School: Mixto Marta Maria

Miss: Marley

Matter: Ingles

Tema:
DEPARTMENT OF SAN MARCOS

First name: Guissell Alejandra Herrera Arreaga

Grade:5to. proficient accountant
Date:15/07/2018
 INDEX

DEPARTMENT OF SAN MARCOS

Colonial period
King Carlos III of Spain, promoter of the Bourbon reforms.
Independent period
Districts: Izabal and Petén
President
Earthquake of 2012 in San Marcos.
Plant life zones
Economy in San Marcos
Migratory flows and family remittances
Agricultural production
Activities of the tertiary sector.
Market and environmental conditions
Transportation and service companies
Tourism
Ethnic groups
Farming
Tourist places
Crater of the Tajumulco.
Masonic temple
Grutas and Balneario La Castalia
Customs and traditions
Culture
 INTRODUCTION

It borders on the west with the Republic of Mexico and on the north with the department
of Huehuetenango. In contrast, to the south it borders Retalhuleu and the Pacific Ocean.
Finally, to the east with Quetzaltenango.

The departmental capital is located at a distance of 252 kilometers from the capital city of
Guatemala. In addition, it has a territorial surface measuring 3,791 square kilometers.

It is characterized by having a generally temperate climate. Although, being part of its

territory near the coast, also has warm climates. In fact, the places in the region that
belong to the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes have colder temperatures.
 DEPARTMENT OF SAN MARCOS

The department of San Marcos was known during the colony with the name of "El Barrio
de San Marcos Sacatepéquez."

In pre-Hispanic times, the stories of the historian Oscar Gutierrez indicate that in the
southwestern region of Guatemala was inhabited by the Mam ethnic group, whose reign
spanned from the Pacific Ocean, and much of the valleys of what is now Quetzaltenango
and part of of Huehuetenango.

In the area of the department of San Marcos there is archaeological evidence that
indicates that the reign Mam already existed in 1500 BC. The evidence also indicates that
they had territorial wars with the K'iche 'ethnic group, who over time managed to
dominate a large part of the Mam territory. In 1533, the Spanish occupation of this
territory began in the territory of the Mames who fought strongly against the invasion.
The occupation was ordered by Pedro de Alvarado and executed by Juan de Leon and
Cardona with the help of the Tlaxcalteca tribes from the north, who knew very well the
territory they called "Quetzalli Sacatepéquez" names that are translated to: "shining lands
covered of vegetation. " In 1675, the current department of San Marcos belonged to the
province of Quetzaltenango, an order that followed the mandate of the Royal Hearing of
Guatemala.The Lions of San Marcos in the park of San Marcos photo by Bena FOG - The
Origin of the Department of San Marcos

The Lions of San Marcos in the San Marcos Park - photo by Bena FOGIn 1752, "The
Neighborhood of San Marcos Sacatepéquez" requested the installation of its Municipal
Council, in which it was approved in 1754, by means of the Royal Crown, and accepted by
the Royal Audience of Guatemala. In 1825, San Marcos was elevated to the category of
Villa along with San Pedro Sacatepéquez, and finally in 1866, it was given the rank of
department. The department of San Marcos belongs to the southwestern region of
Guatemala, colindra to the north with Huehuetenango, to the south with the Pacific
Ocean and Retalhuleu, to the east with Quetzaltenango and to the west with the border of
Mexico. It has 29 municipalities, has a very varied climate, and is divided by the mountain
range of the Sierra Madre, it also has two geological faults that are: the Cuilco and the
Coco.

Its main tourist centers are the beaches in the Pacific Ocean, where they are: the port of
Ocós and Tilapa, located in the warm area of the department and in the cold area is the
Tajumulco volcano, which is the highest in Central America with 4220 meters above sea
level.
San Marcos was the department that in 1835 saw the birth of, in the municipality of San
Lorenzo, the former president of Guatemala Justo Rufino Barrios.

He was a brilliant student since he was a child, later he moved to the Law School of the
capital where he graduated in 1862. Later he became part of the liberal movement and
was promoter of the Liberal Revolution of 1871, when he supported the uprising of
Cerapio Cruz , and then with Miguel García Granados overthrew the conservative
president Vicente Cerna. In 1873, Justo Rufino Barrios was elected president of
Guatemala, and was known as the Reformer because his government carried out a series
of social, agrarian reforms and advances in education, weakened the power of the Church
by stripping it of its assets. In 1879 he was again elected president in order to carry out his
great ideal that was the Union of the Central American Countries, which cost him his life
for the opposition. Justo Rufino Barrios died on the battlefield in Chalchuapa, El Salvador.
In the department of San Marcos are also kept important historical objects such as: The
oldest bell in Central America dating from 1577. Also in San Marcos is the parchment of
King Carlos V, which dates from 1543, in which the King thanks the cacique Pedro de
Sacatepéquez for helping Fray Bartolomé de las Casas to the peaceful conquest of the
provinces of Teculiclán, Lacandón and his regions that today are the Verapaces. In this
department is also The Mayan Palace which is a work of the architect Carlos Malau,
adorned with sculptures by Galeotti Torres, there is also the Silver Medal that King
Fernando VII gave to the town of San Pedro Sacatepéquez.Its main fair is called Spring
Departmental Fair and it is celebrated on April 25th. Among its traditions is the Convite
called "Los Gracejos" which is used to wearing wooden masks and colorful costumes; The
other tradition of importance takes place on the first Sunday of December in honor of the
Virgin of Our Lady of Concepción. The flight of the giant kites, one to the traditions of San
Marcos, is a festival that takes place in the last days of October and the beginning of
November. Among other traditions are "The Legends" and "The Dances" by the Treats
that reveal the customs inherited by the ancestral communities, among these are: legends
of the "Origin of Corn", and the legend of "Los Señores y Dueños de los Cerros" ", The
dances of: La Paach, Los Venados, Los Toritos, La Conquista, Los Partidenos.
 Colonial period

The señorío de los mam extended from Huehuetenango to the department of San Marcos,
where Pedro de Alvarado sent Captain Juan de León Cardona to subdue the region with an
army composed of fifty Spanish soldiers and some Tlascalans.

