Course - 9-Input GW Modeling

Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering
Hidrogeologi Tambang

INPUT DATA
PEMODELAN AIRTANAH
1
(K.J. Halford, 1991) 3

2

3

Physical Framework
Geology
4
Stratigraphy

Hydrostratigraphy Unit
10
5
Hydrostratigraphy Unit
11

Aquifer characteristics
• Unconfined aquifer with depth less than 10 m below the surface.
This aquifer spreads from the elevation 150 m to sea shore. This
aquifer is composed from silty sand lithology. The hydraulic
conductivity value of aquifer is about 3.10 -4 cm/s. The upstream
hydraulic gradient is about 0.031 and changing into 0.003 in
downstream.
• Semi confined aquifer can be found in the depth 10 to 40 m. This

aquifer spreads limitedly in the Westside of research area yet
dominant in the Eastside area. This aquifer is composed of sandy
silt with hydraulic conductivity value about 8.10 -4 cm/s.
• Confined aquifer is in the depth of 40 – 80 m below the surface.

It spreads widely and composed of coarse – medium sand.
Hydraulic conductivity value is about 4.10 -3 cm/s. Hydraulic
gradient in upstream is about 0.015 and changing into 0.007 in
downstream.
• Confined aquifer lies in the depth of > 80 m – 200 m below the

surface. Spreads widely and composed of gravely sand – gravel.
The hydraulic conductivity value is about 8.10 -3 cm/s. Hydraulic
gradient in upstream is 0.006 and changing into 0.003 in
downstream.
12
6
Groundwater flow conceptual model
recharge
PT TI
upstream
Discharge area
downstream
13

Boundary Types
14
7
BOUNDARY CONDITION
Boundary Type Application
• First Kind Boundary (Dirichlet
Boundary) : Specified Pressure or Lakes, rivers, springs,
Hydraulic Head constant head wells,
seepage faces
• Second Kind Boundary (Neumann Impermeable boundary, water
Boundary) : Specified Flux divide, stream line, recharge
(infiltration, evapotranspiration)
sinks, sources
Leaky rivers, drains,

• Third Kind Boundary (Cauchy
Boundary) : Semipermeable or head seepage faces
dependent Boundary
15

Ground-water / Surface-water Interaction

• Hydraulic head in aquifer can be equal to elevation of
surface-water feature or allowed to leak to the surface-
water feature
• Usually defined as a “Constant-Head” or “Specified Head”

Boundary or “Head-dependent flow” boundary
• If elevation of SW changes, as with streams, elevation of the

boundary condition changes
16
8
No-Flow Boundary
• Hydraulic conductivity contrasts between units
• Alluvium on top of tight bedrock
• Assume groundwater does not move across this boundary
• Can use ground-water divide or flow line
17

Note ground-water divide shifts after development—may

or may not be a good no-flow
18
T.E. Reilly, 2000
9
Conceptualizing groundwater system

No Flow
Recharge
Specified Head
K1
K2
K3
K2
No Flow
River Groundwater Divide

19
Model area

Coupling spatial data into groundwater models
20
10
Example of data
21

9160000
9160000
9150000
9150000
9144000
9144000
9138000
9138000
9132000
9132000
9126000
9126000
9115000
9115000
413000 420000 424000 428000 432000 436000 444000

413000 420000 424000 428000 432000 436000 444000
Legend : Faculty of Engineering Legend :

Faculty of Engineering
Inactive area Gadjah Mada University River Gadjah Mada University
Constant Head
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
IN MERAPI - YOGYAKARTA BASIN Drain IN MERAPI - YOGYAKARTA BASIN
22
11
Values of model parameters
• Estimating Inputs (Recharge and Discharge)

• Estimating Aquifer Properties
• Ability to transmit water (hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity)
• Ability to store water (storativity)
• River/Spring interconnection with the aquifer
23

Recharge
• No one universally applicable method
• Traditionally based on percentage of precipitation
• Significant spatial and temporal variations
• Accommodated by Zones
• Rates adjusted during calibration
• Often largest unknown
24
12
9160000
9160000
9150000
9150000
9144000
9144000
9138000
9138000
9132000
9132000
9126000
9126000
9115000
9115000
413000 420000 424000 428000 432000 436000 444000

413000 420000 424000 428000 432000 436000 444000
Legend : Legend :
Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering
annual rainfall 2875 mm annual rainfall 2000 mm Gadjah Mada University 6 m/day Gadjah Mada University
100 m/day 35 m/day
annual rainfall 2625 mm annual rainfall 1750 mm
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 15 m/day 90 m/day 45 m/day
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
annual rainfall 2375 mm IN MERAPI - YOGYAKARTA BASIN 50 m/day 60 m/day IN MERAPI - YOGYAKARTA BASIN
25

Addressing Challenges:
Estimating Recharge and Discharge
Approach: Lots of data collection coupled with

reasonable assumptions
Precipitation
Variation with location Soil characteristics
Irrigated areas
Evapotranspiration
Surface flows
Pumping rates
Variation with time Managed recharge
26
13
Sources and Sinks

•Injection and Pumping Wells
•Flux across the Water Table
•Leakage
27

Pumping Wells
705000 707500 710000 712500 715000 717500 720000 722500
MAP OF CONTOUR PIEZOMETRIC
Pasuruan Municipality (DEEP WELL 50 - 80 M)
N
Gadingrejo
9152500
9152500
Bugulkidul
Rejoso 0 1 2 3 4 5
KM
Purworejo Leg end :

