Tourism definition

Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not
related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.”
(World Tourism Organization/WTO)

Tourism through the ages:

Constant dwelling at a place makes its inhabitants weary and peevish. All beings, whether human or
animals naturally want a change either for a long duration or for a temporary period. It is a natural
desire shared by all beings to move from one place to another for a purpose: social, natural,
political, cultural, religious phenomenon, which dates back to earlier times.’6 It goes without saying
that from the very earliest historical period, travel has had a fascination for human beings. Much of
the travel in earliest days was largely self motivated and rather a simple affair. No travel formalities
existed. Travel in the distant past was not a thing of pleasure as it is at present. The traveler of the
olden days was a merchant, a pilgrim, a scholar in search of ancient text, and even a curious person
looking forward to new and existing experiences. Trade and commerce, were however the strongest
motivating forces in the ancient past responsible for inspiring the people to undertake a journey. As
a man moves from one place to another, animals, water creatures and water birds also wander move and fly
to other places in search of variations in their tastes of food and safe shelter.
From the very beginning, the main reasons for travel have been the desire to widen one’s
knowledge and understanding about other people, places and countries and to study their cultures,
customs, ways of life and heritage to satisfy one’s curiosity among them. Early travel was not limited
to government needs and to the very rich religious festivals. Theater also attracted travelers like
drama, poetry, art, architecture and philosophy flourished and brought in their share of tourists.
Indeed the Olympic Games (first held in 776 B.C.) were founded in Greece during this time and
encouraged traveler to witness them. With the advent of science and technology in the form of
spectacular growth of transport and communication, all in all tourism has become the fashion of the neo-rich
class. It has grown from the pursuits of a privileged few to a mass movement of people. Travel in a distant
past, however was not undertaken for the purpose of pleasure since the motive was not to seek any holiday
from the work situation. The primary motive for travel was related to trade, commerce and other activities
associated with it. During the 18th and 19” century in India pilgrim travel assumed a great singular
importance. Religious motivators dominated travel and very little actual pleasure of travel was undertaken.
Religion thus, played a crucial part in travel. Today, because of the availability of quick and cheap travel
facilities travel has become more convenient, and tourism has diversified in many fields besides religion.

Explorers and Early Travelers

It was the trade, which was a strong force for many travelers to undertake long journeys to the
distant lands. It was followed by an urge to explore new lands and to seek new knowledge in ancient and
distant lands. Many great explorers spent many formidable years of their lives in search of knowledge namely
Vosco-de-gama, Columbus, Alexander the Great and Marco Polo. Travelling in those days was considered to
be rather hard and not a thing of ultimate pleasure. The transport and communication systems as we see
today were not present in those days. The land travelling was done by foot, on horseback, yokes, donkeys,
camels and pony.” So, the urge to explore new places and to seek a change in environment and experiences
is not new. Presently, tourism is not a fringe activity but a mass and highly complicated field because of its
economic, socio-cultural and political ramification.

Pleasure Travel

The concept of pleasure travel as it existed in the west can be associated with the Roman Empire.
Romans probably were the first pleasure travelers. Travel received a great stimulus from the good
communication system and security of the Roman Empire. There existed a fine network of roads
and new roads were built increasingly wherever the Romans went. The Romans were able to travel
over a hundred or more miles in a day using relays of the horses. They journeyed primarily so see
famous temples in the Mediterranean areas, particularly the monuments and the famous Pyramids
of Egypt. The Romans also travelled during holiday occasions, particularly the famous Olympic
games. Today tourism concept is developed as a routine of everyday life through different ages and
now there are many more reasons as to why more and more people engage in tourism e.g

 Pleasure
  Relaxation, Rest and
 Health
 Participation in Sports
 Cultural Affinities and
 Curiosity
 Bird watching
 Spiritual and religious
 Status and prestige
 Professional and business
 Interpersonal reasons

Basic Motivators of Tourism

There are certain motivators, which play an important role to increase the mobility of persons from
one place to another with some special intentions in their minds Following are the main motivators,
which promote and accelerate tourist inflow to a particular region, state or a country as given by
Macintosh .,
A. Physical Motivators - These motivators are related to physical relation and rest supporting
activities and specific medical treatment. All are connected with the individual bodily health
and well being.
B. Cultural Motivators - These are connected with the individual desire for travel in order to
learn about other countries, their people, their heritage and culture expressed in art, music,
literature etc.
C. Inter Personal Motivators - These motivators are related to a desire to visit relatives, friends
or to escape from one family or to meet new people and develop new friendship.
D. Status and Prestige Motivators - These are identified with needs of personal esteem and
personal development. These are related to travel for business or professional interests.

