Chem 10

Name
Section
Roll Number
CHEMISTRY 10
SOLVED
Test Yourself questions,
Exercise questions
and Numerical Problems.
Muhammad Fahid Asif

MSc Chemistry B.Ed.
03003023885
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Chapter 9
Test yourself 9.1
Q1: Why reversible reactions never complete?

Ans: In reversible reactions, the products recombine to form reactants. That is why reversible reactions
never complete. For example, when hydrogen iodide decomposes into hydrogen and iodine, both the
products recombine top form hydrogen iodide.
2HI 4C ` H2 + I2
Q2: What is a static equilibrium, explain with an example.

Ans: When a reaction ceases to proceed, it is called static equilibrium. This happens mostly in physical
phenomenon. For example, a building remains standing rather than falling down because all the
forces acting on it are balanced. This is an example of static equilibrium.
Q#3: Why the amounts of reactants and products do not change in a reversible reaction?
Ans: In reversible reactions, reverse and forward reactions keep on taking place at the same rate but in
opposite direction. Dynamic equilibrium is achieved in this course and the amount (concentration) of
reactants and products do not change. Even physical properties like colour, density, etc. remain the
same.
Test yourself 9.2
Q1: Define law of mass action.

Ans: Guldberg and Waage in 1869 put forward this law. According to this law “The rate at which a
substance reacts is directly proportional to its active mass and the rate of a reaction is directly
proportional to the product of the active masses of the reacting substances”. Generally, an active
mass is considered as the molar concentration having units of mol dm-3, expressed as square
brackets [ ].
Q2: How the active mass is represented?
Ans: Generally, an active mass is considered as the molar concentration having units of mol dm-3,
expressed as square brackets [ ].
Q3: What do you mean by equilibrium constant?
Ans: Equilibrium constant is a ratio of the product of concentration of products raised to the power of
coefficient to the product of concentration of reactants raised to the power of coefficient as
expressed in the balanced chemical equation.
Q4: Point out the coefficients of each in the following hypothetical reactions:
a. 2A + 3B 4C + 2D
b. 4X 4C ` 2Y + 3Z
c. 2M + 4N 5O
Ans: a. Coefficients of reactants: 2, 3
Coefficients of products: 4, 2
b. Coefficients of reactants: 4
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Coefficients of products: 2, 3
c. Coefficients of reactants: 2, 4
Coefficients of products: 5
Q5: Write the equilibrium constant expressions for the following reactions:
a. 2NO2 4C ` N2O4
b. PCl3+Cl2 PCl5
c. 2So2 +O2 2So3
Ans:
a.
b.
c.
Test yourself 9.3
Q1: What do you mean by extent of reaction?

Ans: It indicates to which extent reactants are converted to products. In fact, it measures how far a
reaction proceeds before establishing equilibrium state.
Q2: Why the reversible reactions do not go to completion?
Ans: In reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium is achieved before the completion of reaction.
Forward and reverse reactions keep on taking place in their respective directions. So, reversible
reactions never go to completion.
Q3: If a reaction has large value of Kc , will it go to completion and why?

Ans: Large numerical value of Kc: The large value of Kc indicates that at equilibrium position the
reaction mixture consists of almost all products and reactants are negligible. The reaction has
almost gone to completion.
Q4: Which types of reactions do not go to completion?
Ans: When the Kc value of reaction is small, it indicates that the equilibrium has established with a
very small conversion of reactants to products. At equilibrium position, almost all reactants are
present but amount of products is negligible. Such type of reactions never goes to completion.
Q5: Why the reaction mixture does not have 50% reactants and 50% products at
equilibrium position?
Ans: Numerical value of Kc is neither small nor large. Such reactions have comparable amounts
of reactants and products i.e. about 50% reactants and 50% products.
EXERCISE
1. What are irreversible reactions? Give a few characteristics of them?
Ans: Most of the reactions, in which the products do not recombine to form reactants, are called
irreversible reactions. They are supposed to complete and are represented by putting a single
arrow ( ) between the reactants and products

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2. Define chemical equilibrium state.

Ans: When the rate of the forward reaction takes place at the rate of reverse reaction, the composition of
the reaction mixture remains constant; it is called a chemical equilibrium state.
3. Give the characteristics of reversible reaction.
Ans: Reactions in which the products can recombine to form reactants are called reversible reactions.
These reactions never go to completion. They are represented by a double arrow ( ) between
reactants and products. These reactions proceed in both ways, i.e., they consist of two reactions;
forward and reverse. So, a reversible reaction is one which can be made to proceed in either direction
depending upon the conditions
4. How is dynamic equilibrium established?
Ans: When reaction does not stop, only the rates of forward and reverse reactions become equal to
each other but take place in opposite directions. This is called dynamic equilibrium
Rate of forward reaction = Rate of reverse reaction
In a reversible reaction, dynamic equilibrium is established before the completion of reaction.
5. Why at equilibrium state reaction does not stop?
Ans: At equilibrium state, forward and reverse reactions keep on taking place at the same rate but in
opposite direction, so reaction does not stop.
6. Why is equilibrium state attainable from either way?
Ans: Equilibrium state is attainable from either way because at this state both forward or reverse reactions
occurs at equal rates. This state of equilibrium is attainable when reactants combine (in forward
direction) or when products combine to form reactants (in backward direction) depending upon the
condition of reaction (temperature pressure or concentration).
7. What is relationship between active mass and rate of reaction?
Ans: Relationship between active mass and rate of reaction is well defined by law of active mass.
Guldberg and Waage in 1869 put forward this law. According to this law “The rate at which a
substance reacts is directly proportional to its active mass and the rate of a reaction is directly
proportional to the product of the active masses of the reacting substances”.
8. Derive equilibrium constant expression for the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and
hydrogen.
Ans: N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
9. Write the equilibrium constant expression for the following reactions:

i) H2 (g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g)
ii) CO(g) + 3H2 (g) CH4 (g) + H2O(g)
Ans:
10. How direction of a reaction can be predicted?

Ans: Direction of a reaction at a particular moment can be predicted by inserting the concentration of the

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reactants and products at that particular moment in the equilibrium expression. Thus, we can make
the following generalization about the direction of the reaction.
 If Qc < Kc; the reaction goes from left to right, i.e., in forward direction to attain equilibrium.
 If Qc > Kc; the reaction goes from right to left, i.e., in reverse direction to attain equilibrium
 If Qc = Kc; forward and reverse reactions take place at equal rates i.e., equilibrium has been attained.
11. How can you know that a reaction has achieved an equilibrium state?
Ans: At equilibrium state, the amount (concentration) of reactants and products do not change. Even
physical properties like colour, density, etc. remain the same. So we can detect achievement of
equilibrium state by observing above characteristics.
12. What are the characteristics of a reaction that establishes equilibrium state at once?
Ans: When the Kc value of reaction is small, it indicates that the equilibrium has established with a very
small conversion of reactants to products. At equilibrium position, almost all reactants are present
but amount of products is negligible. Such type of reactions never goes to completion.
13. If reaction quotient Qc of a reaction is more than Kc. What will be the direction of the
reaction?
Ans: If Qc > Kc; the reaction goes from right to left, i.e., in reverse direction to attain equilibrium
14. An industry was established based upon a reversible reaction. It failed to achieve
products on commercial level. Can you point out the basic reasons of its failure being a
chemist?
Ans: The reaction on which industry was based upon would have small value of Kc. So the industry
failed to achieve products because when the Kc value of reaction is small, it indicates that the
equilibrium has established with a very small conversion of reactants to products. At
equilibrium position, almost all reactants are present but amount of products is negligible.
Such type of reactions never goes to completion.
NUMERICALS
9.1 9.2

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9.3 9.4

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ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS CH#10
Test yourself 10.1

1. What is the difference between Arrhenius base and Bronsted-Lowry base?
Ans: Arrhenius base produces hydroxyl ion (OH-) in aqueous solution.
Bronsted-Lowry base accepts a proton from acid.

HA + B A− + HB+
2. What do you mean by neutralization reaction according to Arrhenius acid-base
concept?
Ans: When acid and base react, salt and water are formed. This is neutralization reaction according to
Arrhenius.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
3. Prove that water is amphoteric specie.
Ans: Water can act as acid as well as base i.e. it can donate a proton acting as an acid and can also
accept proton acting as base. So water is amphoteric.
When reacting with an acid such as hydrogen chloride:
H2O + HCl → H3O+ + Cl−

and acting as an acid when reacting with a base such as ammonia:
H2O + NH3 → NH4+ + OH−

4. How can you justify that NH3 is Bronsted-Lowry base but not Arrhenius base?
Ans: Ammonia does not produce hydroxyl ion in aqueous medium, so it is not Arrhenius base. On the
other hand it can accept a proton from an acid, so it is Bronsted-Lowry base.
H2O + NH3 → NH4+ + OH−

5. State and explain the neutralization reaction according to Lewis concept.
Ans: According to Lewis concept, acid and base react to form an adduct by dative covalent bond.
Adduct is neutral.
6. Define and give the characteristics of a Lewis acid.

