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→→ The ocean is the largest and most The G20 countries have a special responsibility toward
critical ecosystem on Earth, and the ocean. They are all coastal states with 45 percent of
potentially the largest provider the world’s coastline among them, and jurisdictional
of food, materials, energy and responsibility over 21 percent of exclusive economic
ecosystem services. However, zones (Shugart-Schmidt et al. 2015). Argentina and
past and current uses of the ocean India are committed to addressing the ocean economy
continue to be unsustainable, with in their upcoming G20 presidencies. Complementing
increasing demand contributing the G20, Italy’s current Group of Seven (G7) presidency
to the ocean’s decline. has a broad ocean agenda, with a focus on cooperation
in regional seas, building on the presidencies of
→→ Better governance, appreciation of Germany (2015) and Japan (2016). Canada may
the economic value of the ocean consider the ocean in its G7 presidency in 2018.
and “blue economy” strategies can
reduce conflicts among uses, ensure The ocean covers 71 percent of the earth’s surface and
financial sustainability, ecosystem provides both renewable and non-renewable resources
integrity and prosperity, and promote that sustain hundreds of millions of livelihoods in coastal
long-term national growth and areas and on islands, and in inland areas. Eighty percent
employment in maritime industries. of life on Earth is in the ocean, 50 percent of the available
oxygen is from the ocean, which is also the largest
carbon sink, absorbing about one-quarter of the carbon
dioxide (CO2) emitted, thus reducing global warming.
It also absorbs 90 percent of the additional
heat caused by greenhouse gas emissions.
The High Seas, Areas support. Among many challenges, two stand out:
beyond National
→→ Identifying and securing sources of long-
term financing for the investments needed in
→→ the European Commission, with an explicit →→ trade and intellectual property, such as
commitment to a blue growth strategy measures considered in the context of the
framework at the Our Ocean conference World Trade Organization and the World
in Washington, DC, in September 2016, Intellectual Property Organization.
which was supported by the World Bank;
the European Commission also has specific United Nations General Assembly Resolution
regional strategies (for example, the Baltic 69/292 established a process to develop a new,
Sea basin strategy of the European Union). legally binding high-seas marine biodiversity treaty
in the form of an agreement under UNCLOS.
Building on earlier initiatives (European
Commission 2012a, 2012b), the institutions of the States are committed to complete a preparatory
European Union published a joint communication process toward a decision on the opening of a
for the future of the ocean in November 2016. The formal treaty negotiation by September 2018.
development of a blue economy development Two final UN preparatory committee meetings
framework is among the 50 points in the agenda: to prepare occurred in March and July of 2017 in
“In 2017, the [European] Commission and the High New York. The UN Conference on Small Island
Representative will support the development of a Developing States, meeting in Apia, Samoa, in 2014,
robust, evidence-based Blue Economy Development presented a “Blue Economy Concept Paper.”2 The
Framework” (European Commission 2016, 9; detail FAO has created a Blue Growth Initiative (described
provided by European Commission 2017). It was in FAO 2016) to accelerate its work in support
based on a consultative process initiated by the of sustainable management of living aquatic
European Commission on how best to strengthen resources, balancing their use and conservation
policy coherence and comprehensiveness on in an economically, socially and environmentally
improving its marine international governance responsible manner. Following the Paris Agreement,
framework. Part of this are the recent shifts toward the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
international ocean governance, a new marine decided to prepare a special report on climate
spatial planning approach (European Union change and the oceans and the cryosphere (that
2014), a focus on tourism (European Commission is, the frozen water part of the earth system).
2014a) and the Marine Knowledge 2020 initiative
(European Commission 2014b, 2014c). Author’s Note
Heads of state and government from Africa are This policy brief was originally published as a
said to have adopted the African Union Charter T20 Insight Brief, in connection with the 2017
on Maritime Security, Safety and Development on G20 stakeholder consultation process organized
October 15, 2016 (Lomé Charter), to establish a road by the German presidency. The original brief,
map for protecting the ocean and seas around Africa which appeared under the title “Sustainable
in view of promoting and securing a sustainable Ocean Economy, Innovation and Growth: A G20
blue economy. The charter awaits publication. Initiative for the 7th Largest Economy in the
World,” may be accessed on the G20 Insights
In addition to UNCLOS, other instruments are website at www.g20-insights.org/policy_briefs/
relevant to the conservation and sustainable sustainable-ocean-economy-innovation-growth-
use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ, including: g20-initiative-7th-largest-economy-world/.