Some of the towns of San Marcos were settled on pre-Hispanic towns located in those
areas, as in San Pedro Sacatepéquez, this being the first head of the Department of San
Marcos. Others were founded, or reduced during the Colony, which are mentioned in the
chronicles of the time. The communities of the coast and bocacosta arose with the coffee
boom between 1870 and 1920, when the push of this land advanced.

Most of the current territory of San Marcos belonged to the village of Quetzaltenango
during the colony. San Marcos, in the sixteenth century, was known as "El Barrio" and a
church was built where the Catholic Church consecrated to San Marcos Evangelista would
be built, from where the department took its name, having been placed under the
patronage of San Frames. T.

Until February 12, 1546, the date on which the Archdiocese of Mexico was erected
through the bull Super universæ orbis ecclesiæ, the dioceses of Chiapas and Guatemala
were suffragans of the Archdiocese of Seville. From that moment on they remained
suffragans of Mexico and then, Bishop Francisco Marroquín divided the administration of
the Central Valley of Guatemala between the friars of the Order of Preachers and the
Franciscans.8 The Barrio -modern departments of San Marcos and Huehuetenango- were
assigned to the Mercedarios.
 Mercedarian convents

Main articles: Tejutla (Guatemala), Mercedarians in Guatemala and General Captaincy of

Guatemala.

Portrait of Bishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz, who arrived in Tejutla in 1770.

Tejula (Guatemala)
Tejula
Tejula
Jacaltenango
Jacaltenango
Chiantla
Chiantla
Amatique
Amatique
Santiago de Guatemala
Santiago de Guatemala
San Juan Ostuncalco
San Juan Ostuncalco
Convents of the Mercedarios during the colonial period in Guatemala and approximate
area of the doctrines that belonged to them.
The Villa de Tejutla, the official name of the town, is so old that when the Spanish
conquerors arrived in the region in 1524, it was already a very important town within the
Mam race villages, due to its textile industry. In 1540, the bishop of Guatemala Francisco
Marroquín divided the ecclesiastical administration of the central valley of Guatemala
between the three main regular orders: Dominicans, Franciscans and Mercedarians; the
latter changed their parishes of the valley for the Dominicans had in the Sierra de
Huehuetenango and that included Tejutla. In 1690 Tejutla comprised the modern
municipalities of: Comitancillo, Ixchiguán, Concepción Tutuapa, Sipacapa, Sibinal,
Tajumulco, Tacaná and part of San Miguel Ixtahuacán. According to the historical writings
of the Florida Remembrance of Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzman, Tejutla belonged
to the jurisdiction of Quetzaltenango and was "a land of bonanza and wealth of pleasant
climates and forests with enough water" . The Spanish crown focused on the catechization
of the indigenous people; the congregations founded by the royal missionaries in the New
World were called "doctrines of Indians" or simply "doctrines." 10 Originally, the friars had
only a temporary mission: to teach the Catholic faith to the Indians, then to give way to
secular parishes as those established in Spain; to this end, the friars should have taught
the gospels and the Spanish language to the natives.10 Once the Indians were catechized
and spoke Spanish, they could begin to live in parishes and contribute with the tithe, as
the peninsulares did.
But this plan was never carried out, mainly because the crown lost control of the regular
orders as soon as the members of them embarked for America; moreover, the Indians
never came to understand Catholicism correctly because the friars could not properly
translate it into the complex indigenous languages.12 On the other hand, protected by
their apostolic privileges to help the conversion of the indigenous, the missionaries only
attended to the authority of their priors and provincials, and not of the Spanish authorities
or those of the bishops. The provincials of the orders, in turn, only they were accountable
to the leaders of their order and not to the crown; once they had established a doctrine,
they protected their interests in it, even against the interests of the king, and in this way
the doctrines became peoples of Indians who remained established for the rest of the
colony. According to the relationship of Bishop Juan de las Cabezas in 161313 and the
minutes of the pastoral visit of Archbishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz in 1770,14 the
Mercedarian friars were in charge of nine doctrines, and their many annexes, which were:
Santa Ana de Malacatán, Concepción de Huehuetenango, San Pedro de Solomá, Our Lady
of the Purification of Jacaltenango, Our Lady of the Candelaria de Chiantla, San Andrés de
Cuilco, Santiago de Tejutla, San Pedro de Zacatepeques, and San Juan de Ostuncalco.

King Carlos III of Spain, promoter of the Bourbon reforms.

In 1754, by virtue of a Royal Certificate part of the Bourbon Reforms, all the curates of the
regular orders were transferred to the secular clergy. 16 In 1765 the Bourbon reforms of
the Spanish Crown were published, which sought to recover the royal power over the
colonies and increase tax collection.1718 With these reforms, the tobacconists were
created to control the production of intoxicating beverages, tobacco, gunpowder , the
cards and the yard of roosters. The real estate auctioned the tobacconist annually and a
private person bought it, thus becoming the owner of the monopoly of a certain product.
That same year four sub-delegations of the Royal Treasury were created in San Salvador,
Ciudad Real, Comayagua and León and the administrative political structure of the
Kingdom of Guatemala changed to fifteen provinces: 19 In addition to this administrative
redistribution, the Spanish crown established a policy tending to diminish the power of
the Catholic Church, 20 which up to that time was practically absolute over Spanish
vassals. The policy of diminishing the power of the church was based on the
Enlightenment and had six main points, among which was a criticism of the role of the
Church within society and its derived organisms, especially fraternities and
brotherhoods.21 The Mercedarians of Guatemala delivered their doctrines to the secular
clergy, with almost thirty-three thousand Sierra Indians, all baptized and educated in the
Catholic faith.22
 Independent period

The department of San Marcos was part of the Sixth State of the Highlands and of all the
attempts and movements for the formation of that State, which then failed after its
second attempt in 1840, which was also frustrated by President Rafael Carrera and
Turcios. On September 12, 1839, after the separation of the State of Los Altos, the State of
Guatemala was reorganized into seven departments and two independent districts:

Departments: Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, Escuintla, Gautemala, Mita, Sacatepéquez, and

Verapaz

Districts: Izabal and Petén

Apart from the independent districts, there were also districts attached to the
departments, as was the case of Amatitlán. The difference between the departments and
the independent districts was that the departments were instituted where there were
defined parishes and settlements, while the districts were established in the most remote
and inhospitable regions of the state. The villages were defined using the list generated by
the government of Dr. Mariano Galvez in 1836 to implement the unsuccessful jury trials,
and each department was divided into smaller districts for better governance.23