Ans: Lewis acid accepts a pair of electron from Lewis base. Lewis acid is always electron deficient. It is
electron acceptor and makes dative bond with base to form adduct. For example BF3, H+ etc.
7. Why BF3 behaves as a Lewis acid?
Ans: BF3 is electron deficient molecule. It can accept a pair of electron from base, so acts as Lewis
acid.
BF3 + :NH3 → [F3B←:NH3]
8. Water is amphoteric specie according to Bronsted-Lowry concept. What is its nature
according to Lewis concept?
Ans: Oxygen atom in water molecule has to lone pairs, which can be donated to other molecules or
cations. So water acts as Lewis base.
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Test yourself 10.2

1. When acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates, which gas evolves out?
Ans: When acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates, CO2 gas is evolved.
H2SO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2O + CO2
2. Which types of salts produce SO2 gas on reacting with acids?
Ans: Sulphites and bisulphites react with acids to produce SO2 gas.
H2SO4 + Na2SO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2

HCl + NaHSO3 → NaCl + H2O + SO2
3. Give the uses of sulphuric acid.
Ans: Sulphuric acid is used to manufacture fertilizers, ammonium sulphate, calcium superphosphate,
explosives, paints, dyes, drugs. It is also used as an electrolyte in lead storage batteries.
4. Name the gas liberated when alkalis react with ammonium salts.
Ans: NH3 gas is liberated when alkalies react with ammonium salts.
NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O + NH3
5. Write down the colours of the precipitates formed by reaction of aqueous caustic
soda with solutions of: copper, zinc and ferric salts
Ans:
6. Name an alkali used in alkaline batteries.

Ans: Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used in alkaline batteries.
Test yourself 10.3

1. Why pure water is not a strong electrolyte?
Ans: Pure water ionizes to very small extent i.e. 1.0 X 10-14. So water is not a strong electrolyte.
2. HCI and H2SO4 are strong acids. While their solutions are equimolar, they have
different pH value as calculated in problem 10.2 and 10.4. Why they have different pH
values?
Ans: Sulphuric acid is dibasic acid i.e. it gives two H+ in aqueous solution while Hydrochloric acid is
monobasic acid as it gives only one H+ in aqueous solution. pH is negative log of concentration of
H+. As sulphuric acid produces more hydrogen ions, it has less pH value than hydrochloric acid if
solutions of both of acids are taken equimolar.

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3. Why ionic-product constant of water is temperature dependent?

Ans: The ionic product of water, Kw, varies with temperature. The Kw of water increases as the
temperature rises because dissociation water is an endothermic process. That is why ionic-
product of water is temperature dependant.
4. Differentiate between ‘p’ and pH.
Ans: ‘p’ before a symbol means’ negative logarithm of the symbol. ‘p’ before H means negative
logarithm of [H+]. Therefore, pH is the negative logarithm of molar concentration of the hydrogen
ions.
Test yourself 10.4

1. How are the salts named?
Ans: A salt gets its name from the names of the metal and the acid. Name of the metal is written as first
part of salt name while the second part is taken from acid radical. For example
Metal Acid Salt name
Sodium (Na) Hydrochloric acid (HC1) Sodium chloride (NaC1)
Potassium (K) Nitric acid (HNO3) Potassium nitrate(KNO3)

2. Name the salts which are formed when Zn metal reacts with following acids
a. nitric acid b. phosphoric acid c. acetic acid
Ans: a) Zn + 2HNO3 → Zn (NO3)2 + H2 Zinc nitrate
b) Zn + H2 SO4 → Zn SO4 + H2 Zinc sulphate
c) Zn + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2 Zn + H2 Zinc acetate
3. How will you justify salts are neutral compounds?

Ans: Salts are neutral compounds. Although, they do not have equal number of positive and negative
ions, but have equal number of positive and negative charges.
4. How many water of crystallizations are present inCuSO4-5H2O and CaSO4- .2H2O?
Ans: 5 water molecules are present in CuSO4.5H2O as water of crystallization while 2 water molecules are
present in CaSO4.2H2O.
5. Name the type of reaction that takes place between an acid and a metal. Which gas
would evolve in the reaction? Explain with an example.
Ans: Displacement reaction takes place between acid and metals. Metal displaces hydrogen from
acid which evolves as H2.
H2SO4+ Zn → ZnSO4 + H2
Test yourself 10.5

1. Name the types of salts.
Ans: Neutral salts, acidic salts, basic salts, double salts, mixed salts and complex salts.

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2. H3 PO4 is a weak acid but its salt (Na3 PO4) with strong base NaOH is neutral.
Explain it.
Ans: H3PO4 ionizes very little to produce H+ in aqueous solution, so it is weak acid. It reacts with
strong base NaOH to give neutralization reaction. On the other hand, Na3PO4 is neutral salt
because it has no H+ to be available to react with NaOH.
3. How the basic salts turns into normal salts? Explain with an example.
Ans: Basic salts when treated with acids, give normal salts.
Zn(OH)NO3 + HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O
4. What are complex salts?
Ans: Complex salts on dissociation provides a simple cation and a complex anion or vice versa. Only the
simple ions yield the characteristics test for cation or anion. For example: Potassium ferrocyanide
K4[Fe(CN)6] gives on ionization, a simple cation K\+ and complex anion [Fe(CN)6]4-
5. Na2SO4 is a neutral salt. What are its uses?
Ans: It is used for the manufacture of glass, paper and detergents.
EXERCISE
1. Name three common household substances having
a. pH value greater than 7
b. pH value less than 7
c. pH value equal to 7
Ans: a. Soap, baking soda solution, Toothpaste
b. Lemon juice, vinegar, coffee
c. Pure water, table salt,
2. Define a base and explain all alkalies are bases, but all bases are not alkalies.
Ans: Base is a substance which produces OH- in aqueous solution, according to Arrhenius concept.
Alkalis are the soluble bases. Hydroxides of Alkali and Alkaline earth metals are soluble in
water and produce OH- ions. So the hydroxides of Alkalis and alkaline earth metals are called
alkalis. Hydroxides of other metals are insoluble in water and thus are not alkalis but are bases.
Therefore all alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.
3. Define Bronsted-Lowry base and explain with an example that water is Bronsted-
Lowry base.
Ans: The chemical specie that accepts a proton from an acid is called Base.
Water can accept a proton donated by an acid. So water can act as base when it is treated with
acid.
H2O + HCl ↔ H3O+ + Cl-

4. How can you justify that Bronsted-Lowry concept of acid and base is applicable to
non-aqueous solutions?
Ans: Bronsted-Lowry concept is based upon donation or acceptance of proton. It does not require
aqueous medium. So this concept is applicable for non-aqueous solutions.

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5. Which kind of bond is formed between Lewis acid and base?

Ans: Lewis base donates a lone pair to Lewis acid. So, the sharing of lone pair results in the formation
of co-ordinate covalent bond between Lewis Base and Lewis Acid.
H+ + :NH3 → [H:NH3]+ or NH4+
6. Why H+ acts as Lewis acid?
Ans: Lewis Acid is a cation or electron deficient molecule which accepts electron pair. H+ acts as
Lewis acid because it can accept a pair of electron from base.
H+ + :NH3 → [H:NH3]+ or NH4+
7. Name two acids used in manufacture of fertilizers.
Ans: Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is used to manufacture, ammonium sulphate, calcium super phosphate.
Nitric Acid (HNO3) is used to manufacture ammonium nitrate.
8. Define pH. What is pH of Water?
Ans: pH is the negative concentration of H+ ions in a solution. It denotes to which extent a substance is
acidic or basic. pH of pure water is 7.
9. How many times solution of pH 1 will be stronger than solution of pH 2?
Ans: pH is defined as -log10 [H+] it is a logarithmic scale, each gradation is a factor of 10. So pH 1
solution will be 10 times stronger acid than solution of pH 2.
10. Define the followings:
a. Normal Salt b. Basic salt
Ans: Normal Salt: Normal salt is formed by complete neutralization of of an acid by a base or vice
versa.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Basic Salt: Basic salt is formed by incomplete replacement of OH ions of base by an acid. In
other words, a basic salt contains removable OH ion.
HNO3 + Pb(OH)2 → H2O + Pb(OH)NO3 (basic salt)
11. Na2SO4 is normal salt while NaHSO4 is acidic salt. Justify.
Ans: NA2SO4 does not contain removable H+ or OH-. So it is normal salt.
On the other hand, NaHSO4 contains removable H+ ion. When it reacts with base, it produces H+. So
it is acidic salt.
NaHSO4 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O
12. Give a few characteristic properties of salts.
Ans: (i) Salts are ionic compounds found in crystalline form.
(ii) They have high melting and boiling points.
(iii) Most of the salts contain water of crystallization which is responsible for the shape of the
crystals.
(iv) Salts are neutral compounds. Although, they do not have equal number of positive and
negative ions, but have equal number of positive and negative charges.
13. How are soluble salts recovered from water?
Ans: Soluble salts are recovered from water through crystallization. Solution is gently heated; water
evaporates leaving behind the salt.