Peter has classified the various attractions having significance in tourism into five categories.
Peter’s Inventory of Tourist Attractions
(a) Cultural - Sites and areas of archeological interest, historical buildings and monuments,
museums modern culture, political and educational, and religious institutions.
(b) Traditions — National festivals, art, and handicrafts, music, folk lore, native life and customs.
(c) Scenic — National parks, wildlife, flora and fauna, beach resorts, mountain and resorts.
(d) Entertainment - Participation in and viewing sports amusement and recreation parks, zoos,
oceans, cinemas, theaters, night life and cuisine.
(e) Other attractions — Climate, health resorts and other unique attractions not available
elsewhere.
(Source — International Tourism, Hutchinson 1960, pp 148-149)
Peter inventories of tourist attractions are different from that of geographical components of
tourism as given by H.
Robinson. H. Robinson is of the opinion that attractions for
tourism are geographical in their character. Accordingly, he has categorized tourism attractions on
the basis of geographical factors as described under -

Geographical Components of Tourism

I. Accessibility and Location
II. Space
III. Scenery
a.Land reforms e.g. mountains, canyon, coral reefs, cliffs' etc.
b. Water e.g. rivers, lakes, waterfalls, geysers, and glacier; — the Sea.
c. Vegetation e.g. forests, grasslands, moor, deserts etc.
IV. Climate — Sunshine, clouds, temperature conditions, rain and snow.
V. Animal life-
a.Wildlife e.g. birds, game reservation and zoo.
b. Hunting and fishing.
VI. Settlement features.
a.Towns, cities and villages
b. Historical remains and monuments.
c. Archaeological remains
VII. Tradition, Folklore, Arts and Crafts etc.
(Source - H. Robinson, ‘A Geography of Tourism, Macdonald and Evans, 1979, p42.)
By analyzing the H. Robinson’s geographical component of tourism we can analyze that India is
accessible and is in proper geographical location. The space for movement is quite considerable. The
geographical situation is very much suggestive of sand dunes, to snow peaks, to wildlife, to
adventure, to ancient culture, to beautiful beaches and many more. Really all that has been
described in the above components found in India. Tourism concepts as we understand it today is of
relatively modern origin.
Modern tourism can be analyzed into eight main categories —

1. For relaxation and refreshment of body and mind, which is becoming ever, more necessary
in modern life style because of speed, stress ad strain.
2. For health purpose: to secure fresh air and sunshine.
3. For active participation in a wide variety of sportsng activities such as walking,
mountaineering skiing, sailing. fishing, shooting, trekking etc.
4. For sheer pleasure, fun and excitement, the individual’s need for pure pleasure is very strong
indeed; and ‘travel’ and ‘holiday’ make a simple way of satisfying this demand.
5. For interest in foreign parts; especially in places having important historical or cultural
associations or places holding special festivals in art, drama, music etc.
6. For interpersonal reasons: to visit one’s relatives, to meet new people and seek new
friendships or even to escape for a while for one’s usual associations.
7. For spiritual purposes as, for example going on pilgrimages to scared religious sites or holy
places.
8. For professional or business reasons : e.g. attending conventions related to the professions,
industry or commerce or to some organisaion to which the individual belongs!

Importance of Tourism
Tourism services are needed by all human beings-age, economic and social status being no bar.23
Tourism industry has grown as an important industry and has gained worldwide importance and
significance almost in every economic activity. Many economies of the countries depend largely on
this industry and ranks among the top three industries. The industry has become a means of social
and economic source in the world. Among the top economic benefits which include regional
development, foreign exchange earnings, infrastructure development of trade and transport,
increase in standard of living, development of local handicrafts and even builds the image of the
nation. It has the highest multiplier effect and is creating prosperity in the development of
communication, transportation, accommodation and other consumer related services.
Tourism is a regular industry involving a lot of resources and potential. It is a re-oriented promising
industry in the international standards having a flow of human contracts. Tourism is the composite
of activities, services and industries that delivers travel expenditure, involving transportation,
accommodation, entertainment, hospitality related services and integrated infrastructure.
Moreover, it is socially relevant and commercially important industry. Therefore, it is imperative to
streamline the enterprise on the basis of fundamentals, principles and practices of tourism.
Economic impact of tourism includes direct and indirect tourists expenditure in a given tourist
destination. Direct expenditure includes actual expenditure involved in tourism such as on
accommodation, transport, food, drinks, shopping and other services. The income received by the
people who provide such goods and services from the indirect impact on the economy. Indirect
expenditure also includes those trades from which goods and services like food stuffs, furnishings,
sports, equipments etc. are bought by the traders who come into direct contract with the tourists.
The impact of tourism on the economy is not just through the expenditure on the frontline tourist
only. It also embraces various stages of the processes to supply goods and services. The outputs
produced by these other industries outside the direct tourism sector are in a very real sense due to
die need of the tourists who spend the money in the first place and set the whole things going.
Tourist expenditure of any country has three separate elements -
(1) Domestic expenditure, which means amount spent by nationals in holiday making within
their own country.
(2) Expenditure by foreign tourists within the country.
(3) Expenditure by nationals in foreign countries.