→→ the CBD;
European Union. 2014. “Directive 2014/89/EU Golden, Jay S., John Virdin, Douglas Nowacek,
of the European Parliament and of the Patrick Halpin, Lori Bennear, Pawan G. Patil.
Council of 23 July 2014 on establishing a 2017. “Making sure the blue economy is green.”
framework for maritime spatial planning.” Nature, article 17. doi: 10.1038/s41559-016-0017.
Official Journal of the European Union L257,
135–45. www.eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove. 2015. Reviving the Oceans
EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014L0089. Economy: The Case for Action — 2015.
Gland, Switzerland: World Wide Fund for
FAO. 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Nature. http://assets.worldwildlife.org/
Aquaculture 2016. Rome, Italy: FAO. publications/790/files/original/Reviving_
www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf. Ocean_Economy_REPORT_low_res.pdf.
Fritz, Jan-Stefan. 2016. “Observations, Diplomacy, Kildow, Judith. 2016. “Defining ‘The Arctic
and the Future of Ocean Governance.” Science Blue Economy.’” The Circle (4): 6–9.
& Diplomacy 5 (4). www.sciencediplomacy.
org/article/2016/observations-diplomacy- Lillebø, A. I., C. Pita, J. Garcia Rodrigues, S. Ramos
and-future-ocean-governance. and S. Villasante. 2017. “How can marine
ecosystem services support the Blue Growth
G7 Science Academies. 2015. “G7 Science Academies’ agenda?” Marine Policy 81: 132–42. doi: http://
Statement 2015: Future of the Ocean: Impact of dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.008.
Human Activities on Marine Systems.”
www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ Mann Borgese, Elizabeth. 1999. “Global civil society:
tits/20/6/20_6_90/_pdf. lessons from ocean governance.” Futures 31 (9-
10): 983–91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/
G20 Leaders. 2010. “The G20 Toronto Summit 10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00057-9.
Declaration.” June 27. www.g20.utoronto.ca/
2010/to-communique.html. McCauley, Douglas J., Malin L Pinsky, Stephen R.
Palumbi, James A. Estes, Francis H. Joyce and
Gattuso, J.-P., A. Magnan, R. Billé, W. W. L. Cheung, Robert R. Warner. 2015. “Marine defaunation:
E. L. Howes, F. Joos, D. Allemand, L. Bopp, Animal loss in the global ocean.” Science 347
S. R. Cooley, C. M. Eakin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, (6219). doi: http://dx.doi.org/
R. P. Kelly, H.-O. Pörtner, A. D. Rogers, J. 10.1126/science.1255641.
M. Baxter, D. Laffoley, D. Osborn, A. Rankovic,
J. Rochette, U. R. Sumaila, S. Treyer and C. National Maritime Foundation. 2017. “Conference
M. Turley. 2015. “Contrasting futures for ocean Report: The Blue Economy — Concept,
and society from different anthropogenic Constituents and Development, New Delhi,
CO2 emissions scenarios.” Science 349 (6243). India, 9-10 February 2017.” New Delhi,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722. India: National Maritime Foundation.
GOC. 2014. From Decline to Recovery: A Rescue Nilsson, Måns, Dave Griggs and Martin Visbeck.
Package for the Global Ocean. Oxford, UK: 2016. “Policy: Map the interactions between
GOC. www.some.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/ Sustainable Development Goals.” Nature 534:
uploads/2016/03/GOC_report_2015.July_2.pdf. 320–22. doi: http://doi.org/10.1038/534320a.
Deglobalization as a
Harold James
under NAFTA?
A Look at the Auto CIGI Paper No. 138 Global Challenge
Assembly and Harold James
The world is threatened by backlashes against
Parts Industry Jeff Rubin
Jeff Rubin globalization, or “deglobalization,” and,
Under duty-free trade provided by NAFTA, local remarkably, these are particularly pronounced
vehicle assembly and parts jobs and production in the countries that drove the construction
in both the United States and Canada have of an international order in the second half of
been traded to Mexico for higher industry the twentieth century. There are also attempts
profit margins and lower vehicle prices for to build an alternative new “globalization 2.0.”