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14. How are insoluble salts prepared?

Ans: Solutions of soluble salts are mixed. During the reaction exchange ionic radicals (i.e. metallic
radicals exchange with acidic radicals) takes place to produce two new salts. One of the salts is
insoluble and the other is soluble. The insoluble salt precipitates (solidify in solution).
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
15. Why salt is neutral? Explain with example.
Ans: Salts are neutral compounds. Although, they do not have equal number of positive and negative ions,
but have equal number of positive and negative charges. For example, MgCl2 is salt and is neutral
compound. It is not made up of equal numbers of cations (Mg+2) and anions (Cl-) but contains equal
number of charges.
Mg+2 = +2 charge
2Cl- = -2 charge
Net charge = 0
16. Name an acid use d in preservation of food.
Ans: Benzoic acid is used for the preservation of food.
17. Name the acids present in:
i) Vinegar ii) Ant sting iii) citrus fruit iv) Sour milk
Ans: i) Acetic acid
ii) Formic acid
iii) Citric acid
iv) Lactic acid
18. How can you justify that Pb(OH)NO3 is basic salt?
Ans: Pb(OH)NO3 is basic salt because it contains removable OH ion. Upon reaction with an acid, it
gives neutralization reaction, producing normal salt and water.
Pb(OH)NO3 + HNO3 → Pb(NO3)2 + H2O
19. You are in need of acidic salt. How will you produce it?
Ans: Acidic salt is formed by partial replacement of replaceable H+ ions of an acid by a positive metal
ion.
H2SO4 + KOH → KHSO4 + H2O

20. Which salt is used to prepare plaster of Paris?
Ans: Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4. 2H2O) is used to prepare plaster of Paris.

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CH#11
Test yourself 11.1

1. Why and how carbon completes its octet?
Ans: Carbon atom has four electrons in its outermost shell. In order to attain stability, it completes its octet
i.e. attains eight electrons in valence shell. It does so by sharing its electrons with other atoms to
form covalent bonds.
2. Point out the properties of carbon which are responsible for formation of long
chains of carbon atom compounds
Ans: The ability of carbon atoms to link with other carbon atoms to form long chains and large rings is
due to catenation.
3. Why is the melting and boiling points of organic compound slow?
Ans: Organic compound are formed by covalent bonding and mostly are non polar. That is why they
have low melting and boiling points.
4. Why are the organic compounds poor conductors of electricity?
Ans: Due to the presence of covalent bonds, organic compounds are poor conductor of electricity.
5. What are the reasons for the formation of millions of organic etc? On the other hand,
inorganic compounds are made up of almost all the elements of compounds?
Ans: The existence of such a large number of organic compounds is due to the following reasons:
(i) Catenation
(ii) Isomerism
(iii) Strong covalent bonding between carbon atoms.
(iv) Multiple bonding
Test yourself 11.2

1. When Name the gases which are found in coal gas.
Ans: Coal gas is mixture of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide.
2. Is coal tar a compound? What is importance of coal tar?
Ans: Coal Tar is a thick black liquid. It is a mixture of more than 200 different organic compounds, mostly
aromatic. These compounds are separated by fractional distillation. Some of the important aromatic
compounds are benzene, phenol, toluene, aniline, etc. These chemicals are used to synthesize drugs,
dyes, explosives, paints, varnishes, plastics, synthetic fibre and pesticides. Besides these valuable
chemicals, the black residue of the coal tar called pitch is obtained. It is used for surfacing of roads
and roofs.
3. What is coke? For what purpose it is used?
Ans: Coke is 98% carbon. It is left behind residue of coal. When coal is subjected to destructive
distillation, it loses all its volatile components and leaves behind a solid residue called coke. It is
mainly used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals especially iron. It is also used as fuel.
4. Which is the best quality of coal?
Ans: Anthracite (90% carbon) It is superior quality hard coal that is used in industry
5. What is destructive distillation?
Ans: Process in which a solid material (usually coal or wood) is heated at high temperature out
of contact with air to make coke, coal tar, or charcoal. It is called 'destructive' because the

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chemical composition of the end product is distinctly different from that of

the input material.
Test yourself 11.3

1. Define petroleum.
Ans: Petroleum is a dark brownish or greenish black coloured viscous liquid. It is a complex mixture of
several solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons in water mixed with salts and earth particles
2. What types of compounds are synthesized by plants?
Ans: Living plants synthesize macro-molecules, e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, oils and vitamins.
3. What is the basic unit of carbohydrates and how it is synthesized?
Ans: The basic unit of all types of carbohydrates is glucose which is synthesized by plants through
photosynthesis. Glucose then further polymerizes to form sucrose, starch and cellulose.
4. CNG stands for...
Ans: Compressed Natural Gas
5. Our existence owe to organic compounds, comment.
Ans: Our existence owe to organic compounds because these compounds are part of everything
from food we eat to the various items we use in daily life to fulfill our needs. Some of the uses of
organic compounds in our daily life are:
 Uses as Food
 Uses as Medicine
 Uses as Clothing
 Uses as fuel
 Uses as raw materials
Test yourself 11.4

1. What is the functional group of an ester?
Ans: Organic compounds consisting of RCOOR’ functional group are called esters. Their general
formula is O
R-C-OR`
For example, Methyl acetate
O
H3C-C-OCH3
2. What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones?
Ans: Aldehyde family consists of functional group R-C-H
Their general formula is RCHO. O
O
Compounds containing the functional group R-C-R` are called ketones. Their general formula is R-
C-R`
O
3. Give the functional groups of alkenes and alkynes.
Ans: Functional group of Alkenes is (R=R)
While of alkynes is (R≡R)
4. How is an alcohol tested?
Ans: (i) Sodium metal test:

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Take about 2-3 cm3 of the given organic liquid in a dry test tube and add a piece of sodium metal.
Result: Hydrogen gas will evolve.
(ii) Ester formation test:

Heat about 1.0 cm3 of the organic compound with 1.0 cm3 of acetic acid and 1-2 drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid.
Result: Fruity smell will be given out
5. Howa ketonic group is tested?
Ans: (i) Phenyl hydrazine test:
Shake a pinch of the given organic compound with about 2.0 cm 3 of phenyl hydrazine
solution.
Result: Orange red precipitate will be formed
(ii) Sodium nitroprusside test:
Take about 2.0 cm3 of sodium nitroprusside solution in a test tube and add 2-3 drops of
NaOH solution. Now add a pinch of Video 11.25: Test for Ketonic Group the given compound and
shake.
Result: Red colourwill be formed.
EXERCISE
1. What is meant by the term catenation? Give an example of a compound that
displays catenation.
Ans: The ability of carbon atoms to link with other carbon atoms to form long chains and large rings is
called catenation. For example in benzene, all the six carbon atoms are linked with each other
through covalent bonds to form ring. So in benzene, carbon atoms exhibit catenation.
2. How is coal formed?
Ans: Conversion of wood into coal is called carbonization. It is a very slow biochemical process. It takes
place in the absence of air under high pressure and high temperature over a long period of time
(about 500millions of years)
3. What is importance of natural gas?
Ans: Natural gas is used as fuel in homes as well as in industries. It is used as fuel in automobiles as
compressed natural gas (CNG).Natural gas is also used to make carbon black and fertilizer
4. Justify that organic compounds are used as food.
Ans: The food we eat daily such as milk, eggs, meat, vegetables, etc., contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, etc., are all organic stuff.
5. How is alkyl radicals formed? Explain with examples.
Ans: Alkyl radicals are derivatives of alkanes. They are formed by the removal of one of the hydrogen
atom of an alkane and are represented by a letter ‘R’.
For example methyl radical is formed by removal of one of hydrogen atom attached with methane.
CH4 → H3Co + Ho
6. What is the difference between n-propyl and isopropyl? Explain with structure.
Ans: Propane has a straight chain structure. When terminal H is removed, it is called n-propyl. When
hydrogen from central carbon is removed, it is called isopropyl, as explained below:

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7. Explain different radicals of butane

Ans:
8. Define functional group with an example.

Ans: An atom or group of atoms or presence of double or triple bond which determines the characteristic
properties of an organic compound is known as the functional group. For example the functional
group of alcohol family is -OH. (General formula R-OH)
9. Write down the dot and cross formulae of propane and n-butane
Ans:
10. Define structural formula. Draw the structural formulae of n-butane and iso butane.
Ans: Structural formula of a compound represents the exact arrangement of the different atoms of various
elements present in a molecule of a substance. In a structural formula, single bond is represented by a
single line (-), a double bond by two lines (=) and a triple bond by three lines (≡) between the bonded
atoms.

