Magnetic Properties of Materials 2.6

12.2.2017. Magnetic properties of materials 2.6.
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Section: 2.6 Electricity and magnetism
SubSection: 2.6.6 Magnetic properties of materials
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2.6.6 Magnetic properties of materials
Many magnetic properties of materials are expressed in terms of the magnetic field strength H, magnetic flux density B and the magnetic polarization J. The SI units
of H and B are, respectively, ampere per metre (A m−1) and tesla (T).
The relation between the quantities expressed in SI units is:
B= μ 0 H + J
in which µ 0 is 4π × 10−7 H m−1, the magnetic constant (permeability of free space). The absolute permeability, μ( = B/H) and the volume susceptibility
κ (= J/μ 0H), are thus related by the equation:
μ = μ 0(1 + κ)
The mass susceptibility χ is equal to κ/ρ, where ρ is the density. The relative permeability μ r = μ/μ 0 is the permeability of the material relative to that of a vacuum

and is the value given in the tables.
In ferromagnetic materials as H is increased steadily from zero the permeability changes and is at first relatively small, its value being defined as the initial
permeability, then reaches a maximum value, and finally decreases towards μ 0 as the polarization tends towards a limiting value (B − μ 0H). The flux density
remaining when H is reduced to zero is the remanent flux density and the negative H needed to reduce B to zero is the coercive force. The remanent flux density
and coercive force for a cycle which proceeds to saturation are called the remanence, Br , and the coercivity, HcB. In an open magnetic circuit the variation of J with
H is usually measured and the coercivity is then denoted by HcJ.
When a ferromagnetic material is taken through a cycle of magnetization there is a loss of energy as heat due to the combined effects of hysteresis, induced eddy
currents and domain wall motion. The hysteresis loss per unit volume, Qh = H dB, has been shown empirically to vary as B1.6max over a limited range of peak
flux density of up to about 1 T for high saturation materials, and 0.5 T for low saturation materials. This relationship, known as the Steinmetz law, is nevertheless
only approximate. Some indication of the second loss, namely the eddy current power loss, may be calculated from standard formulae once certain relevant physical
parameters are known. In their present forms, however, these formulae are only approximate. The total power losses that will be dissipated in laminar material
when an alternating flux is developed in it has a direct bearing on the efficiency that can be realized in equipment such as transformers and electric motors and
http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_6.html 1/12
12.2.2017. Magnetic properties of materials 2.6.6
should therefore be known accurately. Accordingly the power losses of representative forms of typical materials are measured and some of these are given in Table
(3) in terms of power loss per unit mass.
Many magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials depend greatly on previous history, state of strain, temperature, size, perfection and orientation of crystals,
and the effect of small traces of impurity may be enormous.
When heated, ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic at a temperature known as the (ferromagnetic) Curie point.
Ferrimagnetic materials (ferrites) have all of the above characteristics of ferromagnetic materials. However, due to their high resistivity, soft (low coercivity)
ferrites are widely used in high frequency applications, in which case the following parameters are also of interest:
(a) Power loss density—this is another name for specific total power loss, but for ferrite materials the loss is usually expressed per unit volume.
(b) Loss factor—the performance of ferrites at low field strengths is often indicated by the expression tan δ where δ is the loss angle, i.e. the phase angle between
B and H. However, information regarding power losses is usually given in the form of loss factors normalized to unit permeability, μ, since this facilitates the
calculation of loss coefficients of gapped ferrite cores. Hence the loss factor is:
tan
tan δh tan δe tan δr
δ = + +
μ μ μ μ
where tan δh, tan δe and tan δr are the loss angles for the hysteresis, eddy current and residual losses respectively, all of which are present to a greater or
lesser extent and combine to give the total loss, tan δ.
(c) IEC hysteresis coefficient ηB—in considering recommendations for standard forms of loss expression, the International Electrotechnical Commission agreed the
following relationship for the hysteresis coefficient, ηB,
tan δh
ηB =
μBmax
(d) Temperature factor—the permeability of a magnetic material may change for a variety of reasons, the most obvious being the change of temperature. Over a
limited temperature range the relationship between the reversible change in magnetic permeability, Δμ, and the corresponding change in temperature, Δθ, is
given by the temperature coefficient, TC:
Δμ
TC =
μΔθ
As with the loss factor, it is usual to normalize the values to unit permeability which gives the loss factor:
loss factor = Δμ ·
μ 2Δθ
(e) Disaccommodation factor—the permeability of a magnetic material can also change with time after magnetization. This phenomenon is often called
disaccommodation. If the permeabilities μ 1 and μ 2 correspond to times t1 and t2 then the disaccommodation is given by:
μ 1 − μ 2
× 100%
μ1
As with the loss and temperature factors, the disaccommodation factor is normalized to unit permeability and is given by:
μ 1 − μ 2
disaccommodation factor = × 100%.
μ 12
Apart from changes in their magnetic permeability, some materials have other responses to changes in magnetic field strength. All conducting materials exhibit the
Hall effect, of which there are two forms. In the transverse Hall effect a voltage is developed in a direction at right angles to a current passing through the material
when a magnetic field is applied in a mutually perpendicular direction. The relationship between the current flowing through the material Ix, the output voltage, Vy,
the thickness of the material, tz, and the applied magnetic field strength, Hz, is given by:
Vy = (KH Ix μ 0 Hz) /tz
where KH is the transverse Hall coefficient of the material. It has been found that some semiconducting materials have sufficiently high Hall coefficients to produce
convenient, small size and low cost magnetic sensors. Indium arsenide having a Hall coefficient of 0.75 Vm/TA is a widely used material.
The same conditions that produce the transverse Hall effect also give rise to a voltage in the direction of the current and this is sometimes called the longitudinal