After the bloody recovery of the State of Los Altos by Carrera, on February 26, 1840 the
departments thereof, Quetzaltenango and El Barrio, were reintegrated into the State of
Guatemala at the request of the indigenous inhabitants of the municipalities outside of
Quetzaltenango.24 However, after the departure of Carrera from power in 1848, the State
of Los Altos again separated from Guatemala, but when the return of the Conservative
leader was imminent, on May 8, 1849 an agreement was signed between General
Mariano Paredes, President of the Republic of Guatemala and General Agustín Guzmán in
the city of Antigua Guatemala so that the separated territories rejoined the Guatemalan
nation.25

On May 8, 1866, the government of Marshal Vicente Cerna y Cerna elevated San Marcos
to the category of department by the agreement that says:

President

In use of the faculties given by the decree of September 9, 1839, you agree to:

-That the territories of San Marcos, Huehuetenango, Petén, Izabal and Amatitlán, which
have retained the denomination of districts, are henceforth given to the department, and
consequently their authorities must take the same denominations as those of the other
departments. of the republic, without any of them remaining dependent on another in
their political and administrative regime.Communicate to whom it corresponds and
publish in the Official Gazette. By 1892 the department had 24 municipalities. [Citation
needed] Natural disasters of 1902 Main articles: Santa María Volcano and Guatemala
Earthquake of 1902.

Before 1902 the volcano had been inactive for at least 500 years and possibly several
thousand years, but its awakening was clearly indicated by a seismic swarm in the region
that began in January 1902 and a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Quetzaltenango
on 18 April 1902. The eruption began on October 24 and the largest explosions occurred
during the following two days, ejecting approximately 5.5 km³ of magma. The eruption
was one of the largest of the twentieth century, comparable in magnitude to that of
Mount Pinatubo in 1991. The pumice formed in the culminating eruption fell over an area
of approximately 273,000 km², and the volcanic ash was detected even in San Francisco,
more than 4,000 km away. The eruption ripped off much of the southwestern flank of the
volcano, leaving a crater about 1 km in diameter and about 300 m deep that extends from
just below the summit at an altitude of about 2,300 m. Due to the lack of previous activity
in the Santa María, the local inhabitants did not recognize the preceding seismicity as a
warning sign of an eruption. At least five thousand people died as a result of the eruption
itself, and a subsequent outbreak of malaria killed many more.2 The eruption of the
volcano released a column of material that reached 28 km in height and formed a dark
cloud that covered the sunlight during several days. The eruption took thirty-six hours and
formed a large crater in the south-west of the mountain. The agricultural region of San
Marcos was devastated, and some villages, such as San Marcos (San Marcos) and San
Pedro Sacatepéquez, had to be completely rebuilt.
Earthquake of 2012 in San Marcos.

San Marcos was the department of Guatemala that resulted in the greatest material and
human losses during the Guatemala earthquake of Wednesday, November 7, 2012 at
10:35:47 local time (16:35:47 UTC), earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter
scale. The tragedy in the department left 30 people dead, more than ten thousand people
affected and nearly two thousand homes demolished, as well as dozens of severely
damaged buildings. Ten of the victims, all from a single family, died buried in the
municipality of San Cristóbal Cucho.
It is known that in San Marcos at the beginning of its formation, it was known as El Barrio
and a temple was built where the Catholic Church consecrated to San Marcos Evangelista
would operate, from where it is known that the department took its name, for having
been placed under the invocation of San Marcos.

It was created as a department by governmental agreement on May 8, 1866.

The lordship of the Mames extended from Huehuetenango to the department of San
Marcos, where Pedro de Alvarado sent Captain Juan de León Cardona to subdue the
region with an army composed of fifty Spanish soldiers and some Tlascalans.

Part of the current territory of San Marcos belonged to the village of Quetzaltenango
during the colony.

The department of San Marcos was part of the State of the Highlands and of all the
attempts and movements for the formation of the Sixth State, until on May 8, 1849 an
agreement was signed between General Mariano Paredes, President of the Republic and
the General Agustín Guzmán in the city of Antigua Guatemala. Through this agreement,
the separated territories were reincorporated into the nation. By 1892 the department
had 24 municipalities.

Some towns of San Marcos were settled on pre-Hispanic towns, others were founded and
reduced during the colony, which are mentioned in the chronicles of the time. The
communities of the coast and mouth of the coast arose with the coffee boom between
1870 and 1920, when the thrust of this colossal land advanced.

The Department of San Marcos is located in the southwestern region of Guatemala. Its
territorial extension is 3,791 square kilometers. It limits to the north with Huehuetenango,
to the south with the Pacific Ocean and Retalhuleu, to the east with Quetzaltenango; and
to the west with the Mexican state of Chiapas. The departmental capital is located at a
distance of 252 kilometers from the capital city of Guatemala.

In September 1897, after the failure of the Central American Exposition and the serious
economic crisis faced by Guatemala after the fall of the international price of coffee and
silver, a group of revolutionaries took up arms in order to seize several institutions and
avoid that the ruler remained in power; On September 7, the day the revolution broke
out, the rebels advanced against San Marcos, taking the head. On September 15, the
revolutionary forces proclaimed their victory and took Ocós, Colomba and Coatepeque,
but on October 4 the army counterattacked and regained control ending the revolution.
President Reina Barrios was originally from San Marcos, and in retaliation on October 23,
1897, he moved the head of the department to San Pedro Sacatepéquez.
On October 25, 1902, the region was destroyed by the eruption of the Santa María
Volcano.2 On November 8, 2012 the town suffered a strong earthquake that damaged
western Guatemala and severely affected the infrastructure of the town.

The southern coast of this department is bathed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, and
its lands are irrigated by several rivers, the most important being: El Suchiate, Cabuz,
Naranjo, Nahuatán, Tilapa, Meléndrez, Coatán and Cuilco. Other rivers are: Cabajchum,
Calapté, Cancelá, Chapalá, Chisna, Cutzulchimá, Ixbén, Ixpil, Negro, Salá and Sosi. In the
municipality of Tajumulco is the waterfall of the Cutzulchimá River, which has a height of
60 meters. The southern municipality of Ocós, has the Manchón Guamuchal Biological
Reserve, an important ecosystem that serves as a refuge for the conservation of a great
variety of plant species, such as the mangrove; and of aquatic animals and migratory birds
that use it as a place of passage and rest.

