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Environmental Valuation
Session 5: Methods of Environmental Valuation
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Revealed preference
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Stated preference
SP approaches use simulated markets to elicit willingness
to pay (WTP) or accept (WTA) values for changes in
ecosystem service provision
Appropriate for both use and non-use values
– May be difficult to segregate these value motives from
WTP
Survey based methods in which respondents are
presented with a hypothetical market describing the
change in service provision
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Stated preference
Summary on methods covered
Contingent valuation method
One policy-on scenario compared with Business As Usual
(BAU)
Choice Experiments
Attributes are compared, e.g. ‘visibility in the sea’
Some baseline BAU level for each attribute and this is
compared with varying levels (with policy-on)
Group valuation
Less commonly applied – links valuation with deliberative
methods
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Group valuation
– Combination of stated preference techniques with
deliberative techniques
– Offer a deeper exploration of environmental
information, values and preference formation
– Trade-off of smaller groups versus survey
approaches versus more precise values
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Advantages Disadvantages
Market prices •Reflect private WTP •Market imperfections and policy
•Construct financial accounts failures distort prices
•Easy to obtain •Seasonal variations
•Currency variations
Shadow •Reflect true economic value or •Complex to derive
prices opportunity cost to society •Require substantial data
•Considered ‘artificial’
Production •Links ecosystem functions to •Requires modelling of dose
function market values response relationships
•Complex for multi-use systems
•Potential double counting
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Advantages Disadvantages
Hedonic pricing •Reflects private WTP •Data intensive
•Based on observed behaviour •Requires defined surrogate
market
Travel cost •WTP for recreational sites •Data intensive
•Based on observed behaviour •Restrictive assumptions about
behaviour
•Sensitive to statistical methods
Contingent •Can measure non-use value and give •Sensitive to biases in survey
valuation estimate of TEV design and implementation
Choice •Simultaneously elicits values for a range of •Complex statistical design and
modelling goods and services analysis
•Potential burden on
respondents – choice heuristics
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Confidence?
Market
Production Function
Value?
Revealed Preference
Stated Preference
Value?
Confidence?
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Session Summary
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
TEEB Training
The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity
TEEB Training
Environmental Economics:
Determining values and analyzing options
John A. Dixon
Kailua, Hawai’i
So, How much is nature worth? Many
techniques exist to value the “unpriced/
underpriced”!
Many rely on observing the behavior of
people (revealed preferences) in markets or
other situations
Some techniques rely on people stating their
preferences in hypothetical situations (stated
preferences), such as contingent valuation
methods, survey-based techniques,..
Revealed Preference
Change in Production
Cost-of-Illness
Hedonic Pricing
Travel Cost
Stated Preference
Contingent Valuation
Choice Experiment
Benefits Transfer
Choosing Valuation Methods for Egypt