Hall effect but more usually magnetoresistance. Until recently only small changes in resistance have been observed (up to 2% for the widely used Ni80Fe20 material
at room temperature) but the socalled giant magnetoresistance (GMR) has been observed in multilayers of Fe/Cr (50% change in resistance) and Co/Cu (120%
change in resistance). However, strong magnetic field strengths (≈ 800 kA/m) and a temperature of 4.2 K are required to observe GMR in a multilayer. In all cases
the magnetoresistance of a material is a complex function of the applied magnetic field strength, temperature, material type and thickness.
Since the properties may vary considerably from specimen to specimen due to chemical composition and state of heat treatment, the values given are only to be
regarded as typical of the materials mentioned. A range of values is indicated by a dash.
Symbols used in tables:
B = magnetic flux density
Br = remanence
H = magnetic field strength
HcB = induction coercive force, coercivity
HcJ = magnetization coervice force, coercivity
J = magnetic polarization
Js = (B − μ 0H)s = saturation polarization
Qh = hysteresis loss per unit volume per cycle
μ r = relative magnetic permeability
μ i = initial relative magnetic permeability
(1) Magnetic susceptibilities of paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials
Values are mass susceptibility per kilogram, χ, at 20°C.
× 10−8 × 10−8 × 10−8

Common elements
Hydrogen . . . . . −2.49 Aluminium . . . . . +0.82 Germanium . . . . . −0.15
Oxygen. . . . . . . +133.6 Copper . . . . . −0.107 Silicon . . . . . . . −0.16
Helium . . . . . . −0.59 Silver . . . . . . −0.25 Arsenic . . . . . . −0.39
Neon . . . . . . . −0.41 Gold . . . . . . −0.19 Indium . . . . . . . −0.14
Argon . . . . . . . −0.60 Platinum . . . . . . + 1.22 Antimony . . . . . . −1.09
Krypton . . . . . −0.41 Mercury . . . . . . −0.21 Tellurium . . . . . . −0.39
Xenon . . . . . . −0.40 Bismuth . . . . . . −1.70 Gallium . . . . . . . −0.30
Nitrogen . . . . . −0.54 Sulphur . . . . . . −0.62 Phosphorus . . . . . −1.13
Sodium . . . . . +0.75 Lead . . . . . . . −0.15
Potassium . . . . . +0.65 Uranium . . . . . . +2.19

