Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81 (2018) 1241–1246

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Electricity generation from biogas of poultry waste: An assessment of T

potential and feasibility in Pakistan
⁎
Muhammad Arshada, , Ijaz Banoa, Nasrullah Khana, Mirza Imran Shahzadb, Muhammad Younusa,
⁎
Mazhar Abbasa, Munawar Iqbalc,
a
Jhang-Campus, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
b
College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan
c
Department of Chemistry, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The availability of sufficient, affordable and environmentally benign energy is one of the major challenges
Poultry waste worldwide. This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of poultry waste for energy generation in
Feedstock Pakistan. The adoption of renewable energy sources is of paramount importance towards the energy security.
Biogas, renewable energy This paper reports the potential of energy generation from poultry waste. To date, twenty five thousand poultry
Electricity
farms are operating to fulfill the protein demand of the population, which is increasing day by day and a huge
amount of waste is produced from poultry farming in Pakistan. The waste generated from poultry farming is
estimated and technology for the conversion of poultry waste into biogas is discussed and finally, the electricity
generation based on poultry waste is estimated. A 280 MWh/day of electricity can be generated from the biogas
produced from poultry waste and this adaptation would be a valuable addition of renewable energy in country
existing energy system. Currently, there is a lack of infrastructure in Pakistan to adopt alternate and renewable
energy sources. The researcher, businessman, venture capital and Government policies collectively could initiate
the renewable energy disposition. Initially, a public-private partnership could be best practice to initiate this
technology at the farm level. The utilization of poultry waste for energy generation is feasible and en-
vironmentally benign. The Government financial initiatives and technical support under the renewable energy
policies is of paramount importance of adoption of this technology in Pakistan.

1. Introduction
Socioeconomic progress relies on the energy streams. Currently,
Pakistan is under energy crises. In spite of sources of renewable energy,
Pakistan is still using conventional methods of energy generation. In the
current decade, the energy utilization increased, but energy generation
system did not update to meet to energy requirement [1]. According to
National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), the electricity
deficit was a 6000 Mega Watt (MW) in 2013 and this power deficiency
fluctuates between 4000 to 5000 MW round the year [2]. In the same
year, gross domestic product (GDP) reduced by 3–4% due energy crises,
which affected the Pakistan economy severely due to shutdown of in-
dustries [3,4].
To meet the energy challenge and environmental safety, there is
need to adopt the renewable energy sources [5–8]. In this regard,
various authors have reported the potential of Agra-industrial wastes
for energy generation from different countries [9–17]. Pakistan is one
of the world's largest producers of agricultural and industrial goods.
However, due to lack of Government management practices, Pakistan is
under severe energy crises due to volatile geopolitical situation and lack
of Government interest [5,12]. For sufficient, affordable and en-
vironmentally friendly energy generation [18], there is need to mix the
alternate and renewable energy sources with existing energy systems
[19]. Various authors suggested the adoption of renewable energy
sources from developing and developed countries [20–32] as alternate
and sustainable energy versus conventional energy sources.
The poultry industry is well developed in Pakistan [33]. The poultry
farming is running commercially in Pakistan and The Government
waived off sales and income tax import facilities [34]. To date, the
poultry farming is one of the important sectors, which is 5.76% of
agricultural production and 1.26% of whole gross domestic product
(GDP) [35].

Abbreviations: PEPCO, Pakistan electric power company; MW, Mega Watt; NEPRA, National Electric Power Regulatory Authority; GDP, Gross Domestic Product; VFA, Volatile Fatty
Acids; KWh, Kilo Watt Hours; MWh, Mega Watt Hours
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: muhammad.arshad@uvas.edu.pk (M. Arshad), bosalvee@yahoo.com (M. Iqbal).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.007
Received 29 September 2016; Received in revised form 26 May 2017; Accepted 3 September 2017
Available online 13 September 2017
1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. Arshad et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81 (2018) 1241–1246

Currently, more than twenty five thousand poultry farms are oper-
ating to fulfill the protein demand of the population in Pakistan, which
are consist of laying hens (for eggs), broiler (for meat) and hatcheries
(for reproduction) forms. This number is increasing day by day due to
country population expansion. As a result of poultry processing, a huge
amount of waste is produced [35,36]. The poultry waste is purely or-
ganic matter and currently, this organic matter is produced as waste
since it has no application in any sector [37]. The waste produced
during poultry processing includes feathers, blood, manure, which is
organic in nature and can be used biogas generation. The biogas pro-
duced can be utilized for electricity generation [38]. The biogas can be
produced from poultry waste through anaerobic digestion process
[37,39] and biodigestate produced during anaerobic digestion is a nu-
trient rich by-product and used as a fertilizer [40]. The biogas produced
is a valuable energy source that has a diverse application [41,42]
[16,17] along with electricity generation [4].
Keeping in view the importance of renewable energy and poultry
waste management, this article reports the overview of poultry industry
in Pakistan. The principle objectives were to estimation of poultry
waste (type and nature), biogas production from waste and finally, the
feasibility of electricity generation from the biogas. The state of the art
of conversion and poultry waste into biogas is discussed. The in-
formation presented would be a valuable addition to feasibility of en-
ergy generation and significant energy added to the existing energy
system of Pakistan.

