Professional Documents
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BEING A N E L E M E N T A R Y TREATISE O N
G R A M M A R W I T H EXERCISES
By
Sir R A M K R I S H N A G O P A L BHANDARKAR
Jkl.A., LL.D., PH.D., K.C.I.E.&C., &C.
Enlarged By
S H R I D H A R R A M K R I S H N A B H A N D A R K A R , M.A.
EDITION
19 7 1
R. G. B .
P R E F A C E TO T H E SECOND EDITION
R. G. B .
P R E F A C E TO T H E E I G H T H EDITION
P R E F A C E TO T H E T W E L F T H EDITION
P R E F A C E TO T H E N I N E T E E N T H EDITION
THE ALPHABET .. 1
VERBS-PARASMAIPADA—PRESENT TENSE:
L Angular Terminations .. 4
n . Plural Ternm.atic»i8 . . 6
HI. Dual Terminations 8
IV, On the Present Tense generally .. 9
General Results and Examination . . . 11
PREPOSITIONS . . 1 3
NOUNS ENDING IN « | AND * MASCULINE AND
NEUTER:
V. Nominative Case .. . . 14
VI. Accusative Case . . 18
VII. In^mentel Case . . 22
VIII. Dative and Ablative Cases . . 25
IX. Genitive, Locative and Vocative Cases 30
General Results and Examination .. 34
ADVERBS . . 36
VERBS—ATMANEPADA—PRESENT TENSE:
X. Singular N u n ^ .. 37
XI. Dual and Plural Numbers .. 40
XII. Passive and Impersonal Forms .. 43
General Results and Examination .. 46
FEMININE NOUNS ENDING IN AND | :
XIII. Nominative and Accusative Cases . . 47
XIV. Instrumental, Dative, and Ablative Cases 50
XV. G«iitive, Locative, and Vocative Cases 54
General Results and Examnation . . 58
VERBS—IMPERFECT OK FIRST PSETERIIC:
XVI. Parasmaipada, Singular and Dual
Numbers .. 59
XVII. Parasmaipada, Plural Number, and
Atmanepada, Angular number .. 61
xn CONIENIS
LESSON PACE
X V I I I . Atmaiwpada, Dual and Plural Numbers 64
General Results and Examination 68
N O U N S ENDING IN OTHER VOWELS, AIASCULINE,
NEUTER AND FEMININE:
NEUTER AND F&MININE:
XIX. The first four cases of nouns ending in
g and SR Masc. and Neut .. 68
X X . The last four cases .. 74
Examination .. 78
X X I . Feminine nouns ending in ^ a n d 7 9
Examination .. .. 85
VERBS—IMPERATIVE MOOD:
X X I I . Parasmaipada .. 85
X X I I I . Atmanepada . . 8 8
X X I V . Some of the more important Verbal
Derivatives .. .. 90
Examination .. .. 95
N O U N S ENDING IN CONSONANTS:
XXV. . . 9 6
Examination .. . . 103
XXVI. ^ and ^ij; . . . . 104
Examination .. .. .. I l l
X X V I I . «[^, and or .. I l l
Examination .. . . 118
X X V I I I . VERBS—Potential Mood . . 119
Examination .. .. . . 124
PRONOUNS
X X I X . Demonstrative, Relative and Interrogative 125
Examination / .. . . 131
X X X . Of the 1st and 2nd Perswis . . 132
X X X l . vt^ and ..136
Examination .. . . 142
X X X I I . S E L E C T I O N S , P O E T I C A L & P R O S E 142
APPENDIX ' ..147
GLOSSARY, S A N S K R I T A N D E N G L I S H . . 155
ENGLISH A N D SANSKRIT . . 191
. FIRST BOOK'OF SANSKRT
A L P H A B E T
Vowels
« a, w a, f i, t i , 3 «, g ; » , ^ r, ^ f, ^
Consonants
Gutturals ?5 A, 1g, f n,
Palatals ^ c , ^ n,
Linguals ^t.
Dentals n.t. ^ n,
Labials %p. ^bh. K»t,
i
Palatal q^y,
Lingual ^ r.
Semi-vowels
Dental BL/.
Dental and Labial %v,
r Palatal sg^i
Sibilants • lingual s,
. Dental ^ s,
Aspirate |[ A.
The last three letters erf each of the first five
dasses together with the semi-vowels and the aspirate,
are called S(^t consonants.
The rest are called surds or hard consonants.
S. B. 1-2
2 P K S T BOOK OP SAKSiqtT
LESSON I
VERBS
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
i w ^ i siferi
1st Conjugation
LESSON n
V E R B S (Cotttd.)
PLURAL TERMINATIONS
fSSfscI I
I ^'sg'a I
LESSON ra
VERBS ( Contd.)
DUAL TERMINATIONS
LESSON I V
VmBS {Contd.)
PRESENT T E N S E GENERALLY
1st Conj. 4th Conj.
% ( Vt:) to waste away [*n^ ] to be mad, to err.
J ^ ( ^ ^ to water, to be wet Iwi) to be or become
'%(tli[)togrow calm, cool or tranquil
[fir^] to stand iwt) to be weary
it(«n)tocaU
10 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT
lOih Conj.