Common compounds Common materials
H2O . . . . . . −0.90 NiSO47H2O . . . +20.1 Araldite . . . . . . −0.63
NO . . . . . . +59.3 NiSO4K2SO47H2O +13.9 P.V.C . . . . . . −0.75
CO2 . . . . . . −0.59 CuSO45H2O . . . + 7.7 Perspex . . . . . . −0.5
NH3 . . . . . . −1.38 MnSO44H2O . . . +81.2 Polyethylene . . . +0.2
HCl . . . . . . −0.75 FeSO4(NH4)2 . .
H2SO4 . . . . . −0.50 SO46H2O . . . +40.6
NaCl . . . . . . −0.64
NiCl2 . . . . . .
(anhydrous) . . +78.5
(in solution) . . +43.0

Notes:
(1) To obtain values in CGS units per gramme, the SI values given should be multiplied by 103 /4π.
(2) For a more complete list of elements, see L. F. Bates, Modern Magnetism (CUP).
(2) Feebly magnetic steels and cast irons
Material Approx.% Condition μr ρ

composition for H = 5 kA/m* μΩ m
(Balance iron)

Aluminium silicon bronze see BS 2872 as cast 1.001 —
CA 12 and BS 2874
Aluminium nickel bronze see ISO 428 as cast 1.2–1.4 —
CA3†
High tensile brass CZ114 see BS 2872, BS 2874 as cast 1.05 —
or HT1† and ISO 426
Austenitic stainless steels‡
AISI type:
301 Ni 7.8, Cr 17.6 Austenized 1.003 0.68
19.5% cold reduction 1.15
55% cold reduction 14.8
302 Ni 9.0, Cr 18.4 Austenized 1.003 0.70
304 Ni 10.7, Cr 19.0 Austenized 1.004 0.72
305 Ni 11.7, Cr 17.9 Austenized 1.003 —
310 Ni 20.7, Cr 24.3 Austenized 1.002 0.94
316† Ni 13.4, Cr 17.5 Austenized 1.003 0.74
321 Ni 10.3, Cr 18.3, Ti 0.68 Austenized 1.003 0.72

347 Ni 10.7, Cr 18.4, Co 0.95 Austenized 1.004 0.73

* In general, the relative magnetic permeability decreases at higher values of magnetic field strength.
† Low permeability reference materials available from National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK.
‡ C. B. Post and W. S. Eberley, ‘Stability of austenite in stainless steels’, Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 1947, 39, p. 868.
(3) Soft (low coercivity) materials
Material B/T for Relative Js HcB Br Curie Resistivity Specific total Specific

(approx. % composition , balance iron) point loss for apparent power
H/(A m−1) = permeability μ r T A m−1 T 10−8 Ωm
°C J = 1.5 T, for J = 1.5 T,
Initial Maximum f = f =
1000 5000 μi μr 50Hz 50Hz

1000 1000 W/kg VA/kg

Ferromagnetic elements
Iron, high purity (single
crystals in preferred direction) . . 2.01 2.01 — 1500 2.16 12 — 770 10 — —
Armco iron . . . . . . . . . . . 1.55 1.72 0.25 7 2.16 80 1.3 770 11 — —
Cast iron (annealed) . . . . . . . 0.60 0.86 — — 1.70 400 — —
Swedish iron (annealed) . . . . . 1.52 1.72 — — 2.16 70 — 770 — — —
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45 0.55 — — 0.615 400 — 358 9 — —
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.21 0.70 — — 1.76 950 — 1115 9 — —

Steels (solid)
Carbon steel (annealed) 1% C . . . 0.75 1.54 — — 2.00 600 — — — — —
Constructional steels:
0.3% C, 1% Ni 1.32 1.68 — — 2.10 250 — — — — —
0.4% C, 3% Ni, 1.5% Cr . . . . 0.75 1.67 — — 2.05 500 — — — — —
Mild steel, 0.1% C . . . . . . . 1.46 1.74 — — 2.15 150 — — 10