2. Types and biochemical composition poultry waste
2.1. Composition of manure and droppings
According to [38], about 2 kg manure is produced per chicken and
current poultry forming of Pakistan produces 1 million tons of manure
every year [43]. Manure and droppings are the tremendous source of
organic matter and a valuable feedstock for biogas production [44]. The
composition of manure is reported elsewhere [45–47]. Poultry waste is
composed of manure/dropping (organic matter), blood & feather (pro-
teins), offal (lipids) and head & feet (proteins & lipids) [45–61]. Manure
contains 35%, 24% and 18% dry matter, protein and lipids, respec-
tively. Biogas (methane) is produced from organic matter through
anaerobic decomposition and this process is called methanogens [62].
2.2. Composition of slaughter waste
About 20% of a poultry bird of total weight converted into waste in
the slaughtering process [63]. Among slaughtering waste, four million
tons of feathers are gathered annually [64,65]. Fig. 1 shows the waste
components produced from a single bird [37,66,67]. The slaughtering
waste is composed of organic matter and a valuable feed-stock for
biogas production [48]. A small portion of slaughtering waste also
contains crude proteins and fats. The feathers are composed of keratin
Fig. 1. Poultry waste produced from a single bird during farming and slaughtering pro-
cess.
Fig. 2. Pathway for conversion of poultry waste into degradation products and biogas
production.
(90%) that contains proteins as major portion, whereas heads, legs
contain protein and lipids and bones contain mineral substances [68].
Another part of slaughtering waste is blood, which contains protein and
fats along with other minor parts. The β-keratin is present in feathers
are hard to digest by proteases due to disulfide bonds [69,70] and can
be digested by anaerobic process [37].
3. Biogas production from poultry waste
The poultry waste is organic in nature and is composed of biode-
gradable moieties like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Fig. 2 shows
the pathway for conversion of poultry waste into degradation product
and biogas production [71,72]. The biomaterial is degraded into glu-
cose, amino acid and fatty acid through a hydrolysis process [73,74].
Overall, the biogas production process occurred in four phases, i.e.,
hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis [75]. The
acidogenic bacteria able to produce biogas by converting the de-
gradation products (in hydrolysis process) into H2, CO2, acetates and
volatile fatty acids. The volatile fatty acids are decomposed into acetate
and H2. Finally, CH4 is produced by methanogenic bacteria [76].
Manure is produced from laying birds section and deceased birds,
which is also produced in huge quantity. The possibility of utilization of
poultry waste in combination with rice husk has already been suggested
for energy and process was regarded as an economical and environment
friendly process [5,77]. Anaerobic digestion is a viable technology for
production of biogas from manure and an environment friendly man-
agement of waste [78], the residual of anaerobic digestion contains
valuable nutrients and could be used as fertilizer [79], which is con-
sidered a good practice for conversion of manure to fertilizer. Without
anaerobic digestion the conversion of manure and droppings into fer-
tilizer is problematic. For this, manure is stored in open silos [80]. In
this way, manure is fermented and used as a fertilizer [81]. In view of
the negative impact of direct application of manure as fertilizer
[82,83], the anaerobic digestion of manure in biogas plants has an
advantage over composting since along with biogas production in
biogas plant [84]. The reported waste produced in the poultry farms in