9 ^ 1 5"^' 1
iprf^ 1
^hnJT: 1 PRf^ 1
1 'mR: 1
idrfJr 1 1 ^^«r 1 1
1 1 ^RS^f^ 1 M^^^Pd 1
?y?Td: 1 <I^W: 1
^ 1 1
g^fii 1 1
^wm: 1 rq-5T«11 »mf?T 1
?1M|H.* 1
PRESENT TENSE
1st Conjugation
4th Conjugation
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
6th Conjugation
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
10th Conjugation
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
12 PntST BOOK OP 8AMSKRT
(a) Gutturals,
(b) Palatals,
(c) Linguals,
U) Dentals,
(e) Labials,
(/) Semi-vowels,
(g) Soft consonants,
(h) Hard consonants
(A) 3,.
( d ) 55.
3. What are the characteristics of the
Prepositions ( )
Prepositions (^TOJ't) when prefixed to verbs modify
the original sense of the roots. The following are the
principal of these—
sjfil beyjond; ^Ri^Kjfrt goes over or beyond, trans-
gresses.
^ \ over, about, upon; 3)f^«TiS^ goes over or on
1 i. e., knows or gets.
sig after, like; sigwcfij, sifirsal^ goes after, follows.
«rfJl to, unto, near t o ; s j f i m ? ^ goes to or near to.
W down, off, from; steRR^ goes down, descends.
C bounding or limiting, reversing to, as far as;
(. «n»wsrfc» comes, and^fe grows to, ascends.
_ ( up, above, superior; 3 ? ; ^ falls up, jumps ;
( •ii*^^ goes up, rises,
near, less, next t o ; yi^h^icl approaches.
^ in, down; ft#rf?t sits down.
TO opposite, or opposed to; MihiNcI defeats,
pfit reverted, again; si^t^n^^ speaks in return, replies,
n forth, before; JWlft goes forth,
ft privation, apart, away; ftf^^i^ separates.
? m being conjoined with; becomes united,
imites.
at the end of a word or particle, followed by a con-
sonant in general, is changed to an anusvara optionally,
and necessarily when it is followed by q, ^, j , or 5.
When it is not changed to an anusvara it is changed to the
nasal of the class to which the following letter belongs and
*o a nasal ^ ^ 51, when followed by ^. 5;, respectively.
14 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT
LESSON V
NOUNS
NOMINATIVE CASE
1. Nouns ending in a?
Terminations
SUBSTANTIVES
(Masculine)
fire a man ^ a cloud
a horse ^ a king TO name of
God qsR wind person
a tortoise a son fSSr a tree
a child the sea
5PJ people, a man f«r a wise man ^ a cook
^ 5 life, an animal ^ a fool 5^53 the hand.
• If (J, ^, aj), or follow s? or w , the vowel which takes
the place of both is ^ in the first two cases, and SHV in the
last two.
t When any vowel, short or long, except the last four, is
followed by the same vowel, short or long, the substitute
for both is the same vowel lengthened; t ' f + = InaT^;
+^+53151 ;&c.
Note * p. 6 is not applicable in the case of the forms of
the Nom. and Acc.
J If w or 3fl is followed by f, 7, SR, or cj, short or long,
the corresponding gufia letter is substituted for both.
FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 15
(Neuter)
SENTENCES
Terminations
Neuter (none) | f
Before the temvinations b^jinning with a vowd ^ is
added on to nouns in ^ of the neuter gender. | is lengtii-
ened before the nominative and accusative plural
terminations.
SUBSTANTIVES
( Masculine)
I ^fclt^5I^ I
5 R ^ fg??l?Ici: I 3T[?I^% I
LESSON VI
NOUNS ( Contd. )
ACCUSATIVE CASE
1. Nouns ending in «j
Terminations
Phtral
Masc. Singular Dual
1 ^
Neuter-
The accusative forms
-same as tlie of neuter nouns are always the
nominative.
same as those of the nominative.
SUBSTANTIVES
r Masculine)
«IT1? medicine 5 ^ a man «nBt a tiger
?Jt^ cooked rice a wise man WIN a hunter
RBR a servant ftlTSsacat 5R! a rogue
a treasure Hrem Brahmana 5n an arrow
IT5I an elephant a burden fil«J a pupil
vm a village JTt?ir absolution raf a lion
father ^ a warrior ^ the sun
% the body 1^ Veda (Hindu a thief
^ the foot sacred scrip- ^ heaven
tuijes )
(Neuter)
a forest SPTR atovm ^ cloth
reality, truth qiq sin, evil ^ poison
qjl grass a book gold
com flRl flesh
Roots—10th Conj.
^ to punish; *nn.to eat; SRfii_to seek
FIRST BOOK OF 8ANSK9T 19
SENTEKCES
1TC t n ^ r f i r I
3R5 I
2. Noiuis ending in f
Termmations
SUBSTANTIVES (Masculine)
a guest qfe an oblation qpRi a crow
«li%r?% a master (food) fti^ fate
aife a bee fi(^ a beggar ^ rice of vari-
q ^ a strife, a a jewel ous kinds (a
quarrel ift tlu sun grain of)
ft^aboar ^ a heap «Rft a charioteer
FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 21
SENTENCES
# ^t^^ smf^: I
f JcTCt I
LESSON V U
N O U N S (CoMfrf.)