Steels (sheet)†
Grain oriented silicon steels with
preferred magnetic properties in
direction of rolling of the parent strip
(d.c. magnetization):
UnisilH, 10327P5, (27MOH) 2.9% Si 1.93 2.00 — 93 2.00 6 — 745 45 1.00 (J = 1.7T) 1.38 (J = 1.7T)
Unisil,08927N5,(27M4) 1.86 1.96 — 75 2.00 7 — 745 48 0.84 1.16
09730N5, (30M5) 3.1%Si 1.86 1.96 — 59 2.00 7 — 745 48 0.89 1.32
11135N5, (35M6) 1.84 1.94 — 58 2.00 7 — 745 48 1.00 1.39
Nonoriented silicon steels:
SURA 30035A5, (CK37) 2.9% Si 1.46 1.65 — 8 2.00 40 — 745 48 2.95 28
40050A5, (CK40) 2.4% Si 1.48 1.69 — 7 2.03 40 — 748 44 3.60 19
80065A5, (DK70) 1.6% Si 1.53 1.73 — 5 2.08 70 — 758 34 6.50 14
Nonoriented, nonsilicon steel:
Newcor 100065D5 . . . . . . . 1.59 1.75 — 8 2.15 50 — 770 12 7.00 9.6

Amorphous iron–boron alloys
(metallic glass)
Metglas‡ 2605 S3 . . . . . . . — — — — 1.58 8 0.7 405 125 0.15 (J = 1.7T) 0.20 (J = 1.0T)
Metglas† 2605 SC . . . . . . . — — — — 1.61 5 1.1 370 125

Material Flux density B/T for H/(A m−1) = Relative permeability μ r Js HcB Br Curie Resistivity

(approx. % composition , balance iron) point
1.0 10 50 100 1000 50 000 Initial Maximum T A m−1 T 10−8 Ωm
°C
μi μr
1000 1000

Nickel iron alloys
Supermumetal§
70–80% Ni with 0.45 0.72 0.76 0.78 — — 200 400 0.77 0.55 0.5 350 55
Nilomag 771¶
small
0.30 0.70 0.75 0.77 — — 80 300 0.77 0.8 0.45 350 55
Mumetal plus§ amounts of other

Mumetal§ elements 0.18 0.60 0.72 0.75 — — 60 240 0.77 1.0 0.45 350 55
EPC 20¶
Nilomag 641¶ 65% Ni + small — — — — — — 0.4–1.0 200–400 1.4 4 1.35 590 48
amount of other
elements, oriented
Nilomag 471¶
0.03 1.02 1.25 1.4 1.62 — 2–11 50–120 1.6 4–12 0.4–1.2 530 43
Super Radiometal§

50% Ni + small

Radio metal 4550§ amounts of
0.01 0.48 1.05 1.18 1.62 — 3–6 20–50 1.6 12–24 0.4–1.0 530 50
other elements
Satmumetal§ 0.20 1.15 1.3 1.35 — — 65 240 1.5 2.0 0.7 550 60
HCR alloy§ +oriented structure — 0.3 1.46 1.50 1.55 — 0.5–1.0 50–100 1.6 10 1.5 525 40
Radio metal 36§ 35% Ni — 0.15 0.72 0.90 1.2 — 2 15 1.3 12 0.35 180–270 80
Hyperm 36 36% Ni constant permeability alloy 1.75 6 — — — — —
R2799§ 30% Ni, temperature — — — — 0.1 — — — 0.45 — — 70 85
compensating alloy

Cobaltiron alloys§
Permendur 24 24% Co — 0.002 0.02 0.05 1.45 2.34 0.25 2.0 2.35 950 1.65 980 20
Permendur 49 49% Co — 0.01 0.13 0.33 1.85 2.34 1.0 7 2.35 140 1.5 980 47
Supermendur 49% Co, 2% V — — 2.05 2.1 2.3 2.34 — 70 2.35 20 2.1 980 40
Hisat 50 49% Co, 0.3% Ta — — 1.5 1.8 2.3 2.44 — 18 2.44 40 1.8 980 10

Other alloys
Heusler alloy 61% Cu, 26% Mn, 13% Al — — — 0.01 0.25 0.45 — — 0.48 550 — 330 —
Isoperm 30% Ni, 11% Cu constant permeability alloy 0.06 0.065 — — — — —
Perminvar 40% Ni, 25% Co constant permeability alloy 0.30 1.5 1.55 100 — 715 19
Nickel copper 70% Ni, 30% Cu — — — — 0.07 0.15 — — — — — 10–100 —

Manufacturers: † European Electrical Steels Newport, Gwent. ‡ Allied Chemical Corpn., Morris Township, NJ, USA. § Telcon Ltd, Crawley. ¶ Henry wiggin & Co., Hereford.

