INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RECENT ADVANCE RESEARCH (IJRAR) ISSN: xxxx-xxxx

VolumeI, Issue 01,2017

FLOW SEPRATION STUDY USING

DIFFERENT JET VANES ON CD-NOZZLE
Kiran kumar.T1, Sunil Maurya2, Prashant Singh3
1, 2
Scientist, VGAERO, Hyderabad, Telgana,India
3
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, SSSUTMS Sehore, M.P. India

Abstract K : Thermal conductivity

A rocket propulsion system not only provides To : Chamber temperature
the propulsive force but also means of controlling its Po : Chamber pressure
light path by redirecting its thrust vector to provide  : Specific ratio
directional control. This is known as Thrust vector  : Dynamic viscosity
control (jet vanes) it’s used to control the missile or R : Gas constant
rocket in 3 directions like yaw, pitch and roll. It will M : Molecular weight
burn out when the propulsive system starts at the rate  : Density
of 3mm per sec. After getting a certain altitude it will ṁ : Mass flow rate
be totally vanished. The main intension of this paper is CT : Tip chord
to study about the flow separation using different CR : Root chord
models. The main concept of study of flow separation b : Span
is due to when the jet vanes are deflected  : Delta
missile/aircraft/rocket should not reduce its thrust. So
the study has done on different delta varying from 0 to 1. INTRODUCTION
25 deg. It has observed that when the jet vanes are A rocket propulsion system not only provides
deflected by 20 flow is getting separated. the propulsive force but also means of controlling its
light path by redirecting its thrust vector to provide
Nomenclature
directional control. This is known as Thrust vector
CFD : Computational Fluid Dynamics
control (jet vanes) it’s used to control the missile or
M : Mach number
rocket in 3 directions like yaw, pitch and roll. It will
 : Angle of attack
burn out when the propulsive system starts at the rae of
H : Height
3mm per sec. After getting a certain altitude it will be
Cp : Specific heat

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totally vanished. When choosing a TVC thrust vector constant pressure and temperature. Different jet vanes
control method, we need to consider the characteristics models are shown in Figs.2 have been model to assess
of the engine/motor and it’s flight application and the effect of flow. The simulations have been run for
duration. Also, the maximum angular acceleration the following Conditions:
required or acceptable, the environment, the number of Table 1: Simulation Parameters
engines/motor on the rocket, available actuating power, Parameters (units) Value
and the weight and space limitations are all weighted
Po (ksc) 37
against each other to produce a cost effective, yet
To(K) 329
appropriate, system of control. The effective loss of
engine performance due to the use of a particular TVC Cp (j/kg.K) 1850
method and the maximum thrust vector deflection R (j/kg.K) 297
required are major design considerations.
M (g/mol) 28

Jet vanes are small aerofoils shape located at K watt/(m-k) 0.3954

the nozzle exit plane and behave like ailerons or
 1.19
elevator on aircraft/missiles/rockets. And cause the
ṁ (kg/s) 48
vehicle to change direction. This control system causes
a loss of thrust 2-3% and erosion of vanes. These jet  ( g/cc) 5.1
vanes are rotated about a hinge line. The system has a
 (pa-s) 9.5133e-5
rotating aerofoil shaped collar, and gives an
 (deg) 0 and 20
unsymmetrical distribution of a gas flow. This provides
a side force thereby changing the direction of flight. H (km) Sea level
The orientation of jet vanes are shown in Fig.1

Altitudes considered correspond to flight envelope.

Jet tabs also can be used in place of jet vanes,
mostly jet tabs are used in military missiles. It will be 2.1 Grid generation

rotated using hydraulics actuators. Power is supplied Grids have been generated using commercial grid

from compressed nitrogen. generator ICEM CFD. It is a top-down tetra

Application of jet vanes unstructured grid generator, which also has the

 To change the flight path capability to inflate boundary layers. It employs robust
high aspect ratio cell layers insertion for boundary
 To change its attitude during flight
layer resolution.
 To correct the deviation from the intended
For the present study, the computational domain
path
considered is 22de in axial directionand *20de in radial
 To correct the thrust misalignments
direction, where de is the exit diameter. More refined
2. CFD STUDY
grid has been generated to CD-Nozzle. An optimum
CFD studies have been carried out using
mesh size of 4.8 million is used to capture all the
commercial code FLUENT on different jet vanes at a
geometry features taking first layer thickness as 1
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microns and number of boundary layers are 6. Typical 3. ANALYTICAL STUDY