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11. Write classification of coal.

Ans:
12. What are heterocyclic compounds? Give two examples

Ans: Cyclic compounds that contain one or more atoms other than that of carbon atoms in their rings are
called heterocyclic compounds.
13. What is an ester group? Write down the formula of ethyl acetate
Ans: Organic compounds consisting of RCOOR’ functional group are called esters. Their general
formula is O
R-C-OR`
For example, ethyl acetate
O
H3C-C-OC2H5
14. Why are benzene and other homologous compounds of benzene called aromatic
compounds?
Ans: They are called aromatic because of aroma or smell they have.

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HYDROCARBONS CH#12
Test yourself 12.1

1. Why are hydrocarbons considered as parent organic compounds?
Ans: Hydrocarbons are regarded as the parent organic compounds since other organic compounds are
considered to be derived from them by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by other atoms or
group of atoms.
2. What is the difference between a straight and a branched chain hydrocarbons?
Ans: In straight chain hydrocarbons, each carbon atom is attached with maximum two carbon atoms around it.
While in branched hydrocarbons, one or more carbon atoms in chain are linked with more than two carbon
atoms at a time.
3. Give the general formulae of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Ans: General Formula of saturated hydrocarbons (Alkanes) is CnH2n+2
General formula of unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkenes) is CnH2n
General formula of unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkynes) is CnH2n-2
4. Define unsaturated hydrocarbons with examples.
Ans: Hydrocarbons which contain double or triple covalent bond between two carbon atoms in
carbon chain are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons that contain one or more double bonds are called alkenes. For
example
H2C=CH2 (Ethene)
Hydrocarbons which contain one or more triple bond are called alkynes.
For example
HC≡CH (Ethyne)
Test yourself 12.2

1. Which is the simplest alkane?
Ans: Methane (CH4) is the simplest alkane. It contains one carbon atom attached with four hydrogen atoms
through covalent bonds.
2. Give the structural formula: iso pentane and iso butane
Ans:
Iso Butane
Iso Pentane
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HYDROCARBONS CH#12
3. Why the burning of alkanes require sufficient supply of oxygen?
Ans: For complete combustion of alkanes, sufficient supple of oxygen is required so that all of carbon atoms
can form carbon dioxide molecules,
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
If there is less oxygen, not all carbon atoms will form oxides. Hence it will be incomplete
combustion.
3CH4 + 4H2O → C + 2CO + 6 H2O
4. What do you mean by halogenation? Give the reaction of methane with chlorine in bright
sunlight.
Ans: Halogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the reaction of a compound with a halogen and results in
the halogen being added to the compound.
Saturated hydrocarbons typically do not add halogens but undergo free radical halogenation, involving
substitution of hydrogen atoms by halogen.
Reaction of methane with chlorine in bright sunlight.
CH + 2Cl → C + 4HCl
4 2
Test yourself 12.3

1. Why the alkynes are called acetylenes?
Ans: The simplest alkyne is acetylene,with molecular formula C2H2, Alkynes are also called acetylenes
because of the name of the first member of the series is acetylene.
2. How is tetra bromo ethane prepared from acetylene?
Ans: When bromine water is added to acetylene, red-brown colour of bromine water is discharged rapidly due
to formation of colourless tetrabromoethane,
3. How can you prepare acetylene from tetra chloro ethane?

Ans: When tetra chloro ethane heated with Zinc dust, the elimination of chlorine atoms takes place to form
ethyne.
4. What is the difference between glycol and glyoxal?

Ans: Structural formula of Glycol is:
Structural formula of Glyoxal is:

18
HYDROCARBONS CH#12
5. Write the formula of oxalic acid.
Ans:
Exercise
1. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
Ans: Hydrocarbons which contain single covalent bonds between carbon atoms in carbon chain are called
saturated hydrocarbons.
General Formula of saturated hydrocarbons (Alkanes) is CnH2n+2
Hydrocarbons which contain double or triple covalent bond between two carbon atoms in carbon chain are
called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
2. A compound consisting of four carbon atoms has a triple bond in it. How many
hydrogen atoms are present in it?
Ans: Value of n=4
Category= Alkynes
General formula= CnH2n-2
Formula of this compound= C4H6
6 hydrogen atoms are present in this compound.
3. Why are the alkanes called ‘paraffins’ ?
Ans: In these compounds, all the bonds of carbon atoms are single that means valencies of carbon atoms are
saturated. Therefore, they are least reactive. That is the reason, alkanes are called paraffins (para means
less, and affins means affinity or reactivity)
4. What do you know about hydrogenation of alkenes?
Ans: Hydrogenation means addition of molecular hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of a
catalyst (Ni, Pt) to form saturated compound.
5. How is alkyl halides reduced?

Ans: Reduction means addition of nascent hydrogen. In fact, it is a replacement of a halogen atom with a
hydrogen atom. This reaction takes place in the presence of Zn metal and HCl.
6. Why are the alkanes used as fuel?

Ans: Alkanes burn in the presence of excess of air or oxygen to produce a lot of heat, carbon dioxide and water.
This reaction takes place in automobile combustion engines, domestic heaters and cooking appliances. It is
highly exothermic reaction and because of it alkanes are used as fuel.
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + Heat
19
HYDROCARBONS CH#12
7. How can you prepare ethene from alcohol and ethyl bromide?
Ans: Dehydration of Alcohols
Ethene is prepared by heating a mixture of ethanol and excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at 180°C.
Dehydrohalogenation of rthyl bromide
On heating, ethyl bromide with alcoholic KOH, ethene is formed. Removal of hydrogen and halogen takes
place from adjacent carbon atoms to create a double bond.
8. Identify propane from propene with a chemical test.

Ans: Bromine water test:
Propane being saturated hydrocarbon does not react with bromine water. On the other hand Propene
readily reacts with bromine water. During the reaction, colour of bromine water is discharged,
Br
H3C-CH=CH2 + Br2 → H3C-CH-CH2-Br
9. Why are the alkenes called ‘olefins’?
Ans: These compounds are also known as olefins (a Latin word meaning oil forming) because first members
form oily products when react with halogens.
10. Why alkane can’t be oxidized with KMnO4 solution?
Ans: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. They do not give addition reactions. Oxidation is the addition of
oxygen. So alkanes can not be oxidized with any oxidizing agent.
11. Justify that alkanes give substitution reactions.
Ans: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. It means the four valency of carbon atoms is fully satisfied with
formation of single covalent bonds. Hence no more atom can be added (Addition reaction).
However, alkanes give substitution reactions in which one or more hydrogen atoms from carbon chain is
replaced with other atoms like halogens.
So alkanes only give substitution reactions.
12. Both alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. State the one most significant
difference between them.
Ans: Alkenes contain one or more double bond in carbon chain while alkynes contain one or more triple
covalent bond in carbon chain.

13. Write the molecular, dot and cross and structural formula of ethyne.
Ans:
14. Why are hydrocarbons soluble in organic solvents?

Ans: Hydrocarbons are non polar in nature. Non polar compounds are only soluble in organic solvents
like CCL4, C6H6, ether etc. That is why hydrocarbons are soluble in organic solvents.
15. Give the physical properties of alkanes.
Ans: 1. Alkanes form a homologous series of compounds. First four to members of the series are gases. The
alkanes consisting of 5-C are liquids while higher members of the series are solids.
2. They are nonpolar, therefore, they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
20
HYDROCARBONS CH#12
3. The density of alkanes increases gradually with the increase of molecular size.
4. The melting and boiling points of alkanes increase regularly with the increase of molecular sizes. This is
because of increase of attractive forces between the molecules of alkanes
16. How can you identify ethane from ethene?
Ans: Bromine water test:
Ethane being saturated hydrocarbon does not react with bromine water. On the other hand Ethene readily
reacts with bromine water. During the reaction, colour of bromine water is discharged,
H2C=CH2 + Br2 → Br-CH2-CH2-Br

17. Why colour of bromine water discharges on addition of ethene in it?
Ans: When Bromine water is added in ethane, Ethene readily reacts with bromine water. During the reaction,
double bond breaks, bromine atoms attach with carbon atoms and colour of bromine water is discharged,
H2C=CH2 + Br2 → Br-CH2-CH2-Br

18. State one important use of each:
(i) Ethene (ii) Acetylene
(iii) Chloroform (iv) Carbon tetrachloride
Ans: (i) Ethene: For artificial ripening of fruits.
(ii) Acetylene: It is used for the manufacturing of polymer products like polyvinyl
chloride, polyvinyl acetate and synthetic
rubber like neoprene.
(iii) Chloroform: As general anesthetic.
(iv) Carbon tetrachloride: As solvent for non polar substances.

21
HYDROCARBONS CH#13
Test yourself 13.1

1. Define carbohydrates.
Ans: Carbohydrates are the polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. Their general formula is Cn(H2O)n. For
example Glucose C6H12O6 is polyhydroxy aldehyde carbohydrate.
2. Give the characteristics of disaccharides.