Notes:
(1) The initial relative permeability values for the nickel iron alloy are for a magnetic field strength of 0.4 A/m.
(2) For further information on the properties of solid steels see J. Woolman and R. A. Mottram(1964–9) Mechanical and Physical Properties of the BS En Steels, Vols. 1, 2 and 3, Pergamon.
Material Initial Frequency Loss Temperature Flux Power loss IEC Disaccommodation Curie Resistivity
relative range factor factor density density for hysteresis factor point
permeability B/T for Ωm
at B = 0.2T, coefficient
μi MHz 10−6 /°C ηB 10−6 °C
maximum H/(A m−1) f = 16 kHz
frequency =800
mW/cm3
10−6

Carbonyl iron powder cores
type 100 30 0.1–2 700 20 — — — — — —
type 500 12 1–10 250 12 — — — — — —
type 900 10 1–50 600 12 — — — — — —
type 901 5 10–100 1500 12 — — — — — —
Magnetic iron oxide powder cores
500
type 910 4 20–300 40 — — — — — —
(at 100 MHz)
Iron flake cores
used for interference 90 at 1 kHz — — — — — — — — —
suppression, relative
initial permeability
falls rapidly with
frequency 65 at 150 kHz — — — — — — — — —
Ferrite cores
(a) for radio, TV and
low power uses:
nickel zinc,
type F13 650 0.05–1 130 — — — — — 180 300
type F14 220 0.1–2 50 — — — — — 270 1000
type F16 125 1–10 100 — — — — — 270 1000
type F22 19 5–40 500 — — — — — 500 1000
manganese zinc,
type F10 5000 0.01–0.1 12 — — — — — 180 0.5
type F8 1500 0.05–0.5 80 — — — — — 180 1
type F11 600 0.1–1 50 — — — — — 220 5
(b) perminvar, high
frequency low power
uses
type F25 50 5–40 300 — — — — — 450 1000
type F29 12 10–200 1000 — — — — — 500 1000
(c) manganese zinc for
high power uses
type F6 1500 — — — 0.45 150 — — 180 1
type F5 2000 — — — 0.48 75 — — 200 1
(d) manganese zinc, high
stability, low loss,
telecommunications
uses
type P10 2000 — 12* 0–2 — — 2.5 8 150 1
type P11 2200 — 5* 0.5–1.5 — — 0.8 5 150 1

type P12 2200 — 3* 0.4–1.0 — — 0.4 3 150 1

* Loss factor at 100 kHz.
Note: For more complete details of soft ferrite materials see E. C. Snelling, Soft Ferrites, Properties and Applications (Iliffe Books Ltd., London).
(4) Permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials
(a) Typical alloys in the Al–Ni–Co series (cast material):
Material Approx. Remanence (BH)max Coercivity Curie Maximum Resistivity

composition Br point operating
HcB HcJ μΩ m
(balance iron) kJ m −3 temperature
T °C
% kA m −1 kA m −1 °C

Alni
isotropic Ni 25, Al 13, Cu 4 0.56 10.0 46 49 760 550 0.63
Alnico 1

Alnico
isotropic Ni 19, Al 10, Co 12, Cu 6 0.73 13.5 45 48 800 550 0.65
Alnico 2

Alcomax III
anisotropic 1.30 43 52 53 850 550 0.55
Alnico 5

Alcomax III semi
Ni 13.5, Al 8, Co 24, Cu 3 1.32 49 56 57 860 550 0.55
Alnico 5 DG columnar

