notice at which distance the voltage transferred
from the Reader antenna to the Tag antenna will degrade and
will not be sufficient to power up the Tag.
Fig. 11- Output Voltage of NFC/RFID Modeled System vs Distance.
As shown in Fig. 11, the output voltage measured at the
terminals of the Tag (output of the Bridge Rectifier) decreases The comparison shows a pretty good matching for our
when the separating distance increases. Moreover, the output mathematical model calculations and measurement results done
voltage at the Tag terminal vanishes (0.14 volts) when the by [5] as shown in Fig. 10. So when the separating distance is
separating distance becomes 20 cm. Moreover when the less than 5 cm there is a slight difference between our results
separating distance increase more than 7 cm the output and the measurement results in [5]. Whereaswhen the
voltageshown in TABLE I, which is responsible to power up separating distance become more than 5 cm and less than 11
the IC of the Tag, will become less than 3 voltsthat is not cm a good matching occurs between our results and the
efficient to power up the IC of the Tag. measurements in [5].Furthermore our proposed mathematical

173
 model is verified after a certain critical distance (5 cm).This oursupervisors Dr. Hussein Hijazi and Dr. Ali Al Ghouwayel
confirms the reliability of our NFC/RFID model and design for helping and mentoring us throughout this project,andthe
regarding the coupling coefficient versus the separating Department of Computer and Communication Engineering at
distance between Reader and Tag, where the optimization of Lebanese International University for their facilities and
such Model relies on the Matching Network design of both support.
Reader and Tag.
VII. REFERENCES
TABLE I
COUPLING COEFFICIENT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE VERSUS DISTANCE
[1] K. Finkenzeller, RFID Handbook Fundamentals and
z [cm] k k % Calculation v [volts] Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio
Separating Calculated Measured in versus Output Frequency Identification and Near-Field Communication,
distance [5] Measurement voltage Third Edition, Munich, Germany: John Wiley and Sons,
2.2 0.08078081 0.116 30.361 7.75 2010.
3.2 0.07212944 0.102 29.284 7.008
4.2 0.06254823 0.078 19.809 6.117 [2] U. Azad and Y. Ethan Wang, "Direct Antenna
5.2 0.05311548 0.054 1.638 5.187 Modulation (DAM) for Enhanced Capacity Performance
6.2 0.04450053 0.048 7.290 4.306 of Near-Field Communication (NFC) Link," IEEE
7.2 0.03700681 0.041 9.739 3.524 Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers,
8.2 0.03068811 0.033 7.005 2.858 vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 902 - 910, 2014.
9.2 0.02546044 0.024 5.736 2.305 [3] A. Schober, M. Ciacci and M. Gebhart, "An NFC Air
10.2 0.02118119 0.020 5.576 1.852 Interface Coupling Model for Contactless System
11.2 0.01769546 0.018 1.692 1.483
Performance Estimation," 12th International Conference
12.2 0.01485900 0.012 19.240 1.184
13.2 0.01254722 0.011 12.331 0.942
on Telecommunications - ConTEL 2013, pp. 243-250, 26-
14.2 0.01065686 0.009 15.547 0.745 28 June 2013.
15.2 0.00910433 0.006 34.097 0.584 [4] E. Rosnes, G. Yang, Ø. Ytrehus and A. I. Barbero, "Near-
Field Passive RFID Communication: Channel Model and
VI. CONCLUSION Code Design," IEEE Transactions on Communications,
In this paper, a NFC/RFID system model of the Mutual vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 1716 - 1727, 2014.
coupling between a modeled Reader and Tag is proposed. This [5] O. Mourad, P. Le Thuc, R. Staraj and P. Iliev, "System
model is used to analyze and interpret the impact of distance on Modeling of the RFID Contactless Inductive Coupling
the wireless communication in NFC/RFID technology. Using 13.56 MHz Loop Antennas," The 8th European
Matching the Reader antenna to the power source and tuning
Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP
the Tag antenna to the resonance frequency allow improving
2014), pp. 2034- 2038, 6-11 April 2014.
the wireless communication of the NFC/RFID modeled system
based on a specific Standardized Specifications and [6] Y.-S. Chen, S.-Y. Chen and H.-J. Li, "Analysis of
Dimensions. This considerable role of the Matching Networks Antenna Coupling in Near-Field Communication
was manifested by the resulting coupling coefficient and the Systems," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
measured output voltage between the Reader and the Tag Propagation, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 3327-3335, OCTOBER
modeled in this paper. Our modeling and design can be 2010.
usefulfor researchers working in optimization domain for less [7] M. Gebhart, R. Szoncso and M. Münzer, "Improving
power consumption and more harvesting of the EM energy contactless technology by increase of transponder load
generated by the Reader to power up the Tag. Improving
modulation with serial capacitor," MELECON 2010 -
system performance can be studied by modifying and adding
some electronic components to achieve minimum power 2010 15th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical
consumption and much more power accumulation of the Conference, pp. 1253 - 1258, 26-28 April 2010.
availableEM field.Simulations have shown pretty good results [8] A. Vena and P. Roux, "Near Field Coupling with Small
that may help designers of the NFC/RFID technology to RFID Objects," Progress In Electromagnetics Research
improve their suggested designs for an efficient and reliable Symposium Proceedings, pp. 535-539, 18-21 August
communication.Additionally we can rely on the mathematical 2009.
model after a certain distance when matching occurs between [9] L. Heinzle, "A Theoretical Model for Mutual Interaction
our calculations and measurements in [5], and where the
between Coaxial Cylindrical Coils," Omicron Lab, pp. 1-
simulation results regarding the output voltage has a pretty
15, 2011.
good matching with [5]after a critical distance.
[10] Y. Lee, Antenna Circuit Design for RFID Applications,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Microchip Technology Inc, 2003.
This work is part of our master thesis. We would like to [11] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory : Analysis and Design -
thank Dr. Achraf Dhayni for his technical assistance, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

ISBN: 978-1-4673-7503-0 ©2016 IEEE 174

View publication stats