DGPS

PRINCIPLE AND WORKING

Presentation by:
Baljinder Kaur
 GPS
 Stands for Global Positioning System.
 GPS is used to get an exact location on or above the surface of the

earth (1cm to 100m accuracy).

 Developed by U.S. Department of Defense in 1980 and made available

to public in 1983.
 GPS is a very important data input source.
 GPS is one of two (soon to be more) GNSS – Global Navigation

Satellite System
GNSS
NAVSTAR – U.S. Department of Defense. (“GPS”)
GLONASS – Russian system
Galileo – European system (online in 2019?)
Compass/BeiDou-2 – Chinese system in development (operational with
10 satellites as of December, 2011; 35 planned)

GPS and GLONASS are free to use!
GNSS comparison
• GLONASS
• 24 satellites (100% deployed)
• 3 orbital planes
• GPS
• 31 satellites (>100% deployed)
• 6 orbital planes
GPS
 GPS is worldwide Radio-Navigation System formed from
24-30 satellites and their ground stations.
 Satellites orbit earth every 12 hours at approximately

20,200 km.
 GPS uses satellites in space as reference points for

locations here on earth.


GPS Uses
 Agriculture
 Surveying
 Navigation (air, sea, land)
 Engineering
 Military operations
 Unmanned vehicle guidance
 Mapping
What's a GPS signal?
 There are two frequencies of low power radio signals that GPS
satellites transmit.
 These are called L1 and L2.
 The L1 frequency at 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band is what comes
into play for civilian applications. Wavelength about 19 cm.
 The L2 frequency at 1227.60 Mhz is used for deference purpose.
Wavelength about 24 cm.
How Global Positioning System works?
 GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit
and transmit signal information to earth.
 GPS receivers take this information and use to calculate the user's
exact location.
 The receiver can determine the user's position and display it on
the unit's electronic map.
• This method assumes we can find exact distance from our GPS receiver to
a satellite. HOW???
• Simple answer: See how long it takes for a radio signal to get from the
satellite to the receiver.
• 
Distance = Velocity * Time
• We know speed of light, but we also need to know:

1) When the signal left the satellite

2)When the signal arrived at the receiver
To do this requires comparing lag in pseudo-random code, one
from satellite and one generated at the same time by the receiver.
 This code has to be extremely complex (hence almost random), so

that patterns are not linked up at the wrong place on the code.

 Sent by satellite at time t0


Received from
satellite at time t1
• Assumption: The code also has to be generated from each source
at exactly the same time. (1/1000th sec means 200 miles of error!)
• So, the satellites have expensive atomic clocks that keep nearly
perfect time—that takes care of their end.
•
SATELLITE TRIANGULATION
Distance measurements from
two satellites limits our location
to the intersection of two
spheres, which is a circle.
A third measurement
narrows our location
to just two points.
 A fourth measurement
determines which point is
our true location
 DGPS
Base
Rover

It is the stationary It is the receiver to

receiver situated at which we move to take
suitable location of readings at different
site. places of site.
Working Principle

How does DGPS work?
 The stationary receiver must be located on a known control point
 The stationary unit works backwards—instead of using timing to calculate

position, it uses its position to calculate timing.

 Can do this because precise location of stationary receiver is known, and

hence, so is location of satellite

 Once it knows error, it determines a correction factor and sends it to the

other receiver.

 Message sent to rover with correction factor for all satellites.
 More reference stations becoming available.
GPS Error Sources
•Wave path errors
•Satellite orbit errors
•Multipath
•Satellite Geometry (PDOP)
•Satellite Constellation changes
Atmospheric Errors
Constellation Changes
Satellite Orbit Errors
Atmospheric Errors
Multipath
Dilution of Precision
Dilution of Precision
Differential Correction
•Base Station generates corrections for all satellites in view
•Roving GPS receiver uses corrections to reduce errors
•Differential correction can be performed in either real-time or post-processed
mode
Corrected Results
Possible Corrections
Possible
• Wave path
• Satellite orbit errors
• Satellite constellation changes

Exceptions
• Multipath
• Satellite Geometry
Base Station
Site Requirements
• Clear view to satellites
• Known coordinates
• Clear of transmitters (TV, radar)
• Line of site to rover is not necessary
Elevation Mask (problem)
Elevation Mask (solution)
Sources of Base Data (for Post Processing)
•
•Community Base Stations (CBS)
– government, commercial or public
• Internet Access
• Set up your own
– GPS Base Station
– Rover units used as a base
Errors Removed by DGPS

Signal Noise 0-30 meters All Removed

Clock Drift 0-1.5 meters All Removed
Multipath 0-1 meters All Removed
Ephemeris Data 1-5 meters All Removed
Troposphere 0-30 meters All Removed
Ionosphere 0-30 meters Mostly Removed
 Some GPS Devices

GPS Maps Smart Phones TOMTOM

(CARS)
Smart Watches TABLETS
Types of Maps

Two Dimensional Three Dimensional