The Tajumulco volcano is the highest point in Central America, with 4,220 meters above
sea level.

The department of San Marcos is characterized by a generally temperate climate,

although it has a variety of climates due to its topography. In the south coast, the land is
flat, reason why the climate is warm, like in the municipality of Ocós to 3 msm; in the
altiplano by the height, the climate It is cold, as in the municipality of Ixchiguán, 3,200
meters above sea level. However, its soil is naturally fertile, unbeatable for a wide variety
of crops.

The Sierra Madre enters Guatemala through the Niquihuil vertex that runs through the
northern part of the department. Within it are the San Antonio Volcanoes, with an
elevation of 3,033 meters; the Tacaná, with 4,092 meters; and the Tajumulco, the highest
in Central America, with 4,220 meters. For them, San Marcos is known in the literary field
as the "place where the volcanoes dawn".

The lands located to the south of the mountain range are almost flat and the temperate
climate, with the exception of those that cover the coast, very rich zone destined
preferably to the cultivation of coffee.
 Plant life zones

This department, because of the topography of the terrain, has a diversity of climates and,
therefore, its life zones are diverse, seven well-defined life zones are identified:

The following roads are located in this department: National Route 1, National Route 6-W,
National Route 12-S and Inter-American Highway CA-2 that, starting from the city of Tecún
Umán, municipality of Ayutla, border with Mexico, and crossing the coastal zone of the
country, when arriving at Escuintla, by the interoceanic highway, the department
communicates with the capital city. There are also ruts, sidewalks and dirt roads in the
department, which serve as communication between neighboring towns. There are also
railroad tracks and stations on the border with Mexico, especially in the municipalities of
Ayutla, Pajapita and Ocós; they have been abandoned since the 1990s. This department
also has maritime communication channels through the Port of Ocós.

Economy in San Marcos

The occupation rate 59 comprised 99% and the economically active population PEA,
comprised 27.3% of the population comprised in the range of 7 years and older, of which
74.33% are men and 25.67% are women. The economic activity in which more people
develop is related to agricultural and forestry activities 30.91% and in order of importance
the wholesale and retail trade inside and outside the municipality as well as hotel services
that is equivalent to 13.02% of the population economically active, this is also the
construction services that is equivalent to 10.22%, which is

stratified in the teaching area 9.21%, according to the inhabitants60 the transactions are
made with the municipalities of San Pedro Sacatepéquez, Tejutla, Ixchiguan and
Coatepeque to this city of the department of Quetzaltenango go inhabitants of Barranca
de Gálvez village, people commercialize agricultural products mainly , where the average
participation of women occurs in the same conditions as men.

According to the 2002 census of the INE, in relation to the distribution of work by
occupation, 38.14% were unskilled workers engaged in agricultural and construction
activities, and followed by importance the workers and craftsmen of mechanical arts and
other trades that corresponded 17.48 %, then the professions technicians of the average
level that corresponded 12.37%, afterwards the salesmen of commerce with 9.35% that
usually realize it within the municipality, but when remembering us that at the moment
the municipality in its majority young population has the tendency to improve this
proportion as long as it is open to services that allow it to be prepared and trained.

Migratory flows and family remittances

According to key actors of the municipality, the agricultural activity receives as daily
remuneration Q50.00 more food, when they do not provide food, then Q 70.00 is paid,
but most prefer to feed. This service does not have a great offer but it is provided
according to seasonal demand, for example: sowing, cleaning and harvesting of
agricultural production, situation that causes the migration of families especially from the
northern part of the municipality that goes to the States United to carry out work in the
field generally, which allows the sending of family remittances (data not quantifiable in
national currency in the municipality) to relatives who stay to live in the municipality, but
at departmental level for the year 2,007 there were 105,156 homes They received
remittances valued at 368.92 million USD61 and that is constituted in the third
department in receipt of remittances.

Another type of migration is for the professionals of the municipality since the territory
does not present the conditions for a better paid job, therefore they move to the capital
of the republic or the city of Quetzaltenango, because in these cities they find better
working conditions, housing, services in education, health and technology that allows
them to improve the quality and condition of their lives and their respective families.

The existing production systems in San Marcos according to gender approach for
agricultural systems had a proportion of 20% of

Agricultural production

The annual and perennial crop diversity yields generated by the municipality are detailed
in tables 5 and 6, information constructed with support from the 4th national agricultural
census, where the latest official information regarding this category is described. For the
agricultural production, 12 crops considered the most important until that year 2003 are
detailed and from them is the production of so that it was harvested in approximately 115
manzanas of the territory and that had a yield of 240.08 quintals / manzana, followed by
the corn production white, yellow corn, cauliflower and oats as the products with the
highest percentages of production and greater occupation of land within the municipal
territory. In the same way there were areas of land for the production of flowers with an
occupation of 23 manzanas of the municipal territory, where 717 quintals of flowers of
different species are produced. Regarding fruit production, according to data from the 4th
agricultural census was the production of avocado the highest production that was
generated with 613 quintals per year, then in order of importance was the production of
coffee that was generated in the Montelimar farm as well as the production of pineapple,
banana, banana and citrus. For the northern micro region was the production of plum and
deciduous fruit trees. The destination of livestock production is dual purpose, primarily for
family consumption as part of the diet and the few surplus production is to sell on
Thursdays in the Plaza de San Pedro Sacatepéquez, the weekends in Tejutla and Ixchiguan
. What they sell the most in order of importance are: chickens, roosters and chickens, then
sheep and cattle raised by sub products, followed by the sale of cattle, among others.
According to information from the 4th national agricultural census and as described in
table 7, that was the number of livestock that were within the municipal territory. The
care of domestic animals usually corresponds to women64, at the time of
commercialization, women have the right only to sell small livestock and poultry. The
cows and horses are sold by men. Regarding forestry and industrial production activities, it
is not considered as a current economic engine, but there are private forest areas that are
included in the forest incentive programs such as PINFOR and PINPEP. In addition, the
municipal forestry office currently supports the insertion of these programs, as they also
carried out jointly with HELVETAS the design of the municipal regional park that is located
between the villages of El Rincón and Caxaque. The current forest production is not
significant because the seedlings are in the process of growth and have not yet reached
their phase of use, the only benefits are the by-products of the forest derived from
activities such as pruning and maintenance of plantations.