Ans: These carbohydrates are white, crystalline solids easily soluble in water. They are also sweet in taste.
They may be reducing or non-reducing.
3. Give the balanced equation for the formation of glucose.

Ans:
4. Draw the structure of glucose

Ans:
5. Give the balanced equation for the hydrolysis of sucrose.

Ans:
Test yourself 13.2

1. Which elements are found in proteins?
Ans: Proteins are highly complicated nitrogenous compounds made up of amino acids. Proteins consist of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.
2. How are amino acids bonded with each other?

Ans: Two amino acids link through peptide linkage. Peptide linkage (bond) is formed by the elimination
of water molecule between the amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl acid group of another.
3. Give the general formula of amino acid

Ans:
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Talent Science School, A project of Jajja Science Academy
HYDROCARBONS CH#13
4. What do you mean by non-essential amino acids?
Ans: There are 20 amino acids. Ten out of twenty amino acids can be synthesized by human body. These
amino acids are called non- essential amino acids.
Test yourself 13.3

1. What is difference between ghee and oil?
Ans: Oils exist in liquid form at room temperature. They are triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids. While
ghee exists in solid form at room temperature. They are triglycerides of saturated fatty acids.
2. Give the characteristics of fats.

Ans: Fats exist in solid form at room temperature. They are triglycerides of saturated fatty acids.
3. Give the sources and uses of animal fats.

Ans: Animal fats are found in adipose tissue cells. Animals secrete milk from which butter and ghee is
obtained. Butter and ghee are used for cooking and frying of food, for preparing bakery products and
sweets.
4. Plants are source of oils, justify

Ans: Plants synthesize oils and store them in seeds, such as sunflower oil, coconut oil, groundnut oil and
corn oil. These oils are used as vegetable oils or ghee for cooking and other purposes.
Test yourself 13.4

1. What are the disadvantages of fats soluble vitamins?
Ans: If these vitamins are taken in large quantity, they accumulate in the body and cause diseases. For
example, accumulation of vitamin D in the body causes bone-pain and bone-like deposits in the
kidney.
2. What are advantages of water soluble vitamins?

Ans: Water soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted from the body. Hence, these vitamins are not toxic even
if taken in large quantity.
3. Give examples of fats soluble vitamins.

Ans: The vitamins which dissolve in fats are called fat soluble vitamins. These are vitamin A, D, E and K.
4. What are the components of nucleotide?

Ans: Each nucleotide consists of three components; nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate
group.
5. What is the function of DNA?

Ans: DNA is the permanent storage place for genetic information in the nucleus of a cell. It carries and
stores all genetic information of the cell. It passes this information as instructions from generation to
generation how to synthesize particular proteins from amino acids.
6. Why is RNA called a messenger?

Ans: Its role is like a messenger. RNA is synthesized by DNA to transmit the genetic information. RNA
receives, reads, decodes and uses the given information to synthesize new proteins. Thus RNA is
responsible for directing the synthesis of new proteins.
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HYDROCARBONS CH#13
Exercise
1. How plants synthesize carbohydrates?
Ans: Carbohydrates are synthesized by plants through photosynthesis process from carbon dioxide and
water in the presence of sunlight and green pigment chlorophyll.
2. Give the characteristics of monosaccharides.

Ans: Monosaccharides are white crystalline solids. They are soluble in water and have sweet taste. They
cannot be hydrolyzed. They are reducing in nature, therefore, these are called reducing sugars.
3. What is difference between glucose and fructose?

Ans: Glucose is a pentahydroxy aldehyde while fructose is pentahydroxy ketone having the open
chain structures as follows and general formula C6H12O6
4. Give an example of a disaccharide. How is it hydrolyzed in to monosaccharides?

Ans: The most important oligosaccharides are disaccharides like sucrose. On hydrolysis, sucrose produces
one unit of glucose and one unit of fructose.
5. Give the characteristics of polysaccharides.

Ans: They are amorphous solids. They are tasteless and insoluble in water. They are non-reducing in
nature.
6. Where are the proteins found?

Ans: Proteins are present in all living organisms. They make up bulk of the non-bony structure of the
animal bodies. They are major component of all cells and tissues of animals. About 50% of the dry
weight of cell is made up of proteins. They are found in muscles, skin, hair, nails, wool, feathers, etc.
7. Describe the uses of carbohydrates

Ans: 1. They regulate the amount of sugar level in our body. Low sugar level in body results in
hypoglycemia.
2. They provide essential nutrients for bacteria in intestinal tract that helps in digestion.
3. Dietary fibre helps to keep the bowel functioning properly.
4. Fibre helps in lowering of cholesterol level and regulates blood pressure.
5. Carbohydrates protect our muscles from cramping.
8. Lactose is disaccharide; which monosaccharides are present in it?

Ans: Lactose consisting of glucose and galactose is the main sugar in milk and dairy products.
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HYDROCARBONS CH#13
9. Why are the ten amino acids essential for us?
Ans: Ten out of twenty amino acids can be synthesized by human body. These amino acids are called non-
essential amino acids. While the other ten which cannot be synthesized by our bodies are called
essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are required by our bodies and must be supplied through
diet.
10. How are proteins formed?

Ans: Proteins are highly complicated nitrogenous compounds made up of amino acids. Two amino
acids link through peptide linkage.
11. How is gelatin obtained?

Ans: Proteins are found in bones. When bones are heated they give gelatin. Gelatin is used to make
bakery items.
12. Give the general formula of the lipids.

Ans: General formula of triglycerides is as under.
13. Name two fatty acids with their formulae.

Ans:
14. Give the types of vitamins

Ans: Vitamins are of two types.
Fat Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E and K.
Water Soluble Vitamins: B and C
15. What is the significance of vitamins?

Ans: Each vitamin plays an important role in the healthy development of our body.
Natural vitamins are organic food substances found only in plants and animals. Our body is unable to
synthesize vitamins. Because of this, they must be supplied either directly in the diet or by way of dietary
supplements. They are absolutely necessary for our normal growth.
16. Describe the sources and uses of vitamin A.

Ans:
17. Justify water soluble vitamins are not injurious to health

Ans: Water soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted from the body. Hence, these vitamins are not toxic
even if taken in large quantity.
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HYDROCARBONS CH#13
18. What do you mean by genetic code of life?
stores all genetic informations of the cell. It passes these informations as instructions from generation
to generation how to synthesize particular proteins from amino acids. These instructions are ‘genetic
code of life’. They determine whether an organism is a man or a tree or a donkey and whether a cell
is a nerve cell or a muscle cell.
19. What is the function of DNA?

stores all genetic information of the cell. It passes this information as instructions from generation
to generation how to synthesize particular proteins from amino acids.
20. How you justify RNA works like a messenger?

Ans: Its role is like a messenger. RNA is synthesized by DNA to transmit the genetic information.
RNA receives, reads, decodes and uses the given information to synthesize new proteins. Thus
RNA is responsible for directing the synthesis of new proteins.
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THE ATMOSPHERE CH#14
Test yourself 14.1

1. What do you mean by atmosphere?
Ans: Atmosphere is the envelope of different gases around the Earth. It extends continuously from the
Earth’s surface outwards without any boundary. About 99% of atmospheric mass lies within 30
kilometres of the surface and 75% lies within the lowest 11 kilometers.
2. What is difference between atmosphere and environment?

Ans: Atmosphere is the envelope of different gases around the Earth.
Environment is the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that
affect an organism or a group of organisms.
3. Name the major constituents of troposphere.

Ans: The major constituents of troposphere are nitrogen and oxygen gases. These two gases comprise 99
% by volume of the Earth’s atmosphere. Although, concentration of carbon dioxide and water
vapours is negligible in atmosphere, yet they play a significant role in maintaining temperature of the
atmosphere.
4. How is the temperature of atmosphere maintained?

Ans: Carbon dioxide and water vapours play a significant role in maintaining temperature of the
atmosphere. Both of these gases allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiations
emitted by the Earth’s surface. Therefore, these gases absorb much of the outgoing radiations and
warm the Atmosphere.
5. Where the ozone layer exists?

Ans: Ozone layer exists in stratosphere. Ozone layer which is in the lower stratosphere is 20-25
kilometers (12-15 miles) above sea level.
6. Why is the temperature of upper stratosphere higher?

Ans: Since ozone in the upper layer absorbs high energy ultraviolet radiations from the Sun, it breaks
down in to monoatomic (O) and diatomic oxygen (O2). This is highly exothermic reaction. So, the
temperature of upper stratosphere is higher.
Test yourself 14.2

1. What do you mean by an air pollutant?
Ans: The harmful substances present in air are called air pollutants. Air pollutants change the weather,
badly affects the human health, damage the plants and destroy buildings.
2. Name three primary air pollutants

Ans: oxides of sulphur (SO2 and SO3); oxides of carbon (CO2 and CO); oxides of nitrogen (especially
nitric oxide NO); hydrocarbon (CH4); ammonia and compounds of fluorine.
3. Identify as primary or secondary air pollutant.