INSTRUMENTAL CASE
Nouns ending in ^ and ;
Terminations
Singular Dual Plural
Masc.
The preceding is lengthened before w n ^
SUBSTANTIVES
(Masculine)
an orna- ^ a stick W a chariot
ment [shine, ^ God, a god fjm king of
anaq sun (sun- a river Lanka or Cey-
^ god of thunder iTlf^ a sailor lon, the great
gtjfR a present qfrl a foot-soldier enemy of Rama
^ the hand «noi an arrow ftt^ sacred pre-
Vim a lake Jl??I Vedic verse cept
^ f i w a decend- qsmPT a sacrificer
ant of f R r a qsi effort sgt? a verse
SENTENCES
^ ? j r s ^ I qiRwi ^if^^ I
LESSON v i n
NOUNS ( Contd.)
DATIVE AND ABLATIVE CASES
Terminations
Singular Dual Plural
Nouns ) (Dat. ?r wim vm.
ending r J \ Abl. ^ WIH wjl^;
in aj ) § Neuter—same as the masculine.
S. B. 1-3
26 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT
<I*<|W1IH.
Nouns •) Masc. ] Dat. q
ending ^ and ( Abl.
in 5 ' Neut.
Dat. + q=
Abl. ^+3n^=
Dat. ^
Abl. cuftoi:
SUBST-iVNTlVES
(Masculine )
name of an island, people, world
a man a continent killihg
airanf preceptor, a golden coin TOf a hog
tutor qla a mountain ftiPI modesty
f i j t ^ a husband- a sinner; ^im the top,
man a^i/. sinful summit
fWl name of a Ufanr a palace <3pJ a caravan, a
person 5 ^ a servant crowd
^ anger JJW a kind of *)«imRl a general,
two miles pulse commander of
^ 9 sesamum sweetmeat an army
qra* a mendicant ^ « a soldier
(Neuter)
AN ADJECTIVE
^ silent
ROOTS
1st Conjugation
SENTENCES
jTfflf^r n ^ g ^ I ^i^g"Tf^feT i
LESSON I X
NOUNS i Contd.)
Terminations
( Masculine)
room, ^ai^f^ a rich man ^ colour, caste
space q?f duty, virtue arra residence
W9fl conduct Olf^ a store ^ a warrior
W a sword q;[POT exploit f^f a bullock
ift'ST summer qRSSB a protector WI? a beast of
the moon SRBwliglit [grace prey
)ftq a lamp TOR favour, ^PF^ name of
' O T ^ g o d of servant of Rama's charioteer
wealth, Kubera Kubera
(Neuter)
medicine mm evidence, saying;
VPUn cause authority enmity
??r ghee ggr battle ^|?5pf beauty
"^fta the manner
of leading life ^ a herd ^ a mansion
f^mind a tail ^ snow
ADJECTIVES
ROOTS, & C .
sn^rof: ^ g j i fnR^ i
5i5Rt I
^ 5 P i t 55t%!5 #cmt TO- ^t^am qroft ^ 3 % r i
Nom. sr.
Acc. ^>
Instr. «j.
Dat. ^ .
Abl. q.
Gen. q.
Loc. ^ .
Voc. ?}.
^ JW.
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl. ^:
Gen. ^:
Loc.
Voc.
Nom.
Acc.
Instr. ^:
Dat. n^m
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc. 5 ^
FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 35
n.
Nom. a.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl. A.
Gen. ^.
Loc. «.
Voc. ^.
1. State and explain the rules of Samdhi of the
following, with instances —
a. Similar vowels except the last four.
b. 3! or sn followed by g, ^ , or ^s, short or long.
c. sj or an foUov/ed by ^, ^ or ^ .
d- \, 3, or ^ , thort or long, followed by any
dissimilar vowel.
e. I? or ^ followed by s?.
/. The ending | , ^ , or of dual nouns followed by
a vowel, and 3R after any vowel except the
last four.
g. if^ at the end of a word.
A. ^ and the dentals with 5^. and the palatals.
i. ^, and the dentals with \ and the Unguals.
k. Any consonant of the five classes, except a
nasal, followed by a soft consonant or the
initial vowel of a word.
/. t followed by t.
36 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT
2. When is changed to ?
3. Under what circumstances is visarga changed
to 5^, j[, or 5^.and ^ , and when is it dropped ?
4. When is the final \ changed to an anusvara and
Visarga ?
5. What cases do the following verbs and particles
govern :—
a. Verbs implying motion.
b. Verbs implying anger, malice, rivalry, and
jealousy.
c. ^ in the sense of to owe, and
d. , sWs, sfef, and ^pa.
6. Mention any roots governing two accusatives.
7. Decline the nouns — [ Put in as many as may be
necessary, of the masculine and neuter genders, ending
in « or 5 ].
Some of the important Indeclindbles
^ * or always 10!
fqi in vain everywhere 5?^ yesterday
flq. tomorrow gsweii
LESSON X
V E R B S
A T M A N E P A D A T E R M I N A T I O N S — P m e « / Tense
SINGULAR
1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers
^ h
ROOTS
+ 1st Conj.
