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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
Carbohydrates carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH22O)
(CH O)xx C66H12 O
12 66
Function:
fast energy u energy storage
AICE Biology
raw materials u structural materials
Jones & Fosbery Chapter 2
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
CH2OH
Monosaccharides
3-carbon 5-carbon sugars
Single Sugars sugar
Dissolve easily in water H O
Sweet taste 1C 5 CH2OH 5 CH2OH
3 forms: Sugars all end in “ose” H 2 C OH O OH O OH
4 1 4 1
Triose (3C) C3H6O3 H H H H H
H C OH H H H
(Gylceraldehyde) 3 3 2 2
3
H
Pentose (5 C) C5H10O5 OH OH OH H
(Ribose, Deoxyribose = components of Glyceraldehyde Ribose Deoxyribose
nucleic acids)
Hexose (6 C) C6H12O6
(Glucose, Fructose, Galactose)
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6-carbon sugars
carbonyl
6 CH2OH 6 CH2OH 6 CH2OH
5
H5 O
H O H OH O OH aldehyde
H H
1 5 4
4 OH H H HO 2 OH H H 1
HO OH HO CH2 OH H
3 2 4 3 1 3 2
H OH OH H H OH
Glucose Fructose Galactose carbonyl
ketone
Numbered carbons
Sugar structure
5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution These will become C6'
important!
5'C O
4'C C 1'
energy stored in C-C bonds
harvested in cellular respiration
C 3' C 2'
Carbons are numbered
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Roles of Monosaccharides
Source of energy in respiration.
C-H bonds release lots of energy when
broken—used to convert ADP to ATP.
Glucose is the most important,
metabolically.
Building blocks of larger molecules.
glucose starch, glycogen, cellulose
ribose RNA (ribonucleic acid) & ATP
deoxyribose DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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glycogen
(animal)
fast release
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Glycogen
“Animal version of
starch.”
Insoluble
polysaccharide of
branched amylose
chains
Average chain much
longer and greater #
of branches than plant
starch.
Animal form of energy
storage.
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Fig. 3.29