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This affects:
• Exhaust/Supply fan capacity
• Numbers and size of jet fans
• Requirements for smoke ducts
• Requirements for ventilation tunnels
• Longitudinal or transverse ventilation
• Power usage
• Capital and maintenance costs
Background Experience - Road Tunnel Design
Supply/Exhaust Power
Tunnel Geometry/System Jet Fans (MW)2 In-Tunnel Criteria
(m3/s)1
CO – 100ppm peak
Eastern 1.6km, twin bore, 3 lanes
CO – 87ppm 15 min
Distributor Stacks at each tunnel end 960 exhaust 46 (60kW) 5
NO2 – 1ppm
Sydney Portal emissions allowed off peak
Vis – 0.005m-1-0.009m-1
4km, twin bore, 2 lanes
450 supply 119 CO – 87ppm 15 min
M5 East One centre stack
1000 exhaust (mostly 12 NO2 – NA
Sydney ‘Circulatory ventilation’
1000 crossover 45kW) Vis – 0.005m-1-0.009m-1
No portal emissions
2.2km, twin bore, 2 lanes
CO – 87ppm 15 min
Stack at one end 800 exhaust
Cross City CO – 50ppm 30 min
Crossover ventilation 400 crossover 54 (60kW) 6
Sydney3 NO2 – 1ppm ?
Exhaust tunnel for traffic incidents 450 exhaust tunnel
Vis – 0.005m-1-0.007m-1
No portal emissions
3km, twin bore, 3 lanes
CO – 87ppm 15 min
Stacks at each end
Lane Cove 1100 supply 120 CO – 50ppm 30 min
Mid-tunnel supply /exhaust with 17
Sydney3 2600 exhaust (75kW) NO2 – 1ppm ?
ventilation tunnel
Vis – 0.005m-1-0.007m-1
No portal emissions
Notes:
1. Flow values are rounded installed capacity. Not all this capacity may be used at one time.
2. Power figures are estimated totals.
3. In-tunnel CO criterion was made more stringent by RTA based on M5 East air quality perceptions
System Examples – Australian Road Tunnels
CO – 150ppm peak
2km, twin bore, 3 lanes
Eastlink 120 CO - 50ppm 15 min
Stacks at each end 1500 exhaust 17
Melbourne (75kW) NO2 – 1.5ppm
No portal emissions
Vis – 0.005m-1-0.009m-1
6km, twin bore, 2/3 lanes 2300 exhaust CO - 70ppm flowing traffic
Airport Link Stacks at each end plus central stack 800 extra exhaust 170 10 vent CO – 90ppm slow traffic
Brisbane Smoke exhaust duct available via (30kW) 9 smoke NO2 – 1ppm
No portal emissions smoke duct Vis – 0.005m-1-0.007m-1
Notes:
1. Flow values are rounded installed capacity. Not all this capacity may be used at one time.
2. Power figures are estimated totals.
3. In-tunnel CO criterion was made more stringent by RTA based on M5 East air quality perceptions
Effect of In–Tunnel Criteria
Estimated
CO Exhaust rate Number of jet
Design driver power
criterion (m3/s) fans
(MW)
50ppm 30min
exposure
(excluding 5km/h 300 - 400 60 4.5
traffic
incidents)
Notes:
1. Approximate values are provided to assess relative changes.
2. Power figures are estimated totals.
3. Only one tube assessed.
4. Fire cases and controllability not assessed.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Visibility
Estimated
NO2 Exhaust rate Number of jet
Design driver power
criterion (m3/s) fans
(MW)
Estimated
Visibility Exhaust rate Number of jet
Design driver power
Criterion (m3/s) fans
(MW)
Notes:
1. Approximate values are provided to assess relative changes.
2. Power figures are estimated totals.
3. Only one tube assessed.
4. Fire cases and controllability not assessed.