^ t o see, to take tii^with sji, to 1^ to tremble, to
into account, to begin, to be quake [ hope
care for; (with engaged in i j i ^ with an, to
m, to expect; m to sport, to be to suspect
toith u, to see; diverted fii^ to learn
and with qft, to ^ (^) to g n ^ l s i i K ) to be
examine) please, to be splendid, to be
to shake liked fit.
TOIL with a, to 55*1 to get ^nq; to panegy-
diine ^ to salute rize, to praise,
•m. to speak [ice to be to extol
g ^ ( % ) t o r e j o - f ^ { ^ ) to ??| to endure
i m t o strive increase ^ t o serve
• ^ o r trj is used after each of the parts of speech joined
together, or once only, that is, after them a l l ; «JtR»^
or v n i i f l ^ a }'mv^^'I
t The conjugational peculiarities formerly mentioned
should be remembered in conjugating these roots.
38 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT
SENTENCES
i^r I
3 ^ 55iJrsT w t ^ ^ 1
i r t ^ c5*ra I
• ^ and other verbs having the same sense govern the dative
of the person or thing pleased or satisfied.
40 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKJT
LESSON X I
VERBS r c o « / d . ;
DUAL AND PLURAL
1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers.
Dual sit ^
Plural Jjt v| *«p%
As in the Parasmaipada, the preceding «l is lengthened
brfore the f^and ^^ of the Atmanepada terminations.
Dual ^Pf^
Plural ^^wt
Stmanepadi Roots
1st Conj.
* ^ t o praise, to €t ( S*!;) to fly with ft, to won-
flatter t fii^to beg der, to be dis-
«fmto forgive « n ^ t o beg mayed
imi.with xj, to to throb to taste
swagger fer (^qq;) to smile ;
• See Note f, page 6
t See Note t, page 29.
FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 41
SUBSTANTIVES & C .
SENTEVCES
42 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT
LESSON X I I
V E R B S (Contd.)
PASSIVE A N D I M P E R S O N A L F O R M S
These" are made up by adding q to the root +, and
then appending the Stmanepada terminations—
eq5(^+ q + ?| = SJ3?J^, R|3!J^, &c.
If a root ends in ^ which is not preceded by a
conjunct consonant, ft is substituted for it before the
^ of the passive ; as ^becomes fe.
The final 5 or g of a root is lengthened before q ; as
(si becomes
• There is no conjugational distinction in the case of
passive forms; that is, they are formed in the same manner
from all roots, subject, however, to certain peculiarities of
the roots themselves. Several roots, therefore, belonging
to conjugations which, as being complicated, have not
been introduced into this book, are given in the text.
The student, of course, will not be able to make up their
active forms.
t The original roots, and not the substitutes which some
roots take before the conjugational sign, as for ^IJ^,
fte for ^«Ji, &c.
44 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT
ROOTS
SUBSTANTIVES
m. a command « ^ w . a sound
^TO n. wood qR m. an inhabitant of a
^ m. a bow city, a citizen
w. a scholar, a pupil Jlig m. an intelligent man
SENTENCES
• The forms which some roots assume before the passive v are
here enclosed within rectangular brackets.
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers. ?J?r^
1. What form does the final m. (short) take in the 6th
Conjugation ? In what other case does it assume the
same form ?
2. What modification does the final short vowel
undergo before the n of the Passive ? What substitute
does the sn of ^ and qj ' to drink' take in the same
circrmistances, and how are roots of the tenth conjugation
dealt with?
3. Give the Present Tense of fv^, ? 6th Conj. (and
any number of other Atmanepadi roots necessary).
4. What case do ?s^and other roots having the same
sense govern ? Give an instance.
FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 47
LESSON x m
N O U N S
F E M I N I N E N O U N S E N D I N G I N an A N D |
Terminations
Singular Dual Plural
Nouns 1 Nom. SI. (none) i
ending in a n t Acc. ^ .
Nom. SI.
\
Acc. ^ . OTI:
Nouns Nom. SI. (none)
ending in ^ Acc.
Nom. SI. TO:
Acc. ft.
SUBSTANTIVES, & C .
{Feminine)
ROOTS
SENTENCE
JTSI^ XJj^i I
f^wr: f5i^^ I
^flid 'a'sfift v i r ^ I
TOP I qiit^ I
•Seenotet. p. 21.
S.B.I-4
50 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT
LESSON X I V
N O U N S (Contd.)
Terminations
Singular Dual Plural
Nouns , Instr. «n wn»3t. ftra;
mm Dat. >st. ^ wim *m.
and| t Abl. q. aj^ ^am, WIR^
The endktg «n is changed to H before the Instr. sing.
termination.
FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 51
SUBSTANTIVES, etc.
( Feminine J
ROOTS
SENTENCES
qfq^
SRWK:
LESSON X V
NOUNS (Conid.)
Terminations
WORDS
SENTENCES
fjnaw i
^^sTt: ^ 5 5^-
s n i g finstqr-
?R I
FIRT BOOK OP SANSKRT 57
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
LESSON X V I
V E R B S
I M P E R F E C T , OR F I R S T P R E T E R I T E T E N S E
Parasmaipada
Terminations
Singular ^ 51
Dual ^ ^ ara^
3! is prefixed to roots in this tense.