Tourism is an industry who helps the country to earn maximum amount of foreign exchange only
after the oil industry. Ashwini Kakkar - ‘Managing Director, Thomas Cook (India) observes that India
has realized the potential of the software industry whose annual export earnings is total Ks. 4500
crore. Tourism on other hand, which is yet to be explored, is already generating and annual foreign
income of Ks. 12000 crore. It is a phenomenon, which entails the transfer of capital from one
country to another country via the movement of tourists who go for products they have in mind to
buy. The influence of tourism industry creates overall prosperity to the country. So the importance
of tourism as a contributor of socio-economic growth is also so widely accepted that year after year,
throughout the world, a massive and growing torrent of investment, money continues to pour in its
developmental usage. The flow of money generates finds its way into the overall economy through
the affect of multiplier. Tourism Development must be based upon the ‘10 C’ formula as illustrated
in Figure No. 1.6.

(1) Impact of Tourism On Income Creation

One of the important economic features of tourism industry us that an income earned in places of
residence is spern in places visited. Tourism is an instrument in transferring a vast sum of money
from income generating countries to Income receiving countries. The money spent by tourist does
tend to percolate through many levels. Tourism as a source of income is not easy to measure at
least in any degree of accuracy. However, the most common method for estimating the income
generated from tourism is to determine the multiplier effect in a destination. The flow of money
generated by tourists by tourist spending, multiples, as it pass through various segments of the
economy. A tourist makes an initial expenditure into the society, which is received as income by
local tour operators, shopkeepers, hotels, taxi drivers etc. In the first round of transactions they may
use some of the money received in buying supplies, pay some wages and retain some profits. This
profit is utilized on rent, food, clothing etc. Thus, money spent by tourists generates income in
multiple times than the original spending. This is called ‘multiplier effect’s. Every industry has a
multiplier effect but tourism, particularly international tourism helps the economy of a country by a
number of multiples of the tourist’s original dollar. In similar terms the multiplier concept means
that every unit of tourist expenditure goes through several rounds of income creation and
expenditure before its effects is exlzausted.2 The multiplier effect of tourism can be measured by
the following aspects -
(I) Sales Multiplier (2) Output Multiplier
(3) Income Multiplier (4) Employment Multiplier
Tourist multiplier in India is, in fact, an attempt to go behind the tourist receipts and find out the
expenditure profit of the tourists, nature of his preference, volume of their transactions, directions
in which the share goes to various segrnents of economic activity. The expenditure by tourists can
have beneficial effect on all economic sectors and lead o considerable diversification of industries
and their economic activities since the money circulates through the economy and as it changes
hands and spent and is received number of times. Thus, multiplier indicates the cumulative force of
each currency unit entering the host economy as shown in Figure No. 1.7.

(2) Tourism - As a Source of Foreign Exchange Earnings

The tourism is India, is of crucial importance in relation to its critical position of balance of payment
problem and as an important source of foreign exchange earnings. It is the most convenient way of
earnings for foreign exchange, when compared with the export of manufactured goods. The
problem of package and transport does not arise in this industry. The Department of Tourism,
Government of India works out quick estimates every year by multiplying the number of tourist
arrival by the estimated per capita expenditure of a foreign tourist. The tourist has to spend in India
whether travelling by air, railway, roadways, houseboats etc., while making his tour in any pan of
tourist interest in India. The tourism experts have universally accepted that as soon as a country is
able to earn foreign exchange from the tourism, which is a minimum of 10 percent of the
merchandise exports, that country can be called a Tourism Country. It is heartening to note that
India has achieved that distinction. It was for the first time during 1980.81 that tourism earning of
India was more than 10 percent of the merchandise exports.
Among the three most important components of commerce trade as transportation, tourism and
insurance, the net foreign exchange gains have always been positive in the case of tourism while in
the case of other two components, the net gain has mostly been negative An important benefit of
tourism is the promotion of international trade, Foreign tourist purchase’s a number of items like
jewelry, carpets, textiles, handicrafts and leather goods. The tourist takes the immediate delivery of
the goods made in India brand. These foreign tourists also become a source of effective publicity for
these items in their respective countries. India needs foreign exchange for its development. To
obtain foreign exchange either a country depends on grants from overseas or has to export goods
and services. The breakthrough in the technology has made the latter a formidable proposition for
under developed countries. Globalization and liberalization across the world and the decline of
socialistic ideologies have made international competition even more intensive. Under developed
countries therefore, have had to search for alternative products to earn foreign exchange and one
such product is Tourism
Tourism generates the highest net foreign exchange in India. It is the low cost high yielding industry
where the outflow being low, the gross earnings and net earnings are quick close. Tourism perhaps
is the only area in which developing countries are at par, of even, above the developed countries.
India is in a position to offer all the advantages of all tourism activities, relaxation to adventure, the
whole range of terrain, climate and cultures existing in harmony!’ India has reached a stage where
she can be recognized as one of the leading tourist destination. Tourism industry in India is worth
Ks. 4000 crores besides providing employment to 5.8 million people. Tourism is probably a rare
instance of an industry in which foreign exchange earnings are high without even exporting national
wealth.
(3) Employment Generation Effects of the Tourism
Another major direct economic effect of tourism relates to employment. The problems of
unemployment and under employment are more crucial in India than any other developing
countries. The unemployment impact of tourism is diffused widely over the economy affecting
almost all parts of the services and other sectors. The tourism industry is highly labour intensive
service industry and hence, it is a valuable source of employment. It provides employment several
times more than normal manufacturing industries. Several type of business firms such as hotels,
motels, restaurants, transport agencies, travel agents, tour operators, gift shops, car and rickshaw
drivers, guides etc. flourish from tourism. It employs large number of people and provides a wide
range of jobs, which are intended from unskilled to highly specialized one. Then, there are other
supporting industries, small and large, which in turn, cater to the needs of tourism industries
directly, or indirectly providing and supplying the requirements of the tourists. The basic
infrastructure like roads, airports, water supply and other public utilities and the construction of
hotels and other accommodation units creates jobs to thousands of workers both unskilled and
skilled. Tourism is highly labour or employment intensive industry. Primary or direct employment in
tourism refers to those employees directly involved in tourism businesses such as hotels,
restaurants and sightseeing. Secondary or indirect, employment is the employment created in the
construction of tourist infrastructure and supra structures or in agriculture as a result of tourist
demand for food. This indirect employment depends on how closely the tourism is linked to the
local economy. The closer the link is, the more secondary or indirect jobs will be created. The
following list ranks various businesses, with the highest employer at the top:

• Food Service • Public Transportation

• Entertainment • Travel Arrangers
• Accommodation
• Automobile Transportation
The segment of tourism industry and business that grown faster than any other in the past thirty
years and which is projected to grow faster than the present growth rate between 7% to 9%. The
impact of tourism on employment generation in the economy is related to the income creation in
the first, and subsequent rounds of spending of tourist’s money on consumer goods industry. In
view of this the realistic method of apportioning employment to the tourism sector would be on the
basis of ratio of aggregate state income and income generated from tourism. That impact of
tourism, on employment is largely
shaped by the income and employment generation at various stages subsequent to the initial
spending stage and in various sectors of the economy. Finally, the impact, which the tourism
industry has made on the employment, is more pronounced. Tourist industry is a gold mine to
generate direct as well as indirect employment. The tourism industry in India generated direct
employment of 6.5 million persons in 2003-2004 and another 8 million that were employed
indirectly. The multiplier effect to employment in tourism was estimated to be around 33 percent
compared to the 16 percent in the manufacturing industry.

(4) Tourism Impact on Balance of Payment

It is not only developing countries but also some developed countries that needs to improve their
balance of payments through tourism. Tourism is one of the most important export industries of
Europe and America. It can make a virtual contribution to narrow any trade deficits of any country.
Developing countries having a deficit balance of payments find it to their advantage to receive
foreign tourists to compensate for negative trade balance. So, tourism industry can play an
important role in economic development for a developing country like India. It helps in improving
the countries adverse balance of payment position because tourism industry is the second largest
export earner industry in the world. Tourism earnings in the foreign exchange can be used for
financing such imports and can hence ease the country’s adverse balance of payment position.
There, are various ways of presenting the contribution of tourism to the balance of payments
according to the country. The revenue from tourism (gross or net) diminishes or enlarges the
current overall deficit and adds further to a surplus, off sets wholly or partly a deficit on visible
trade.

(5) Infrastructure Development and Tourism

Tourism necessities help an creation of infrastructure utilities and amenities, which are not only
used by the visitors but become valuable to local population as well. The economic importance of
tourism in national economy can be appreciated with reference to its contribution in infrastructure
development. Tourist arrivals in a country increase effective demand for the infrastructure facilities.
Government must encourage the private sector to pus up tourist infrastructure. An attempt must be
made to develop infrastructure in a planned manner so as to avoid congestion, overcrowding and
damage to the environment. That is where the role of the government is important.
As far as tourism in the states are concerned, the state governments has given tremendous
attention towards the infrastructural development for the last two decades and the scope is
growing year by year. Tourism inflow to Rajasthan, Kerala, Go., Uttaranchal, Jammu & Kashmir has
made possible the construction of new roads (metallic as well as non-metallic) and beautification of
various cities in these states. Also various shopping centres, departmental stores, modern
communication centres, electrification of various roads leading to tourist spots, opening up various
travelling agencies, modernization thorough computers of railway stations, conversion of metre
gauge into broad gauge has come up in the country.