domain and grid has been shown in Figs. 3(a) and (b) 3Dimensional CD-Nozzle shapes have a
major contribution towards the size of the Mach disks
Table 2: Orientation and Moment details
and Diamond shock patterns within the jet plume
2.2 Solver
region. The top and the bottom walls have a significant
ANASYS Fluent is a RANS based solver which is
effect upon the exhaust flow direction.
based on Finite Volume Method (FVM). In the present
study, Density-based solver with K-omega SST
3.1 Configuration and model details
turbulence model has been used for computations. The
Configuration consists of a Convergent
K-omega SST model is a three-equation model that
divergent supersonic nozzle with di =0.390m d* =
solves a modelled transport equation for the kinematic
0.162m and de = 0.388m and overall length of 0.880m.
Orientation Moment Configuration is shown in Fig.2. A sufficient domain
of 22de is considered during the study in axial direction
Pitch Nose up/down
and in case of and radial directions 20d e is considered
Yaw Moves right/left which is shown in fig.3 (a). Meshing is done by using
licensed version of ICEM CFD tool the total grid size
Roll Turns sideways
is 1.5millons, one micron viscous layers and the no of
eddy (turbulent) viscosity. Second order discretization layers is 6. The gird on the geometry is shown in Fig.3
scheme is used to all flow variables. Riemann (b). The main concept of study of flow separation is
boundary condition is used for all the far field due to when the jet vanes are deflected
boundaries, with velocities, total pressure and missile/aircraft/rocket should not reduce its thrust. So
temperature imposed. No-slip adiabatic wall condition the study has done on different delta varying from 0 to
is applied to all solid surfaces. The pressure far-field 25 deg. It has observed that when the jet vanes are
and pressure-outlet boundary conditions have been deflected by 20 flow is getting separated.
used for inflow and outflow.

2.3 Analysis
It could be seen that as under expansion shock
are formed. It is observed that the diamond shocked is
3.2 Flow Separation and Plume Instability
seen at the end of exit diameter it’s only in case of
nozzle alone, but in present study flow separation on When the static pressure is increased, an
different jet vanes model is carried out. The orientation adverse pressure gradient causes the boundary layer to
of jet vanes is shown I =n Fig.1. Below two (1 & 2) jet detach from the nozzle wall surface. This increase in
vanes are facing high pressure compare to above two static pressure which contributes to increased potential

(3 & 4) jet vanes at  = 20. In case of  = 0 energy of the gas thereby decreases the kinetic energy

symmetrical pressure distribution is seen which is of the flow. The inner layer of the boundary, which is

shown in Fig. 4 (a) and (b). relatively slow, is significantly affected by this adverse

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pressure gradient and flow reversal may occur. The
phenomena of flow reversal cause the flow to separate
from the surface creating a circulation bubble. Shocks
emerging from the boundary layer start as an incident
shock reflect as a reflection shock, meeting at a triple
point. This shock structure is called Lambda foot.
CFD study is carried out to calculate the Flow
separation point on the CD-Nozzle and conclude that to
Jet vane with blunt leading edge is separating at
minimum distance on root chord and is shown in below
table
Table 3:Minimum distance on root chord

Over-expansion occurs at low to medium NPRs. The

pressure at the exit of the nozzle (back pressure) is less
than ambient pressure causing the Normal shock wave
to bend towards the jet plume. The shock wave is
L.E with L.E with
oblique to the wall forming a complex flow pattern
Chor Separation radius profile blunt profile
exiting the nozzle as a combination of subsonic and
d distance (m)
supersonic flows. Further increasing NPR cause s the Pressure (pa) Pressure (pa)
back pressure to match the ambient pressure, resulting
in a smooth flow, uniform supersonic and parallel. This
is the ideal design condition. Increasing the pressure
further (exit pressure now greater than ambient)
creates a new imbalance, where the waves at the exit
of the nozzle wall turn outward as expansion waves,
Root 1.52 0.52 0.31
creating a new flow pattern where compression and
expansion waves repeat downstream along the plume
region (Under-expanded condition). Location of plane Mid 1.57 0.51 0.26
on jet vanes are shown in Fig 5 who the flow is getting
separated. The flow over a nozzle is also simulated and
Tip 1.61 0.41 0.1
Mach contour which is shown in Fig 6. Wall y plus on
each jet vane is shown in Fig7. CFD results of
Pressure, and X-velocity counters on different vanes
are shown in Fig 8. Flow separation distance on jet
vanes is shown in Fig 9.
This could be change for different gasses used
4. CONCLUSIONS in the nozzle and the in future jet vanes & tabs through
nozzles can be analysed.

3 4
Z
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Figure1: Orientation of jet vanes Figure. 2: Geometrical details of

Figure2(a): leading edge with radius Figure2(b): leading edge with blunt

200
Nozzle

200

160
160

15

30

120
120
30
15

Figure. 3(a) Domain details of CD-nozzle Figure3(b) Grid refinement of CD-nozzle

22d

2d
20d

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Figure4(a) Pressure contour for  = 0Figure4(b) Pressure contour for  = 20

All dimensions are in mm

Figure5: Location of planes on jet vanes Figure6: Mach contour for nozzle alone
Leading edge

Trailing edge

Figure7: Wall Y+ on single jet vanes

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Figure.8(a): X-velocity contour on root chord

Figure8(b): X-velocity contour on mid chord

Figure8(c): X-velocity contour on tip chord

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Figure8(d): pressure contour on Root chord

Figure8(d): Pressure contour on mid chord

Figure.8 (e): Pressure contour on tip chord

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Figure 9 a: Pressure profile (1)Figure 9 b: Pressure profile (2)
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Supersonic Rectangular Over-Expaned Jets of Single
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 Xiao, Q., Tsai, H.M., Papamoschou, D. and Johnson,
A., Experimental and Numerical study of Jet Mixing
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Propulsion and Power,Vol 25, No 3, May - June
2009.
 Xiao, Q., Tsai, H.M. and Papamoschou, D.,
Numerical In-vestigation of Supersonic Nozzle Flow
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Separation. AIAA Journal, Vol 45, No 3, March
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 Menon, N., and Skews, B.W., Rectangular under
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