Singular sraNn^ smbsi:
Dual ajahsira ^^mn, awNrarat.
Tlie conjugational signs are added on to the roots
before the terminations of the Imperfect.
The terminations and ^ take the augment | in
the case of the root SRi ' to be ' and s? in the case of
3ja[' to eat'; as
WORDS
SENTENCES
LESSON XVII
V E R B S ( Contd.)
I M P E R F E C T T E N S E ( Continued )
Parasmaipada Plural and Atmanepada Singular
Terminations
1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers.
Parasm. Pi. ^ n ^
ajJJ^I*! aWCnW atn^B^
WORDS
'(^with to give
SENTENCES
F I B S T BOOK O F S A N S K R T 63
LESSON XVIII
VERBS ( Conid. )
I M P E R F E C T T E N S E ( Continued )
• Use
FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 65
WORDS
%«!rqciq: I
snf^^«:r: q^
G E N E R A L R E S U L T S A N D EXAMINATI<»4
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
1. Give tiie forms of the Imperfect of aRC, sj^,
^ Wit ^ uith ft, fir?i, ^,
' i l 31% etc. etc.
2. What change does a final consonant undergo
when compounded with the following nasal ? When
is the change necessary ?
3. What change does 5 undergo when it follows
any of the first four letters of a class ?
4. When is a ^changed to §5 ?
LESSON X I X
N O U N S
M A S C U L I N E A N D N E U T E R NOUNS ENDING IN
3 A N D 3R
(Masculine)
35 OT.
S U B S T A N T I V E S , etc.
( Masctdine)
^ an arrow ^ the architect "T?5?W a Br&h-
!(^^i1iA name of a of the gods maria hero,
cheek [king § ^ a wicked who extermi-
a preceptor, a person nated the war-
venerable person ^ husband's rior caste
girqR[ a son-in- brother qlf dust
law 1 ^ the Creator ft? father
aHH a tank q a man a lord
a tree an axe an arm
FIRST BOOK OF SAMSKRT 71
ADJECTIVES
INDECUNABLES
ROOTS
SENTENCES
LESSON X X
N O U N S
( Continued )
• A b l . 4. (none) swiffit,
Nouns ? I Gen. q. (none) sife siffit.
in ^ ) IS L o c . f ^ g
The singular of the ablative and genitive cases is
formed by substituting 3 ? for m. Before the ^ of the
locative singular, 5R takes an? as its substitute, and
before siPi. it is lengthened. This latter change is
optional in the case of The vocative singular is
made up by putting ^ for SR, and the dual and plura
are the same as those of the nominative.*
r Masctdine J
Singular Dual
Abl. t
Gen. ^:
Loc « .
Voc. ^. ^aitl
(Neuter)
Alb. *d«ira
Gen. ^jpi:
Loc.
Voc.
(Masctdine)
(Neuter)
Abl. q.
Gen. ^.
Loc.^.
Voc.?l,
WORDS
SENTENCES
^ I
5np«t5
fqraft 'TOT 311^5 I
FIRST BOOK OP SANSK?T 77
^ I
W i ^ ^ s w ^ I
EXAMINATION
LESSON X X I
N O U N S { Contd. )
F E M C N I N E N O U N S E N D I N G I N \ . 3 , 3;, and
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Ab).
Gen.
Loc. 1 ^
Voc. 1#
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen. ^ :
Loc.
Voc.
FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 81
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
SUBSTANTIVES
( Feminine )
SENTENCES
1 ^ »i g^afcT I
qw: j n ^ ^ fq«3i-
84 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT
EXAMINATION
LESSON X X U
V E R B S
T H E IMPERATIVE MOOD
Parasmaipada Terminations
Singtdar Dual Plural
*l8t pers.
2nd pers. (none)
3rd pers. g
WORDS
SENTENCES
LESSON X X I U
VERBS (Contd.)
IMPERATIVE M O O D — (Continued )
Atmanepada Terminations
Singular Dual Plural
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
41<{H
ROOTS
SRIWI qrf^5
qw ^ I
^pfm ^ « n g [ i
LESSON X X I V
VERBS (Contd.)
WORDS
SENTENCES
• From
t In translating these sentences, use the verbal deriva-
tives taught in this lesson, wherever they can be used.
FIRST BOOK O F , S A N S K R T 95
EXAMINATION
LESSON X X V
N O U N S
Singular Plural
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen. ww<al:
Loc.
Voc. ^«rasll
3. Present participles differ from this only in th6
nominative singular, the ai of the last syllable being
short, as rpsg^pr. pirt., f i « a ^ « o w . sing.
4. The terminations of the nominative, vocative and
accusative forms of neuter nouns ending in consonants
are as follows:—
Singular Dual Plural
(none) ^ \
Before the \ of the plural, ^ is prefixed to the final
consonant, if it be not a nasal or a semi-vowel. The
other cases are, as i n the case of nouns ending in «r,
formed exactly like those of the corresponding masculine.
Nom., V o c , a n l Acc. mfi smeft
5. Before the | of the nom., v o c , and acc. dual of
the neuter, ^ is prefixed to the final ^ of the present
participles of roots of the 1st, 4th, and 10th conjugations,
and optionally to the ((of those of roots of the 6th
conjugation.