Columax
columnar 1.35 60 59 60 860 550 0.55
Alnico 5–7
Hycomax II
Ni 14.5, Al 7, Co 29, 0.85 32 95 97 850 550 0.50
anisotropic
Cu 4.5, Ti 5
Hycomax III
anisotropic 0.90 44 127 129 850 550 0.50
Alnico 8 Ni 14, Al 7.3, Co 34,
Alnico 9 columnar Cu 3, Ti 5.25 1.05 80 124 126 850 550 0.50

Note: The isotropic and anisotropic alloys can also be prepared by sintering, in which case the magnetic properties can be up to 20% less than those for cast
material.
(b) Rareearth alloys:
Material Type Remanence (BH)max Coercivity Curie Maximum Resistivity

Br HcB HcJ point operating
μΩ m
KJ m−3 temperature
T °C
kA m −1 kA m −1 °C
Supermagloy, sintered
—pressed axially 0.90 160 680 1500 725 150 0.70
Sm Co5
—pressed isostatically 0.95 176 720 1500 725 150 0.70
—anisotropic Sm2Co17 1.05 210 760 700–2000 800 250 0.70
Sm Co5 +
—bonded 0.58 56 380 760 * 60* 10
binder

Neodure Sintered
Nd Fe B 1.15–1.35 220–350 880–960 890–1700 300–320 150 1.50
Neorem anisotropic
Magnequench, isotropic 0.61 64 424 1200 * 60* 180
bonded,
Bemag 5N
injection moulded, Nd Fe B + binder 0.40 32 300 600 * 150 —
NIN 403
anisotropic

* Limited by the properties of the bonding material.
(c) Ferrites:
Material Approx. Remanence (BH)max Coercivity Curie Maximum Resistivity

composition Br point operating
HcB HcJ μΩ m
(balance iron) kJ m−3 temperature
T °C
% kA m−1 kA m−1 °C

Feroba 1 sintered isotropic 0.22 8 135 220 450 350 104

MMG D1
BaO + 5.9 (Fe2O3)
Ferroba 2
Ferroxdure 300

0.39 28 176 184 450 350 104
Feroba 3 sintered anisotropic

Ferroxdure 380 0.37 26 240 230 450 350 104
SrO + 5.9 (Fe2O3)
Ferroxdure 500 0.40 30 295 320 450 350 104
Flexam P5
bonded isotropic 0.14 3.2 85 175 * 120* 106
MMG 01
Flexor 45
bonded anisotropic 0.25 11.2 175 240 * 120* 106
FXD SP106

* Limited by the properties of the bonding material.
Further information on the properties of permanent magnet materials and details of manufacturers are given in M. McCaig and A. G. Clegg (1987) Permanent Magnets in Theory and Practice, 2nd edn,
Pentech Press, London.
A.E.Drake.

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12.2.2017. Magnetic properties of materials 2.6.

The mass susceptibility χ is equal to κ/ρ, where ρ is the density. The relative permeability μ r = μ/μ 0 is the permeability of the material relative to that of a vacuum

The same conditions that produce the transverse Hall effect also give rise to a voltage in the direction of the current and this is sometimes called the longitudinal

× 10−8 × 10−8 × 10−8

Material Approx.% Condition μr ρ

321 Ni 10.3, Cr 18.3, Ti 0.68 Austenized 1.003 0.72

Material B/T for Relative Js HcB Br Curie Resistivity Specific total Specific

Material Flux density B/T for H/(A m−1) = Relative permeability μ r Js HcB Br Curie Resistivity

Manufacturers: † European Electrical Steels Newport, Gwent. ‡ Allied Chemical Corpn., Morris Township, NJ, USA. § Telcon Ltd, Crawley. ¶ Henry wiggin & Co., Hereford.

type P11 2200 — 5* 0.5–1.5 — — 0.8 5 150 1

Material Approx. Remanence (BH)max Coercivity Curie Maximum Resistivity

Material Type Remanence (BH)max Coercivity Curie Maximum Resistivity

Material Approx. Remanence (BH)max Coercivity Curie Maximum Resistivity

Feroba 1 sintered isotropic 0.22 8 135 220 450 350 104

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