In the urban area according to the municipal comprehensive diagnosis (2007), it is

described that 25% of the private activity refers to the occupations detailed in table 6,
where one can observe the large number of economic activities carried out by the
inhabitants of the municipal capital of San Marcos, which provides economic resources
that keep alive the activity of the population65. This sector is where the greatest number
of people are identified here through the production of subsistence crops such as corn in
association with beans, potatoes, sowing other vegetables and livestock production. In the
case of corn, beans, you only get one crop per year, due to the long cycle of these crops,
while crops such as potatoes and other vegetables, you can only make one crop a year
despite having short cycles, The latter is especially due to the scarcity of rainwater or
water sources, coupled with the fall of frost in dry times of the year. The livestock activity
in the municipality is centralized in raising domestic animals in the family, with species
such as poultry, sheep, pigs, goats and cows, which are fed with stubble of corn and
wheat, fodder taken from communal forests or municipal, grazing and to a lesser extent
fed with fodder from live barriers.

Within this sector we find bakeries and bakeries, carpentry, there is also a production
company of polyducts.
 Activities of the tertiary sector.

The trade of local, national and Mexican products on a larger scale is carried out by people
living in the municipality of San Pedro. Regarding the services that the inhabitants provide,
we can mention artisans from different trades, hotels, construction services, education,
professionals, food, gaseous water and liquor distributors, medical and pharmaceutical
services, small and medium enterprises and the ones as turkey of cacho and quetzal that
are native species, what would allow to generate local employment and with this benefit
to the community families where these projects are executed.

Market and environmental conditions.

The market is mostly community and is carried out with greater rigor, the days of the
square, both the municipality of San Marcos, as the village square San Sebastian, is a
traditional market with use of cash, although within the territory is uses virtual currency
through the use of debit and credit cards, you can also make international transactions
through the banking system for family remittances. This market to some extent resembles
those that are defined today as the physical and virtual markets. Artisanal activities are
characterized by the fact that artisans have little working capital and have not established
commercialization channels, this situation allows intermediaries to take advantage of and
receive higher levels of profitability. This dynamic is also evident in the living conditions of
the population, given the index of unsatisfied basic needs that are evident within the
municipality, although there is presence of banking entities within the territory, in
addition to the municipal government not implementing municipal policies that favor the
opening and economic development of the municipality. Artisanal activities are
characterized by the fact that artisans have little working capital and have not established
commercialization channels, this situation allows intermediaries to take advantage of and
receive higher levels of profitability. This dynamic is also evident in the living conditions of
the population, given the index of unsatisfied basic needs that are evident within the
municipality, although there is presence of banking entities within the territory, in
addition to the municipal government not implementing municipal policies that favor the
opening and economic development of the municipality. Regarding the marketing system,
the dynamics of the rural population is centered on activities carried out in the municipal
seat of San Pedro Sacatepéquez, since more services are provided in the municipality and
in the background the plaza located in the village of San Sebastián. Something that is
related to marketing activities, is the movement of passenger transport that happens in
the territory through the use of trucks of second category, as well as first category
transportation, where it is observed that the inclination of people is only I pass through
the municipality, this is because the few services are concentrated in the municipal capital
of San Pedro Sacatepéquez and because there are better local buying and selling options,
information compiled in a participatory mapping workshop.

tourism

The tourist resources that can be lent in San Marcos are located in forest or municipal
shipyard, the Castalia66. Within the territory there is a private banking service through the
banking agencies: Banco Industrial, G & T Continental, Real Estate, BANRURAL, of the
Workers. For technological resources are observed: Global Geopositioning Systems,
satellite internet, software for construction of maps through GIS, stationary computers,
gunships, among others, but these resources are scarce within the territory and are used
exclusively by organizations that have incidence within the territory.
 Transportation and service companies

Regarding transportation, there are bus companies of the first and second category,
buses, micro buses and picops, which provide intra and inter urban services. These
transport companies have as final destination the departmental capital of San Marcos and
the capital of the republic, likewise reach 70% of the communities of the municipal
territory, where there is no specific place of parking for interurban transport, logically
within of the route connect with other populated places that are only passing through.
Mobility for the communities is carried out through these means of transport, which
generally has more movement on Thursday because it is the day of the municipal seat of
San Pedro. The economic dynamics of the municipality makes it possible to visualize that
the greater percentage of activities that are carried out are aimed at subsistence
agricultural production with the use of non-technical labor, and the main problems that
do not allow to improve the quality of life of the people. it owes to the low agricultural
profitability, the low qualification of the manpower, artisanal and scanty industrial
development, little remuneration in the services of the construction and finally the
production and profitability cattle is also low. So it is necessary that the engines that can
improve this economic scenario be strengthened through political actions and
construction of
 Ethnic groups

In the department of San Marcos the ethnic groups come from the dominion of the
Mames that extended from Huehuetenango to the department of San Marcos, where
Pedro de Alvarado sent Captain Juan de León Cardona to subdue the region with an army
composed of fifty soldiers Spaniards and some Tlascalans. Part of the current territory of
San Marcos belonged to the village of Quetzaltenango during the colony. The department
of San Marcos was part of the State of the Highlands and of all the attempts and
movements for the formation of the Sixth State, until on May 8, 1849, an agreement was
signed between General Mariano Paredes, a resident of the Republic and the General
Agustín Guzmán in the city of Antigua Guatemala. Through this agreement, the separated
territories were reincorporated into the Guatemalan nation. By 1892 the department had
24 municipalities. Some villages of San Marcos settled on pre-Hispanic towns, such as San
Pedro Sacatepéquez; others were founded and reduced during the Colony, which are
mentioned in the chronicles of the time. The communities of the coast and boca costa
came up with the coffee boom between 1870 and 1920, when the push of this land
advanced. The Spanish languages are spoken; mam, except in four municipalities of the
south coast: Ocós, Ayutla, Catarina and Malacatán; and the Sipacapense language in the
municipality of Sipacapa. The K'iché is also spoken in the municipalities of Ixchiguán and
San José Ojetenam.