Nom, V o c , a i d Acc. n^ssefi" n^3^?r
FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 99
WORDS
Present Participles
SENTENCES
% ^fl^^ ^ ^ ^ I
iiTlr fln^r^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i
EXAMINATION
LESSON X X V I
N O U N S (Contd.)
N O U N S E N D I N G I N 3iq[_AND ^
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
SENTENCES
^5re«r^ 3 ^ iniff i
FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 109
^RmifjTJn ggJsn ^
: 4
EXAMINATION
LESSON XXVII
N O U N S ( Contd.)
N O U N S E N D I N G I N ^ , ara[ A N D t « R ? , O R q?R^
1. The nom. sing, of nouns ending i n ^ i s formed
by dropping the termination ^ and lengthening 3i if
it precedes. The 5 of the noun is then changed to a
visarga (vide note +, p. 9).
112 FIRST BOOK OF SA^fSKRT
Nom. ftS(?J:
Acc.
Instr. ft8?*^IHi
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc. ftf^)s
Voc.
Ml.
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl. :
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
Nom. 3»fi^
Acc.
Instr. 3!^irari^
Dat. 3l^WI?H 3#*qf:
Abl. 31^:
Gen.
Loc.
Voc. 3lf^>
WORDS
SENTENCES
5«t^ ctlflci: # g ^ S g § I r i : l
FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 117
EXAMINATION
LESSON X X V I U
VERBS
OF T H E POTENTIAL MOOD
Terminations
Parasmaipada
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
Atmanepada
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
Parasmaipada
Atmanepada
WORDS
SENTENCES
m- w 5ft i^^3*' I
FIRST BOOK OF SANSK?T 123
EXAMINATION
LESSON X X I X
PRONOUNS
Dat. Sing.
Abl. Sing.
Gen. Sing.
Gen. PI.
Loc. Sing.
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Neut. Nom , Acc. ^ikfi.
The rest like the Masculine
3. g?, qa[, and in the masculine gender
are declined as if they were g, ^ and 9 respectively,
i . e., pronouns ending in 9{. The nom. sing,
forms of a ? and however, are and qs:
respectively.
4. In the feminine gender these pronouns are
declined as if they were ^, C[?a, «n and i. e. ending
m «n. The Nominative smgulars of the first two are
511 and qqi respectively.
Neuter Nom.
and Acc.
*ift
^ S l ^ ' f r . , m a prince
SENTENCES
^^r^: ^f^'T- ^ ,
?r(i^ g ^ j ^ ff5?n
?Ifl<JI 9rRIF5tI9^-
9 qfoici: 9 ^ W ^ ? y w : I
9 « ^ eJrRt 9 =5 ^5^«r5
9^ »pns ^I^fll^PTf^ I)
Who are these ? ( There) are fishes in that
What is their avocation ? river.
She is Hari's daughter. He is followed by her.
What is her name ? Where are the men that
To whom did Rama say have come from those
so ? villages ?
He is Govinda's brother. r r . , , ^^^^ - .
They come from that
I went to school with him. country of which
He saw Narayana playing Sudraka is (the ) king.
with those boys. ( T h e ) queen directed those
Wliich of his friends does of her maids who were
be remember ? near (in proximity with)
PmST B O O K O F SANSKRT 131
EXAMINATION
LESSON X X X
P R O N O U N S ( Contd. )
P R O N O U N S O F T H E 1ST A N D 2 N O P E R S O N S
«WT<5 ( / or we )
Singular Dual Plural
Nom.
Acc. JTR^or m or #f 3I?flr?q; or SI:
Instr.
Dat. si^JTJcqj^ or ST:
Abl. R^
Gen. *m o r ^ an^: Of ^ SRW^or
Loc.
^sff^ { Thou or you )
Nom.
Acc. tmn. or ?^ gwi^or wra^
Instr. 35JTrf^:
Dat. sj«rnorg g^^nf'm.or ^'.
Abl.
Gen. aw or ^ gW^: or ^ 3 « l W ^ o r 5|:
Loc. ?5jft
WORDS
SENTENCES
siI5fl"T':i'^ I
fwfet ^ 351^: I
fe^tog I [ I
134 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT
iT ^ € sRgjn^rr a TCIT ^ mm i
«Rt 9f^I ^ g 11
q4 ^ ^ ^^fHc«irai^?n^Rra?it:
ft; 5JRIWg5lT ^ ^ ^ g?T II
LESSON X X X I
MASCULINE
Singular Plural
Nom.
Acc. ^
Instr,
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
FEMININE
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
NEUTER
This
MASCULINE
FEMININE
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl. aniwiPi.
Gen. awqf:
Loc.
NEUTER
WORDS
SENTENCES
^ro^ ^at5«iyt<uHH. II
t m
35ft*^.S<Ht f W s ^ ^ II
* JTiit^5it fe^TcTw ct%?r i
^'c?fg?^^r^ ^ €gr ft i
* t « sjqr=5g w 5R{?ci( nRKsq:re5r?Tf zm \
55?inil r5m*ra51
^ f%fST^ ^-
Si^Jl'^wfe ^33^?i5 II
qRPwt^ smrat'T^s^t
3fT5 ?TatSfltf«?5«?r II
•IlWWei^rt "^^yc*^?!: II
5* ?ririK?I^ a'OT
EXAMINATION
LESSON XXXU
t«j:%HTf^ I
95 9q€ q f ^ s 95 finrajq^ i
^rt^f^Rj 9ff n5! * II ^.