SO2, CH4, HNO3, NH3, H2SO4, O3
Ans: Primary Pollutants: SO2, CH4 and NH3
Secondary Pollutants: HNO3, H2SO4 and O3
4. Why is CO2 called a greenhouse gas?

Ans: It helps to stop surface from cooling down during night. As the concentration of CO2 less heat
energy is lost from the surface of the Earth. Therefore, the average temperature of the surface
gradually increases. This is called green house effect and CO2 being responsible of this
phenomenon is called green house gas.
TALENT SCIENCE SCHOOL, A PROJECT OF JAJJA SCIENCE ACADEMY Page | 27

5. Why are the flood risks increasing?

Ans: Accumulation of carbon dioxide in air is resulting in the increasing atmospheric temperature
about 0.05 °C every year. It melts glaciers and snow caps that are increasing flood risks and
intense tropical cyclones.
6. Comment: burning in open air is preferred.

Ans: Burning in open air ensures the availability of excess of oxygen so that complete combustion can
take place. Complete combustion of organic material produces less toxic oxides as compared to
incomplete combustion in which toxic oxides like CO are produced which is health hazardous. So
burning in open air is proffered.
7. How are sulphur containing compounds emitted naturally?

Ans: Naturally, SO2 is emitted during decomposition of organic material, volcanic eruption and forest
fires.
8. How combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engine produces oxides of

nitrogen?
Ans: Combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines, in thermal power stations and factories
where huge amount of coal is burnt, NO is formed by the direct combination of nitrogen and oxygen.
N2 + O2 → 2NO
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
Test yourself 14.3

1. How is acid rain produced?
Ans: burning of fossil fuels produces oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in air. Rain water converts SO2 into
H2SO4 and NOx into HNO3 and HNO2. These acids mix with rain water and thus acid rain is
produced.
2. Why acid rain damages buildings?

Ans: Acid rain attacks the calcium carbonate present in the marble and limestone of buildings and
monuments. Thus, these buildings are getting dull and eroded day by day.
3. How is aquatic life affected by acid rain?

Ans: Acid rain on soil and rocks leaches heavy metals (Al, Hg, Pb, Cr, etc) with it and discharges
these metals into rivers and lakes. Aquatic life present in lakes also suffers because of high
concentration of these metals. Especially high concentration of aluminium ions clogs the fish
gills. It causes suffocation and ultimately death of fish.
4. Why are plants dying day by day? Comment.

Ans: Acid rain increases the acidity of the soil. Many crops and plants cannot grow properly in such
soil. It also increases the toxic metals in the soil that poisons the vegetation. Even old trees are
being affected due to acidity of soil. Their growth is retarded. They get dry and die
Test yourself 14.4

1. Justify, ozone is beneficial for human kind.
Ans: Ozone is present throughout the atmosphere. But its maximum concentration called ozone layer lies
in stratosphere region about 25 to 30 Km away from the Earth’s surface. This layer surrounds the
globe and protects Earth like a shield from harmful ultraviolet radiations of sunlight. Otherwise,
ultraviolet radiations would cause skin cancer. Thus ozone layer in stratosphere is beneficial for life
on the Earth.

2. Why is ozone depleting in atmosphere?
Ans: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (used as refrigerants in air conditioners and refrigerators) are major
cause of depletion of ozone layer. These compounds leak in one way or other escape and diffuse to
stratosphere. Ultraviolet radiations break the C-Cl bond in CFCI and generate chlorine free radicals
as:
3. What do you mean by ozone hole?

Ans: A single chlorine free radical Released by the decomposition Of CFCs is capable of destroying up to
many lacs of ozone molecules. The region in which ozone layer depletes is called ozone hole.
4. Where is the ozone layer found?

Ans: Ozone is present throughout the atmosphere. But its maximum concentration called ozone layer lies
in stratosphere region about 25 to 30 Km away from the Earth’s surface.
EXERCISE
1. Explain the phenomenon of decreasing temperature in troposphere.
Ans: CO2 and water vapours are mainly present in lower part of troposphere. Both these trap the heat and
are thus are responsible for maintaining of temperature at optimum level. As the concentration of
gases found here decreases gradually with the increase of altitude, correspondingly temperature also
decreases at a rate of 6°C per kilometer.
2. Differentiate between primary pollutants and secondary pollutants.

Ans: Primary pollutants are the waste or exhaust products driven out because of combustion of fossil
fuels and organic matter. For example, CO2, SO2, CH4 etc.
Secondary pollutants are produced by various reactions of primary pollutants. These are sulphuric
acid, carbonic acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, ozone and peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).
3. State the major sources of CO2 and CO emission.

Ans: Sources of oxides of carbon are as follows:
• Both of these gases are emitted due to volcanic eruption and decomposition of organic matter
naturally.
• However, the major source for the emission of these gases is combustion of fossil fuels (coal,
petroleum and natural gas). Fossil fuels burnt in combustion engine of any type of automobile, kiln of
any industry or open air fires emit CO2 and CO.
4. CO2 is responsible for heating up atmosphere, how?

Ans: CO2 atmosphere acts like a glass wall of a green house. It allows UV radiations to pass through it but
does not allow the IR radiations to pass through it. It traps some of the infrared radiations emitted by
the Earth. Greater is amount of CO2, more is trapping of heat or warming. Due to increased warming
this phenomenon is also called global warming.

5. CO is hidden enemy, explain its action.
Ans: CO is an air pollutant. It is a health hazard being highly poisonous gas. Being colourless and
odourless, its presence cannot be noticed easily and readily. When inhaled, it binds with the
hemoglobin most strongly than that of oxygen. Thus hindering the supply of oxygen in body.
Exposure to higher concentration of CO causes headache and fatigue. If inhaled for a longer time it
results in breathing difficulties and ultimately death. It is the reason burning is not allowed in closed
places. It is advised to switch of coal or gas heaters, cooking range, etc., before going to sleep.
6. What threats are to human health due to SO2 gas as air pollutant?
Ans: (i) SO2 is a colourless gas having irritating smell. It causes suffocation, irritation and severe
respiratory problems to asthmatic people.
(ii) SO2 forms sulphuric acid which damages buildings and vegetations.
7. Which air pollutants are produced on anaerobic decomposition organic

materials?
Ans: SO2 and oxides of nitrogen are produced on anaerobic decomposition organic materials
8. How acid rain increases the acidity of soil?

Ans: Normal rainwater is weakly acidic because of the air. Its pH is about 5.6 to 6. But rain water on
dissolving air pollutants (acids) becomes more acidic and its pH reduces to 3-4. So Acid rain
increases the acidity of the soil.
9. Point out two serious effects of ozone depletion.

Ans: 1. Depletion of ozone enables ultraviolet radiations of Sun to reach to the Earth that can cause
skin cancer to human beings and other animals.
2. Decreased ozone layer will increase infectious diseases like malaria.
10. How ozone layer forms in stratosphere?

Ans: Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is formed in atmosphere
by the association of an oxygen atom with an oxygen molecule in the mid of stratosphere.
O + O2 → O3
11. Why the 75% of the atmospheric mass lies within the troposphere?
Ans: About 99% of atmospheric mass lies within 30 kilometers of the surface and 75% lies within the
lowest 11 kilometers. It is due to gravity of earth that gases remain in lower part of atmosphere.
12. How ozone layer is being depleted by chlorofluorocarbons?

Ans: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (used as refrigerants in air conditioners and refrigerators) are major
cause of depletion of ozone layer. These compounds leak in one way or other escape and diffuse to
stratosphere. Ultraviolet radiations break the C-Cl bond in CFCI and generate chlorine free radicals
as:

WATER CH#15
Test yourself 15.1

1. What is capillary action?
Ans: Capillary action is the process by which water rises up from the roots of plants to leaves. This
process is vital for the survival of the land plants.
2. Point out two properties of water that make it an excellent solvent.

Ans: Water is the universal solvent because it can dissolve almost all the minerals. Its ability to
dissolve substances is because of two unique properties of water:
(i) Polarity of water molecule;
(ii) Exceptional hydrogen bonding ability.
3. Why the water molecule is polar?

Ans: Water molecule has polar structure, i.e. one end of the molecule is partially positive while the
other end is partially negative because of electro negativity difference between oxygen and
hydrogen atoms
4. Explain why nonionic polar compounds are soluble in water?

Ans: Extensive hydrogen bonding ability
This unique behaviour of water enables it to dissolve many polar non-ionic compounds having
hydroxyl group (-OH), like alcohols, organic acids, glucose, sugar, etc. by forming hydrogen
bonds with them.
Test yourself 15.2
1. Which salts are responsible for hardness of water?
Ans: Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2, CaSO4, MgSO4, CaCl2 and MgCl2.
2. Explain the chemistry of removing the temporary hardness by boiling water.

