World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Sujatha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

SJIF Impact Factor 5.990

Volume 4, Issue 5, 524-541. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

“IMMINENT INTRIGUING ACQUIRED POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL

EFFECT OF MARINE SEA WEEDS: A REVIEW”

S. Sujatha*1, Rajasree S.R2, Sowmya J. D2 and Micheal Donatus3

1
Associate, International Centre for Bioresource Management.
2
MSC Students, Department of Biotechnology, Malankara Catholic College, Mariagiri
Malankara Catholic College, Mariagiri, Kaliakkavilai, 629153.
3
Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, VIIT University, TN.

ABSTRACT
Article Received on
01 March 2015, Marine environment is an exceptional reservoir of biologically active
Revised on 23 March 2015, natural products, many of which exhibits structural features not been
Accepted on 14 April 2015
found in terrestrial natural products. Marine algae or seaweed, the most
accessible marine resource of the coastal zone occupy potentially
*Correspondence for important place as a source of biomedical components. The common
Author major compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, steroids, glycosides can
Dr. S. Sujatha
be extracted using polar solvents such as Methanol, Ethyl acetate and
Associate, International
Centre for Bioresources
Chloroform during Phytochemical process. These results were
Management. compared with the recently reported qualitative phytochemical tests
which were used to detect the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins,
flavonoids, glycosides and phenols from the seaweeds. Marine genus synthesizes active
constituents which are used in traditional and complementary medicine. Different varieties of
marine algae were reported to contain active ingredients that can cure diseases. Nowadays,
higher percentage of population prefers to use remedies of natural origin for curing illness as
these claimed to produce less side effects. Seaweeds are considered as a source of bioactive
compounds as they are able to produce a great variety of secondary metabolites characterized
by a broad spectrum of biological activities. Biostimulant properties of seaweeds are explored
for use in agriculture and the antimicrobial activities for the development of novel antibiotics.
Seaweeds have some valuable medicinal components such as antibiotics, laxatives, anti-
coagulants, anti-ulcer products and suspending agents in radiological preparations. Fresh and
dry seaweeds are extensively consumed by people especially living in the coastal areas. From
the literature, it is observed that the edible seaweeds contain a significant amount of the

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proteins, vitamins and minerals, which are essential nutrition for human. The present review
was highlighted various biological activity and biomedical potential and its bioactive
substances especially brown and green marine sea weeds.

KEYWORDS: Marine seaweed, Biopotential activity, Secondary metabolites, Edible

seaweeds

INTRODUCTION
Marine algae are not only the primary and major producers of organic matter in the sea, but
they also exert profound effects on the density and distribution of other inhabitants of the
marine environment. An understanding of the wide range of behavioral relationships that
exist among organisms would provide us with clues to substances of biomedical interest.
Marine secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by microbes, sponges,
seaweeds, and other marine organisms. The host organism biosynthesizes these compounds
as non-primary or secondary metabolites to protect themselves and to maintain homeostasis
in their environment. Some of these secondary metabolites offer avenues for developing cost-
effective, safe and potent drugs. Nearly 50 lakhs (50,000,00) species available in the sea are
virtually untapped sources of secondary metabolites. Those compounds already isolated from
seaweeds are providing valuable ideas for the development of new drugs against cancer,
microbial infections and inflammation (Elena et al., 2001; Kim et al., 1997; Okai et al., 1997)
apart from their potential ecological/industrial significances such as controlling reproduction,
settlement/ biofouling and feeding deterrents (Selvin, 2002). In this background, the present
study intended to evaluate the toxic influence, activity range and potency of seaweeds
collected from the peninsular coast of India.