(6) Contribution of Tourism to National Income

There is a significant contribution of tourism on the national income of a country. Tourism gives
impetus to national income. International tourism and domestic tourism both have the same effect
on the national income. Tourism has to pay for different types of services and goods in the host
country. So tourism constitutes a demand for services and that of consumer goods. The construction
of accommodation, urbanization for tourist purposes, infrastructure installation, increased tourist
transport and equipment etc. are the examples of how tourist demand encourages investment
opportunities within State. When tourists pay for goods and services in another country, these
amounts are reflected as national travel receipts for such country. A simple measure is to calculate
the percentage of receipts from international tourists in relation to gross national product. This
measure is of greater significance for the countries, which do not have the large base for the growth
of domestic tourism.” On global scale tourism receipts have been estimated to be more than one
percent of the Gross National Product (GNP). In the case of India, it has been estimated that tourism
earnings account for 2.2 percent of the net national income. In countries like Spain, Greece and
Switzerland, tourism receipts account for 3 to 7 percent of their GNP. Maldives, tourism accounts
for 74 percent of the GNP’4 a unique feature in this direction.
(7) Instrument of National Integration
National integration is a very important aspect for any country of the world rather than any other
economic and social aspect. It is a very significant instrument for India, specially which i the largest
secular democratic country of the world believing in the concept of “Unity in Diversity” Domestic
tourism increase the national integration. But the significance of domestic tourism has not yet been
fully realized in our country. Tourism projects the image of a state in which you are living today. This
thrust will be given from your specific state to attract more tourists than you can attract from other
state. You will get more income from tourism and there is a very definite advantage that you will get
out of it. Many tourism thinkers explain the socio economic significance of domestic tourism in
national integration and regional development as well.

(8) Increase in Investment Opportunities

As per the studies of WTO and other related studies tourism is the fast growing industry in the world
with various multiple activities. These, inputs are the basic incentives to the traders for the
expansion of their business or for launching new products in this segment. Research shows that by
the year 2020 maximum investment will be made by the industrialists, traders, businessmen,
multinational corporations and joint venture in the tourism sector. The growth rate of this sector in
India is 12% in comparison to growth rate of other industrial products which is around 5.7% at
present.

(9) Helpful to Balanced Regional Development

Balanced regional development is an important factor for optimum, smooth and overall
development of a country. If a particular region lags behind in its development, then separatist
tendencies increase. Tourism industry can develop some particular tourist areas in each district.
Every region has some attractions regarding religion, garden, picnic spot etc. Tourism can develop
all these regions of the country. As a matter of fact tourism has helped in the regional development
of the various districts of India including the surrounding towns and markets.
(10) Helpful in Reduction of Poverty
Almost all the developing countries are trapped in vicious circles of poverty with low per capita
income and low national incomes. Tourism activities can reduce the poverty through the increase in
national income, employment generation, foreign currency earnings, regional development,
promotion of local handicrafts and many more. A large number of populations in India are employed
in tourist-related businesses and services. Even under employed persons can reduce their poverty
through part time services at the tourist destinations.

(11) Expansion of Literacy and Education

Tourism also helps in expansion of education and literacy in a big way. It helps us to broader our
mental attitude by interacting with various people their Languages and cultures. Hotel Management
institutes, Food Craft Institutes, Fashion Design Schools, Interior Decoration Schools, Colleges and
University Departments run these tourism related courses. These courses also help to build human
resources for the tourism expansion in the Country.

(12) Tourism and Tax Earnings

Tourism activities increase the tax-revenue of the Centre and the State Governments. Many types of
lazes arc included in tourist-related goods and services, All tourist increase many economic activities
in the country and these economic activities are big source of tax earnings for the government.
While referring to the infusion of tourist earning into an economy local income’s, also becomes
assess.abk for income and other taxes. Some countries provide incentives including tax holidays for
various sectors of tourism industries in order to accelerate and help in the creation of required
facilities of the State. However governments receive substantial incomes from the tourist industry.

(13) Social and Cross Cultural Change

The socio cultural significance of tourism cannot be underestimated as tourism involves the
trafficking of the people personifies contacts between different nations of the World. Tourism has
become an important force as a social transformation of nations. International travel breaks down
the barriers of suspension and exclusiveness wipes out the ravages wrecked by on military holocaust
arid soften rivalries between the warring nations and promote peace, understanding and harmony
in the world. The tourist arrives not only with money but also with treasures of his civilization and the
history of his country, of which he is an ambassador; he is the mirror of the country he belongs as he reflects
the social conditions prevailing in their motherland.

