• Increasing surface area increases chances of a collision - more particles are exposed

 Increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction

Particles get more warmer, therefore vibrate more and so gain more energy so they can
overcome the energy barrier
Particle speed also increase (because they vibrate more), so collisions are more frequent.
5
Increasing temperature (T2)- graph gets flatter, boarder and more “down”
Decreasing temperature (T3)- curve gets narrower and more pointed due to the smaller
spread of values and more “up”

The area under the curve beyond Ea relate to the number of molecules with sufficient
energy to overcome the energy barrier and react. So basically, more energy (by increasing
temperature) gives more molecules enough energy to overcome the Ea barrier

Because of the many collisions taking place between molecules, there is a spread of molecular
energies and velocities.

 the light - often U.V. - provides energy to break bonds and begin a reaction

• Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy (Ea)
Catalysts remain chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.
Meaning more particles now have the energy required needed to overcome the Ea and
undergo a successful collision.
Catalysts do not affect the position of the equilibrium, but only affects the rate at which the
equilibrium is achieved.
If a catalyst is added, the activation energy is lowered. Decreasing the Activation Energy
means that more particles will have sufficient energy to overcome the energy barrier and
react.
using catalysts avoids the need to supply extra heat - safer and cheaper.
Used in industry especially where an increase in temperature results in a lower yield due to a
shift in equilibrium (Haber and Contact Processes)

 increasing the pressure forces gas particles closer together, this increases the frequency of
collisions so the reaction rate increases
Many industrial processes occur at high pressure to increase the rate but it can unfavourably
affect the position of equilibrium.
The greater the pressure, the more frequent the collisions In gases
only!
 The more frequent the collisions, the greater the chance of a reaction

 Increasing concentration = more frequent collisions = increased rate of reaction

*Reactant concentration decreases with time

*Product concentration increases with time
The steeper the curve the faster the rate of the reaction
Reactions start off quickly because of the greater likelihood of collisions
Reactions slow down with time as there are fewer reactants to collide with.
Measuring the rate- draw line of contemplation something, this shows you the initial rate of
reaction.