Ans: Temporary hardness of water is easily removed by boiling water. On boiling, calcium bicarbonate
Ca(HCO3)2 decomposes to produce insoluble calcium carbonate, which precipitates out of the
solution.
3. What is the principle of removing permanent hardness of water?

Ans: Permanent hardness can only be removed by using chemicals. Calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium
(Mg2+) are removed as insoluble salts by adding washing soda or sodium zeolite.
4. How addition ofNa2C03 removes permanent hardness of water?

Ans: The addition of washing soda removes the calcium and magnesium ions as the insoluble calcium and
magnesium carbonates, respectively.
5. How sodium zeolite softens water?

Ans: When water is passed through sodium zeolite, sodium ions of the resin are exchanged with the
unwanted calcium and magnesium ions of the hard water.

WATER CH#15
6. What do you mean by boiler scales? How are they removed?
Ans: Hard water is unit for use in steam engines, boilers and turbines because insoluble calcium and
magnesium salts deposit inside. They are called scales.
Once inside a boiler the hardness salts can be treated with phosphates or carbonates. Phosphates are
preferred as carbonates can lead to an increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the steam, and hence an
increased corrosion risk.
Test yourself 15.3

1. Define water borne diseases
Ans: Diseases that spread because of drinking polluted water or eating food prepared with polluted
water are called waterborne infectious diseases.
2. What is dysentery?
Ans: Dysentery is an intestinal disease which is typically caused by certain bacteria or parasites. It is
characterized by severe diarrhea that may be accompanied by blood or mucous.
3. Which bacteria cause the cholera?

Ans: Cholera is an acute infection caused by the bacteria Vibrios cholerae, which may be found in
water contaminated by human feaces.
4. What do you mean by fluorosis?

Ans: Fluorosis is a disease caused by the consumption of excess fluoride. Fluorosis can cause bones and
teeth damage.
5. What is hepatitis?
Ans: It is liver inflammation commonly caused by one of five viruses borne Illnesses called hepatitis A,
B, C, D, and E.
EXERCISE
1. How water rises in plants?
Ans: Capillary action is the process by which water rises up from the roots of plants to leaves. This
process is vital for the survival of the land plants.
2. Which forces are responsible for dissolving polar substances in water?

Ans: Extensive hydrogen bonding forces enables water to dissolve many polar non-ionic compounds
having hydroxyl group (-OH), like alcohols, organic acids, glucose, sugar, etc. by forming
hydrogen bonds with them.
3. Why non-polar compounds are insoluble in water?

Ans: Many covalent substances like benzene, ether, octane, etc., which do not have polar ends or
bonds are not attracted by water molecules. Therefore, non-polar compounds do not dissolve in
water.
4. How water dissolves sugar and alcohol?

Ans: Extensive hydrogen bonding enables water to dissolve many polar non-ionic compounds having
hydroxyl group (-OH), like alcohols, organic acids, glucose, sugar, etc. by forming hydrogen bonds
with them.
5. Differentiate between hard water and soft water.

Ans: Soft water
Soft water is that which produces good lather with soap.
Hard water
Hard water is that which does not produce lather with soap.

WATER CH#15
6. How limestone dissolves in water?
Ans: Limestone is insoluble in water. However, in the presence of carbon dioxide small quantity of
limestone is soluble in water according to the following chemical reaction.
CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l) → Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
7. What are the causes of hardness in water?

Ans: The rain water while coming down absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The water mixed
with carbon dioxide, when passes through the beds of the soil, converts insoluble carbonates of
calcium and magnesium into soluble bicarbonates. It may also dissolve chlorides and sulphates of
calcium and magnesium. These salts make the water hard.
8. What are the effects of temporary hardness in water?

Ans: Temporary Hard water consumes large amount of soap in washing purposes.
Drinking temporary hard water causes stomach disorders
Temporary Hard water is unit for use in steam engines, boilers and turbines because insoluble
calcium and magnesium salts deposit inside. They are called scales.
9. Mention the disadvantages of detergents.

Ans: detergents are non-biodegradable. The detergent remains in the water for a long time and makes the
water unit for aquatic life. The phosphate salts present in detergents cause rapid growth of algae in
water bodies.
10. What is difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances?

Ans: Non-biodegradable substances
The substances which cannot be decomposed by microorganisms like bacteria are called
nonbiodegradable substances. e.g. Detergents, plastic.
Biodegradable substances
The substances which can be decomposed by microorganisms like bacteria are called
biodegradable substances. e.g. manure, compost.
11. How detergents make water unfit for aquatic life?

Ans: The detergent remains in the water for a long time and makes the water unit for aquatic life. The
phosphate salts present in detergents cause rapid growth of algae in water bodies. These plants
ultimately die and decay. Decaying plants being biodegradable consume oxygen gas present in
water. Thus, depletion of oxygen gas results in death of aquatic life.
12. Why are pesticides used?

Ans: Pesticides are used either directly to kill or control the growth of pests. Pests may be weeds,
herbs, insects, fungi, viruses, etc.
13. What are the reasons of water borne diseases?

Ans: Water borne diseases may be due to toxins or microorganisms. Toxins are arsenic, mercury,
arsenic, lead and many organic chemicals. Microorganisms are viruses, bacteria, protozoa and
worms. Lack of proper sanitation facilities is the main cause of rapidly spreading waterborne
diseases.
14. How water borne diseases can be prevented?

Ans: Waterborne diseases can be prevented by taking the following measures:
Provision of safe water: Drinking water must be properly treated and purified.
Disposal of sewage: There must be adequate sanitary disposal of sewage. Any type of waste
must not be thrown or discharged directly in water supplies or reservoirs.

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY CH#16
Test yourself 16.1

1. Define concentration process used in metallurgy of copper.
Ans: Froth flotation process
Froth flotation process is based on the wetting characteristic of the ore and the gangue
particles with oil and water, respectively. This process is used in metallurgy of copper.
2. Why a small amount of coke is required in the smelting process? How is slag
formed during smelting?
Ans: Smelting: It is further heating of the roasted ore with sand flux and coke in the presence of
excess of air in a blast furnace. It is highly exothermic process; therefore, a small amount of
coke is required in the process. In the process, first ferrous sulphide oxidizes to form ferrous
oxide which reacts with sand to form iron silicate slag (FeSiO3).
3. Why is lime added in the smelting process?

Ans: Lime combines with the impurities in the iron ore and allows them to float to the surface of the metal
pool, forming a liquid skin or slag on the surface. This slag also keeps oxygen away from the surface
of the molten metal reducing oxidization of the pool. This is the flux action of the lime.
4. How are slag and matte removed from the blast furnace?
Ans: slag (FeSiO3) being lighter rise to the top and is removed from the upper hole of blast furnace.
5. What is difference between slag and matte?

Ans: During smelting process, Ferrous sulphide oxidizes to form ferrous oxide which reacts with sand to
form iron silicate slag (FeSiO3).
Cuprous sulphide and ferrous sulphide form a mixture (Cu2S.FeS) in blast furnace. This molten
mixture is called matte.
6. Mention the chemical reactions for the formation of metallic copper in the
bessemerization process.
Ans:
7. What is blister copper?

Ans: The molten copper obtained in bessemerization is shifted from the converter to sand moulds and is
allowed to cool. The dissolved gases escape out forming blisters on the surface of the solid copper.
Therefore, it is called blister copper.
8. Why anode is eaten up in electro refining process?

Ans: On passing the electric current through the solution, anode (impure copper) dissolves to provide Cu2+
ions to the solution. In the process, impure copper from the anode dissolves and goes into the copper
sulphate solution. So, anode is eaten up in refining process.
9. What do you mean by anode mud?

Ans: In electro refining process, the impurities present in impure metallic piece, acting as anode, settle
down and is called anode mud. In refining of copper, for example, the impurities like gold and silver
settle down as anode mud.
Page | 34
TALENT SCIENCE SCHOOL, A PROJECT OF JAJJA SCIENCE ACADEMY
Test yourself 16.2

1. Why only NaHCO3 precipitates, when CO2 is passed through the ammonical
brine?
Ans: At 15°C when CO2 is passed through an ammonical solution of NaCl called ammonical brine
only NaHCO3 (s) precipitates due to low solubility of sodium bicarbonate at low temperature.
2. Which raw materials are required for the formation of sodium carbonate?
Ans: (i) Sodium chloride (NaCl) or brine.
(ii) Limestone (CaCO3)
(iii) Ammonia gas (NH3)
3. How is CO2 prepared in the Solvay’s process?

Ans: CO2 is prepared by heating limestone in a lime kiln. Then, it is carried to carbonating tower.
4. Give the reaction of formation of ammonia in the Solvay’s ammonia process.

Ans:
5. Give the advantages of Solvay’s process.