North American consumers. With the Trump This paper looks at the interrelations between
administration pledging to renegotiate NAFTA moves toward trade protection, the limitations
and specifically target Mexico’s burgeoning of movements of people, the regulation of
assembly and parts industries, what are the capital flows and the attempts to restrict
best trade policy options for Canada’s largest information access.
manufacturing sector and exporter?
De-risking: Effects, Drivers and Mitigation Climate Change and the Canadian Financial
Sector
CIGI Paper No. 137
James A. Haley CIGI Paper No. 134
CIGI Papers No. 137 — July 2017
CIGI Papers No. 134 — June 2017
De-risking
Climate Change and the
Effects, Drivers and Mitigation
Canadian Financial Sector
Olaf Weber and Olena Kholodova
This paper examines the phenomenon of
James A. Haley
Olaf Weber and Olena Kholodova
derisking, or the loss of financial services Both the Financial Stability Board of the G20 and
as large international banks close or curtail the Bank of Canada have stated that climate change
correspondent banking relationships with banks is a significant risk for financial sector stability. But
in smaller jurisdictions. It outlines the effects assessing climate change-related risks is complex,
of de-risking and identifies a range of possible since the information needed for such assessments
measures to mitigate them. Today, global banks is fragmented, incomplete or not yet available.
operate across a range of jurisdictions, regardless Strategies and tools are needed to analyze the
of the country in which they are licensed; impact of climate change on the Canadian financial
therefore, an effective strategy for addressing sector, but these tools do not exist yet. This paper
the challenge of de-risking requires international reports on the results and policy recommendations
cooperation. of a project about climate risks and opportunities in
the Canadian financial sector.
demand that has persisted in many countries since Renewable energy cooperatives have been
the onset of the global financial crisis, another instrumental in expanding electricity generated
crucial macroeconomic policy issue is the need to from renewable sources in Ontario. By developing
modernize and expand the international network solar, wind and bioenergy renewable energy
of basic infrastructure to foster stronger long-term projects (REPs), renewable energy cooperatives
global growth of productivity and output capacity. contribute to supporting the Government of
This paper describes the nature of the supply-side Ontario’s multifaceted approach to reduce
issue and outlines the key policy elements that greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate
are needed in each G20 country to design and change. Despite a number of challenges, renewable
implement a successful National Infrastructure energy cooperatives have been largely successful in
Investment Program (NIIP) and describes how these contributing their quota through REPs to actualize
NIIPs could be integrated into an internationally the Government of Ontario’s plans for sustainable
coordinated program, and the leadership role that energy in the province.
the G20 could play in carrying out the program of
infrastructure renewal and expansion.
Advancing Policy Ideas and Debate
Issues in Bringing Canadian Fintech to the The G20 and Building Global Governance for
Policy Brief No. 111 — June 2017
International Stage Policy Brief No. 107 — May 2017
“Climate Refugees”
Issues in Bringing Canadian The G20 and Building Global
Fintech to the International Stage
James W. Hinton, Domenico Lombardi and Joanna Wajda
CIGI Policy Brief No. 111 Governance for “Climate
Refugees”
CIGI Policy Brief No. 107
Key Points
→ For Canada to be a
Introduction James W. Hinton, Domenico Lombardi and Joanna R. Andreas Kraemer
Challenge
R. Andreas Kraemer
Wajda
For the first time, fintech is on the Group of Twenty (G20) agenda.1
contender in financial
G20 leaders will discuss fintech at the Hamburg summit on July 7 Key Points
technology (fintech),
and 8, 2017, following a presentation by the Financial Stability → The global governance of displaced
Canadian policy makers The G20 leaders should recognize that forced displacement
Board (FSB) on its financial stability implications.2 Given fintech’s
The aim of this policy brief is to provide a general populations, forced migration and refugees is not
removing regulatory Canada: first, encouraging domestic fintech innovation — through for reform and initiate annual
open data and payment systems — and second, encouraging reviews to enhance humanitarian also produce “climate refugees”1 or migrants.
uncertainty and taking
the lead on a national international expansion — through international agreements among responses to aid climate mobility.