Farming

In the department of San Marcos, agricultural production varies according to the

department's heights, which is why there are products from both the highlands and the
coast. Among crops are wheat, oats, barley potatoes, beans. Corn, rice, banana, sugar
cane. Cocoa and others. The department of San Marcos, for having a varied climate, and
covering its territorial extension from the beaches of the Pacific to the highest peaks of
Central America, has a land use capable of sowing a great variety of crops, such as: corn ,
beans, rice, bananas, cacao, sugarcane, tobacco and coffee, on the coast and coastal
mouth; potato, wheat, oats, barley, apple, peach, peach and vegetables, in the altiplano.
So also for forestry production and floriculture. To demonstrate with what productive
capacity of land is counted in this department, in Guatemala according to the Department
of Agriculture of the United States of North America, there are 8 classes of classification of
productive capacity of the land, depending on the combined effects of climate and the
permanent characteristics of the soil. From this 8 agrological classes the I, II, III and IV are
suitable for agricultural crops with specific cultural practices of use and management;
Classes V, VI, and VII can be dedicated to perennial crops, specifically natural or planted
forests; while class VIII is considered suitable only for national parks, recreation and for
the protection of soil and wildlife. In this department in the East, North and West, the
most outstanding levels are levels VI, VII and VIII, which are non-cultivable lands suitable
for forestry work. In the southern part of the department there is a predominance of
levels I, II, and III, especially in the coast and mouth of the coast, which are suitable lands
for any crop with little or no difficulty for sowing, and better if it is applied irrigation,
because this land is capable of intensive management work. In the department of San
Marcos, there is a great variety of vegetables, including güisquil, tomato, onion, avocado,
which occupies 15% of the total national production, lemon occupying 7% of the total the
total national production, the potato that occupies 21% of the total of the production, the
tomato and other fruits that by low harvest is not possible its export, but that is used in
the local consumption, familiar, for surrounding markets, for interchange and for seed.

Tourist places

In San Marcos, the beaches on the shores of the Pacific Ocean in the municipalities of
Ocós and Tilapa, are visited by national and foreign tourists, especially during Holy Week
and the holidays at the end of the year. The different spas found in the department are
also known, such as the Agua Tibia baths in San Pedro Sacatepéquez, San Rafael Pié de la
Cuesta, San Pablo and Malacatán. Currently, adventure tourism and ecotourism are
promoted in the ascents to the Tajumulco volcanoes (the highest in Central America) and
Tacaná (bordering with Mexico). In its archaeological aspect, it has a large number of sites
of interest, both from the pre-Columbian period and from the first colonial settlements, in
the altiplano municipalities, leaving some ruins of churches that were later moved. Its
architectural heritage is composed of colonial temples and objects of Jus value

Almost 300 kilometers from the capital you will find Tocache, in the Equality Village,
where you have to park and walk approximately 30 minutes on a beautiful path
surrounded by coffee and vegetation.

Many people are too lazy to hear that you have to walk, but it is really worth it, the place
is very cool, even though there is heat in that route.

The Igualada Waterfall is one of the highest in Guatemala, along with the Chilascó
Waterfall, which even today, it is not known for sure which is the highest and according to
the sources, these are the highest in Central America .

The Igualada Falls located ten kilometers from the urban area of San Pablo, where there is
transportation every five minutes.

http://www.deguate.com/artman/uploads/26/igualdad4.gif The local or foreign visitor,

who wants to get to this place from the capital city of Guatemala, must take it all over the
CA-a, reaching four roads with towards Quetzaltenango and Route to San Marcos,
approximately 250 kilometers to the departmental capital, then San Pablo and then to
Tocache.

Municipal Regional Park Shipyard of San Marcos

The San Marcos Municipal Shipyard Regional Park is a protected area considered a
strategic zone due to the two most important basins in the department of San Marcos.

The prototype of this park is a well-preserved forest inhabited by endemic and

endangered species of birds such as the turkey, the spotted owl and the quetzal.

In addition, this park shelters amphibians and reptiles that allow environmental
educational activities, tourism and scientific research.

The territory of this regional park is made up of 18 caballerias of protected natural forest.
It has didactic trails from where you can practice bird watching and reach attractions such
as springs, water springs and the viewpoint overlooking the Tajumulco and Tacaná
volcanoes.
 Tajumulco Volcano

ajúmalo is the highest volcano in Guatemala, has 4,222 meters high and is dead or extinct,
which means that it lacks activity. It is located in the department of San Marcos, in the
municipality of Tajumulco, in the west of the country. The Tajumulco Volcano has several
historical reports of volcanic eruptions, but none has been confirmed as a true eruption.
The Tajumulco Volcano was declared a protected area in 1956, covering an area of 4,472
hectares.

Crater of the Tajumulco.

The Tajumulco Volcano is considered, by people who like cold weather, one of the best
places to climb and camp. The top of the volcano and the camping area are at about 4,220
meters above sea level, you can also camp in an area specifically between the two peaks
of the volcano, so that a wind corridor is formed.

The Tajumulco volcano has 2 cusps. The highest peak is on the east side and has a small
crater about 50 meters in diameter, in addition to a triangulation tower. The lower peak is
known as Cerro Concepción and has a height of 4,100 meters. The triangulation towers
found in some volcanoes have been placed by the National Geographic Institute and serve
to measure distances and latitudes.

Its slopes are cultivated with potatoes, vegetables and other edible products; and there is
also a lot of wool cattle. Towards its mid-mountain the vegetation is of temperate and
cold forests of pine-oak, oyamel, juniper and coniferous, which make the ascent is
exceptionally beautiful and from the height of 4000 meters above sea level there is the
ecosystem known as tundra alpina, where the zacatonales and the mosses are the main
plants, because the trees (pines, oyameles) stop growing at this height.

Masonic temple

A Masonic temple is the physical space in which the Freemasons gather to celebrate their
rituals (called tenidas). Its conception, its distribution and its decoration obey precise
symbolic rules, which can differ more or less according to Masonic rites and Masonic
degrees. It often refers (by the way it is built, by the elements that make it up) to the
Temple of Solomon.

