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Proven mnemonic memory techniques to help you memorize CFA® materials in no time.
Widely used by sell-side analysts, investment bankers, fund managers from major financial institutions
Collection of easy acronyms to help you memorize key points, formulae and tables
Packed with visual aids, e.g. clip arts, graphs, storyline, to enhance your memory tracks
Last updated: July 2012
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exam success.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1|Contents
Contents
Preface 6
Use of this book ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
What is Mnemonic memory technique? ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Symbols in the text .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Chapter 1 – Ethics ................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
1.1 Research Record Retention ............................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 GIPS – Compliance Results Retention ................................................................................................................................ 8
1.3 GIPS – Discontinued Composites Presentation .................................................................................................................. 8
1.4 GIPS – Eight Major Sections ............................................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 GIPS – Verification Procedures ........................................................................................................................................ 10
1.6 Minimum Elements of a Corporate Firewall .................................................................................................................... 10
1.7 Duties to Clients and Prospective Clients ........................................................................................................................ 10
Chapter 2 – Quantitative Methods .................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Distributions & Skewness ................................................................................................................................................ 11
2.2 Kurtosis ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12
2.3 Statistical Biases ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Scale of Measurement ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Rates/Yields ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13
2.6 Means .............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Chapter 3 – Financial Reporting and Analysis (FR&A) ....................................................................................................................... 14
Example: Capital vs Op Lease (Ratios) ............................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Capital vs Op Lease (Ratios) ............................................................................................................................................. 15
3.2 Capitalize vs Expense (Financial Statement) .................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Capital vs Op Lease (Financial Statement) ....................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 FIFO vs LIFO (rising price/stable inventory) ..................................................................................................................... 16
3.5 Depreciation Method ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.6 Revenue Recognition ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.7 Impairment Effect ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
© ACAP Institute 3
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1|Contents
3.8 CFO Indirect Method ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.9 FIFO and LIFO Conversions .............................................................................................................................................. 19
3.10 Cash Conversion Cycle ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.11 U.S. GAAP vs IFRS ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
3.12 Intangible Assets Treatments .......................................................................................................................................... 21
3.13 License, Trademarks, Franchise and Brands: Capitalize If Bought/Acquired ................................................................... 21
3.14 % of Completion Calculation ............................................................................................................................................ 21
3.15 Capital Lease Classification .............................................................................................................................................. 22
3.16 Impairment Calculation ................................................................................................................................................... 22
3.17 Accounting Diversity ........................................................................................................................................................ 22
3.18 Sales‐type Lease vs. Operating Lease (Lessor’s Perspective) ........................................................................................... 23
3.19 Revenue Recognition ....................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.20 Quick Ratio ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.21 Ratio Calculation .............................................................................................................................................................. 24
3.22 Unusual & Infrequent (Above the line) ............................................................................................................................ 25
3.23 Below the Line Items (No effect on tax) .......................................................................................................................... 25
3.24 Earnings manipulation ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
5.1 Bonds Issued at a Premium or Discount .......................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 4 – Economics ...................................................................................................................................................................... 27
4.1 Economic Rent vs Opportunity Cost ................................................................................................................................ 27
4.2 Optimal Capital Budget ‐ MCC vs IOS Schedules .............................................................................................................. 28
4.3 Attractive investments for the five stages of the business cycle ..................................................................................... 29
4.4 Profitability Index (PI) ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.5 NPV vs IRR ........................................................................................................................................................................ 29
4.6 Types of Company & Stock .............................................................................................................................................. 30
4.7 Divided Payment Chronology .......................................................................................................................................... 30
4.8 ROE DuPont Analysis Basic Calculation: PTL (Profit Turnover Leverage) ......................................................................... 31
4.9 ROE DuPont Analysis 5‐Step Calculation ......................................................................................................................... 31
4.10 Porter’s Five Competitive Forces ..................................................................................................................................... 31
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1|Contents
Chapter 5 – Fixed Income and Portfolio Management ..................................................................................................................... 32
5.2 Fixed Income Relationship ............................................................................................................................................... 32
5.3 Bond Selling Price ............................................................................................................................................................ 32
5.4 Credit Enhancements ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter 6 – Derivatives & Alternative Investments .......................................................................................................................... 33
6.1 Plain Call & Put Option..................................................................................................................................................... 33
6.2 Options – Max Gain/Loss ................................................................................................................................................. 34
6.3 Roll Yield for Contango and Backwardation Markets ..................................................................................................... 34
6.4 Put Call Parity ................................................................................................................................................................... 34
6.5 Hedge Fund Unique Risks ................................................................................................................................................ 35
6.6 Types of Real Estate Investments .................................................................................................................................... 35
6.7 Real Estate Valuation Approaches ................................................................................................................................... 35
Appendix A ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Index 37
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Preface
Preface
Use of this book
As former CFA takers, we shared the same frustration and challenges in the study process. For the Level 1 curriculum, it
consists of more than 3,000 pages and 450 Learning Outcome Statements across eight to ten major subjects. Further,
questions in the exam are never straight forward, they require a firm grasp of the concepts, formulae and definitions of the
topics in order to answer the questions correctly. As CFA is a close‐book exam, success in CFA exam requires as much memory
power as intellectual. Given the sheer amount of study material and time pressure in the exam day, many candidates express
the same feeling: “I understand the materials fairly well throughout my readings, but I just can’t quite remember them exactly
when I come across them in the exam.” To address this, we came up with a bank of memory tricks to help our fellow CFA
takers. We hope these memory tricks can be of good help for you to memorize some of the concepts easier and easily retain
them during the exams.
This note does not attempt to cover the exhaustive list of LOS in the entire CFA curriculum as NOT every concept can be
transformed into accessible memory tricks. But we believe the memory tricks that covered will help you a great deal to knock
out some of the frequently asked concepts and guaranteed to be able to retain and apply in the actual exam. That will free up
more capacity and time to tackle other concepts.
We hope this memory note will be a valuable addition to your arsenal of CFA study tools to enhance your material storing
process. Below is the suggestion of your workflow in the preparation for the exam.
1. Association ‐ this is the fundamental memory rule. All memory, whether trained or untrained, is based on association.
Therefore, to purposely remember a new piece of information, the best way is to associate it to something you
already know or remember.
2. Meaningfulness ‐ concepts and principles alike are abstractions that are difficult to remember. There’s practically no
way for most people to picture a concept or a principle without associate with other concrete objects. Therefore, the
key is to make an intangible concept into tangible, meaningful, definite and concrete object. Once that’s accomplished
you’ll be able to picture the item and it can be associated to the concept.
Concept / principle / formula Tangible and concrete object Picture and memorize
3. Absurd images ‐ as the old saying goes “a picture is worth a thousand words”. But not many people are aware of the
fact that the more absurd/striking the images, the more stimulating they are to our memory “tracks”. Think about the
last time you come out a cinema, the scenes most vividly left with you in your mind are always those scenes with
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Preface
illogical/striking imagines. To even further maximize the memory “tracks”, enlarge the images in your mind with rapid
animated actions and colors.
4. Acronym ‐ in the CFA® curriculum, a lot of materials cover a list of items. A linking technique that comes in very useful
is the acronym for memorizing a list of items. For example, to remember the names of the five great lakes, picture
(imagine) many HOMES on a lake. HOMES will remind you of Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior.
Five Great Lakes
H Huron HOMES
O Ontario
M Michigan
E Erie
S Superior
Prison Break Mnemonic Tattoos
If you have watched American TV serial drama Prison Break, you may have noticed that the famous tattoo on the
main character Michael Scofield contains numerous memory tools and mnemonics. For example, CUte POison helps
Scofield to remember a chemical formula of a corrosive substance to destroy the infirmary’s drainage as part of his
escape plan.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 2 – Quantitative Methods
1.5 GIPS – Verification Procedures
D Definition of the firm DCAPM‐NDS: Play DCAPM on NDS
C Composite construction
Imagine you can play DCAPM (Dynamic Capital Asset Pricing
A Account review Model) on your NDS (Nintendo DS).
P Performance measurement
M Maintenance of record
D Disclosures
N Non‐discretionary
S Sample account selection
LOS: Explain the requirements for verification of compliance with GIPS standard.
1.6 Minimum Elements of a Corporate Firewall
M Monitoring of employee trading MNC‐CSR: MNC must have CSR
N Confinement of material nonpublic information Think about MNC (Multi‐National Company) should have
C Control of interdepartmental communications proper CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility).
C Heightened restrictions under certain conditions ‐
S Segregation of personnel
R Restricted list
LOS: Conflicts of Interests ‐ Recommended Procedures for Compliance.
1.7 Duties to Clients and Prospective Clients
Remember that the company always put you (as an
Clients > Employers > Employees employee) behind employers and clients.
LOS: Duties to Clients and Prospective Clients – Loyalty, Prudence and Care. Members must always act for the benefit of clients and place
clients’ interests before their employer’s or their own interests.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 2 – Quantitative Methods
2.2 Kurtosis
LNP: London “N” Paris (Alphabetical Order Kurtosis)
Kurtosis distributions are typically classified as three types:
Leptokurtic, Normal and Platykurtic. A higher kurtosis
distribution has a sharper peak and longer/fatter tails.
Picture the shape of the three overlapping kurtosis as the
Eiffel Tower to associate it with LNP: London “N” Paris.
Then remember the order of magnitude is the same as the
alphabetical order from top to bottom (i.e. L Æ N Æ P). The
top has the highest kurtosis and the bottom has the
lowest. They are differentiated by a measure of “3” which
is shown in the centre of the tower in the picture.
LOS: Define and interpret kurtosis, and measures of population and sample skew and kurtosis.
2.3 Statistical Biases
S‐STD‐L: Small STanDard Large
S Survivorship bias
There are five major statistical biases. To memorize the
S Sample selection bias acronym, think about clothes are usually sold by three
T Time‐period bias sizes: Small ‐> STD (Standard) ‐> Large.
D Data‐mining bias
L Look‐ahead bias
LOS: Discuss the issues regarding selection of the appropriate sample size, data‐mining bias, sample selection bias, survivorship bias, look‐
ahead bias, and time‐period bias.
2.4 Scale of Measurement
NOIR: NOIR Chocolate
N Nominal
The order of magnitude for the four scales of measurement
O Ordinal are always asked in the exam. To memorize the order,
I Interval associate the scales with NOIR (NOIR means dark in French)
R Ratio chocolate from lowest scale (Nominal) to the highest
(Ratio)
LOS: Differentiate between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, and between a population and a sample, and explain the
differences among the types of measurement scales.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 2 – Quantitative Methods
2.5 Rates/Yields
MBE Æ MMY < BEY < EAY
M MMY (Money Market Yield): More or less version so
just do a simple pro‐rota using 360 days There are three types of rates/yields that are always asked
B BEY (Bond Equivalent Yield): 2 x Semi‐annual (think to compare the order of magnitude in the exam. To
“Bi‐semi‐annual”) bond yield memorize the order, associate it with the acronym MBE
E EAY (Effective Annual Yield): Exact version so do that abbreviates “Members of the Order of the British
compound interest using 365 days Empire”, such as Beatles are each appointed MBE in 1965.
LOS: Calculate and interpret the bank discount yield, holding period yield, effective annual yield, and money market yield for a U.S. Treasury
bill; and interpret and convert among holding period yields, money market yields, effective annual yields and the bond equivalent yields.
2.6 Means
AGH: A Gift Horse Æ AM > GM > HM
A Arithmetic Mean
There are three types of means that are always being asked
G Geometric Mean to compare the order of magnitude in the exam. To
H Harmonic Mean memorize them, first remember the acromyn AGH as A Gift
Horse. Think about the idiom “Don’t be mean. Don’t look at
A Gift Horse in the Mouth”.
Secondly, they are in alphabetical order: A, G, H. The
largest is arithmetic mean and the smallest is harmonic
mean.
LOS: Define, calculate, and interpret measures of central tendency, including the population mean, sample mean, arithmetic mean, weighted
average or mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, median, and mode, quartiles, quintiles, deciles, and percentiles.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 4 – Economics
3.12 Intangible Assets Treatments
Items Treatments
License, Trademarks, Franchise and Brands (LTFB) Capitalize if bought/acquired
Patents & copyrights Expense if developed, capitalize if bought/acquired
Advertising costs Expense if developed, capitalize if direct‐response (i.e. ordered externally)
Goodwill Capitalize during acquisition; impairment exercise is performed each yr to expense it.
Research & developments (R&D) GAAP: Expense when incurred; IAS: Optional
Software development (for internal use) Expense before technological feasibility establishment
Software development (as products) Expense like R&D
LOS: Explain the circumstances in which intangible assets, including software development costs and research and development costs are
capitalized.
3.14 % of Completion Calculation
Current Period (Not Accum) % of Completion Completed Contract
Revenue (A) % of Exp X Total Rev $0
Exp (B) Actual Exp $0
Net Income A – B $0
Cash Flow Actual Cash Flow Actual Cash Flow
Net CIP (Asset) or Net Adv Bill (Liab) Total Adv Bill – CIP* Actual Cash Flow
Acct Receivable Total Exp – Paid Exp Total Ex p – Paid Exp
Current Period (Not Accum) % of Completion Completed Contract
* CIP = Accumulated Revenue
Bolded are commonly asked items in the exam questions.
LOS: Compare the percentage‐of‐completion method with the completed contract method and contrast the effects of the two methods on
the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows and selected financial ratios.
3.15 Capital Lease Classification
OWNS
O Ownership transfers at the end of lease
There are four criteria for capital lease classification. The
W Written option for bargain purchase memory acronym is an easy OWNS. Just do not forget the
N Ninety percent (90%) of leased property “S” at the back “N” and “S” represent ninety % and
S Seventy‐five percent (75%) of asset economic life is seventy‐five % respectively.
being committed in lease term We use a key to represent ownership. Captial lease has a
sense of ownership at the need.
LOS: Discuss the motivations for leasing assets instead of purchasing them and the incentives for reporting the leases as operating leases
rather than capital leases.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 5 – Fixed Income and Portfolio Management
3.16 Impairment Calculation
CAP‐I
C Cost of the machinery
The table shows the formula of impairment cost. The
+ A Accumulated depreciation acronym is C + A + P = I. To memorize the formula,
+ P PV of the remaining cash flow remember a cap with a big “I” as the logo (i.e. CAP I).
= I Impairment Cost
LOS: Define impairment of long‐lived assets and explain what effect such impairment has on a company’s financial statements and ratios.
3.17 Accounting Diversity
SPLIT
S Source of financing
There are five elements that cause accounting diversity. To
P Political memorize the acronym, think about diversity has a similar
L Law meaning as SPLIT.
I Inflation
T Tax
LOS: Discuss the general principles of the financial reporting system and explain the objectives of financial reporting accounting to the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) conceptual framework.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 5 – Fixed Income and Portfolio Management
4.3 Attractive investments for the five stages of the business cycle
(1) Recovery: Cyclical and Commodities
(2) Early Expansion: Stocks and Real Estate
(3) Late Expansion: Bonds and interest‐sensitive Stocks
(4) Slowing, Entering Recession: Bonds and interest‐
sensitive Stocks
(5) Recession: Commodities and Stocks
To memorize these five stages, picture the radar chart
on the left side that clusters different attractive investment
asset types in different stages of the business cycle.
In addition, it is worth to note that all five stages are
recommended to invest in certain type of stocks.
LOS: Classify business cycle stages and identify, for each stage, attractive investment opportunities.
4.4 Profitability Index (PI)
PV of Future Cash Flow NPV
Profitability Index PI 1 The key to profitability index is to remember the
Initial Investment CF
formula as in 1 + NPV/CF0. That means, if the project
NPV Accept Project generates positive return, NPV/CF0 will be positive. Then
If PI > 1 NPV is positive (+) Yes profitability index will be bigger than 1.
If PI < 1 NPV is negative (‐) No
LOS: Calculate and interpret the results produced from each of the following methods when evaluating a single capital project: net present
value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, discounted payback period, average accounting rate of return (AAR), and
profitability Index.
4.6 Types of Company & Stock
Company Stock Valuations
Defensive Insensitive to downturn (utility, grocery) Beta < 1 ‐‐
Cyclical Business Cycle Beta > 1 ‐‐
Speculative Risky, high upside Low/‐ive return, overpriced ‐‐
Growth Mmg ability ‐> high NPV projects Earn higher return than other stocks with same risk High P/E, P/B
Value ‐‐ ‐‐ Low P/E, P/B
LOS: Differentiate between 1) a growth company and a growth stock, 2) a defensive company and a defensive stock, 3) a cyclical company
and a cyclical stock, 4) a speculative company and a speculative stock and 5) a value stock and a growth stock.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 5 – Fixed Income and Portfolio Management
4.7 Divided Payment Chronology
Table below shows the timely+ne of the dividend payment chronology.
DE‐HP
Remember DELL is competing fiercely with HP in the PC
segment.
LOS: Review dividend payment chronology including declaration, holder of record, ex‐dividend, and payment dates and indicate when the
share price will mostly likely reflect the dividend.
4.10 Porter’s Five Competitive Forces
RNB‐SS
R Rivalry among the existing competitors
To easily memorize Porter’s five forces, think about
N New entrants threat Beyonce has distinctive competitive advantage as an RNB
B Buyers bargaining power (“R & B”) Super Star.
S Suppliers bargaining power
S Substitute products threat
LOS: Discuss, with respect to global industry analysis, the elements related to risk, and describe the basic forces that determine industry
competition.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 6 – Derivatives & Alternative Investments
6.2 Options – Max Gain/Loss
Max Gain Max Loss
Call UP, Put XP
Call
(Buyer) Long Unlimited Premium To memorize the table, remember “call UP the
tech support to put XP (as in “Windows XP”) in
(Seller) Short Premium Unlimited
your computer”. This mnemonics is for “Buyers”
Breakeven X + Premium X + Premium
and just reverse it for Seller. For breakeven, both
Put memorize by XP, but call is positive and put is
(Buyer) Long X ‐ Premium Premium negative.
(Seller) Short Premium X ‐ Premium
Breakeven X ‐ Premium X ‐ Premium
LOS: Determine the value at expiration, profit, maximum profit, maximum loss, breakeven underlying price at expiration.
6.4 Put Call Parity
SP‐CK: SiP a CoKe
T “SiP a CoKe” can be used to remind you of option
1 Rfr
put‐call parity: The prices of a Stock + the Put = those
S = the value of the share of the Call + the present value of the striKe price.
P = the value of the put
C = the value of the call
K = the strike price (discounted by the risk free rate for time T)
RFR = risk free rate
LOS: Explain put‐call parity for European options, given the payoffs on a fiduciary call and a protective put.
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Index
Index
% Debt Equity ratio ............................................................... 13
Defensive .......................................................................... 31
% of Completion ............................................................... 22
Depreciation Method ....................................................... 16
A Derivatives & Alternative Investments ............................. 36
Absurd images .................................................................... 4 Development cost ............................................................. 20
Account payable ............................................................... 26 DISC ................................................................................... 39
Account Payable ............................................................... 19 Disclosure ........................................................................... 7
Account Receivable .......................................................... 19 Discontinued Composites Presentation ............................. 6
Accounting changes .......................................................... 27 Discount ...................................................................... 34, 35
Accounting Diversity ......................................................... 24 Disposal/Restructuring (Separation) ................................ 27
Acronym ............................................................................. 5 Distributions & Skewness ................................................. 10
Advertising costs ............................................................... 22 Divided Payment Chronology ........................................... 32
Arithmetic mean ............................................................... 12 Dividend Paid .................................................................... 20
Asset turnover .................................................................. 13 Dividend Received ............................................................ 20
Association ......................................................................... 4 Duties to Clients and Prospective Clients ........................... 9
B E
Beatles .............................................................................. 12 Earnings manipulation ...................................................... 27
Bond Equivalent Yield ....................................................... 12 Economic Rent vs. Opportunity Cost ................................ 28
Bond Issues ....................................................................... 35 Economics ......................................................................... 28
Bond Selling Price ............................................................. 34 Effective Annual Yield ....................................................... 12
Brands and trademarks .................................................... 22 Eiffel Tower ....................................................................... 11
Business cycle ................................................................... 30 Eight Major Sections ........................................................... 7
Environment ..................................................................... 27
C Ethics ................................................................................... 6
Calculation Methodology ................................................... 7 F
Capital Lease Classification ............................................... 23
Capital vs. Op Lease (Financial Statement)....................... 15 FIFO and LIFO Conversions ............................................... 19
Capital vs. Op Lease (Ratios) ........................................ 13, 15 FIFO vs. LIFO...................................................................... 16
Capitalize vs. Expense (Financial Statement) ................... 15 Financial Reporting and Analysis ...................................... 13
Cash Conversion Cycle ...................................................... 20 Five Great Lakes .................................................................. 5
CFO Indirect Method ........................................................ 19 Fixed Asset ........................................................................ 19
Completed Contract ......................................................... 22 Fixed Income and Portfolio Management ........................ 34
Compliance Results Retention ............................................ 6 Fixed Income Relationship ................................................ 34
Composite Construction ..................................................... 7 Fundamentals of compliance .............................................. 7
Corporate Firewall .............................................................. 9 G
Credit Enhancements ....................................................... 34
Geometric Mean ............................................................... 12
Current ratio ..................................................................... 13
GIPS ................................................................................. 7, 9
Cute Poison ......................................................................... 5
going‐concern assumptions .............................................. 20
Cyclical .............................................................................. 31
Goodwill ............................................................................ 22
D Growth .............................................................................. 31
Data‐mining bias ............................................................... 11
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 6 – Derivatives & Alternative Investments
H P
Harmonic mean ................................................................ 12 Par ............................................................................... 34, 35
Hedge Fund Unique Risks ................................................. 37 Patents & copyrights ......................................................... 22
Plain Call & Put Option ..................................................... 36
I
Platykurtic ......................................................................... 11
Impairment ....................................................................... 27 Porter’s Five Competitive Forces ...................................... 33
Impairment Calculation .................................................... 23 Premium ........................................................................... 34
Impairment Effect ............................................................. 17 Presentation and Reports ................................................... 7
Input Data ........................................................................... 7 Private Equity ...................................................................... 7
Intangible Assets............................................................... 20 Profitability Index ............................................................. 30
Intangible Assets Treatments ........................................... 22 Put Call Parity .................................................................... 38
Integration (M&A) ............................................................ 27
Q
Interest Paid ..................................................................... 20
Interest Received .............................................................. 20 Quantitative Methods ...................................................... 10
Interval ............................................................................. 11 Quick Ratio ........................................................................ 26
Inventory .......................................................................... 19
R
K
Rates/Yields ...................................................................... 12
Kurtosis ............................................................................. 11 Ratio .................................................................................. 11
Ratio Calculation ............................................................... 26
L
Real Estate .......................................................................... 7
Left‐Skewed Distribution .................................................. 10 Real Estate Valuation ........................................................ 39
Leptokurtic ....................................................................... 11 Record Retention ................................................................ 6
License, Trademarks, Franchise and Brands ..................... 22 Research & developments (R&D) ..................................... 22
Log‐normal Distribution ................................................... 10 Research Record Retention ................................................ 6
Look‐ahead bias ................................................................ 11 Revenue Recognition .................................................. 17, 26
Lower of cost or market (LCM) ......................................... 20 Right‐Skewed Distribution ................................................ 10
M ROA ................................................................................... 13
ROE ................................................................................... 13
MCC vs IOS Schedules ....................................................... 29 ROE DuPont ...................................................................... 32
Meaningfulness .................................................................. 4 Roll Yield vs Price Return .................................................. 37
Means ............................................................................... 12
MOLA ................................................................................ 39 S
Money Market Yield ......................................................... 12 Sales of assets/investments .............................................. 27
N Sales‐type Lease vs. Operating Lease ............................... 25
Sample selection bias ....................................................... 11
Nominal ............................................................................ 11 Scale of Measurement ...................................................... 11
Normal .............................................................................. 11 SiP‐a‐CoKe ......................................................................... 38
NPV ................................................................................... 30 Software development (as products) ............................... 22
NPV vs IRR......................................................................... 30 Software development (for internal use) ......................... 22
O Speculative ........................................................................ 31
Statistical Biases................................................................ 11
Optimal Capital Budget .................................................... 29
Survivorship bias ............................................................... 11
Options – Max Gain/Loss .................................................. 37
Ordinal .............................................................................. 11 T
The Magnificent Seven ..................................................... 17
© ACAP Institute
CFA MnemonicsTM Level 1| Chapter 6 – Derivatives & Alternative Investments
Time‐period bias ............................................................... 11 Verification Procedures ...................................................... 9
Types of Company & Stock ............................................... 31
W
Types of Real Estate Investments ..................................... 39
Working capital ................................................................. 13
U
Y
U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS ............................................................ 20
Yield‐to‐maturity .............................................................. 34
V
Value ................................................................................. 31
© ACAP Institute
All rights reserved. ACAP Institute http://www.acapinstitute.com