9150000
9150000
Distr ic t B oun dar y
Lekok P rim a ry R oa d
Se c ond ar y R oad
Kraton R iv er
Wa te rsh ed B o unda r y
Su b W ate rsh ed B o unda r y

9147500
9147500
Gondang Wetan Pandanrejo PT TI Hyd rog eo lo gy an d Ge o- Ele ctr ic a l

Production Well R ese a rc h Ar e a
15
Mendalan Se a
Gayam SB 88 SP-A 15 P ie z om e tric C o ntour (dr y s ea son )
þ þ
Kejayan 25
P ie z om e tric C o ntour (w et se aso n)
9145000
9145000
SP-1
2525 20 SB 81 þ P T.TI P r oduc tion W e ll
þ
SB 144 þ
SB 52 þ
SB 121
P T.TI M o nitor in g W ell
þ
SB 145 þ
SB 53
SB 124 þ
þ
Nguling
SB 126
þ
SB 117 þ þ Grati þ Dr illing W e ll L oc ation
þ 35Winongan SB 148
SB 121
9142500
9142500
SB 92 3 Umbulan
45 40 0 Spring
Gr oun dwa te r de vide
Kedungrejo
9140000
9140000
Pasrepan
9137500
9137500
705000 707500 710000 712500 715000 717500 720000 722500

28
14
Pumping Wells
705000 707500 710000 712500 715000 717500 720000 722500
MAP OF CONTOUR PIEZOMETRIC
Pasuruan Municipality (DEEP WELL > 80 M)
N
Gadingrejo
9152500
9152500
Bugulkidul
Rejoso 0 1 2 3 4 5
KM
Purworejo Leg end :
9150000
9150000
Distr ic t B oun dar y
Lekok P rim a ry R oa d
Se c ond ar y R oad
Kraton R iv er
20 SB
þ
103 Wa te rsh ed B o unda r y
Su b W ate rsh ed B o unda r y
9147500
9147500
Gondang Wetan Pandanrejo 15 PT TI

SB 21 þ Production Well
Hyd rog eo lo gy an d Ge o- Ele ctr ic a l
R ese a rc h Ar e a
SB 135 Mendalan Se a
þ
Gayam SB 154
þ SP-A 15 P ie z om e tric C o ntour (dr y s ea son )
þ þ
Kejayan SB 149 25
P ie z om e tric C o ntour (w et se aso n)
9145000
9145000
SP-1
SB 123 35
þ
25 þ P T.TI P r oduc tion W e ll
30 þ P T.TI M o nitor in g W ell
Grati Nguling þ Dr illing W e ll L oc ation

Winongan SB 121
9142500
9142500
Umbulan
40 Spring Gr oun dwa te r de vide
Kedungrejo
9140000
9140000
Pasrepan
9137500
9137500
705000 707500 710000 712500 715000 717500 720000 722500

29

Initial conditions
 Not critical in steady state calculations.
 Can be of decisive importance in instationary (non
steady) model calculations.
30
15
Errors in input data
• in estimated aquifer properties

• in spatial averaging of aquifer properties
• in location and type of boundary conditions
• in initial conditions
• in stresses on the aquifer, of fluid and contaminants
31

32
16
33
17

Course - 9-Input GW Modeling

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Course - 9-Input GW Modeling

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Mining Engineering Department

(K.J. Halford, 1991) 3

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

• Semi confined aquifer can be found in the depth 10 to 40 m. This

• Confined aquifer is in the depth of 40 – 80 m below the surface.

• Confined aquifer lies in the depth of > 80 m – 200 m below the

Groundwater flow conceptual model

Mining Engineering Department

Leaky rivers, drains,

Mining Engineering Department

Ground-water / Surface-water Interaction

• Usually defined as a “Constant-Head” or “Specified Head”

• If elevation of SW changes, as with streams, elevation of the

• Assume groundwater does not move across this boundary

• Can use ground-water divide or flow line

Mining Engineering Department

Note ground-water divide shifts after development—may

Conceptualizing groundwater system

River Groundwater Divide

Mining Engineering Department

Coupling spatial data into groundwater models

Mining Engineering Department

413000 420000 424000 428000 432000 436000 444000

Legend : Faculty of Engineering Legend :

Values of model parameters

• Estimating Inputs (Recharge and Discharge)

Mining Engineering Department

413000 420000 424000 428000 432000 436000 444000

Mining Engineering Department

Approach: Lots of data collection coupled with

Sources and Sinks

•Flux across the Water Table

Mining Engineering Department

Purworejo Leg end :

Distr ic t B oun dar y

Su b W ate rsh ed B o unda r y

Gondang Wetan Pandanrejo PT TI Hyd rog eo lo gy an d Ge o- Ele ctr ic a l

705000 707500 710000 712500 715000 717500 720000 722500

Purworejo Leg end :

Distr ic t B oun dar y

Su b W ate rsh ed B o unda r y

Gondang Wetan Pandanrejo 15 PT TI

30 þ P T.TI M o nitor in g W ell

Grati Nguling þ Dr illing W e ll L oc ation

705000 707500 710000 712500 715000 717500 720000 722500

Mining Engineering Department

Errors in input data

• in estimated aquifer properties

Mining Engineering Department

You might also like