51 «t3t w n i r a f f ^ % ^ fl^ci T 5 I J I
^ R J 5 ^ f 5 J J r ^ : g^5If;T9JT: II l^^.
5ra 9 n ^ : 9 ^ ^ 3 w f % q ? i f ^ ^ ^ T t ^ II \ \ .
3 1 1 3 ^ ft « 3 « n n n wctc^ Hfiftgt 1
FBS—7
APPENDIX
SAMDHI RULES
Consomnis
^^ot Visarga
SYNTAX
3? aw4 m. a sin
(si and ^) m ail^nft m. a master
improper time srapn Jnd. now
mgfn y. jealousy, rivalry aiwT'H M. study
mid adj, tn. n. immutable ari^ftq^ad'/. m. n. dwelt
s i f i ^ adj. tn. n. all, whole aj^q a<f;. m. n. uncertain
aro? m. medicine ariq^cf m. (^Ksapi^ m. a
sdll tn. fire road, #5 m. fatigue ) the
aw M . the tip fatigue of a journey
a ^ tn. an Englishman m^R^adj. after
3 1 ^ ^ / . England apwi w . a disadvantage,
an evil
a j ^ ^ iMd. soon.
ara ffi. a goat apl5S w . fire
aigtH M. ignorance aiftg M. evil, calamity
ai5 2s/ Conj. Parasm to ajg^^H^ad;. m. n. a ser-
wander, to ramble vant, dependent
aicSt/. a forest a i ^ / . permission
sra: ind. hence a g ? ^ «. pleasing, giving
sifirtir m. a guest delight to
iwrf. greatly, very sjgon m. love [execution
a ^ m. passing away, aiigBH «. performance,
destruction a i ^ M . a falsehood, an
ara ind. here untruth; adj, m. n. false,
apwi or [ eat imtrue
2nd Conj. Parasm. to ail^^Rra i*id. frequently
aw to-day a R i : ^ ». the hearc
iNlvA m. debtor «Rl:gt M . the apartment
156 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT
m. a festive occasion 3R
3^in. happiness, cheer- g55?rr / . straightforward-
fulness, energy ness
1^ n. water sKSfl nt. name of a king
3?f6r m. the ocean SKI^SK W- a sacrificial
<dMHi^/ ^ shoe
3qpi w. a remedy n. medicine
3qi9KT tn. a taunt ^s^^^m. an attendant on
3 ^ / . name of a celes the women's apartment,
woman chamberlain
160 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT
mPl n. beating ^
^mn. a star ^ adj. m. « . diligent
mm m. (m f. a star, 5 ^ / . ^oney given to
mm. a crowd or clus- Brahmanas
ter) cluster of stars ^ joih Conj. to punish
a ^ « . the palate ^ g ^^^^y.. pu„igj^.
RRJ w . sesamum „,gj,t
^ ». a bank, shore f. name of a forest
g ind. but, however ad;, m. n. poor
Conj. Parasm. n. a sight, seeing
& Atm. to inflict pain on ^ p f t q ad;, m. n. handsome
iWA COM;, to weigh ^STW nt. the name of a
giiq adj. m. n. equal j^'"^' ^^^^^^^ f
^ .f..!. • n X L hero Rama [ burn
aw 4th Con]. Parasm. to be „ - , ^ . „
^ , , . . . . ^ 1st Con]. Parasm. to
pleased or satisfied Z r r. i , • n
?f L«J^] i s / COM;. Parasm.
to give, offer; with J|,
q s ^ t w d . silent,silently to give; with aft, to
n. grass exchange
?ft?l adj. m. n. thirsty ?I [ ^ ^<«ss- ] to give
q«m/. thirst, greed ^ *»• «• giver, donor
\ 1st Conj. Parasm. to ^ «• Poverty
cross, to surmount, vnth ^re"! <»d;- m. n. dreadful
SH. to descend ^ragw w . ( « . a slave,
^^n. light, heat w . a person) a per-
« R Is/ COM;. Paraswi. to son who is a slave
abandon /• a maid, a maid-
«nn. m. leaving ftsi M. a day [servant
as; Is/ Con;. A / n t . to ha- ^ »wd. by day [ heaven
sten, to be impatient ft^^ nt. an inhabitant of
«Br^ nt• the architect of ft^ 6/A COM;. Parasm. &
the gods ^ / m . to show; with VQ,
PIRST B O O K O F SANSRRT 167
a town
vug m. the Creator
vim n. com / . an actress
BniS^ »». son of ^ m.
