8/18/2016

Lecture 2nd
Approximate Methods of Distribution
System Analysis

Course Teacher:
Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Aman
Course Code:
EE-524
Course Title:
Electrical Power Distribution System Engineering -1
Venue:
Department of Electrical Engineering , NED University Karachi.
1

2nd Lecture’s Outline

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2nd Lecture’s Outline

‰ Need for Approximate Methods
‰ Voltage Drop Calculations
‰ Line Impedance Calculations
‰ K-Factor (kVA Factor) in Voltage Drop Calculations
9Kdrop
9Krise

Need for Approximate Methods

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Need for Approximate Methods

9A distribution feeder provides service to unbalanced three-phase, two-phase, and
single-phase loads over un-transposed three-phase, two-phase, and single-phase line
segments.
9This combination leads to three-phase line currents and line voltages being
unbalanced.
9In order to analyze these conditions as precisely as possible, it will be necessary
to model all three phases of the feeder accurately, however, many times only a
“ballpark” answer is needed. When this is the case, some approximate methods of
modeling and analysis can be employed.

• ballpark
Meaning: an area or range within which an amount or estimate is likely to be correct.
Example: "we can make a pretty good guess that this figure's in the ballpark"
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Need for Approximate Methods

9All of the approximate methods of modeling and analysis will assume perfectly
balanced three-phase systems and all line segments will be three-phase and perfectly
transposed. With these assumptions, a single line-to-neutral equivalent circuit for the
feeder will be used.

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Voltage Drop Calculations

Voltage Drop
9A line-to-neutral equivalent circuit of a three-phase line segment
serving a balanced three-phase load is shown in Figure 3.1. Kirchhoff’s
voltage law applied to the circuit of Figure 3.1 gives:

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Voltage Drop
9For the following system, assume the voltage at N1 is 2400 volts. Assume that the
power factor of the loads is 0.9 lagging. The impedance of the lines are: z = 0.3 +
j0.6 Ω/mile.

9The ratings of the transformers are

Voltage Drop
9the impedance of the first line segment (N1 to N2) is

9The current flowing in the line is 43.0093 <-25.8419 A.

I12 = 43.0∠ − 25.84 A
I 23 = 33.9∠ − 26.24 A
I 34 = 22.9∠ − 26.27 A
9Compute the voltage at node N2.

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Voltage Drop
Solution
Method A. Exact Voltage drop at node N2

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Voltage Drop
Method B: Approximate Voltage drop at node N2

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Line Impedance

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Line Impedance
• For the approximate
modeling of a line segment, it
will be assumed that the line
segment is transposed.
• With this assumption,
only the positive sequence
impedance of the line
segment needs to be
determined.
• A typical three-phase line
configuration is shown in
Figure 3.3. 14

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Line Impedance
• In transmission system, we know that inductance of a line is
calculated as follows:
GMD
Lx = 2 ×10 −7 ln
GMR
• In the three phase case, for line conductors arbitrarily placed

Deq = Geometric Mean Distance = 3 Dab Dbc Dca

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Line Impedance
• In distribution system, the positive sequence impedance for the
configuration shown in Figure 3.3 is given by:
⎛ Deq ⎞
z positive = r + j 0.12134 × ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Ω / mile
⎝ GMR ⎠
Where

• r=conductor resistance (from tables) in ohms per mile

(1mile=5280feet)
• GMR=conductor geometric mean radius (from tables) (ft.)
Deq = Geometric Mean Distance = 3 Dab Dbc Dca

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Line Impedance
• A three-phase line segment has the configuration as shown in Figure
3.3. The spacings between conductors are
Dab = 2.5 ft. Dbc = 4.5 ft. Dab = 7.0 ft.

The conductors of the line are 336,400 26/7 ACSR. Determine the
positive sequence impedance of the line in ohms/mile

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Line Impedance
Solution:

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K-Factor (kVA Factor) in Voltage Drop

Calculations

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• A first approximation for calculating the voltage drop along a line
segment is given by Equation 3.3. Another approximation is made by
employing a ‘‘K” factor.
• There will be two types of K factors: one for voltage drop and the
other for voltage rise calculations.
• The Kdrop factor is defined as:
Percent voltage drop
K drop =
kVA . mile

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• The Kdrop factor is determined by computing the percent voltage drop
down a line that is one mile long and serving a balanced three-phase load
of 1 kVA.
• The percent voltage drop is referenced to the nominal voltage of the
line. In order to calculate this factor, the power factor of the load must be
assumed.

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• For the line of Example 3.2, compute the K drop factor assuming a
load power factor of 0.9 lagging and a nominal voltage of 12.47 kV (line-
to-line).

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• Solution

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• Solution (cont…)

• The Kdrop factor can be used to quickly compute the approximate

voltage drop down a line section. For example, assume a load of 7500
kVA is to be served at a point 1.5 miles from the substation. Using the
Kdrop factor computed in Example 3.3, the percent voltage drop down the
line segment is computed to be:

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• This example demonstrates that a load of 7500 kVA can be served 1.5
miles from the substation with a resulting voltage drop of 3.97%. Suppose
now that the utility has a maximum allowable voltage drop of 3.0%. How
much load can be served 1.5 miles from the substation?

3.0%
kVAload = = 5667.2 kVA
0.00035291× 1.5

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• The Kdrop factor computed in Example 3.3 is for the 336,400 26/7
ACSR conductor with the conductor spacings defined in Example 3.2, a
nominal voltage of 12.47 kV, and a load power factor of 0.9 lagging.
Unique Kdrop factors can be determined for all standard conductors,
spacings, and voltages.
• Fortunately, most utilities will have a set of standard conductors,
standard conductor spacings, and one or two standard distribution
voltages. Because of this, a simple spreadsheet program can be written
that will compute the Kdrop factors for the standard configurations.
• The assumed power factor of 0.9 lagging is a good approximation for
a feeder serving a predominately residential load.
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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• The application of the Kdrop factor is not limited to computing the
percent voltage drop down just one line segment. When line segments are
in cascade, the total percent voltage drop from the source to the end of the
last line segment is the sum of the percent drops in each line segment.
• This seems logical, but it must be understood that in all cases the
percent drop is in reference to the nominal line-to-neutral voltage. That is,
the percent voltage drop in a line segment is not referenced to the source
end voltage, but rather the nominal line-to-neutral voltage, as would be the
usual case.
• Next example will demonstrate this application.

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• A three-segment feeder is shown in Figure 3.4. The Kdrop factor for the
line segments is Kdrop = 0.00035291. Determine the percent voltage drop
from N0 to N3.

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• Solution:

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• Solution (cont..):

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K-Factor in Voltage Drop Calculations

• The application of the Kdrop factor provides an easy way of
computing the approximate percent voltage drop from a source to a load.
• It should be kept in mind that the assumption has been a perfectly
balanced three-phase load, an assumed load power factor, and transposed
line segments. Even with these assumptions the results will always
provide a ‘‘ballpark” result that can be used to verify the results of more
sophisticated methods of computing voltage drop.

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Krise Factor

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Krise Factor
• The Krise factor is similar to the Kdrop factor except that now the
load is a shunt capacitor. When a leading current flows through an
inductive reactance there will be a voltage rise across the reactance rather
than a voltage drop.

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Krise Factor
• This is illustrated by the phasor diagram of Figure 3.5.

• Referring to Figure 3.5, the voltage rise is defined as

Vrise = Re(ZIcap ) = X . I cap

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Krise Factor
• In Equation 3.6 it is necessary to take the magnitude of the real part of
ZI so that the voltage rise is a positive number. The Krise factor is defined
exactly the same as for the Kdrop factor:

Percent voltage rise

K rise =
kVA . mile

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Krise Factor
Problem
1. Calculate the Krise factor for the line of Example 3.3.
2. Determine the rating of a three-phase capacitor bank to limit the voltage drop in
Example 3.3 to 2.5%.
• Solution

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Krise Factor
• Solution

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Krise Factor
• Solution
2. The percent voltage drop in Example 3.3 was computed to be 3.9702%. To limit
the voltage drop to 2.5%, the required voltage rise due to a shunt capacitor bank is
Vrise= 3.9702-2.5= 1.4702%
The required rating of the shunt capacitor is

Vrise 1.4702
kvar = = = 2430.18kvar
K rise . mile 0.00040331×1.5

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Voltage Drop Calculation for a Two Wire System

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Voltage Drop Calculations for a Two Wire System

• Consider a Two Wire, 120V street
lighting system having a different
lighting load at points A to F.
• HPS lamps are used in the system
• #4 AWG conductor is extended from
Service Point (SP) to C
• #6 AWG conductor is extended from
C to F
• Distances in feet are marked on Fig.
• Calculate the total voltage drop from
SP to F.

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Voltage Drop Calculations for a Two Wire System

• Table B shows the KVA demand for HPS lamps

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Voltage Drop Calculations for a Two Wire System

• K Factor per 1000 feet for different voltage systems are given in Table A

Table A: K Factor per 1000 feet

Street Light circuit Cu conductor size AWG
voltage and designation #10 #8 #6 #4 #2
480 2W1P 95%PF 4.45 2.87 1.82 1.16 0.75
240 2W1P 95%PF 8.9 5.75 3.64 2.32 1.49
120 2W1P 95%PF 17.8 11.5 7.28 4.64 2.98

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Voltage Drop Calculations for a Two Wire System

K × kVA × d
Voltage Drop (inVolts) =
1000

Where
d=circuit distance in feet
K= K-drop factor from Table A
kVA = KVA vales from Table B

Maximum voltage drop is 5% from service point to furthest .

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Voltage Drop Calculations for a Two Wire System

• Solution:
From To Total K d/1000 Voltage Drop
KVA (=C3xC4xC5)
Demand
SP A 2.028 4.64 0.250 2.35V
A B 1.776 4.64 0.200 1.65V
B C 1.572 4.64 0.250 1.82V
C D 1.071 7.28 0.225 1.75V
D E 0.570 7.28 0.180 0.75V
E F 0.252 7.28 0.140 0.26V
Total Voltage drop from service point to F 8.58V
Maximum Permissible = 0.05x120V 6.00V

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