Some of the displacement will be protracted and may
fintech strategy, policy regulators and comprehensive intellectual property (IP) strategies.
→ International policy and law build on become permanent. There will be people who are unable
makers should assess to return, but also unable to move on, becoming “trapped
This brief begins by describing the nature of fintech, and its the false assumption that displaced
the merits of access populations” (Findlay 2011). In some cases, planned
potential benefits, using the example of lending to small and people and refugees can return to
to data and payments relocation or resettlement may be the only strategy to
description of the fintech industry in Canada, prepared for the numbers likely to manifest under
medium enterprises (SMEs).3 Following is an introduction to the their place of origin when conditions
systems for stimulating save lives. An effective response requires specific policies
literature recommending which fintech needs Canadian policy improve, conflicts subside or homes
domestic fintech growth. and international cooperation to assist, protect and
makers should prioritize to expand the sector. Finally, the brief are rebuilt. This cannot hold for many
focuses on ways policy makers can encourage domestic fintech of those affected by climate change. provide durable solutions for those displaced by climate
→ Increased patent generation
innovation and international expansion. The United Kingdom and change; manage climate risks for those remaining; and
and ownership, greater
Australia serve as examples of best practices in these areas. → Governance reform is needed to support opportunities for voluntary migrants adapting
integration of Canadian
strengthen rights and obligations to climate change (Wilkinson, Kirbyshire et al. 2016).
technology in standards
and to describe and draw attention to two climate change. The G20 has a responsibility to
of peoples and governments in
and international Currently, most cases of population displacement triggered
countries of origin, transit and
agreements with regulators 1 Fintech is the application of technology to financial services. It includes online marketplace (or peer- by extreme weather events are of limited duration and
destination, recognizing the
will allow Canadian to-peer) lending, robo-advisors, crypto-currencies, blockchain and smart contracts, mobile banking
involve people moving only short distances within national
and improvements in international transfers. special circumstances and needs of
fintechs to build on their
“climate refugees” or migrants.
success internationally. 2 See the FSB’s report on fintech credit (FSB and BIS 2017), and subsequent report on the financial
stability implications from fintech (FSB 2017), published at the time this brief went to press and thus
1 The term “climate refugee” is controversial, because it does not capture the diversity
not covered.
complementary aspects of developing a fintech prepare, push for reform and initiate annual reviews
of situations those strongly affected by climate change can find themselves in, and
3 Enterprises with fewer than 250 employees. because of the specific legal meaning of “refugee.”
strategy for Canada: first, encouraging domestic to enhance humanitarian responses to aid climate
fintech innovation — through open data and mobility. Governance reform is needed to strengthen
payment systems — and second, encouraging rights and obligations of peoples and governments
international expansion — through international in countries of origin, transit and destination,
agreements among regulators and comprehensive recognizing the special circumstances and needs of
intellectual property strategies. “climate refugees” or migrants.
Can Canada Step into the Breach? Addressing Toward a Comprehensive Approach to Climate
Policy Brief No. 110 — June 2017 Climate-related Financial Risk and Growing Policy Brief No. 106 — May 2017
Policy, Sustainable Infrastructure and Finance
Can Canada Step into the Breach?
Addressing Climate-related Green Finance Toward a Comprehensive Approach
There was no consensus on climate-related The Paris Agreement and countries’ nationally
report on December 31, 2016, in anticipation of the G20 well below 2°C has not been reached
has since announced his intention to energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and are
leaders’ meeting in July 2017 in Hamburg, Germany. and the world risks being caught in
withdraw from the Paris Agreement; thus heavyweight players in climate policy. There are,
a cycle of low and uneven growth.
therefore, the phase I report from the The G20 finance ministers and central bankers met on however, concerns about the distributional effects of some
Task Force on Climate-related Financial March 18, 2017, in Baden-Baden, Germany, but — unlike → An integrated policy package climate policies in combating climate change, and their
Risk Disclosures (TCFD) may not be their meeting in 2016 in Chengdu, China — there was incorporating the scaling up of potentially adverse impact on development prospects
welcomed at the G20 summit in July. no mention in the final communiqué of climate change low-carbon and climate-resilient and economic growth. These concerns can be resolved
through an integrated policy package incorporating
financial risk at the G20 meeting of central bankers determined contributions represent important
and the risks it poses to the planet and to the stability infrastructure, sustainable finance and
→ As a result, G20 finance ministers the scaling up of low-carbon and climate-resilient
of the global financial system (G20 Finance Ministers carbon pricing could address concerns
must assure governance of this infrastructure, sustainable finance and carbon pricing.