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M. Arshad et al.
Fig. 3. Poultry waste (types and amount) produced in poultry farming from 2011 to 2015.
the last five years is shown in Fig. 3. The poultry waste (manure, blood,
feather, feet, etc.) is produced in huge amount. If all the waste produced
is managed properly through anaerobic digestion, then up to 97.5 ×
106 m3 biogas can be generated. This amount of biogas is enough to
generate up to 300 (MWh)/day [38,45,50,51,54,55,85]. The residue of
biogas production plants is bio-digestate, which could be used as bio-
fertilizer [45,51,81,86].
To date, the major source of meat in Pakistan is poultry, and to
accomplish the meat demand, the poultry birds are slaughtered, leaving
behind the a huge amount of slaughterhouse waste, which include
feathers (70 × 106 kg in 2015), blood (60 × 106 kg in 2015), feet (100
× 106 kg in 2015), viscera (140 × 106 kg in 2015) and other residues
[87,88]. This huge amount of waste produced in slaughter house is also
convertible (organic portion) into biogas, which a good waste man-
agement as well as conversion of waste into valuable products [89].
Currently, rendering technique is used to dispose slaughter house waste
[90], which is further utilized for lipid extraction. The slaughterhouse
waste is collected from slaughter houses and subjected to rendering
plants [91]. The same portion of fat and oil produced in rendering
process is used for edible purpose (converted into cooking oil and
margarine) and remaining for inedible purpose (animal feed) [92]. The
second portion of slaughter houses waste is protein [93]. The slaughter
house waste is dumped out, which cause various environmental issues
[5,94,95]. In rendering process, the management of slaughter house
process needs huge amount of input such as grinding, heating (up to
145 °C) [96]. However, fat and protein (organic in nature) waste of
slaughterhouse can easily converted into biogas through anaerobic di-
gestion [97]. The pathway and by-products formation scheme is shown
in Fig. 2 [71,72].
4. Biogas as a renewable energy source
Under the current scenario of energy shortage of Pakistan [5,98,99],
the alternative energy sources mix up with existing energy sources is
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81 (2018) 1241–1246
obligatory, and if these sources would be renewable energy then en-
vironmental issue can also be settled down [100,101]. The poultry
waste utilization is one of the options among renewable energy sources
in Pakistan and Ali et al. [5] already suggested to utilize poultry manure
in combination with rice husk as a potential source of energy in Paki-
stan. Other renewable energy sources are; animal manure [43], solar
energy, wind energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy
and fuel cell technology [102], micro hydel power station [103], nu-
clear energy [104]. The main barriers in not adopting the renewable
energy in Pakistan are institutional, financial barriers, market-related,
technological & information and social etc [105]. In advanced coun-
tries, poultry waste conversion in biogas is in practice [106]. Major by-
products that humans do not consume are feathers, intestines, blood,
heads & feet, bones, lungs, fat and slaughter waste [107]. Currently,
Pakistan is under huge deficiency of energy [99]. It is reported that in
spite of spending ~14.5 billion US dollars on crude oil purchase, Pa-
kistan is unable to meet the energy demand [4]. So far, the exploration
of possibilities and adoption alternate energy sources would be appre-
ciable, which will be the best substitute to the conventional fuels and
energy sources [43]. The biogas production for electricity generation is
also a viable possibility in Pakistan and best to manage water to avoid
environmental issue as well [5,100,101]. Based on the waste produced
in poultry forms in Pakistan, there is possibility to produce biogas for
electricity generation and a significant addition of energy source in the
existing energy system of Pakistan. 2.5 kW h (kWh) electricity can be
generated from one cubic meter of biogas [4]. Fig. 4 shows the total
organic matter produced in a poultry farm, the amount of biogas pro-
duced and the electricity generation possibility [37,108]. Based on
poultry waste and biogas production, ~300 MWh/day of electricity can
be generated in Pakistan, which would be a valuable addition of energy
as a renewable energy in the Pakistan energy system.
M. Arshad et al.
Fig. 4. Estimated biogas production and electricity generation based on total poultry waste (organic matter) produced from 2011 to 2015.
5. Conclusion and suggestions
Renewable energy technology holds great potentials as alternatives
to conventional energy to reduce the local electricity deficit. Biogas is
considered as a promising renewable energy source to supply local
electricity deficit. Recently, the biogas plants based on poultry waste
gained much attention in view of the availability of huge amounts of
poultry waste. Present article reports the amount of poultry waste
produced and its feasibility for electrical generation. The poultry in-
dustry is a prospective and progressive sector in Pakistan. A huge
amount of waste is produced annually and currently, there is no sig-
nificant use of poultry waste. The poultry waste causes a significant
environmental problem since poultry waste is wasted in open land. One
of the most promising processes to exploit this waste is the production
of biogas through anaerobic digestion. The biogas thus produced could
be used for electricity generation locally. Based on the amount of biogas
produced from poultry waste, there is a feasibility to generate 280
MWh/day of electricity. Additionally, this will reduce the environ-
mental impact of poultry waste and digestion residue can be used as
fertilizer. The generation of electricity could be a valuable addition of
energy source in existing energy grid as a renewable energy. Currently,
institutional, financial, technological and lack of interest (society and
government) are the main barriers in not adopting the renewable en-
ergy sources in Pakistan. The identification of resources, funds and
technological knowledge have key role in adopting renewable and
sustainable energy disposition in the developing countries. The re-
searcher, businessman, venture capital and Government policies col-
lectively could initiate this energy disposition. Initially, a public-private
partnership could be best practice to initiate this technology at the farm
level.
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81 (2018) 1241–1246
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to anonymous reviewers for valuable suggestions
for the improvement of the contents of the article.
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