Bioactive potential in Marine sea weeds

Algae are found everywhere on earth: in the sea, rivers and lakes, on soil and walls, in animal
and plants (as symbionts-partners collaborating together); in fact just about everywhere
where there is a light to carry out photosynthesis. Seaweeds are marine plants, divided into
three categories based on their colors, such as red (4,500 species), green (900 species) and
brown (1,000 species). These organisms constitute a total of 25-30,000 species, with a great
diversity of forms and sizes, and that can exist from unicellular microscopic organisms
(microalgae) to multi cellular of great size (macro algae). Seaweeds are considered as a
source of bioactive compounds as they are able to produce a great variety of secondary
metabolites characterized by a broad spectrum of biological activities. The environment in

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Sujatha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

which seaweeds grow is harsh as they are exposed to a combination of light and high oxygen
concentrations. These factors can lead to the formation of free radicals and other strong
oxidizing agents but seaweeds seldom suffer any serious photodynamic damage during
metabolism. This fact implies that seaweed cells have some protective mechanisms and
compounds (Matasukawa et al., 1997). The total global seaweed production of the world in
the year 2004 was >15 million metric tons of which nearly 15–20% is contributed by Indian
Ocean region (FAO, 2006). Extensive screening of marine microalgae has led to the isolation
and chemical determination of over 15, 000 compounds, including fatty acids, sterols,
phenolic compounds, terpenes, enzymes, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and flavonoids. More
recent reports revealed that marine algae possess rich sources of antioxidant compounds with
potential free radical scavenging activity.

Pharmaceutical importance in Sea weeds

From the time immemorial the macroscopic marine algae have been closely associated with
human life and are being exhaustively used in numerous ways as a source of food, feed,
fertilizer, medicine and chiefly for economically important phycocolloids (Levering et al.,
1969; Chapman, 1970). Marine algae contain more than 60 trace elements in a concentration
much higher than in terrestrial plants. They also contain protein, iodine, bromine, vitamins
and substances of stimulatory and antibiotic nature. The phytochemicals from marine algae
are extensively used in various industries such as food, confectionary, and textile,
pharmaceutical, dairy and paper mostly as gelling, stabilizing and thickening agents.
Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are the renewable living resources which are also used as
food, feed and fertilizer in many parts of the world (Table-1).

In addition to vitamins and minerals, seaweeds are also potentially good sources of proteins,
polysaccharides and fibres (Lahaye, 1991 and Darcy-Vrillon, 1993). Indian seaweeds are of
great food value and certain seaweeds contain 16 to 30% protein on dry weight and have all
essential amino acids which are not available in vegetable food materials. The highest protein
content is recorded for red seaweeds such as Porphyra tenera and Palmaria palmata which
contain, respectively; up to 47 and 35% proteins expressed as dry weight (Fujiwara-Arasaki
et al., 1984; Morgan et al., 1980). Brown seaweeds, with the exception of Undaria
pinnatifida, are known to contain proteins forming 5 to 10% of dry weight. Green algae
belonging to the genus Ulva contain 18 to 26% proteins (Bruni and Stancher, 1973; Nisizawa
et al., 1987). Seaweeds are considered to produce a great variety of secondary metabolites

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Sujatha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

characterized by a broad spectrum of biological activities. Compounds with cytostatic,

antiviral, antihelminthic, antifungal and antibacterial activities have been detected in green,
brown and red algae (Lindequist and Schweder, 2001; Newman et al., 2003). Extracts of
marine algae were reported to exhibit antibacterial activity (Siddhanta et al., 1997, Mahasneh
et al., 1995, Sachithananthan and Sivapalan 1975). Several workers have reported that the
seaweed extracts exhibit inhibitory activity against a number of gram positive and gram
negative bacterial pathogens. A number of seaweeds have been studied for their antibacterial
activity both in India and abroad (Pratt et al., 1951; Chester and Stott, 1956; Burkholder et
al., 1960; Allen and Dawson, 1960; Nunez and Sanabria, 1975). Sitakara Rao and Tipnis
(1964) found high protein content in three species of Ulva. Dhargalkar et al., (1980) have
estimated the protein, carbohydrate and organic carbon content in 43 marine algal species
collected from different marine stations along the Maharashtra coast and observed more
protein and carbohydrate content in Chlorophycean and Rhodophycean then Phaeophycean
algae. Total lipid, sterol and chlorophyll content of Enteromorpha intestinalis, Caulerpa
taxifolia, Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria corticata and Padina gymnospora were estimated
(Parekh et al., 1983). Parekh et al., (1985) investigated biochemical composition of
Enteromorpha flexuosa of Gujarat coast. Reeta Jeyasankar et al., (1990) have also estimated
protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents of 23 species of green algae collected from the
Mandapam area of the Tamilnadu coast. Selvaraj and Sivakumar (1998) studied biochemical
composition of three species of Sargassum from Pamban coast. Shoba et al., (2001) studied
the biochemical composition of algae along the southern Kerala coast with special reference
to fiber content. Seasonal variation in growth and biochemical constitutions such as protein,
carbohydrate and lipid in Hypnea valentiae, Acanthophora spicifera, Laurencia papillosa,
Enteromorpha compressa, Ulva lactuca and Caulerpa racemosa were observed for one year
from Mandapam coast (Kaliaperumalet. al ., 2002). Recently Hannah Vasanthi and
Rajamanikam (2003) studied variations in the chemical constituents of the marine red alga
Hypnea valentiae from Tuticorin and Mandapam coast. Dinesh et al., (2007) studied the
nutritive properties of 20 species of seaweeds from Gulf of Mannar. Padma Sridhar et al.,
(1984) screened the antibacterial activity of extracts of marine algae representing
Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta collected from Vishakapatnam Coast against two pathogens
and also tested their ability to inactivate the enzyme penicllinase under in vitro. Padmakumar
and Ayyakkannu (1986) revealed the antimicrobial activity of marine algae collected from
Porto Novo and Pondicherry waters, against 6 bacterial and 2 fungal pathogens. Rao and
Parekh (1982) showed that crude extracts of seaweeds are active only against gram positive

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Sujatha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

bacteria. Extracts of marine algae were reported to exhibit antibacterial activity (Siddhanta et
al., 1997; Mahasneh et al., 1995). Vanitha et al., (2003) reported the antibacterial action of
nine seaweeds collected from Kanyakumari coast against human upper respiratory tract
pathogens which include both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Kandhasamy and
Arunachalam (2008) found out the in vitro antibacterial property of seaweeds viz. Caulerpa
racemosa, Ulva lactuca, Gracilaria folifera, Hypnea musciformis, Sargassum teneerimum, S.
myriocystem and Padina tetrastomatica collected from Koodankullam village, Tirunelveli,
Tamilnadu against gram negative and gram positive pathogenic bacteria. Some commonly
occurring marine algae Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Ulva lactuca, Pandina tetrastromatica,
Stoecchospermum marginatum and Acanthophora spicifera have been collected from the
coast of Tuticorin, Tamilnadu and evaluated for antifungal and antibacterial activity by using
four solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, methonal and benzene by Jothibai margret
et al., (2008). Arul et al., (2008) found out the antibacterial activity of the methanol, diethyl
ether, acetone and dichloromethane extracts of Padina boergesnii collected from Tuticorin
Coast against 10 human pathogenic bacteria.

Table: 1- Structural view of important Marine seaweeds and its Biological activity
S.NO. Name of the sea weed View of the seaweed Biological Activity

Alaria esculenta Biostimulant

1.
activity

2. Ascophyllum nodosom

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Asperococcus Antifungal activity

3.
fistulosus

4.
Antibacterial
Bifurcaria bifurgata

Cladostephus
Antifungal
spongiosus

Hepatoprotective
6. Copomenia peregrina activity

Anticancer and
antiappoptotic
7. Cystoceira buccata
activity

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Cystoseira nodicaulis
8. Antioxidant
Potential

9. Cystoseira
tamariscifolia Food adherent
activity

10. Dictyota dichotoma Larvicidal activity

Bioactive Compounds in Marine weeds

As more than 70% of the world’s surface is covered by oceans, the wide diversity of marine
organisms offer a rich source of natural products. Marine environment contains a source of
fuctional marerials, including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), polysaccharides, essential
minerals, and vitamins, antioxidants, enzymes and bioactive peptides (Kim et al., 2010).
Among marine organisms, marine algae are rich sources of structurally diverse bioactive
compounds with various biological activities. Recently, their importance as a source of novel
bioactive substances is growing rapidly and researchers have revealed that marine algal
originated compounds exhibit various biological activities (Wijesekara et al., 2010). During
the last years, many studies have been made on biological activities of the seaweed and could
be potential rich sources of natural antioxidants (Matanjun et al., 2008). Seaweeds are the
most accessible marine resource of the coastal zone that occupies potential importance source

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of biochemical compound. Pharmaceutical importances of seaweeds are well known all over
the world and extensive efforts were given to bring out substances from algae. There are a
number of reports regarding the medicinal importance of seaweeds belonging to
Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae from all over the world (Kolanjinathan et al.,
2009, Rajasulochana et al., 2011). Several studies were made earlier on the antimicrobial
activities of marine algae (Battu et al., 2011, Selvi et al., 2011, Tuney et al., 2006,
Veeragurunathan and Geetha, 2009, Veeragurunathan et al., 2008). Marine macro algae are
the most interesting group because of their broad spectrum of biological activities such as
antimicrobial (Chiheb et al., 2011), antiviral (Bouhlal et al., 2010, Bouhlal et al., 2011, Kim
and Karadeniz, 2011), antifungal (De Felicio et al., 2010), anti-allergic (Na et al., 2005) ,
anti-coagulant (Dayong et al., 2008), anti-cancer (Kim et al., 2011), anti-fouling (Bhadury
and Wright, 2004) and antioxidant activities (Devi et al., 2011). They produce a wide variety
of chemically active metabolites in their surroundings as an aid to protect themselves against
other settling organisms (Bhadury and Wright, 2004). There are numerous reports of macro
algae derived chemical compounds that have a broad range of biological activities, some of
which have been used in pharmaceutical industries (Fig-1).

Biochemical Moieties present in Marine sea weed

Seaweeds provide many vitamins and are rich in iodine, potassium, iron, magnesium and
calcium. Many bioactive compounds with cytostatic, antiviral, antihelminthic, antifungal and
antibacterial activities have been detected in green, brown and red algae. Crude extracts of
Gracilaria edulis, Calorpha peltada and Hydroclothres sp. in ethanol were used to screen for
their antibacterial activity against six bacterial pathogens namely, Escherichia coli,
Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus
faecalis and Bacillus cereus (Kolanjinathan and Ganesh, 2009). Antimicrobial activities on
bacteria and fungi were reported by Seenivasan et al., (2010; Sanaa, 2009; Tuney, 2006 5].
Presently seaweeds constitute commercially important marine renewable resources which
provide valuable idea for the development of new drugs against cancer, microbial infections
and inflammations. The algae S. ilicifolium Padina tetrastromatica and the red algae
Gracilaria corticata collected from different coastal regions were tested for antimicrobial
activity against six strains of bacteria and fungi that cause diseases and disorders in man,
animals and plants [Subba et al, Compounds with antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal and
antimicrobial activities have been detected in brown, red and green algae (Garg, 1993). The
bactericidal agents found in algae include aminoacids, terpenoids, phlorotannins, acrylic acid,

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phenolic compounds, steroids, halogenated ketones and alkanes, cyclic polysulphides and
fatty acids (Manilal et al., 2009). As a consequence of an increasing demand for biodiversity
in the screening programmes seeking therapeutic agents from natural products, there is now a
greater interest in marine organisms. The present study was undertaken to investigate the
antibacterial activities of chloroform, ethanol and methanol extracts of two seaweeds
Sargassum ilicifolium and Kappaphycus alvarezii collected from the Rameshwaram coast
against three human pathogenic bacteria namely, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and
Klebsiella sp.

Table -1: Common Marine Edible Seaweeds

S.NO. Name of the Family Name of the seaweed
1. Arame Eisenia bicyclis
2. Badderlocks Alaria esculenta
3. Bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus
4. Carola Callophyllis SP.,
5. Carrageen moss Mastocarpus stellatus
6. Channelled wrack Pelvetia canaliculata
7. Chlorella Chlorella sp.
8. Cochayuyo Durvillaea antarctica
9. Dulse Palmaria palmata
10. Ecklonia cava Ecklonia cava
11. Eucheuma spinosum Eucheuma spinosum
12. Eucheuma cottonii Eucheuma cottonii
13. Gutweed (Enteromorpha Gutweed (Enteromorpha
intestinalis) intestinalis)
14. Gelidiella (Gelidiella acerosa) Gelidiella (Gelidiella acerosa)
15. Gracilaria Gracilaria
16. Gracilaria edulis Gracilaria edulis
17. Gracilaria corticata Gracilaria corticata
18. Hijiki or Hiziki (Sargassum Hijiki or Hiziki (Sargassum
fusiforme) fusiforme)
19. Hypnea order Gigartinales Hypnea order Gigartinales
20. Irish moss (Chondrus crispus Irish moss (Chondrus crispus

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Anxiolytic activity Anti-epileptic activity

Antihelminthic activity
Immunomodulatory
activity
Antimicrobial activity
Antiulergic
activity
Analgesic @
Wound healing Bio-potential of antiinflammator
Effect y
Various
Antihyperglycemic
Seaweeds
Antioxidant activity Hepatoprotective
Activity

Antitumour activity Membrane stabilizing potency

Nephroprotective
effect

Fig: 1- Cumulative Biopotential activities in Marine seaweed

CONCLUSION
Currently, about 50% of drugs used in clinical trials for anticancer activity were isolated from
natural sources such as marine algae (Seaweeds) herbs and spices or related to them. A
number of active compounds such as flavonoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids and alkaloids
have been shown to possess anticancer activity. According to the report of the American
National Cancer Institute (NCI), the criterion of anticancer activity for the crude extracts of
herbs is an IC50<30 μg/ml. Thus, according to the results from current study seems that
marine algae could be employed in ethno-medicine in the treatment of cancerous diseases.
There are some limitations of this study. Relationship between flavonoids concentration and
antioxidant activity were not determined. However, there is a need of detailed scientific study
on traditional medical practices to ensure that valuable therapeutic knowledge of some
seaweed is preserved and also to provide scientific evidence for their efficacies. When the
particular solvent was used to extract from the seaweed materials definitely its will have a
dramatic effect on the compounds against various illness of human. For example, the non
polar fraction from chloroform: methanol extraction of majority of the brown and green
seaweed exhibited a significant protective effect against lipid oxidation associated with

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phospholipids such as, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The

phytochemicals from marine algae are extensively used in various industries such as food,
confectionary and textile, pharmaceutical, dairy and paper mostly as gelling, stabilizing and
thickening agents. Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are the renewable living resources which
are also used as food, feed and fertilizer in many parts of the world.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to our Malankara Catholic College authorities of present Management
Correspondent/Bursar (Rev. Fr. Jose Bright and the Principal) and (Former Correspondent
Rev. Fr. Premkumar, M.S.W) given the encouragement and support for this research
manuscript publication. Then the corresponding author is verymuch thankful to Mr. K.
Sukesh Ass. Professor, Dep. Of Microbiology also Dr. J. Rajagobal HOD, Depmt of
Biotechnology MCC, Mariagiri for them sustainable helps of this review paper publication.

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