and Central Bank Governors 2017). Foreshadowing US about the potentially adverse impact of
agenda through interconnected
President Donald Trump’s withdrawal from the Paris some climate policies on development
national high-level expert groups. Despite the collective ambitions that yielded the landmark
Agreement, within the consensus-based G20 forum in prospects and economic growth,
March 2017, US finance representatives were not mandated Paris Agreement, and despite the enhanced commitments
→ Canada’s financial institutions while simultaneously achieving the
to support communiqué language acknowledging to climate action by individual countries embodied in
including asset owners and asset objectives of the Paris Agreement and
and finance ministers in March 2017, and the final commitments to climate action; however, a
climate change and the related risks to capital markets their NDCs, the world is still far from achieving a collective
managers have the capacity to move the United Nations (UN) Sustainable
and the global financial system. With the decision of plan to keep the global temperature increase to well
swiftly to contribute to a platform Development Goals (SDGs).
the US administration to leave the Paris Agreement, below 2°C. The world is also at risk of being caught in a
for international collaboration on
it is, therefore, likely that all climate-related matters → Phasing out fossil fuel subsidies and cycle of low and uneven growth and, with it, of failing
climate-related financial risk and
will be excluded from the final communiqué at the putting a price on carbon will harness to reach the UN SDGs to eliminate poverty and provide
green finance opportunities.
Hamburg G20 Summit, signifying that the phase I report the transformative power of the market a better life for all. Unlocking the impediments to the
from the TCFD will not be welcomed by G20 leaders. and stimulate low-carbon investment. scaling up of sustainable infrastructure can help to meet
communiqué did not mention climate change or collective plan to keep the global temperature
all three challenges by laying the foundations for strong
the Paris Agreement. President Trump has since increase to well below 2ºC has not been reached
announced his intention to withdraw from the and the world risks being caught in a cycle
Paris Agreement. G20 finance ministers must of low and uneven growth. This policy brief
therefore assure governance of this agenda through proposes a comprehensive approach that links
interconnected national high-level expert groups. inclusive growth, sustainable development and
Canada’s financial institutions have the capacity the climate goals.
to move swiftly to contribute to a platform for
international collaboration on climate-related
financial risk and green finance opportunities.
Green Shift to Sustainability: Co-benefits and Overcoming Barriers to Meeting the Sendai
Policy Brief No. 109 — May 2017 Impacts of Energy Transformation Policy Brief No. 105 — May 2017
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Green Shift to Sustainability: Overcoming Barriers to
Co-benefits and Impacts of
Energy Transformation CIGI Policy Brief No. 109 Meeting the Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction
CIGI Policy Brief No. 105
R. Andreas Kraemer
R. Andreas Kraemer Daniel Henstra and Jason Thistlethwaite
Daniel Henstra and Jason Thistlethwaite
Key Points Challenge Key Points Introduction
→ Energy transformation toward
The current shift from fossil energy resources to → Canada’s adoption of the Sendai
Energy transformation toward 100 percent Canada’s adoption of the Sendai Framework for
100 percent renewable energy The global governance of disaster risk is shaped by
“green” energy — renewable energy plus storage in Framework for Disaster Risk
is desirable and inevitable. the governments participating in the United Nations
smart grids, many with electric vehicles providing grid Reduction represents an important
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).
→ New energy systems, based on services — is now a global phenomenon (International opportunity to manage flood risk,
In 2015, a new agreement, the Sendai Framework for
efficiency, renewables, storage and Energy Agency 2016; International Renewable Energy which is the most common and
Disaster Risk Reduction, was adopted (UNISDR 2015).
smart management, are cheaper Agency [IRENA] 2017b). For economic reasons, this costly hazard facing Canadians.
The Sendai Framework embraces a paradigm in disaster
to build, run and maintain. They energy transformation (or Energiewende1) has become
→ Fragmentation in the distribution management policy that emphasizes the principles of risk
renewable energy is desirable and inevitable. Disaster Risk Reduction represents an important
harvest free environmental flows, self-sustaining and self-accelerating where it is under
of responsibility to manage disaster management. Instead of policy objectives that focus on
often for self-consumption. way, and self-replicating in an increasing number of
risk, limited stakeholder engagement funding protection measures, such as structural defences
countries and regions, including in poor areas and
and public awareness, and recovery (for example, dams in the case of flooding) that reduce the
→ Fossil fuel extraction and commodity remote locations not yet served by a power grid.
financing that fails to encourage likelihood of disasters, risk management requires the use
trade will end, as fossil asset values
The main reason for this boom in green energy is the investment in risk mitigation are of a range of policies that prepare for, mitigate, respond to
erode in a shrinking sector that
decreasing cost of key energy technologies and equipment, significant governance barriers that and aid in the recovery from disasters. This expansion in
loses its role in capital formation,
objectives requires a shift in authority from governments
New energy systems, based on efficiency, opportunity to manage flood risk, which is the
international trade, economic especially wind turbines, solar panels, storage and smart Canada must overcome to fully
energy management systems. Tom Randall (2016b) shows adopt the Sendai Framework. to a plurality of stakeholders with more capacity and
activity and government revenue.
an impressive figure of the cost of solar panels falling by expertise in these policy areas. For example, disaster
→ Energy transformation is beneficial 26.3 percent every time the world’s solar power doubles, in → To overcome these barriers, the federal mitigation (that is, actions taken before a disaster occurs
overall, and yet it may produce a stable technology learning curve from 1976 to 2016. Today, government should develop a national to limit the consequences) requires cooperation between
misleading signals in outdated they are able to compete with heavily subsidized fossil and disaster risk strategy that standardizes governments, land-use planners and developers to
statistics. International organizations risk assessment, coordinates ensure property is constructed with measures capable of
renewables, storage and smart management, most common and costly hazard facing Canadians.
and the Task Force on Climate- and shares responsibility for risk mitigating damage (Mees et al. 2016; Aven and Renn 2009).
related Financial Disclosures (TFCD) management between governments
1 “Energiewende” is the German word for the energy transformation away from
and stakeholders, increases investment Canada, like other participants in the UNISDR, has
should address this paradox in joint nuclear and fossil energy and toward renewable energy supply and energy
efficiency. The term became prominent after a book of the same title, published in risk mitigation at the local level, agreed to implement the Sendai Framework, based on
reports to the Group of Twenty
in 1980, sketched a national strategy for energy transformation (Krause, Bossel and encourages consumer demand the growing costs associated with damage from natural
(G20) leaders, ministers of finance and Müller-Reißmann 1980). It is a typically German composite noun consisting
for insurance in high-risk areas. disasters. According to the Canadian insurance sector,
and central bank governors. of “energy” and “Wende,” a tack in sailing or a U-turn in road driving. The suffix
“-wende” has come to indicate corrective transformations of whole sectors, such as
2016 was a record year for disaster losses, with insured
are cheaper to build, run and maintain. Energy The federal government should develop a national
transport, agriculture and nutrition, so that they may become sustainable.
transformation is beneficial overall, and yet it may disaster risk strategy that standardizes risk
produce misleading signals in outdated statistics. assessment, coordinates and shares responsibility
International organizations and the Task Force for risk management between governments
on Climate-related Financial Disclosures should and stakeholders, increases investment in risk
address this paradox in joint reports to the G20 mitigation at the local level, and encourages
leaders, ministers of finance and central bank consumer demand for insurance in high-risk areas.
governors.
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to disseminate policy recommendations to an Au Centre pour l'innovation dans la gouvernance
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Through its research, collaboration and formule des points de vue objectifs dont la portée
publications, the Global Economy Program est notamment mondiale. Nos recherches, nos
informs decision makers, fosters dialogue avis et l’opinion publique ont des effets réels sur
and debate on policy-relevant ideas and le monde d’aujourd’hui en apportant autant de la
strengthens multilateral responses to the most clarté qu’une réflexion novatrice dans l’élaboration
pressing international governance issues. des politiques à l’échelle internationale. En
raison des travaux accomplis en collaboration et
en partenariat avec des pairs et des spécialistes
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