Tourists bring with them their own ideas, practices and demands; their presence and social
background affects the social structure and life of host culture. Tourist are also affected by the
experience, they carry back with them habits and new outlook of life. Tourism contributes to an
open world free movement of culture and commerce for the benefits of all mankind when tourists
of different destinations meet can be the source of new understanding. It helps in cross-fertilization
of international culture, which is essential for peace and universal brotherhood.
Tourism development revives and rejuvenates the local culture and art. All our local artisans,
craftsmen and those employed in performing arts are employed professionally which in turn spark
off a renewal of interests of local residents in their own cultural heritage. International tourists arc
constantly on the move in search of recreation and pleasure support.
Cultural exchange and cultural enrichment of those who travel as well as those who are at the
receiving ends accompany tourism. Tourism is, an education of other people’s habits, society, food,
dress and living style without any preceptors professing the desirability of love and good will for
humanity. A country which succeeds in selling its attractions makes a double gain it earns like the
foreign exchange for what it does not physically exports and it creates a tremendous amount of
goodwill in foreign countries which cannot be measured in terms of money. The tourist will increase
their knowledge and learn many new and unique things prevailing elsewhere. Tourism also provides
spiritual values. Tourism can awaken the senses provide new standards and exposure, art forms and
even new belief system.
By viewing a range and diversity of societies a wider tolerance for culture for others can be
developed, the personal data bank enlarges level of human experience rises, achievements in many
types of learning research and artistic activity becomes possible. Thus, tourism contributes to the
mutual knowledge of man, development of the sense of hospitality, reduces distance between the
social classes and the human races. It overcomes the isolation of people by the encounter of
civilization and the culture broadening the vision and acceptability for closer ties and mutual
understanding i.e. socio, economic, culture integration. It is a means of social industrialization as
analyzed in Figure No. 1.8.
Tourism is a means of social education and social mobilization in the country itself. It is competing
force or fostering better understanding among the nations of the world and for developing close
cultural and business relations as a significant factor contributing to world peace and universal
brotherhood.

(14) Increase in the Standard of Living

Due to numerous economic benefits of tourism and its potential growth it helps in the increase of
standard of living of the people by offering new and better jobs which in terms helps them to
improve the quality of life and their families.

(15) Improvement in Health and Family Welfare

Tourism helps in the improvement of health and family welfare by adopting the models of the
advance countries in this direction. Health conferences, convention, seminars, exchange of views of
the leading experts ‘helps in this’ regard.

Tourism as a Service Industry

Tourism is a basic and most desirable human activity deserving the praise, encouragement of all the
people and all governments, In the early years of this century tourism was not looked as industry
but with the increasing standard of living. fast technological revolution, today, it lus undoubtedly
became an industry to be studied in its totality. Tourism, basically is an infrastructure based service
product. It is identified by the products, which are needed to satisfy the demand for travel,
accommodation, food and beverages away from home. The nature of the market being highly

In the development of tourism related products the following sub-products emerge.

(1) Tour operators and travel agencies,
 (2) Accommodation Sector (Hotel and Catering),
(3) Passenger transportation and a large array of auxiliary services like insurance, entertainment
and shopping etc.

Criteria in order to characterize a trip as belonging to tourism:

1. Displacement outside the usual environment: domestic or international travel.

2. Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose different from wage-earning in the
place visited.
 Tourism is not restricted to recreation or visiting friends & family
 Multi-motivational tourists
3. Duration: maximal duration (12 months), not a minimal. Tourism displacement can be with
or without an overnight stay.
 Overnight visitors (tourists)
 Same-day visitors (excursionist)

A tourist by I.U.O.T.O. as “A tourist is a person traveling for a period of 24 hours or more in a count
other than that in which he usually resides.”

According to Tourist Statistics, Government of India Department of Tourism, New Delhi - “A visitor
is defined as a person who travels to a country other than that in which he has his usual residence but
outside his/her usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of
visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited”2. This
definition is sub divided into -

(a) Same day visitors — Visitors who do not spend the night in a collective or private accommodation
in the country visited.

(b) Tourists — Visitors who stay at least one night in a collective or private accommodation in the
country visited)

(i) Excursionist -Persons travelling for pleasure for a period of less than 24 hours are
treated as excursionists.”
(ii) Visitor -The United Nations conference on International Travel and Tourism (held in
ROME 1963) defined the term ‘visitor’ for the purposes of statistics as — “any person
visiting a country other than in which he has his usual place of residence, for any
reasons other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country
visited.”
(iii)Foreign Tourist -According to the definition of the committee of statistical experts of
the League of Nations in 1937 a foreign tourist is described as — “any person visiting
a country, other than that in which he usually resides, for a period of at least 24 hours.
 In accordance with the WT.O.’s definition — “An international tourist is a person who
travels to a country than that in which he/she has her/his usual residence but outside
her/his usual environment for at least one night but less that one year and the main
purpose of whose visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from
within the country visited.

(iv) Domestic Tourist -According to the National Tourism Resources Review Commission
which published its work in 1973, the term “domestic tourist” means — “Someone
who travels away from his home for a distance of at least 50 miles (one way) for
business, pleasure, personal affairs or any other purpose except to commute to work
whether he stays overnight or returns the same day.

The categorization of the visitor, non-visitor tourist and non-tourist has been explained in Figure No
1.1, while the decision making pattern of the tourist has been explained in Figure No. 1.2.

Tourism have also been classified as -

(i) Domestic Tourism: Involving ‘residents’ (visiting) of a country visiting their own country.
(ii) Inbound Tourism: Involving ‘non-residents’ visiting a country other than their own.
(iii)Outbound Tourism: involving ‘residents’ of a country visiting other countries.

These, three basic forms of tourism can in turn be combined to derive the following categories of
tourism —
(a) Internal Tourism: Which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism.
(b) National Tourism: Which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism.
(c) International Tourism: Which comprises inbound and outbound tourism.”

Mings and McHugh (1992) identified four types of touring routes taken by domestic American
tourists who visited Yellowstone National Park. Three of the itinerary models involved automobile
travel exclusively, while the fourth involved a combination of air and automobile transport.
Respondents who displayed a ‘‘direct route’’ itinerary took the most direct path to and from
Yellowstone National Park and followed exactly the same route in both directions. The ‘‘partial
orbit’’ itinerary consisted of taking the most direct route to a large destination area, such as the
Rocky Mountains, then embarking on a touring loop in the area. The return trip follows the original
outward-bound transit route. These types of itineraries are typified by a significant transit journey
followed by an extensive tour visiting the key attractions and staying in different destinations in an
area some distance from home. By contrast, the ‘‘full orbit’’ tour itinerary involves visiting a number
of destinations with no overlap in the tour route. The ‘‘fly-drive’’ itinerary is similar to the partial
orbit itinerary except that the mode of transport used to reach the touring area is different. Instead
of driving to the regional destination, tourists fly, and then embark on an orbit tour World Travel
and Tourism Council is frequently cited as claiming tourism is ‘‘the world’s largest industry’. A
tourism industry is any industry that produces a tourism commodity A tourism commodity is any
good or service for which a significant portion of demand comes from persons engaged in tourism
as consumers.

Lue, Crompton, and Fesenmaier (1993) focused their research on multi-destination trips. However,
in doing so, they recognized that individuals could also embark on single-destination, direct-route
trips. Four types of multi-destination itineraries were described. The ‘‘en-route’’ itinerary
recognizes that individuals may make a number of short stops on their way to or from a main
destination. The travel pattern is similar to that of the direct route itinerary in that the tourist
follows the same route to and from the main destination, with possible detours to nearby
destinations. The ‘‘base camp’’ model represents a further elaboration of the single-destination
model. Conceptually, it resembles a hub and spoke. Tourists base themselves in one main
destination and then venture out from that destination in a series of short day tours to nearby
attractions and destinations. In the ‘‘regional tour,’’ tourists travel to a destination region, but
rather than basing themselves in one locale, they stop overnight in a number of places in a
sequential pattern before returning home. The ‘‘trip-changing’’ pattern involves a multi-focus
touring trip visiting a number of destinations without overlapping any leg of the trip.

Oppermann (1995), focusing on international travel, identified seven possible itinerary types. In
addition to the five previously mentioned by Mings and McHugh (1992) and Lue, Crompton, and
Fesenmaier (1993), he added two more possible itineraries that are particularly relevant to long-
haul air travel. The ‘‘open jaw loop’’ model applies to tourists who enter a country through one
gateway and leave through another. In between, they embark on a linear tour connecting the two
gateways. For example, a European visiting the United States may arrive in New York, travel
overland to San Francisco and then return home from there. The ‘‘multiple-destination areas loop’’
itinerary model is the most complex. This type of itinerary recognizes that some long-haul tourists
will visit many countries or regions within large countries and tour extensively through these
different destinations. The person may engage in different travel patterns at any given stop. Thus,
Oppermann recognizes that within an extended trip, a person could participate in any or all of he
‘‘single-destination stopover,’’ ‘‘base camp tours,’’ ‘‘full tours,’’ or ‘‘open jaw tours’’ at different
destinations. Flognfeldt (1999), building on ideas first developed by Campbell (1966, as cited
by Flognfeldt), identified four modes of recreation and vacation travel. The ‘‘resort trip’’ (direct
travel, single destination), ‘‘base holiday,’’ and ‘‘round trip’’ are similar to other itinerary models
discussed previously. In addition, he identifies ‘‘recreational day trips’’ from the individual’s home
community as a fourth travel type. While technically not a tourism trip because no overnight stay is
involved, day trips must certainly be considered when examining the full of range of touring options.
Finally, Lew and McKercher (2002) examined itineraries from the perspective of the destination.
Their research showed that a destination could serve up to five roles simultaneously depending on
tourism volume. It could be seen as a single, main destination by some tourists. It could be the
gateway destination, or the access point for an extended touring trip. It could be the egress point or
the point of embarkation back to the individual’s home at the end of the trip. It may also function as
a touring,or stopover destination between main destinations. Finally, it could serve as a hub
destination for day trips into the hinterland, or as an air hub for more extensive overnight trips to
other destinations.
The 26 models proposed can be classified into four broad themes. The simplest itinerary type
involves a single-destination, there-and-back trip that may or may not include side trips to other
places along the way. A second type of itinerary involves a transit leg to the destination area,
followed by a circle tour within the destination, stopping overnight at different places. A third type
involves a circle tour with or without multiple access and egress points. Lastly, hub-and-spoke
itineraries may be evident where tourists base themselves in a destination area and take side trips
to other destinations.
An outbound and inbound transit leg following the same route is implied in the single-destination,
base camp, stopover/en-route and the regional tour/partial orbit or destination area loop models.
Multiple transit legs are needed for the various loop tours identified. In rare instances, tourists may
embark on a single transit leg and then have an extended return tour home. (An example is a bicycle
tourist who rides from his/her home to a destination and then takes a train or plane to return
home.)

Some challenges in measuring tourism-

o Visitors consume both tourism and non-tourism commodities.
o 2 Non-visitors consume tourism and non-tourism commodities.
o 3 Tourism industries produce tourism and non-tourism commodities.
o 4 Non-tourism industries produce tourism and non-tourism commodities.

Understanding some terms for credible measurement of tourism industry-

 TSAs involve looking at the complex patterns of demand of tourism and non-tourism
commodities produced by tourism and nontourism industries and pulling out only those
portions that are directly attributable to persons involved in tourism.

 Systems of National Accounts (SNA – the analytical framework used by virtually all nations to
collect, order, and analyze macroeconomic data on the performance of their economies

Understanding the global magnitude of tourism:

o Labor market modules. These are designed to measure the number of jobs, both
specific positions as well as full-time equivalents (the statistical aggregation of
seasonal and part-time work into permanent full-time equivalents). Such measures
are being developed for tourism industries as well as all tourism-supported
employment (jobs in tourism industries plus jobs in non-tourism industries generated
by tourism revenues to those industries).

o Consumer durables. Expenditures on consumer durables such as boats or camping

equipment require special attention because, while these expenditures are clearly
associated with tourism, their purchase is not tied to a specific trip. Efforts are
underway in several countries to develop methods for estimating total expenditures
made by consumers on such items and for expanding the framework of TSAs to
permit reporting these expenditures in a way that does not inflate estimates of trip-
specific spending.

o Purchases of cottages. Unlike the purchase of boats or camping equipment, which

are personal expenditures, investment in real estate is a capital purchase – an
investment in productive capacity. SNAs make a clear distinction between consumer
purchases and investment in productive capacity, so TSAs also have to make that
distinction. However, the use of second homes as a tourism accommodation does
provide a service with economic value to the owner; that value is implicit because the
owner does not have to pay rent to himself, but it is real. Efforts are underway to
develop methods for imputing the rent value of use of private second homes by
owners that could be added, as a separate module, to a TSA.

o Regional TSAs. TSAs typically are developed for national economies. The concepts
and methods of TSAs can, in principle, be applied to sub-national levels if adequate
data are available. Regional TSAs can
provide a more detailed understanding of
regional variations in the magnitude of
tourism within a nation – information
that has significant planning value.

o
 The Government in May 2002 announced a
new Tourism Policy, which emphasised the
role of private sector in the tourism
development. Since then the policy gave
direction to position India as a Global
Brand and to take advantage of the
burgeoning global travel and trade, and the
vast untapped potential of India as a
destination. It envisaged improvement and
expansion of product development like
(i) Cultural Tourism;
(ii) Beach & Coastal Tourism;
(iii) Cruise/River Tourism;
(iv) Rural/Village Tourism;
(v) Adventure Tourism;
(vi) Eco Tourism;
(vii) Cuisine Tourism;
(viii) MICE Tourism;
(ix) Health Tourism; and
(x) Festival /Shopping Tourism etc.
It also envisaged creation and
development of integrated tourism
circuits based on India’s unique
civilisation, heritage and culture in
partnership with States, private sector
and other agencies.

International tourists in india had been

increasing, bringing foreign exchange earning
very much.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKPM6MAozzwC&pg=PA403&lpg=PA403&dq=Dynamics+of+T
ourism%E2%80%99,+Anmol+Publishing+Pvt+Ltd&source=bl&ots=L7zEjgqsrN&sig=mx0DNqrOizgTDR
xPxOoWabveB88&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje-
bK4jPDOAhWLto8KHU_BCVkQ6AEIQTAH#v=onepage&q&f=false

rajasthan – jaipur- tourism development- pages 71-79

 Accommodation

Indian cuisine
National parks and sanctuaries
Adventure sport and special interest
tours
Palace on wheels
Heritage hotels
Pub on wheels
Basic components of tourism products are
transport and accommodation.