The distribution and decoration of the temple respond to symbolic objectives.

The temple is constituted by a rectangular room of a single space and without windows. It
is defined as a representation of the world and the Cosmos. It is symbolically oriented
from the west to the east (from west to east) on its length, from the north (north) to the
south (south) on its width and from the nadir to the zenith on its height. Sometimes, a
plumb line is suspended over the center of the temple. The floor is made up of a mosaic
tile (usually adorned as a checkered floor, that is, with alternating black and white
squares), either in its entirety or at least on a central rectangle.

The door of the temple is located on the west side (west). On both sides of the door, it is
different ways: in the Scottish rite, Boaz is in the northern and Jakin at noon; it is the
contrary in the French and Egyptian rites. [citation needed

To the east, there is a raised platform, which is accessed by at least three stairs: on that
platform is the throne where the Venerable Master takes his place. The railings on both
sides of the staircase separate the East from the rest of the temple.

Grutas and Balneario La Castalia

The Castalia is located between San Marcos and the Muncipios of San Pedro Sacatepéquez
and San Cristóbal Cucho, which are a place of hot springs located on the banks of the
Paltaza River, known as the home of natural caves where steam comes from the bowels of
the land, which experts believe is due to the fact that this place is a vent of the Tajumulco
volcano, located about 35 kilometers away, which is the highest in Guatemala and Central
America.

Las Grutas and the Spa La Castalia is a place surrounded by nature, steam and cold water
where visitors or tourists can enjoy a healthy bath and be ecstatic in the contemplation of
the landscape formed by a cave and the Palatzá River, which is one of the most attractive
points of the department of San Marcos

If the tourist or the visitor are regular visitors of the centers that offer the sauna service
and want to experience the benefits of steam combined with cold water in a complete
natural space, they have to reach La Castalia, and once they have taken the steam for 15
or 20 minutes in the natural sauna, they can leave and settle for 3 or 4 minutes under the
cold water cascade, which is formed by the waters of the Palatzá River whose channel is
interrupted by the gigantic cave and continues in the lower part of the land, between
large rocks.
In addition, this resort has three pools of hot and sulfur water, as well as restaurant
services and showers. Soon there will be cabins and bungalows that will have a private
sauna and a three-kilometer path between beads and waterfalls.

The hot springs of this place have healing powers and it has been known that some
respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, flu or cough, have been improved from the visit to
the La Castalia spa, by the inhalation of steam, so visitors are constant , although its access
is a bit difficult, due to road conditions, but the demand for the benefits of these waters is
increasing, according to the manager of that place.

The tourist wishing to reach this spa, if leaving the municipal seat of San Marcos, should
take the road that leads to Coatepeque and travel approximately 6 kilometers on dirt
road, and upon reaching the sign indicating the arrival at Caserío Nueva Reforma
Champoyap, you must cross to the right, and a kilometer ahead you will find the entrance
to the tourist center

Customs and traditions

By Governmental Agreement of May 16, 1934, the titular fair of the departmental capital,
known as the Departmental Spring Fair, is celebrated from April 22 to 28; being the main
day the 25, date in which the Catholic Church commemorates San Marcos Evangelista
patron of the municipality and department.

In this department several folkloric dances are celebrated in honor of the patron saints of
each municipality, and among these dances are: La Paach, Venados, Toritos, La Conquista,
Los Partideños, Los Tinacos, El Convite, Granada, The Seven Pairs of France , The Twelve
Pairs of France, Mexicans, etc.

The department of San Marcos is very rich in customs and traditions, on the one hand
there are the traditions that are celebrated in the Altiplano and on the other hand there
are the customs and traditions that are carried out in the coastal area of the department.
By Governmental Agreement of May 16, 1934, the titular fair of the departmental capital,
known as the Departmental Spring Fair, is celebrated from April 22 to 28; being the main
day the 25, date in which the Catholic Church commemorates San Marcos Evangelista
patron of the municipality and department.

In this department several folkloric dances are celebrated in honor of the patron saints of
each municipality, and among these dances are: La Paach, Venados, Toritos, La Conquista,
Los Partideños, Los Tinacos, El Convite, Granada, The Seven Pairs of France , The Twelve
Pairs of France, Mexicans, etc.

The department of San Marcos is distinguished by the production of diversity of

handicrafts, among which we have: Wooden furniture, typical cotton fabrics, (güipiles,
tablecloths, backpacks, etc). In three of the highland municipalities (Tacaná, Tajumulco
and Ixchiguán), they make wool fabrics such as ponchos or blankets and scarves. Wool
sweaters knitted in San Pedro Sacatepequez are recognized for their quality throughout
the country, as well as knitted fabrics, which are manufactured especially in the villages of
San Isidro

In the elaboration of ceramic crafts the lathe is used, they are burned in ovens that use
several hours for their cooking. Among the diversities of ceramic pieces that are produced
are jugs, porrones, candlesticks, censers, comales, pots, etc. In addition they produce
musical instruments, mask, cerería, articles of leather, pyrotechnics, etc ...
 Comments Comments

In this department there are countless celebrations starting with January 1 with the day of
the Virgin Mary, then the 6 with the day Los Santos Reyes in El Tumbador, on the 15th the
day of the Black Crito de Esquipulas in Esquipulas Palo Gordo, the 17 with the day of San
Antonio Abad in San Antonio Sacatepequez and finally the 24th with the day of San Pablo
Apostol in San Pablo.
In the month of March there are two celebrations on the 19th with the day of San Jose
Obrero in El Rodeo and San Jose Ojotenam.
On April 25 is celebrated the day of San Marcos Evangelista in San Marcos.
On May 3 is celebrated the day La Santa Cruz in Comitancillo.
On June 29 is celebrated the day of San Cristobal and Santiago Apostol in San Cristobal
Cucho.
In the month of July there are three celebrations, one on the 8th with the day of Santa
Isabel Reina Portugal in Tajumulco, the 25th with the day of Santiago Apostol in Tujutla,
the 29th with the day of San Cristobal in Ixchiguan, on the same date it is celebrated the
day of San Cristobal and Santiago Apostol in San Cristobal Cucho.
In the month of August there are three celebrations, one on the 10th with the day of San
Lorenzo in San Lorenzo, the 15th with the day of the Virgin of the Assumption in Tacana,
the 24th with the day of San Bartolome Apostol in Sipacapa.

In the month of September there are two celebrations, one on the 29th with the day of
San Miguel Arcangel in two different places: in San Miguel Ixtahuacan and in Sibinal.

In Rio Blanco the day of Santisima Trinidad and El Padre Eterno is celebrated.

On October 24 is celebrated the day of San Rafael Arcangel in San Rafael Pié de la Cuesta.

In the month of November there are two celebrations, one on the 12th with the day of
San Diego de Alcala in El Quetzal and the 25th with the day of Santa Catarina de Alejandría
in Catarina.

In the month of December there are four celebrations, one on the 8th with the Virgin of
the Immaculate Day in different places such as: Concepción Tutuapa and Pajapita, on the
12th with the day of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Nuevo Progreso and finally on the 13th
with the day of Saint Lucia in Malacatán.

Palm Sunday of Movible is celebrated on the day of Jesus de Ramos in Ocos.

These are the celebrations by date of the department of San Marcos
Ayutla: 1 You come Lent of Movable, The Lord of the Three Falls
The Reformation: January 1, Virgin Mary
The Tumbador: January 6, Los Santos Reyes
Esquipulas Palo Gordo: January 15, Cristo Negro de Esquipulas
San Antonio Sacatepéquez: January 17, San Antonio Abad
Saint Paul: January 24, Saint Paul the Apostle
El Rodeo: March 19, San José Obrero
San José Ojotenam: March 19, San José Obrero
San Marcos: April 25, San Marcos Evangelista
Comitancillo: May 3, La Santa Cruz
San Pedro Sacatepéquez: June 29, Saint Peter the Apostle
Tajumulco: July 8, Santa Isabel Queen Portugal
Tejutla: July 25, Santiago Apóstol
Ixchiguán: July 29, San Cristóbal
San Cristóbal Cucho: July 29, San Cristóbal and Santiago Apóstol
San Lorenzo: August 10, San Lorenzo
Tacaná: August 15, Virgen de la Asunción
Sipacapa: August 24, Saint Bartholomew Apostle

San Miguel Ixtahuacán: September 29, San Miguel Arcángel

Sibinal: September 29, San Miguel Arcángel
Río Blanco: Movable of Movable, Holy Trinity and The Eternal Father
San Rafael Pié de la Cuesta: October 24, San Rafael Arcángel
The Quetzal: November 12, San Diego de Alcalá
Catarina: November 25, Santa Catarina de Alejandría
Concepción Tutuapa: December 8, Virgin of the Immaculate
Pajapita: December 8, Virgin of the Immaculate Conception
New Progress: December 12, Virgin of Guadalupe
Malacatán: December 13, Saint Lucia
Ocós: Domingo de Ramos de Movible, Jesús de Ramos

Culture

Derived from being a border department, San Marcos has suffered losses of local and
nationalist identity, since the traditions of yesteryear have been extinguished, giving way
to the massification of new strange elements such as those already mentioned, together
with the radio, television and radio communication media. of cable (Lara, C., Rodríguez, F.,
García, C. and Esquivel, A., nd). Spanish is the official language (with tapachultecos and
mexican twists). Mam is a language used throughout the department with the exception
of the municipalities of Ocós, Ayutla, Catarina and Malacatán, which have Mexican-
Chiapanecan influence (Lara, C., Rodríguez, F., García, C. and Esquivel , A., sf)
In the municipalities of the center and north of the department is where most dances are
practiced, such as El Venado, La Conquista, Toritos, La de Moros y Cristianos, Granada,
The Twelve Pairs of France and the Seven Pairs of France (Lara, C., Rodríguez, F., García, C.
and Esquivel, A., nd). The orality in San Marcos springs up in particular occasions: wakes,
novenas, meetings in the parks, in the courtyard of the brotherhoods and in the atriums of
the churches. They are also narrated in the privacy of the home, around the communal
stove. Among the oral traditions that stand out are legends about the origin of the old
communities, legacies of the origin of corn, legends of the Lords and Owners of the hills
and tales of oral tradition (Lara, C., Rodríguez, F., García, C. and Esquivel, A., sf). The music
in San Marcos is very varied and rich. The marimba stands out, with its traditional sounds,
for brotherhood and for religious festivities, which are performed in the atrium of the
church and accompany the traditional dances. Throughout the department, music of
sones is played in whistle, chirimilla and drum. Also for the festivities of religious, catholic
and civic brotherhoods (Lara, C., Rodríguez, F., García, C. and Esquivel, A., s.f.). The climate
in San Marcos is warm and temperate. In winter there is much less rain in San Marcos
than in summer. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Cwb. The
average annual temperature is 12.9 ° C in San Marcos. The average rainfall is 1853 mm.
 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

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W8aUEYza5gLvx7jABw&q=CULTURAS+DEe+san+marcos&oq=CULTURAS+DEe+san+marcos
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 CONCLUSION

En el presente capítulo se plantearán las conclusiones generales sobre la problemática del

Desarrollo Económico y Social en San Pedro Sacatepéquez, a lo cual seguirá la formulación
de las recomendaciones generales. Todo ello con el objetivo supremo de alcanzar el
desarrollo integral del municipio de San Pedro Sacatepéquez, Departamento de San
Marcos. En San Pedro Sacatepéquez, el contraste entre los indicadores económicos y
sociales del área urbana y del área rural es muy alto. Bajo las condiciones actuales, la vida
es muy para los habitantes del área rural. Para mejorar los indicadores económicos y
sociales del municipio resulta urgente redoblar esfuerzos para impulsar el desarrollo de
las áreas rurales del municipio.

Así pues, si se desean mejorar los Indicadores de Desarrollo Humano del municipio, la
Municipalidad de San Pedro Sacatepéquez deberá realizar notables esfuerzos para
mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población rural del municipio.

El objetivo de cualquier iniciativa de desarrollo debe ser mejorar el nivel y la calidad de

vida de la población. El mejor camino para superar las deficiencias del desarrollo social es
superando las deficiencias del desarrollo económico.
Al contar con mejores ingresos, las familias sampedranas estarán en mejor posición de
resolver sus problemas de hacinamiento, inasistencia escolar y las deficiencias de su
vivienda (todos ellos problemas de índole social).