Ans: (i) It is a cheap process as raw materials are available at very low prices.
(ii) Carbon dioxide and ammonia are recovered and reused.
(iii) Process is pollution free, because the only waste is calcium chloride solution.
(iv) Sodium carbonate of very high purity is obtained.
(v) Consumption of fuel is very less since no solution is to be evaporated.
Test yourself 16.3

1. What happens when ammonium carbamate is heated with steam?
Ans: When ammonium carbamate is evaporated with the help of steam, it dehydrates to form urea.
2. How many stages are involved in the formation of urea?

Ans: Manufacturing of urea involves three stages:
(I)Reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide
(ii)Urea formation
(iii) Granulation of urea
3. What is the percentage of nitrogen in urea?

Ans: Urea is nitrogenous fertilizer. It consists of 46.6% nitrogen.
Test yourself 16.4

1. Define petroleum.
Ans: Petroleum is a natural product found under the Earth’s crust trapped in rocks. Petroleum means
rock oil. It is a complex mixture of several gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons having water,
salts and earth particles with it.
Page | 35
2. How petroleum is extracted?
Ans: Petroleum is extracted by drilling holes (oil wells) into Earth’s crust where the oil is found. When a
well is drilled through the rocks, natural gas comes first with a great pressure. For some time crude
oil also comes out by itself due to gas pressure. When gas pressure subsides, then crude oil is
pumped out.
3. What is principle of fractional distillation?

Ans: The principle of fractional distillation is based upon separation of substances depending upon
their boiling points. The substances having low boiling points boil out first leaving behind others.
Then next fraction of slightly higher boiling point boils out.
4. In how many fractions crude oil is separated?

Ans: Crude oil is separated in six fractions. 1. Petroleum gas 2. Petroleum ether 3. Gasoline or petrol 4.
Kerosene oil 5. Diesel oil 6. Fuel oil.
5. What do you mean by a fraction of petroleum?

Ans: Fractional distillation of petroleum is a process in which the petroleum is boiled and the different
hydrocarbons are distilled off at different temperatures. Hydrocarbons have different boiling
points and are distilled off at their own boiling point. Each separated hydrocarbon is called
fraction
EXERCISE
1. What role is played by pine oil in froth floatation process?
Ans: The ore particles are preferentially wetted by pine oil and the gangue particles by water. The
whole mixture is agitated with compressed air. Hence, oil coated ore particles being lighter come
to the surface in the form of froth that can be skimmed off.
2. Name the various metallurgical operations.

Ans: The processes involved in metallurgy for extraction of a metal in the pure state from its ore are:
(i) Concentration of the ore;
(ii) Extraction of the metal, and
(iii) Refining of the metal.
3. How roasting is carried out?

Ans: Roasting: It is a process of heating the concentrated ore to a high temperature in excess of air.
4. Explain the process of electro refining.

Ans: In the process, impure copper from the anode dissolves and goes into the copper sulphate solution.
Side by side, pure copper ions from the solution deposit on the cathode. Thus, cathode becomes a
pure copper metal. The impurities like gold and silver settle down as anode mud.
5. What are the advantages of Solvay’s ammonia process?

Ans: (i) It is a cheap process as raw materials are available at very low prices.
(ii) Carbon dioxide and ammonia are recovered and reused.
(iii) Process is pollution free, because the only waste is calcium chloride solution.
(iv) Sodium carbonate of very high purity is obtained.
(v) Consumption of fuel is very less since no solution is to be evaporated.
6. What is the principle of Solvay’s ammonia process?

Ans: Principle of Solvay’s process lies in the low solubility of sodium bicarbonate at low temperature i.e
at 15°C.When CO2 is passed through an ammonical solution of NaCl called ammonical brine only
NaHCO3 precipitates.
Na+ + HCO3- → NaHCO3
Page | 36
7. What happens when ammonical brine is carbonated?
Ans: Ammonical brine is fed into carbonating tower and carbon dioxide is passed through it. Following
reactions take place in the carbonating tower.
The temperature of the mixture is lowered to 15°C and precipitates ofNaHCO3 are obtained.
CO2 + NH3 + H2O → NH4HCO3
NH4HCO3 + NaCl → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
8. How NaHCO3 is converted to Na2CO3?

Ans: Sodium bicarbonate is heated to get sodium carbonate.
9. How is ammonia recovered in the Solvay’s process?

Ans: Ammonia is recovered in this tower from ammonium chloride solution produced in the carbonated
tower and calcium hydroxide formed in lime kiln.
In fact, all ammonia is recovered in this tower and is reused in the process. There are minor
losses of ammonia in the process which are compensated by using some fresh ammonia.
10. How is ammonia prepared for the synthesis of urea?

Ans: Ammonia is prepared by the “Haber’s process”. One volume of nitrogen (from air)and three
volumes of hydrogen (obtained by passing methane and steam over heated nickel catalyst) is
passed over iron catalyst at 450°C and 200 atm pressure.
11. Describe the formation of petroleum.

Ans: Petroleum was formed by the decomposition of dead plants and animals buried under Earth’s crust
millions of years ago. It is believed that millions of years ago living plants and animals in the seas
died. Their bodies sank and buried under mud and sand. Then decomposition process took place in
the absence of air because of high pressure, temperature and bacterial effects. This process took
millions of years for completion. Thus, remains of dead plants and animals were converted into a
dark brownish viscous crude oil.
12. What is refining of petroleum and how is it carried out?

Ans: Reining process is the separation of crude oil mixture into various useful products (fractions). It is
carried out by a process called fractional distillation.
The principle of fractional distillation is based upon separation of substances depending upon
their boiling points. The substances having low boiling points boil out first leaving behind others.
Then next fraction of slightly higher boiling point boils out. This process remain continue until a
residue is left behind. The vapours of each fraction are collected and condensed separately.
13. Give a use of kerosene oil.

Ans: Kerosene oil C-10 to C-12 170 to 2500 C Used as domestic fuel, a special
grade of it is used as jet fuel.
Page | 37
14. Describe the difference between diesel oil and fuel oil.
Ans:
15. Write down the names of four fractions obtained by the fractional
distillation of
residual oil.
Ans: The four fractions of residual oil are:
Lubricants; Paraffin wax; asphalt and petroleum coke.
16. What is difference between crude oil and residual oil?

Ans: Crude Oil
A naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits.
Residual oil
Oil left behind the fractional distillation of crude oil is called residual oil. It is composed of
fractions having boiling points more than 400o C.
17. Which petroleum fraction is used in dry cleaning?

Ans: Petroleum ether is used in dry cleaning.
Page | 38

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Chem 10

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Test Yourself questions,

and Numerical Problems.

Muhammad Fahid Asif

Test yourself 9.1

Q1: Why reversible reactions never complete?

Q2: What is a static equilibrium, explain with an example.

Test yourself 9.2

Q1: Define law of mass action.

TALENT SCIENCE SCHOOL, A PROJECT OF JAJJA ACADEMY Page |

Test yourself 9.3

Q1: What do you mean by extent of reaction?

Q3: If a reaction has large value of Kc , will it go to completion and why?

TALENT SCIENCE SCHOOL, A PROJECT OF JAJJA ACADEMY Page |

2. Define chemical equilibrium state.

9. Write the equilibrium constant expression for the following reactions:

10. How direction of a reaction can be predicted?

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TALENT SCIENCE SCHOOL, A PROJECT OF JAJJA ACADEMY Page |

TALENT SCIENCE SCHOOL, A PROJECT OF JAJJA ACADEMY Page |

Test yourself 10.1

Bronsted-Lowry base accepts a proton from acid.

H2O + HCl → H3O+ + Cl−

H2O + NH3 → NH4+ + OH−

H2O + NH3 → NH4+ + OH−

6. Define and give the characteristics of a Lewis acid.

Talent Science School, A project of Jajja Science Academy Page |

Test yourself 10.2

H2SO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

H2SO4 + Na2SO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2

6. Name an alkali used in alkaline batteries.

Test yourself 10.3

Talent Science School, A project of Jajja Science Academy Page |

3. Why ionic-product constant of water is temperature dependent?

Test yourself 10.4

Metal Acid Salt name

Sodium (Na) Hydrochloric acid (HC1) Sodium chloride (NaC1)

Potassium (K) Nitric acid (HNO3) Potassium nitrate(KNO3)

3. How will you justify salts are neutral compounds?

Test yourself 10.5

Talent Science School, A project of Jajja Science Academy Page |

H2O + HCl ↔ H3O+ + Cl-

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5. Which kind of bond is formed between Lewis acid and base?

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14. How are insoluble salts prepared?

H2SO4 + KOH → KHSO4 + H2O

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Test yourself 11.1

Test yourself 11.2

Talent Science School, A project of Jajja Science Academy Page |

chemical composition of the end product is distinctly different from that of

Test yourself 11.3

Test yourself 11.4

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(ii) Ester formation test:

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7. Explain different radicals of butane

8. Define functional group with an example.

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11. Write classification of coal.

12. What are heterocyclic compounds? Give two examples

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