a nver
^Ist Conj. Parasm. to
run spnf/. husband's sister
^ adj. m. n. sensible, ^ 1st Conj. Parasm. wit
talented to rejoice in, to like
PIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 169
JlfiW^/.thfefirst day of a ^ ^ ^ ^
lunar fortnight. smf a current, flow
aeram «• establishing, sifte {p<ist pass. part, of
establishment ft^ with n) entered
s^{past pass. part, of y^ predilection; in-
fq^ i«W Jjft) obstructed telligence
W W « . conviction, belief ^ ^ ^
iw: lOth conj. to pubhsh
vm adj. m. n. first
s m g p i « . ( sum first. WW « . courtesy. dviUty
previous, ^§9 n. a good JRW (past pass. part, of
action ) a previous good 1st conj. tafh «)
action pleased
174 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT
/. (ft^ beloved, «™
and af(%) i n t e l l i g e n c e ' l l ^ «• multiplicity
about one's beloved ftvps m. a cat
FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 175
'"^ a forest
«• sex ^ co»y. to
§ 5 4/A cow;. Parasam. salute
to wallow q ^ „ . age
& COM;. qq?q >M. a companion, a
Parasm. to covet, to be friend
fascinated SR >M. a boon
3 k w . people, world adj. m. n. f. one
^ whose form is elegant,
^ m. avarice handsome, beautiful
^ ^m^ind. well
*Tm.race S ^ l f * ' " ^
, m.. lOth con}, to extol or
^ fld; >«. «• a speaker '^^^^^^.^
^ w. the breast ^ w. a caste, colour
. M . saying, advice; ^ i } ^ «. a way
request q^p^ m. a lover, a husband
^pa^ adj. m. n censur- a wife, a mate
able; n. censure, any- ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to
thing censurable ^weU; with ^ , to sit
upon, to rest upon
f w. speech ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ of ^Parasm.)
^nps m. M. cheat dwellmg
^ m. a child /. a place of
arq^ Is/ COM;. Parasm. residence
to speak q^cRM.cloth
^ m. kiUing m. spring
?ri^ / . a young woman; ^ „_ wealth
daughter-in-law q ^ n , . n a m e of Krspa's
!PI M. a forest father
182 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT
Jeweller s. Jri&R5n m. ^
T . Labour s. m.
Join V. with T -J J J,
, ^ . ^ Laid down p. p. ftf|?r
is/ Cox;. Atm. _ ,
, Lak&s.^vmm.,m%n.
Joined p. p. Lame od;. ^
Joined, having, mm ind. ^^^^ ^ m.
past part. Land s. ^ f.
Joined with p. p. vm, Laugh in contempt v.
3^ 5^ is/ Cow;. Parasm.
Juice s. m. ^^'H^ ^
Justice, court of, Lawbook Hindu, s.
s.PqPRWl/. Lead y. is/ Cow;.
Parasm. & Atm.
Leader s. JIFT^ m.
Karpuratilaka, near, ^ Leaf s. qdj w.
^^m^t^adj. Lg^rn v. f?!^ i s / Cow;.
Kill V- Atm., qs " 1st Conj.
Killing s. q\=i wj. Parasm.
208 PIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT
Mother s. appit/., m ? / .
Neglect V. ^ls> Cottj.
Mother-in-law s. Wj;./.
Atm tvith 3q
Motionless a<^;. ftds Net s. SIRS n.
Mount V. ^ is/ Co«y. New adj.
Parasm. tvith m News s. qRft
Mountain s. ftfi w., q i a m., Neechais, called, adj.
Tell V. ^ 10th Conj. iosm. ajq, " ' ' ' ^ ^ '
Parasm. & Aim., 6th Conj. Parasm. &
Isi Conj. Parasm. Aim.
Temple s. ^qps n, Thunderbolt, Indra's s.
?R n. ; —of ^iva s. qft m.
fiNWff M. Thus adv. ^ i « d . ,
Teadv.^.^ 10th Conj. Atm.
Terrace of a palace s. Tiger s. sm m.
n. Tigress s. s q i ^ / .
Test ». ^ 6th Conj. Time s. ^ m.; proper—s.
Parasm. toith ft, 5 5 ^ ^ w.; improper—s.
I(?/A Con;. Parasm. & ai^m.
w7A Timid ad;. ; s. /.
That pron. a^, aj?^ T i p s. «m n.
Theft s. "glq n. To-day adv. am i « d .
Then ado. mi ind. Token s. < ^ ^r.
Thence ado. aa: ««d. To-morrow adt;. <8^ ind.
There ado. ^ ind. Tongue s^, ^ / . ; tip of
Thief s. m., m. the-s. w.
Thing s. srg ^ m.'. Top s. ftr^ m. n.
real —s. n. ; Tortoise s. f R wt.
not a— s. ai5Rg n.; unreal Touch ». ?15^_ 6/A Cow;.
— s. s r a ^ w. Parasm.
Think t>. l?q;4/A. Conj. Aim. Touch s. ^ w.
Thirst s. qwn/. Touched p. p.f?g
This pro». q a \ , f ^ . a j ^ T o w n s. ITR »., gft / . ,
Thorn s. ^fs^ m. n. y.
Thou pron. ^ Traitor, act the, v. ^
Thought p. p. fti^ ; Con;. Parasm.
s- R^ /• Tranquil adj. ^sm
Throb p, ^ 6/A Cow;. Tranquil, be, v. ^ [ mO
Parasm., ^ Isi Conj. 4th Conj. Parasm.
Tranquillity / . ^fmt n.
Thrones. 1^'«I5R «• q#a/.
Throw V. ^4ih Conj. Pa- Transformation s. rn
222 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT