TC 31-34, Humanitarian Demining Operations Handbook. - 24 September 1997.

TC 31-34
HUMANITARIAN DEMINING
OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Training Circular * TC 31-34
No. 31-34 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Washington, DC, 24 September 1997
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface iii
Chapter 1. Humanitarian Demining Program

Congressional Approval 1-1
Program Goals 1-3
Program Procedures 1-4
Problem Areas 1-8
Phased Planning 1-9
Theater CINC/SOC Objective 1-10
Chapter 2. Organizational Structure

Demining Training Team 2-1
Host Nation National Demining Organization 2-2
Chapter 3. Special Forces Operations

Theater Assessment Team 3-1
Phase 1 – Predeployment 3-2
Phase 2 – Deployment 3-8
Phase 3 – Training 3-11
Phase 4 – Operations 3-18
Phase 5 – Redeployment and Evaluation 3-34
Phase 6 – Sustainment 3-35
Chapter 4. Civil Affairs Operations

CA Six-Phase Time Line 4-1
Sample Deployment Package 4-3
National Demining Headquarters 4-5
Chapter 5. Psychological Operations

End-State Objectives 5-1
Organization 5-2
Country-Specific Plan 5-6
Mission Planning 5-11
Appendix A. HDO Time Line A-1
Appendix B. Pre-Mission Checklists B-1
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is

unlimited.
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Appendix C. Equipment and Demolitions Summaries C-1
Appendix D. List of Points of Contact D-1
Appendix E. HDO POI Summary E-1
Appendix F. HDO Training Aid Device and Substitute Summary F-1
Appendix G. Sample Public Information Campaign Plan and Product Action Work
G-1
Sheet
Appendix H. Demining Training Drills, Techniques, and Procedures H-1
Glossary Glossary-1
References References-1
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PREFACE
Antipersonnel (AP) mines, unexploded ordnances (UXOs), and antivehicular mines are
emplaced in large numbers in many countries throughout the world. These mines kill and
maim noncombatants and slow or prevent growth and development in emerging or
rebuilding countries. Currently, land mines and UXOs kill or wound an estimated 150
people every week—most of them unarmed civilians. To help preclude this tragedy, the
United States (U.S.) and the United Nations (UN) have made the removal or
neutralization of mines throughout the world a priority. To this end, the United States
may commit forces in support of demining activities. Army special operations forces
(ARSOF) have the unique qualifications of language ability, cultural awareness, and area
orientation that make them especially useful in this role.
Decision makers at all levels must understand ARSOF capabilities and limitations in
supporting the Humanitarian Demining Program. They must also understand the vast
scope of establishing a self-sustaining host nation (HN) program. ARSOF assets, when
ordered, establish HN demining organizations and teach demining skills to designated
personnel as part of the overall effort to establish a self-sustaining HN element. All
ARSOF activities must be thoroughly integrated during all phases of establishing an HN
capability. Demining may occur in a permissive or a semi-permissive environment.
ARSOF mission orientation and experience in training indigenous personnel are of
tremendous benefit in establishing successful demining training programs required for the
demining effort. Humanitarian demining operations (HDO) may be conducted as a
collateral activity in support of unconventional warfare (UW) or foreign internal defense
(FID), or as a humanitarian assistance (HA) activity. The end state of demining is to
establish HN organizations capable of achieving 100 percent neutralization of mines and
UXOs in a designated country or region.
This publication provides ARSOF units information and guidance on conducting HDO.
Its purpose is to assist in operational planning and support and to serve as a quick and
ready listing of lessons learned. It provides useful hints, ideas, and information based
primarily on lessons learned from demining operations in Afghanistan, Cambodia,
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Honduras, and Bosnia.
Each demining operation often has totally different organizational structures, training
plans, and support structures based on the HN’s strengths, weaknesses, and capabilities.
This publication focuses on establishing an HN organization from the ground up using
optimal resources (time, personnel, logistics) to accomplish the mission. Its intent is to
give anyone without any demining experience a complete representation of the planning
process and pertinent factors to consider in demining operations. It will not answer all
questions. It will, however, serve as a useful guide in helping you identify the important
factors, questions, or issues for your demining mission operation and in leading you to
solutions or to knowledgeable sources of information.
The proponent of this publication is HQ, TRADOC. The preparing agency is the United
States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS).
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Reviewers and users of this publication should submit comments and recommended
changes on DA Form 2028 to Commander, USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-DT-SF, Fort
Bragg, North Carolina 28307-5000.
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer
exclusively to men.
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CHAPTER 1
HUMANITARIAN DEMINING PROGRAM
The purpose of the U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Program is to help

selected countries relieve human suffering and develop an indigenous demining
capability while promoting U.S. interests. To achieve program goals, the U.S.
Government must balance its political, military, technological, and economic
capabilities with available resources
CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL
In fiscal year (FY) 1994, Congress appropriated $10 million to the

Department of Defense (DOD) for humanitarian demining—the first time
specific funds were provided for this activity. The funding enabled DOD's
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and
Low-Intensity Conflict (OASD: SO-LIC) to establish a DOD
Humanitarian Demining Program to assist nations that are experiencing
adverse humanitarian effects from land mines. The Humanitarian
Demining Program is an important component of DOD's peacetime
engagement efforts worldwide. The Department of State (DOS) estimates
that more than 100 million land mines are scattered across the globe today,
the residue of civil wars and internal conflicts in virtually every continent.
Increasingly in these conflicts, land mines have been targeted against
civilians—to deny them their livelihoods, to uproot them from their lands,
and to exploit political instability.
Authority for U.S. forces to conduct HDO is Title 10, United States Code,
Section 401. As a matter of policy, U.S. forces shall not engage in
physically detecting, lifting, or destroying land mines.
DOD has the expertise to establish training programs to assist foreign

countries afflicted with a land mine problem. For the past several years,
U.S. forces have helped countries plagued by land mines as part of a U.S.
Government interagency effort. Funds specifically appropriated by
Congress for humanitarian demining enable DOD to establish a demining
program that assists designated countries in developing the capacity to
address their own land mine problems.
The program teaches the HN people (often the military) to determine

prioritized areas of their country for mine clearance operations to remove
land mines, as well as mine awareness operations to educate the
population to protect itself from land mines. The intent of the program is
to eliminate the hazards of land mines, to return land to productive use,
and to restore confidence to the populace. It also develops leadership skills
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to sustain the programs after U.S. military trainers have departed the
country.
The Humanitarian Demining Program provides clear benefits to the DOD.

It facilitates access to countries and regions not otherwise accessible to
U.S. forces. It also contributes to unit and individual readiness by
providing unique in-country training opportunities. For example, DOD's
special operations forces (SOF) hone critical civil-military, language,
cultural, and FID skills. This program also offers significant benefits to
DOD by establishing training opportunities and contact with countries that
may not be available through other defense programs.
DOD's Humanitarian Demining Program will continue to focus on

relieving the plight of civilian populations in those countries through such
activities as—
Training local demining cadre to find and destroy land mines and
to return mined areas to productive use.
Educating civilians on the dangers of land mines and on ways to
identify and report them.
Clearing mined areas that impede the repatriation of refugees and
obstruct the means to lead productive lives.
Humanitarian demining also—
Promotes internal and regional stability in underdeveloped nations

recovering from conflict by—
Enabling the underdeveloped nations to rebuild their economies by
removing land mines from roadways and farmlands.
Allowing the return of refugees.
Building public confidence in the ability of the HN government to
meet the needs of its people.
Strengthens U.S. relations with HN governments at a critical time
by supporting—
Infrastructure and economic development.
Democratization.
Provides peaceful support by the U.S. military to serve as an
example of how military forces subordinate to civilian leadership
can professionally promote the public good.
Makes a tangible and lasting difference in the lives of people
struggling to rebuild their lives after armed conflict.
Promotes and establishes communications between government
ministries.
Provides FID training for U.S. forces in countries that are less
accessible.
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PROGRAM GOALS
Humanitarian demining strategy is based on three mutually reinforcing

goals:
Designing long-term, self-sustaining, indigenous programs.

Coordinating and synchronizing with other programs and
activities—such as the UN, nongovernment organizations (NGOs),
and private voluntary organizations (PVOs).
Developing a comprehensive approach to integrate equipment,
technical data, and support into the HN program.
The first goal is critical to the long-term success of the program. Its intent
is to help nations establish internal long-term capabilities to achieve 100
percent land mine removal over 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-year intervals. The
overall focus of this goal is as follows:
The goal involves the indigenous population.

Training is conducted in-country.
No alternatives exist, given limited resources and the magnitude of
the problem.
Success is highly dependent on the HN’s own capabilities,
resources, and commitment.
The United States provides only minimal long-term support.
Each program is tailored to the specific country’s needs.
Implementation is under the direction of the Geographic
Combatant Commands and their respective theater special
operations commands (SOCs) with country team coordination.
U.S. personnel are prohibited from clearing emplaced land mines
or from entering active minefields.
The goal allows the option of integrating the use of NGOs or
contractors.
The second goal is to coordinate activities that enhance the overall

demining effort. To maximize resources in support of a common goal, the
effort needs to be an interagency operation in name, spirit, and reality
among the United States, HN, UN, NGOs, PVOs, and contractors or
military forces. Coordination and synchronization can—
Maximize cost-effectiveness and efficiency of limited resources.

Avoid duplication and permit integration of or access to other
activities.
Identify other demining efforts, regardless of the source.
Promote cooperation from the UN, NGOs, and contractors
executing related demining programs.
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Take full advantage of U.S. mine, countermine, and demolitions

research and development.
Establish HDO cells in the same manner as the counterdrug (CD)
cells.
Provide long-term employment for the local population, especially
demobilized soldiers.
The third goal requires a mechanism to—
Identify, select, and provide equipment and information to the HN.

Support a global technical and operational database.
Ensure effective transfer of information and equipment to HNs, the
UN, NGOs, and the private sector.
Work in the public domain.
Focus mainly on very reliable, inexpensive equipment that is
simple to operate and maintain.
Permit technology appropriate to the HN.
Make sure equipment is designed for the needs, capability, and
sustainability of the users.
PROGRAM PROCEDURES
The Humanitarian Demining Program involves the DOS, DOD,

Geographic Combatant Commands, and theater SOCs. The Interagency
Working Group (IWG) on humanitarian demining is the mechanism that
integrates planning between the DOS and the DOD. The IWG is charged
with identifying which countries receive U.S. demining assistance,
determining the type and amount of that assistance, integrating U.S.
assistance programs with those of international and nongovernment
communities, and overseeing the allocation of U.S. demining resources.
Implementation of the DOD program is placed with each theater
command. The theater command must integrate HDO with existing HA
programs and make sure necessary resources are available to support
demining operations. The theater SOC is the executive agent responsible
for executing the program within each theater command. The SOC serves
as the program manager, coordinating with all levels of command
necessary to execute a successful demining program. In this capacity, the
SOC is responsible for the successful integration of ARSOF—Special
Forces (SF), Psychological Operations (PSYOP), Civil Affairs (CA)—and
other assets for each specific demining mission. A SOC representative is
normally identified as the demining chief for each mission. He does not
necessarily have to be in-country, but he must be in contact and able to
keep the demining mission focused. In situations where this arrangement
is not feasible, a member of the demining training team is designated as
the demining chief.
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A diagram of the process by which a country receives approval for HDO

support is at Figure 1-1. A basic understanding of this process, outlined
below, will help SOF team leaders effectively plan missions and resolve
issues with the appropriate organizations.
The U.S. country team initiates coordination with the HN or the

HN requests U.S. support for demining.
The HN transmits a letter of agreement to the U.S. country team.
The U.S. country team transmits the text to the DOS, which
informs the OASD: SO-LIC, the commander in chief (CINC), and
the Joint Staff.
The DOS transmits the Executive Secretary Memo to the OASD:
SO-LIC.
The OASD: SO-LIC staffs the memo through the DOD.
The OASD: SO-LIC transmits the memo to the Director, Joint
Staff (DJS).
The Joint Staff Operations Directorate (J3 SOD) builds the HDO
package and sends it to the concerned offices, including the theater
CINC and the SOC.
The J3 SOD consolidates comments into one transmittal package.
The package is staffed through J38, J31, J3, DJS to the Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS).
A DOS policy assessment team goes to the HN to conduct an
initial assessment and to brief the U.S. country team and HN
officials on the overall program, including the responsibilities of
the HN. The assessment team may include DOS, DOD, and theater
program representatives. Upon completion of the DOS assessment,
the results (goals, objectives, resource estimates, mission
constraints, and an exit strategy) are provided to the theater
command.
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Figure 1-1. Tasking, planning, approval, and execution process.
The theater CINC/SOC sends a mission assessment team to

determine the current demining situation, exact logistics and
resource requirements, and the ways the DOD demining training
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program can be implemented. Coordination with NGOs and PVOs

may be established to determine potential integration of these
assets into overall country support.
Upon completion of the CINC assessment, the assessment team
submits its results to the DOS via the Office of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff (OJCS) and OASD: SO-LIC. ARSOF members provide a trip
report within 10 days and a concept plan (CONPLAN) within 15
days to the CINC/SOC, with copies provided to their major Army
commands (MACOMs).
The CINC/SOC submits the plan to the CJCS for adequacy,
feasibility, and compatibility per DOD Directive 5100.1.
The plan should include a request for deployment of forces and a
detailed time line provided by ARSOF units, using back-planning
techniques.
The J3 SOD staffs the plan to the interagency for comments and
concurrence.
Upon CJCS and Secretary of Defense approval, the CJCS transmits
the deployment order, which follows the established time line.
The CINC/SOC executes the plan, and the Joint Staff monitors it.
Figure 1-2 shows a typical command relationship.
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Figure 1-2. Typical command relationship for HDO deployment of ARSOF.
ARSOF may be requested to conduct demining-related deployments

outside the continental United States (OCONUS) under other military
programs, such as—
Security assistance (SA) programs managed by the U.S. Army

Security Assistance Training Management Organization (SATMO)
and attached to USAJFKSWCS. Upon receipt of these requests,
SATMO coordinates requirements with the country team, the
theater SOC, the United States Army Special Operations
Command (USASOC), and other appropriate MACOMs and
continental United States (CONUS) Army activities to assemble
and deploy the teams. These efforts are funded via foreign military
sales (FMS), the Foreign Military Financing Program (FMFP), and
the International Military Education and Training (IMET)
Program.
Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET) Programs managed by
the theater SOC.
Under these programs, ARSOF may deploy as discrete SF, PSYOP, or CA

teams or as members of teams resourced from conventional forces. Such
deployments are usually requested by U.S. country teams directly through
Army channels.
PROBLEM AREAS
The demining program has several recurring problems. Most of these

problems result from the newness of the program. They can be minimized
if coordinated from the very beginning of the mission and thoroughly
deconflicted with the right organizations. Some of the problems that recur
in the demining program are as follows:
Although ARSOF mission orientation facilitates this type of

mission overall, U.S. forces have no doctrinal mission for HDOs.
Current tactics and techniques trained in U.S. Army schools are
targeted toward combat breaching and clearing small areas.
Lack of standardized HN assessment formats, knowledgeable
personnel, and inclusion of representatives from participating units
greatly delays mission planning by the ground elements.
For units tasked to provide equipment, budgets must be received at
the unit level far enough in advance to order and procure the
necessary equipment and supplies within the time constraints of
the logistics system.
Deployment and execution orders need to follow a realistic time
line based on the six-phase program parameters. The orders should
also clearly identify a theater SOC representative as the Demining
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Chief responsible for the overall demining mission. Members of

the demining training team—CA, PSYOP, and attachments—must
be clearly tasked to support the demining effort. Additionally, SF,
CA, and PSYOP responsibilities must be clearly identified within
the overall training program.
The demining training program needs to be included in the overall
theater campaign plan and individual country strategy to ensure
long-term planning focus. It also needs to be funded accordingly.
A clear end state of the DOD demining training program, measures
of effec-tiveness, and DOD exit strategy must be established at the
very beginning in the DOS policy assessment process. The
assessment team must look at the assessment in two distinct areas.
The short-term U.S. military objectives and the long-term U.S.
sustainment plan must be clearly understood by both the HN and
U.S. forces to ensure effective transition of responsibilities from
the establishment of HN infrastructure to sustained long-term
operations in-country. A long-term sustainment and follow-up
assessment plan increases the likelihood the HN will maintain the
program. Military programs can assist and establish a foundation in
the short term for HDOs. However, they cannot maintain a long-
term sustainment effort that is more suited for NGO or PVO
support with possible U.S. funding and monitoring by the U.S.
country team.
PHASED PLANNING
To establish an HN with a totally self-sustaining organization, several

events must take place in a coordinated, time-phased manner. The time-
phased approach is a six-phase planning effort that starts with pre-mission
planning and follows through evaluation and assessment. Below are the
six phases, which are discussed in detail in Chapter 3 of this publication.
Phase 1 - Predeployment
Pre-mission planning, training, and preparation.
Phase 2 - Deployment
Movement, establishment of the training area, and in-processing of

trainees.
Phase 3 - Training
Establishment of indigenous organizations, using "train the trainer"

National Demining Office (NDO) training, mine awareness, and
mine clearance programs. Primary focus is on training basic skills.
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Phase 4 - Operations
Primary focus on training collective tasks. Transition from training

to actual operations. NGO/PVO support, if coordinated, is
integrated at this point to ensure continuity.
Phase 5 - Redeployment and Evaluation
Transition of equipment, resources, and operations to the HN. The

monitoring of program sustainment is handed off to the U.S.
country team and the theater program manager.
Phase 6 - Sustainment
Follow-on assistance and assessment as identified by the country

team and the theater program manager. Additional SOF training
and assessments can be coordinated during pre-mission planning or
when requested by the program manager.
THEATER CINC/SOC OBJECTIVE
The overall objective of the theater CINC/SOC HDO program is to

establish an HN organization capable of conducting long-term self-
sustaining demining operations, including planning, organizing, executing,
and recording operations. Upon completion of the CINC assessment, the
theater program manager, incorporating input from each organization
involved in the mission (ARSOF, NGOs, U.S. country team), outlines a
detailed concept of the operation for the military demining training team.
The concept of the operation identifies the HN organizational structure
and manning, demining training team composition, and specific objectives
and requirements for each organization of the team. The demining chief
develops a training plan for HN personnel that integrates national-level
headquarters (HQ) operations, mine awareness, and mine clearance
training. ARSOF roles normally fall within the categories of SF
operations, CA operations, PSYOP activities, and the Special Operations
Support Command (SOSCOM).
Special Forces Operations
The SF element is primarily responsible for training the national HQ and

mine clearance organizations. If required, the SF element can conduct
limited mine awareness operations. The SF element supports demining
activities by training the HQ and mine clearance elements in operational
mission planning, organization, and execution of demining operations. A
key objective while executing training is to develop an HN training cadre
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capable of training their forces over the long term. Training for HN
soldiers and leaders includes (but is not limited to)—
Basic skills and individual tasks, including officer professional

development (OPD) and noncommissioned officer professional
development (NCOPD) leadership, communications, emergency
medical techniques, instructor training, land navigation, and
engineer and demining techniques to include training on all
equipment.
Collective and team skills from the team or squad through
company operations, including demining mission planning.
(NOTE: The SF element supervises the HN cadre in training
operational platoons and monitors the operational platoons in
conducting day-to-day operations.)
Civil Affairs Operations
CA support demining activities by assisting in training the national HQ

and conducting liaison activities with the HN infrastructure, the UN, and
international or local NGOs. CA assistance focuses on training leadership
skills, management techniques, and staff procedures required for the HQ
to command, control, and communicate effectively with its subordinate
organizations. CA assistance is provided to integrate the NDO into the HN
infrastructure. Requests for CA support should be submitted as early as
possible in the planning process, so that CA personnel will have time to
plan and develop products to support demining activities. CA personnel
should also be included in all phases of pre-mission training as required.
Psychological Operations Activities
Psyop support demining activities by training the mine awareness

organization that enables the HN to—
Train its own forces in information campaign planning and

information distribution systems using "train the trainer" concept.
Conduct self-sustaining mine awareness activities, such as
providing mine awareness information in the form of leaflets, radio
and television presentations, films, videocassettes, posters,
drawings, photos, and heat-transfer patterns for clothing (such as
T-shirts and baseball caps).
Requests for PSYOP support should be submitted as early as possible in

the planning process, so that PSYOP personnel will have time to plan and
develop themes and products to support demining activities. PSYOP
personnel should also be included in all phases of pre-mission training as
required.
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Special Operations Support Command
The 528th Support Battalion from the SOSCOM can assist in the
demining effort through its logistics expertise and forward-deployed
special operations theater support elements (SOTSEs). It can assist
ARSOF forces in planning and obtaining logistics resources from within
the theater and the HN support systems.
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CHAPTER 2
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Establishing an HN infrastructure capable of conducting self-sustaining, long-

term demining operations requires the integrated efforts of ARSOF, private sector
NGOs and PVOs, and specialized personnel. The SF element may conduct an
entire demining training program, but this effort greatly stretches SF resources
based on the average time frame of 90 to 120 days to train an HN infrastructure.
To provide the best training within a reasonable time frame, all ARSOF assets and
specialty personnel should be used if available. However, using various assets
leads to a diverse organizational makeup of the mission team that at times causes
problems with unity of command. The SOC demining chief is responsible for the
success of the mission and coordinates the integrated efforts of the demining
training team. All ARSOF elements should be as complete as possible.
DEMINING TRAINING TEAM
The demining training team should be tailored to meet mission

requirements based on the CINC mission assessment. An integrated
ARSOF team normally includes the following elements:
SF element. At times, one Special Forces operational detachment

Alpha (SFODA) will be adequate, but other situations may require
a Special Forces operational detachment Bravo (SFODB) and
multiple SFODAs to meet mission requirements.
CA cell. This cell is normally a four-man Civil Affairs liaison
team (CALT) or tactical support team.
PSYOP cell. This cell is normally a four-man military
information support team (MIST).
Attachments. Several key specialists may assist in supporting the
overall demining effort and can greatly enhance the success of the
mission.
Computer specialist. When computerized systems are
programmed for use in-country, an extensive training
program in computer operations is required. Because
computer training is a very time-consuming requirement, a
dedicated computer specialist will be very effective in
conducting the training.
Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) technician. The
SFODA focuses primarily on training HN deminers to
destroy land mines in the ground. An enormous UXO
problem exists. The EOD specialist can train personnel in
UXO removal procedures and establish the emergency
clearance teams at the national HQ.
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NOTE: Marine EOD specialists may make live mines inert

for training aids in demining training. By regulation,
however, U.S. Army EOD personnel may not perform this
task.
Dog handler and trainer. If dogs are to be a part of the

demining team, an experienced dog handler must be
planned for as well.
Logistics technician. The magnitude of the logistics and
transportation requirements is excessively large and far
exceeds the requirements for normal exercises. Establishing
an HN infrastructure and sustaining the program from
scratch require the support of several logisticians. A
logistics planner should be designated to support the
demining mission, both in-country and in the rear (home
base). The logistician in-country maintains accountability
of U.S. resources, mentors HN personnel in supply
management and logistics, and transitions supplies from
U.S. control to HN control upon completion of the training.
NGOs or U.S. Government contractors can be directly integrated into

demining training teams or implemented separately in support of the
demining mission. NGOs may fulfill several key roles, such as—
Transitioning an HN program effectively in its infancy from

ARSOF training operations to live minefield operations, of which
U.S. forces’ participation is prohibited.
Providing long-term liaison and oversight functions that are
essential for maintaining continuity in demining operations, yet
severely impact the operating tempo (OPTEMPO) and personnel
tempo (PERTEMPO) of U.S. forces.
Conducting proofing of cleared minefields to verify 100 percent
removal from selected areas for safety and program assessment
purposes.
HOST NATION NATIONAL DEMINING ORGANIZATION
National-level demining is a task best accomplished in peacetime by a

single-purpose organization. It is an extremely slow, labor-intensive task
that consumes an inordinate amount of manpower compared to the results
produced. Because it is so dependent on manual labor, the HN
organization is of necessity very large. No standard national demining
organization can be applied to HDO, as each HN organization varies
significantly based upon its unique strengths, capabilities, and limitations.
A baseline indigenous organization (Figure 2-1) and structure follow that
are a basic guide in defining organizational parameters. Tailor
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organizational elements to the capability and manpower levels of the

specific country.
National Demining Headquarters
The national demining HQ is responsible for planning, integrating, and

prioritizing the country’s demining effort. It may effectively command and
control one to three regional demining HQ, one demining school, and one
mine awareness cell. The HQ consists of approximately 33 personnel.
Components of the national HQ (Figure 2-2) include safety and quality-
assurance officers (who report directly to the director), as well as liaison
officers (LNOs) from other national entities and related agencies, such as
NGOs. The national HQ also includes the following various components:
Figure 2-1. Baseline indigenous demining organization.
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Command Section.
Administrative Section.
Data Management Section.
Historical Research Section.
Operations and Training Section.
Logistics Section.
Figure 2-2. Baseline national demining headquarters.
Regional Demining Headquarters
A regional demining HQ is established by the NDO in an area where the

mine problem is most significant. It has approximately 14 personnel and
can control up to 3 mine clearance companies effectively. The regional
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HQ is responsible for regionally employing the following three elements

in an integrated, cohesive manner to neutralize designated mine threats
based on the national priorities.
Survey and Marking Teams
These teams collect information and intelligence on the location of

minefields, the types of mines, and the exact dimensions of the minefields
on the ground. Once a minefield is identified, these teams mark the field
and coordinate with the mine awareness cell to start a passive demining
information operation in the area.
Mine Clearance Companies
A mine clearance company consists of a company HQ and four

operational de-mining platoons. The HQ consists of approximately five
personnel with positions allocated for a communications specialist and one
to two medics. Each demining platoon consists of a platoon HQ and four
mine clearance squads. Within the platoon HQ, one position is allocated
for a communications specialist and one allocated for a medic. Each
demining squad consists of a nine-man element that can be subdivided
into either two four-man prober teams or four two-man teams with one
position allocated for the squad leader. All members of the squad and team
should be able to operate the detector and the probe and be able to destroy
mines.
Emergency Clearance Teams
These teams are capable of identifying high-priority mines, as well as

taking steps to neutralize immediate threats to life and property.
NOTE: Elements of the survey teams and emergency clearance teams

may be attached to the national demining HQ based on the HN’s situation.
Demining School
The demining school prepares soldiers to conduct mine awareness and

mine clearance operations, ensuring qualified personnel for the operational
elements are trained to standard. The demining school consists of
approximately 8 to 12 personnel.
Mine Awareness Cell
The mine awareness cell is responsible for controlling the following

elements in establishing a print and broadcast information campaign that
assists in conducting passive demining throughout the HN.
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Public Awareness Team
The public awareness team is responsible for implementing information

campaigns. Employing print and broadcast media, the team helps conduct
passive demining throughout the country and promotes the objectives of
the HN demining effort.
Mine Awareness Training Team
The mine awareness training team is responsible for preparing soldiers to

conduct mine awareness operations, ensuring qualified personnel for the
operational public awareness teams are trained to standard. The mine
awareness training team has approximately four to eight personnel.
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CHAPTER 3
SPECIAL FORCES OPERATIONS
This chapter outlines six operational phases that under ideal conditions enable
ARSOF to establish an HN organization capable of conducting independent self-
sustaining operations with a high probability for long-term success. These phases
were developed by ARSOF with HDO experience in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Namibia,
Rwanda, Cambodia, and Laos. The chapter focuses on detailed mission planning
factors within each of the six phases. Although SF planning is the primary focus,
common CA and PSYOP planning factors are also included. Specific CA and
PSYOP planning factors are in Chapters 4 and 5.
THEATER ASSESSMENT TEAM
To provide adequate time for planning the mission, conducting pre-

mission training, and obtaining resources required to support a demining
mission, ARSOF should be tasked at least 12 months before mission
execution. Ideally, all ARSOF units supporting the mission are included in
the CINC assessment.
The theater CINC assessment team determines the current situation—that

is, the nature and extent of the mine and UXO problem within the HN. It
identifies logistics and resource requirements and possible courses of
action (COAs). The end state objective of this assessment team is to
present a detailed course of action briefing to the theater CINC/SOC and
upon approval provide a detailed operation plan (OPLAN) and planning
guidance to military forces assisting in the humanitarian demining
program.
Ideally, the assessment team consists of (but is not limited to)—
A CINC/SOC theater program manager.

An SF unit representative.
A CA unit representative.
A PSYOP unit representative.
An on-site country team.
The theater CINC assessment team should conduct an HN assessment at

least 12 to 18 months before the desired mission time frame. (See
Appendix A.)It should task the mission no later than 12 months before
execution to allow subordinate units time to prepare for the mission and to
procure resources and materials. Subsequent to the assessment,
representatives from the subordinate units should be selected to participate
in the assessment. This simple step increases the supporting units’
understanding of the mission and greatly enhances mission success. When
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subordinate units cannot participate in the actual assessment, the team

should focus on the following areas that affect long-range planning:
Training requirements for HN personnel in mission planning and

organization, mine awareness, and demining techniques.
HN logistical support capabilities and processing requirements for
contracts.
HN rules of engagement (ROEs) and security of U.S. forces,
including weapons restrictions in-country and restrictions on
communications security (COMSEC) material or communications
structures.
Clearance requirements and suspenses. (NOTE: Clearances for a
demining operation are very time-consuming and political. The
clearances for transporting explosives must go through U.S.
channels and possibly UN and HN bureaucracy.)
Overflight requirements and landing restrictions due to explosives.
(NOTE: Only certain airfields and countries allow aircraft with
explosives to land, refuel, or stay overnight.)
Arms embargoes or restrictions on the HN. (NOTE: An arms
embargo by the UN can only be removed or amended after it has
been voted on by the UN Security Council.)
A soil sample to determine mineral content. (NOTE: The test will
allow you to determine if the mine detector will be effective in this
type of environment.)
During the assessment, the pre-mission checklists at Appendix B should

be completed and forwarded to the supporting units. Use of the checklists
will help U.S. forces plan the mission and procure needed resources within
the designated time frame. (See also Appendix C for equipment and
demolitions summaries.)
PHASE 1 - PREDEPLOYMENT
Procedures for conducting demining mission analysis are generally the

same as those for FID mission analysis. When conducting intelligence
preparation of the battlespace (IPB), special emphasis is on intelligence
gathering, training plan development, command and control (C2), force
protection, and CA and PSYOP integration.
Planning demining activities involves coordination with various

information and training sources. Appendix D provides a list of points of
contact (POCs) helpful in operations planning.
Priorities for planning demining activities include—
Preparing an estimate of the situation, based on—
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Mission orders.
CINC assessment and pre-mission checklists.
An up-to-date area study, highlighting main participants
(nations, forces, political or religious groups, outside
sponsors); recent or current conflicts; and political,
religious, and racial differences or disagreements.
History of mines (types, origin, and dates) purchased or
introduced into the target area.
FID IPB process.
Assessment of HN current capabilities, especially
engineering training and equipment.
Assessment of HN mine threat, including information on
known mined areas or regions.
Identification of CA and PSYOP requirements and support
for the mission.
Identifying ROEs and HN constraints that impact on the
detachment and the mission, such as HN restrictions on weapons
and COMSEC.
Identifying required training aids. (See Phase 3 -Training.)
Identifying required resources in all classes of supply and
coordinating with theater commands to obtain needed logistics.
Establishing HN unit standing operating procedure (SOP) for
conducting day-to-day demining operations.
Preparing all mission support documents in accordance with
(IAW) applicable regulations and unit SOPs.
Preparing threat and risk assessment.
Detachment Pre-Mission Training
Train-up requirements for detachment members and other personnel must

be identified early in the predeployment mission-planning phase. Because
of the enormous dangers in demining, the detachment must be thoroughly
prepared and trained in demining/UXO operations. Commanders must
make sure adequate resources and time are allocated for detachment train-
up.
Train-up should include sending key detachment noncommissioned

officers (NCOs) to Fort Belvoir, Fort Leonard Wood, and Harvey Point
for specialized training. The NCOs should in turn teach the demining team
the applied skills. The detachment should learn all the required skills and
rehearse all the procedures before deployment.
Train-up of the demining team should cover (but is not limited to)—
Mine and UXO identification and characteristics.

Basic nonelectric and electric demolitions.
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Charge placement for mine and UXO destruction.

Minefield marking and surveying procedures.
Demining drills, including—
Detecting.
Marking and recording.
Probing and uncovering.
Placing charges.
Demonstrating trip-wire procedures.
Minefield demining platoon layout and SOPs.
Communications refresher.
Medical refresher.
Budget and Funding
As a matter of national policy, the United States provides training,

equipment, supplies, contracted services, and funding to other nations
under the authority of numerous federal programs. Specific funds under
DOD Overseas Humanitarian Disaster Aid and Civic Assistance
(OHDACA) appropriation (operation and maintenance [O&M]) are
available to execute HDO. Initial HDO activities such as country
assessments and "train the trainer" programs are funded with OHDACA.
Subsequent funding to the HN to pay for equipment and support of
personnel trained by the HN requires foreign military financing (FMF)
provided by the DOS. This FMF funding occurs normally in the
sustainment phases and is an area developed and managed at the
DOD/DOS level, with input from the CINC’s HDO staff. It should be
noted that OHDACA and FMF activities can be funded concurrently
within the HN’s HDO program. Such funding is a coordinated effort that
will be administered jointly between DOD and DOS.
The CINC HDO program manager provides an FY program to OASD:

SO-LIC in the spring of each year. The program outlines the planned
objectives for the coming year. Based on the analysis of these plans, O&M
funding is provided to the theater commands to execute humanitarian
demining projects. These O&M funds can be used to purchase goods and
services normally authorized in this appropriation. Typically, the funds
cover—but are not limited to—such expenses as travel, transportation, per
diem, supplies, contracts, and equipment.
DOS plans and programs FMF, FMS, and the Nonproliferation,

Antiterrorism, De-Mining, and Related (NADR) Program accounts.
Until FY 97, DOS provided funding through the FMF account. In FY 97,
the NADR account was expanded to include HDO. These security
assistance accounts are allocated to countries based on their proposed
demining plan and recommendations from the IWG.
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Planning considerations when working with funding include—
Coordinating with the U.S. Embassy for military interdepartmental

purchase request (MIPR) support.
Coordinating memorandums of agreement (MOAs) between the
HN and the deploying element.
Equipment Acquisition
Acquisition of equipment for the DOD HDO may be through two separate
means: OHDACA and FMF.
OHDACA. Congress has authorized DOD—with specific limitations—to

procure and donate equipment to the HN for HDO. OASD: SO-LIC
provides the specific limits allocated to each CINC’s HDO program.
Procurement of HDO equipment is through traditional equipment
procurement mechanisms and is limited to the ceiling dollar value
legislated at the time. Currently, the limit is $100,000.00, but a dollar
value is not the only guideline. Vehicles are generally procured through
these services. Check with your local comptroller to validate any big ticket
purchases. Equipment purchased with OHDACA funds to be donated
to the HN must be itemized separately from equipment purchased to
support U.S. military forces conducting "train the trainer" programs.
Itemized lists must account for donated equipment and be reported to the
CINC HDO office quarterly. The Defense Security Assistance Agency
(DSAA) is not involved, as this process is separate from security
assistance. Specific inquiries on DOD funding authorities should be
directed to OASD: SO-LIC.
FMF. FMF is available through the DOS for certain foreign nations. By
law, equipment or services procured using FMF are to be managed by the
DSAA.
NOTE: Funding for the DOD Humanitarian Demining Program has been
specifically authorized by Congress for humanitarian purposes. Activities
and equipment initiated using DOD Humanitarian Assistance Program
funds must support an approved interagency humanitarian mission.
Consequently, monitoring checks and internal controls must be
established to make sure DOD-provided equipment is primarily used by
the HN for humanitarian purposes. Monitoring checks may be performed
by organizations other than the DOD, such as the country team, NGOs, or
contractors.
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Accountability Instructions
Service procedures for accountability will be used for equipment

requisitioned by U.S. forces as long as the equipment is under U.S.
control. When possible, accountability for equipment to be transferred to
HN control should be established separately to facilitate eventual transfer
of accountability. Procedures vary for transfer of accountability to the HN.
Funding Restrictions
HDO program managers need to know the parameters in using each type
of funding available. The program manager must be prepared to monitor
all aspects of funding within the HDO organization. Every effort should be
made to assure that there is clear authority to spend the money.
Clarification of the use of funds can be obtained from OASD: SO-LIC. As
stated earlier, OHDACA O&M funds cannot be used to purchase vehicles.
Equipping an HN with vehicles as part of a demining program is a special

situation, practically necessitating the opening of an FMF case. This
aspect should be planned and budgeted in advance since even more lead
time is required than for other types of supplies.
Funding must be planned for HN communications system upgrades as

needed. Equipment such as mine detectors that are purchased with
OHDACA O&M funding can be donated to the HN. The $100,000-limit
per item applies to all such funds. Demolition materials can be purchased
using O&M funds.
Items acquired by FMF funds should not be shipped using OHDACA

O&M funds. At the start of a program, shipping with OHDACA O&M
funds may make good sense as an expedient measure. However, DSAA
FMF funds should be used to acquire and transport items, thus preserving
a clean division of responsibility.
The process for using FMF funds takes time and involves several
organizations. The responsible agency is the DSAA, which must be
notified of the requirement. Other participants include applicable DOS and
DOD organizations. The FMF funding process takes about 90 to 120 days
and results in the opening of an FMF case. The advantage of the process is
that the DSAA routinely handles all aspects of acquiring, packing, and
shipping material to foreign countries, acting in many respects like a
contractor for the HDO program.
Working with the Corps of Engineers to arrange and manage construction

contracts, the DSAA oversees the renovation of training facilities. Funds
for renovations come from the FMF program. Advanced planning,
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therefore, is necessary to assure that the budget is sufficient to achieve the

intended objectives. The checks and balances inherent in the process of
opening an FMF case offer certain advantages. The process works, but it
requires sufficient time.
Participation by the HDO team in the completion of an FMF-sponsored

activity may be necessary as an operational expedient. If possible, clear
lines of responsibility should be maintained. Clear and accurate
requirements should be specified to the DSAA. The DSAA should, in turn,
be allowed to complete its part of the mission, including taking
responsibility for addressing any problems that may be encountered.
Humanitarian demining missions require functional support from the

Theater J4/7-level organization. Official tasking should recognize this
requirement.
Sealift is highly cost-effective, but due to the high visibility of HDO,

airlift is preferred. A representative, preferably a logistician, should
always be employed at each point of transfer of a load to handle the
necessary movements or transshipments and to expedite the process.
Host Nation Standing Operating Procedure
An HN demining SOP must be established before deployment. The

purpose of the SOP is to present in writing the daily tasks, procedures, and
general routine for a demining platoon and company. Having an SOP is
important for two reasons. First, it tells each deminer exactly what to
expect each day, what tasks need to be accomplished, and how the tasks
are to be performed. Second, the SOP provides a standard method for
demining throughout the HN.
Although directive in nature, the SOP is a flexible document. It is a tool

for training the demining platoon and for evaluating the performance of
platoons operating in the field. The SOP is a specific, well-known
standard. Enforcing these standards is the responsibility of the leaders—
the commanders, platoon leaders, platoon sergeants, and section sergeants.
Detachment Predeployment Site Survey
The predeployment site survey (PDSS), conducted 3 to 6 months before

deployment, should confirm your OPLAN and HN support agreements.
Final adjustments should be made to the mission training plan at this time.
The PDSS should be made up of the NCOs and officers assigned to the
main mission. CA and PSYOP personnel should be included on the PDSS.
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Personnel must be united in support of the mission, as discontinuity can

disrupt the operation and create suspicion from the HN.
Deployment of Liaison
A liaison cell should be established during the PDSS or shortly thereafter.

The LNO attends the PDSS and remains in-country to facilitate essential
coordination. He should be attached to the Defense Attache Office (DAO)
at the U.S. Embassy work-ing demining operations with the theater
CINC/SOC staff. The LNO should act as the action officer for all
demining activities and should not be tasked with any other duties. He
should coordinate with HN agencies, the military, CINCs, contractors, and
the Group. The LNO demonstrates U.S. commitment to the demining
program and encourages action on the part of the HN. The LNO should
work on country clearances, visa requirements, country fee waivers,
custom waivers, and HN requirements for communications and weapons.
The LNO should come from the supported SOC. If the SOC is unable to
provide an LNO, the SF elements HQ (SFODB) should meet this
requirement, thus allowing the team to remain intact throughout the 3- to
4-month training period. This arrangement also allows the SOC and SF
element to rotate the LNOs if necessary.
Rules of Engagement
One of the lessons of recent military operations, particularly in

nontraditional military missions, is that ROEs should give personnel
assigned to a mission clear guidance for that mission. Policy makers and
commanders must address ambiguous situations so that personnel who
conduct humanitarian demining activities in an HN have clear instructions
and guidance appropriate to the task. A key element toward this objective
is the Embassy Threat and Procedures Briefing, which must be
coordinated by the LNO or the PDSS team.
PHASE 2 - DEPLOYMENT
Because of the large amount of logistical support, a combination of Joint

Chiefs of Staff (JCS) airlift and commercial aircraft is normally used to
deploy a demining training team and all its equipment and resources. The
deployment phase starts with the outloading sequence and ends when the
training site and in-processing have been completed.
Customs
The LNO must work with HN personnel and their customs officials to
resolve potential customs issues. He must coordinate with customs for
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waivers of inspections, when possible. Coordination must be made in the

following areas:
Making sure customs inspectors are present, when required.

Planning security to guard pallets and equipment until inspection,
if in-spectors are not present.
Working with the DAO or Government Service Organization
(GSO) to waive customs tariffs and aircraft landing fees.
Negotiating with customs officials to minimize the cost of
importing demining equipment.
Obtaining assistance from the U.S. Embassy to expedite the arrival
of personnel and equipment on incoming military or commercial
flights.
Transportation
The LNO plans transportation for trainers, deminers, and resupply

materials to the training and operations sites. Trainers will need reliable
transportation for backside support of training and logistical resupply or
support. They cannot rely on HN assets. Problems of maintenance,
accountability, and fuel are training distracters; therefore, these items must
be planned in detail before deployment. Additionally—
If HN transportation must be augmented, 2- to 5-ton trucks are

most suitable. They can do a variety of jobs and most likely will
not become someone’s personal vehicle.
Rental contracts should include a maintenance plan. Spare parts are
expensive in most underdeveloped nations.
Because of bad roads and wet seasons in many countries where
demining operations occur, 4x4 vehicles are normally a
requirement.
Rental companies will charge more if HN personnel are drivers.
Contracting for rental drivers will save money, if the HN will agree
to contracting. Plan to conduct driver’s training if you bring
vehicles. At a minimum, conduct a driving test and a preventive
maintenance checks and services (PMCS) class.
Training Site
The HN selects where the training sites will be located based upon
national priorities. Because the training site will be a permanent site used
by the HN to train soldiers long after the United States departs, careful
planning must go into selecting and setting up the site.
During the initial assessment, the training site should be checked, and any
problems with it negotiated with the HN for correction. If any renovations
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are required, they must be identified and completed before deployment of

U.S. forces. Ideally, the LNO should have worked out any problems about
the training site.
Other considerations in establishing a training site include—
Planning billet space for the demining team and HN personnel.

Planning water and electricity supply and backup.
Ensuring adequate secure storage capability for the extensive
logistical requirements.
Planning waste disposal and enforcing standards early and hard.
Having generators and generator parts.
Having a gas cooker (propane or kerosene).
Finding local sources for as many supplies as possible.
Using NGO or UN resources for repairs at the training site and for
repair of equipment.
Providing physical security of demining personnel and equipment.
HN Personnel Screening and In-Processing
All personnel identified by the HN for training should be screened and in-
processed. The United States cannot require the HN to provide photos or
medical records or dictate which soldiers will participate in demining
training. The role of the United States is to help the HN establish a
selection process that includes these procedures. Each trainee should be
assessed from the beginning of training until the end. This procedure will
help identify trainees to fill or promote into key leadership positions or to
identify those to be removed from the program.
HN personnel should be medically screened. All medical data should be

properly recorded, secured, and treated with confidentiality. Medics
should check for communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, hepatitis,
sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, and any other sickness that would
prevent class attendance. They should also examine for blindness, hearing
loss, and physical disabilities that would cause safety hazards in a
minefield. All trainees should be tested on their aptitude levels as well and
be placed into areas within the demining program where they are most
suited—for example, medical, engineer, or communications. Potential
interpreters should be identified as well.
The in-processing of HN personnel should include taking photos for

identification (ID) cards and assigning roster numbers. Approximately 45
to 55 HN personnel should be in-processed to come up with a platoon of
about 31 deminers, after failure by some to meet the qualifying criteria.
Proficient skills and demonstrated capability, not numbers or politics,
determine acceptance.
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Someone should be selected who will give sick students permission not to
train and will determine how much class time may be missed before
students are dropped from the training course. Students who fail to meet
class attendance standards will not be certified and may be considered for
retraining.
Cadre Assessment
U.S. trainers conduct an assessment to identify HN cadre. Cadre

assessment involves a number of considerations:
Identifying experienced trainer-instructor cadre.

Identifying personnel with prior training in explosives and in
leadership skills.
Evaluating reading and writing skills that are critical to map
reading, report writing, and demining operational planning.
Identifying personnel who will be responsible and accountable.
Key Host Nation Personnel
Identification of key HN personnel should begin during the assessment,

followed up by the LNO and continually pursued by the detachment upon
deployment. Situations always arise where the support of HN personnel
greatly enhances the detachment’s ability to resolve disputes and issues.
Key HN personnel may include those outside the established demining

force structure, such as⎯
HN soldiers or civilians who have been to the United States for

schooling, conferences, or other relevant training.
HN soldiers or civilians who are proficient in speaking English.
Religious leaders.
Village elders or leaders.
PHASE 3 - TRAINING
During the training phase, all three ARSOF elements focus on executing
the individual training programs.
Training Methodology
One of the goals of the humanitarian demining program is to establish a

long-term, sustainable program that will help the HN develop the local
infrastructure capable of training and sustaining its own in-country
program. The program focuses on identifying and training HN personnel
in leadership and program management, in mine awareness, and in the
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conduct, supervision, and instruction of demining operations and

procedures.
To minimize long-term U.S. involvement and to make sure the HN is

capable of sustaining operations over the long term, all training is
conducted using the following "train the trainer" methodology:
Step 1 The demining team trains selected HN personnel to form a

cadre of instructors and a base demining organization.
Step 2 The demining team mentors and monitors the HN cadre in

training its own forces through one complete training cycle.
Step 3 The U.S. demining team assesses the HN-trained soldiers

by monitoring the operational unit in day-to-day operations, while
mentoring the HN cadre as it trains the second complete cycle of
soldiers.
Time-Phased Training and Operational Concepts
Every demining operation is distinctly unique and must be planned to

meet the mission objectives based upon HN capabilities. In situations
where an organization is being established from the ground up, two
systematic training approaches can be employed for better integration of
the various elements of the demining organization and U.S. agencies that
provide support.
Phased-Training Concept
The following sequence identifies a general training sequence in the time-

phased concept:
Step 1 Identify and train the essential staff elements of the national
demining HQ. This part of the organization can thus function and
continue real world hands-on training during the establishment of
the remaining organization.
Focus is on early mine awareness operations using themes that

identify the organization and its objectives and that gain
acceptance and support of the populace.
Consideration is given to training events that require a long-term

training program, such as computers and possibly surveying and
marking skills.
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Step 2 Continue to train the national demining HQ. The historical

research section, along with the marking and surveying teams, is
established and trained to start the sometimes long process of
identifying and bounding (marking) minefields. Mine awareness
operations shift to in-cident reporting, threat recognition, and threat
avoidance. This phase allows the NDO to identify and prioritize
the mine threat. The NDO establishes a prioritized list of
minefields to be cleared.
Step 3 Conduct primary training of the mine clearance elements

and final training of the NDO and mine awareness elements.
Step 4 Conduct a 2- to 4-week evaluation and advisory phase to

transition the HN to live operations.
Step 5 Incorporate specialized training in such areas as logistics

operations, maintenance operations, and dog teams for further
development of NDO.
Step 6 Conduct follow-on assessments and spot training.
Concurrent-Training Concept
The following sequence identifies a general training sequence in the

concurrent-training concept. In situations where time permits, this method
of training is recommended:
Step 1 Identify and train all members of the NDO in essential basic
skills. This allows the NDO to develop an understanding of all the
basic aspects of demining operations and to enhance cohesiveness
among the different subordinate organizations.
Step 2 Based on basic training evaluations, identify personnel to

fill the national HQ, mine awareness cell, mine clearance, and
training school organizations.
Step 3 Train advanced skills within each element of the NDO.
Step 4 Execute collective training events.
Step 5 Conduct a 2- to 4-week evaluation phase to transition the

HN to live operations.
Step 6 Incorporate specialized training in such areas as logistics

operations, main-tenance operations, and dog teams for further
development of the NDO.
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Step 7 Conduct follow-on assessments and spot training.
The following information is based on the concurrent-training concept. It

can be used in the phased-training concept as needed.
Programs of Instruction
Programs of instruction (POIs) are developed for all aspects of demining

operations, at all levels of the demining organization. Appendix E is a
sample POI summary for training demining personnel. It may be modified
to fit a country’s specific mine threat and terrain.
Basic Skills
A 10- to 12-week POI is a typical POI for training basic skills, up to

platoon level. All soldiers, including company-grade officers, are to attend
basic skills training. As a screening device, the training serves to weed out
the discipline, alcohol, and drug problems, thus removing unsuitable
trainees as early as possible. Testing soldiers on their mechanical aptitude
for using mine detectors will also help screen out individuals who may not
be suitable for demining training.
Basic skills training covers (but is not limited to)—
Military courtesy and rapport.

Roll call and accountability.
Drills (physical exercise, stretching, marching).
Equipment layout for inspection.
Equipment maintenance.
Personal hygiene.
Field sanitation.
Field dressing, pressure dressing, and tourniquets.
First aid for burns.
Shock prevention.
Procedures for dressing open chest wounds.
One- and two-man carries.
UXO recognition and neutralization.
Mine identification, antipersonnel and antitank.
Mine detection by visual means.
Mine detection operations and equipment.
Mine detection by probing.
Trip-wire procedures.
Procedures for marking lanes and minefields.
Demolition procedures.
Installation, use, and maintenance of a frequency modulated (FM)
radio.
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Site selection for communications.

Voice communications procedures.
Medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) requests.
Advanced Skills
A 2- to 4-week POI is typical for advanced skills training. Upon

completion of basic skills training, selected HN trainees receive advanced
training, based upon assessment of the individual’s aptitude.
Advanced skills training covers (but is not limited to)—
Communications.
Medical (Combat Lifesaver Course).
Advanced engineer skills (demining).
Land navigation and map skills (selected personnel)/global
positioning system (GPS).
Instructor training (selected cadre).
Leadership (selected personnel).
Staff planning process, organization, and procedures, including
operational mission planning.
Automated data processing (ADP) and computers.
Survey and marking skills.
Team Skills
Team skills training follows the completion of basic skills training. It

involves the training of the company or squad teams and their NCOs. The
training should include a demonstration by the SFODA on proper
techniques. The SFODA NCOs should work closely with the HN NCOs in
supervising the teams.
Collective Skills
To establish a command post exercise (CPX), situational training exercise

(STX), or field training exercise (FTX) training program, teach the HN
cadre how to plan and execute operations from the national HQ down to
the squad level. Conduct CPX/FTX at all levels, which reinforces
integrated operations and gradually expands to full-scale demining
planning and execution. Teach the cadre how to emplace and document a
practice minefield to support collective skills training. This training can be
used to teach patterns or techniques, to reinforce other principles such as
accountability of equipment and training aids, and to provide feedback to
the instructor.
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Survey Skills
A precise minefield survey is the only way to identify the extent of the
mine problem and accurately plan clearing activities. Survey teams
specifically trained for surveying are with each regional demining HQ.
They identify these areas and coordinate to have them prioritized. The
survey is in two general phases, each serving different purposes.
Phase 1 General Survey of the Mine Situation. This survey

should be the first step before making any demining plan. The
purpose of the general survey is to identify the extent of the mine
problem. The general survey helps plan the time, personnel, and
other resources required to demine the targeted area. The surveyors
for this phase need training in—
Minefield indicators.
Minefield extraction.
Mine recognition and safety precautions.
Mine area reconnaissance by land type.
Map reading.
Marking skills.
Use of cameras.
Sketching and reporting.
Interviewing skills.
Phase 2 Technical Survey of the Mine Situation. This survey is

a more detailed data collection exercise on each individual
minefield to identify the exact boundaries of the minefields, mark
them on the ground, prepare detailed operational maps, and
allocate priorities in consultation with other related agencies.
Experience is preferred in engineering, map making and reading,
public relations, first aid, and demining. Surveyors should receive
training in—
Mine recognition and disposal skills.

Mine clearance skills.
Interviewing.
Collecting mine data.
Identifying mined area boundaries.
Layout of mined area to allow demining platoon safe and
proper deployment of as many clearing teams as possible.
Marking and clearing a 2-meter safe lane around a
minefield.
Land navigation and map-making skills.
Minefield marking techniques.
Using a compass and measuring an area.
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Using mine detection dogs in survey operations.

Briefing and writing reports/database tracking system.
When establishing and training the survey teams, integrate the following
measures:
Teach map and compass skills first; plan 2 weeks minimum for
this training.
Teach sketching and photography.
Recruit draftsmen and surveyors.
Search for a mine-free area to conduct pace, azimuth, and land
navigation training.
Make survey training a separate training mission prior to the
demining mission.
HN Cadre Instructors
The training team working with HN leaders finalizes the student training
assessments and identifies HN cadre instructors.
Training Aids
Training aids should include aids for U.S. train-up and for use by the HN.
(See Appendix F.) Store the training aids used by a unit for train-up with
the Group Engineers Office. These training aids should allow an SFODA
to conduct rehearsals of classes in mines/UXOs and their neutralization.
Plan to secure training aids during Phase 1 (Predeployment). U.S. Marine
EOD can go into a country and deactivate live mines for use as training
aids. Training aids of mines can also be purchased through the military
training (MILTRA) company and through the training support center
(TSC). The Fort Gordon TSC has demining training aids and can fabricate
devices if given an example.
The following list identifies several categories of training aids required to

conduct training.
Inert mines/ordnances.
Mine-detection equipment.
Minefield marking equipment.
Protective equipment.
Demolition equipment.
Equipment and techniques for limiting collateral damage, such as
Kevlar blankets and sandbags.
Videos of demining techniques, both mechanical and human
intensive.
Logistics manuals.
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PHASE 4 - OPERATIONS
Upon completion of the basic and advanced training programs, collective

skills must be trained. Collective skills training brings the unit together as
a team and establishes SOPs for conducting live operations. U.S. troops do
not perform demining for other nations. U.S. Government personnel will
not enter active minefields or be subjected to unreasonable risk.
WARNING
Demining is an inherently hazardous operation that may lead to

death or serious injury of the personnel involved. Demining
requires extensive individual and collective training and
supervision.
Safety Guidelines
Safety is an important part of demining operations. Accidents can happen

at any point during demining operations and may result in death.
Accidents caused by carelessness decrease morale and mean the loss of
trained deminers. Platoon and section leaders must make sure deminers in
their platoon do not take unnecessary risks or engage in careless activity
that might cost the deminer his life and his family its means of support.
Everyone must make sure safety is maintained on and off the minefield. A
well-trained platoon is a safe platoon. Platoon leaders need to supervise
demining activities and have section leaders retrain deminers as necessary.
When possible, mines and UXO should be destroyed in place with

demolitions. Exceptions to this rule are when the destruction of the mine
in place will cause col-lateral damage to roads, bridges, or other
infrastructures, hospitals, churches, or historic buildings and sites.
Modern mines often are manufactured with multiple antihandling devices.

Those not manufactured with built-in devices can be emplaced with
external ones. UXO can be booby trapped in a variety of ways.
Demining Equipment Safety
Demining equipment can cause injury by poking or cutting. Probes, saws,

axes, shears, trowels, and other similar equipment should have sharp parts
covered in storage, either in a case or cardboard covering. Keeping the
equipment clean will ensure that it will work properly. Section and platoon
leaders must make sure the equipment does not become items for
horseplay.
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Demolitions Safety
Demolitions safety during demining operations can be achieved in large

part simply by including safety procedures in the operations SOPs. Safety
is a primary responsibility for leaders in the NDO.
A charge is defined as "the total quantity of bulk explosives concentrated

at a single point, but not the total explosive incorporated at different points
on a firing circuit, which itself is capable of detonating simultaneously." A
number of charges can make up a firing circuit.
All operations involving the firing of a charge of explosive, no matter how

small, must be authorized by the platoon leader. The platoon leader
authorizing the firing ensures that it is carried out under the supervision of
a qualified person.
Detonators contain the most sensitive explosive in the detonating train and
must be treated with the greatest care at all times. Avoid handling the
detonator tube unless absolutely necessary.
Observe the following minimum safety distances from explosive

detonations (refer to field manual [FM] 5-250):
Detonators, primers, and detonating cord (det cord): Minimum 20

meters. If used with det cord clips, the minimum distance is 100
meters.
Practice charges in the open, any size:
Stone-free ground: Kilogram (kg) x 40 meters, minimum
60 meters.
Stony ground: Kg x 60 meters, minimum 90 meters.
Antitank (AT) mines: Minimum 300 meters.
AP mines: Minimum—
Blast type, 100 meters.
Fragmentation type, 250 meters.
UXO: Consult EOD personnel.
NOTE: When several charges are fired by one means of initiation, observe
the safety distance of the largest single charge (or munitions being
destroyed).
Take the following precautions before any range practice or demining

demolitions operations:
Ensure sentries are posted and instructed in their duties. Clear the
danger area and keep it closed.
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Make sure all troops and spectators, as well as explosives and

accessories, other than those required for the demolition are moved
to a safe area. Personnel should be behind suitable barricades,
terrain, or in trenches.
Prohibit smoking within 50 meters of explosives.
Enforce strict control procedures when issuing explosives and accessories

to make sure accountability is maintained during all phases of operations.
The platoon leader ensures that a record of explosives issued is
maintained, as well as a record of all explosives returned. At the end of
each day, turn in these records to the supply official. At the demolition
site, the platoon sergeant with adequate assistance is in charge of
explosives and accessories. He determines and controls the explosive
issues and ensures all issues are recorded. He ensures that the remaining
explosives are stored in a safe place before any charges are fired. To
prevent loss or theft of explosives and accessories, maintain security at all
times.
The platoon leader or sergeant in charge of the movement of explosives

and the drivers of the vehicles carrying explosives are responsible for the
observance of the following safety guidelines:
Clean and clear the compartment of the vehicle of all cargo.

During loading, unloading, and refueling, always apply the brakes,
switch off the engine, and if on a grade, chock the wheels.
Never allow a person to travel in the rear of the vehicle.
NOTE: Never carry a mixed load of general stores and explosives.
Permit smoking only at stops and then only at a distance of not less
than 50 meters from any loaded vehicle.
Space ammunition vehicles at 100-meter intervals from other
vehicles loaded with explosives during movement and halts.
Do not park vehicles carrying explosives near buildings or in
populated areas and do not leave unattended.
Do not carry explosives in the cab of any vehicle.
Never carry fuel anywhere on or in the vehicle other than in the
fuel tank.
Make sure all vehicles carrying explosives have a fire extinguisher
in a readily accessible position.
Evenly distribute boxed explosives over the compartment of the
vehicle.
Secure the load during movement to prevent loss and damage.
Avoid rapid acceleration and quick braking.
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Restrict loading to the height of the sides and tailboards of the

vehicle for boxed explosives. Make sure the load is within the
authorized loading weight for the vehicle.
Do not carry explosives and blasting caps in the same vehicle.
Store explosives neatly and carefully. Explosives become unserviceable

through damp- ness, heat, and careless handling. When storing explosives,
keep the following factors in mind:
Always store in a cool place with good cover and ventilation.

Keep above floor level on pallets or shelves.
Keep the storage area at least 100 meters away from any other
buildings.
Keep all detonators well away from other explosives in a separate
storage area, if possible. If separate storage is not possible,
separate the detonators from the main explosives by a blast proof
partition, such as a sand bag wall.
Do not remove explosives from their boxes or packages until they
are to be used. Keep the number of open packages to a minimum.
Never keep flammable materials such as oil, paint, or rags in the
explosive storage area.
Keep flammable grass or undergrowth close to the store very short.
WARNING
"No Smoking" signs are to be clearly displayed on all visible

approaches to the store. No person shall smoke within 50 meters
of an explosive storehouse.
Mine Characteristics
The training team must know the specific mine threat in its area of
responsibility (AOR). Generally, the mine threat primarily consists of
hand-emplaced blast, fragmentation, and chemical mines. Antivehicular or
AT mines may also be present. All mines, whether manufactured or
improvised, are activated by pressure or tension release (trip-wire devices)
or are command detonated. Manufactured mines are usually used by a
regular or conventional force. Irregular forces may use all improvised
mines or a combination of mines that are improvised and manufactured.
AP mines present a major threat in many environments. They are small

and easy to emplace. In emerging and developing countries, most people
walk or use bicycles or animals for transportation.
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AP mines usually cause death or injury by blast or fragmentation or by a

combination. AP mines may also be chemical.
A blast AP mine causes casualties through the direct blast effect of

its explosive charge. The mine is detonated in place and its
destructive impact is primarily upward. The casualty radius
depends on the amount and type of explosive and the emplacement
technique.
A fragmentation AP mine has a fragmenting material that
surrounds the explosive. The force of the explosion creates
shrapnel from the fragmenting material, and the high-velocity
shrapnel causes casualties. The two basic forms of fragmentation
mines are directional and nondirectional.
A directional fragmentation mine normally has its
destructive force concentrated in a specific directional
"kill" zone. An example of this type of mine is a Claymore
mine.
A nondirectional fragmentation mine does not have its
destructive force concentrated in a specific directional area.
Instead, its force is dispersed in a 360° circle. An example
of this type of mine is a "Bouncing Betty" mine, which
detonates 1 to 2 meters above the ground.
A chemical mine normally has a relatively small explosive charge
that propels a chemical agent into the air. Chemical mines have not
been widely used but must be considered a possible threat.
Various manufactured and improvised mines have been employed in

numerous countries. Personnel conducting demining activities must be
prepared to encounter manufactured mines from the former Warsaw Pact,
nonaligned, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nations,
including U.S.-made mines acquired through capture or on the
international black market. Forces openly or covertly supported by other
countries frequently receive manufactured mines, while irregular forces
may depend on their ability to improvise mines and explosives. Production
techniques and lessons learned by one group are often passed to others
through international terrorist networks.
NOTE: Any improvised mine is the product of the resources available to

the group that made it. Therefore, no two mines may be the same in their
configuration or materials.
Mine Components
A basic mine, whether manufactured or improvised, consists of an outer

casing and the following three major components that cause the mine to
explode:
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A triggering device, which may also be referred to as an initiator

(fuze, actuator, or firing device).
A detonator, which might include a booster.
The main explosive charge.
Triggering Devices
Devices used to trigger mines typically fall into three basic categories:
Electrical (some form of switch that closes an electric circuit

attached to a blasting cap).
Mechanical (a device such as a firing pin released to strike a
detonator).
Chemical (pressure or tension breaks a vial of chemical compound
that reacts with another substance to generate heat, which ignites
the detonator).
Triggering devices can vary significantly in their methods of operation,

complexity, reliability, and safety features. Although many different types
of manufactured and improvised triggering devices exist, most fit into one
of the three basic categories. Some devices are activated by pressure,
when an individual steps on the device closing the switch or breaking a
chemical vial; some by pulling, when an individual walks into a trip wire;
and others by the releasing pressure or tension.
Manufactured devices are usually mechanical and employ spring-loaded

firing pins that release to strike the detonator. Improvised devices make
effective use of available items and materials.
Detonating Devices
Every mine requires a device to detonate the main explosive. The

detonating device has relatively low explosive power but is highly
sensitive. It transfers its own explosive force to the main explosive charge.
Three types of devices are commonly used in mines: electric blasting caps,
nonelectric blasting caps, and percussion caps.
Improvised mines typically contain a commercial electric blasting

cap. The cap is detonated when power from an electrical source,
either a battery or a hand generator (hand blaster or plunger),
reaches the electric blasting cap. The most common power supply
is two commercial flashlight batteries.
Other types of triggering devices require friction or a chemical
reaction for initiation. Each device generates heat, which initiates a
nonelectric blasting cap.
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Manufactured mines frequently use percussion caps. When the

spring-loaded striker (firing pin) is released, it moves forward and
strikes the percussion cap to initiate the firing chain.
Explosive Charge
An improved improvised initiation device seen in Central America

employs a flash bulb surrounded by magnesium with a hole drilled in the
top of the bulb and the bulb filled with black powder. The flash bulb is
wired into an open electrical circuit. When the electrical circuit is closed,
the filament wires in the flash bulb heat up and, in turn, ignite the black
powder and magnesium, causing the mine to detonate.
Sustained Operations
This section on sustained operations outlines the basic demining

methodology employed by the NDO to identify and eliminate a specific
minefield threat. The methodology consists of the following steps:
NOTE: This methodology applies to the neutralization of both UXOs and

land mines placed at ground level to a depth of approximately 2 feet.
Step 1 Bound the Minefield. Survey and marking teams use

several dif-ferent techniques to locate and mark the perimeter of a
minefield. Using a detailed, specific minefield survey report, the
team identifies the location of a minefield, specific details on how
it is bounded, and any technical data on the types of mines found
by the survey teams. The report is passed to the regional HQ,
which is responsible for clearing the field.
Step 2 Plan the Mission. Regional HQ and mine companies plan

the mission and issue an operations order. Orders pass the
necessary information quickly and concisely to all deminers. If a
platoon is going to a new location to begin demining, the platoon
leader briefs the full platoon order. If the platoon is merely
continuing operations at a minefield, the platoon leader issues a
fragmentary order (FRAGO) to the section sergeants with updated
information and progress. (See Appendix G for a sample campaign
plan and product action work sheet.)
Step 3 Detect and Verify Mine Locations. Demining platoons

detect and verify exact locations of mines within the bounded area.
Systems for detecting mines and UXOs include the use of probes,
metal detectors, dogs, infrared sensors, radar systems, and mine
rollers. See Appendix H for detailed sample drills that train
collective tasks for detection and verification procedures. Tailor
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the following drills to fit the situation and terrain you will
encounter:
Trip-wire feeler drill.

Trip-wire reaction drill.
AN/PSS-12 mine detector drill.
Prober drill.
Pulling drill.
Step 4 Mark the Mines. Demining platoons mark mine locations

for eventual destruction using marking tape, mine bonnets, light
sticks, commercial fencing or wire, or paint with sprayer. The use
of insecticide sprayers as markers has been tremendously effective.
The sprayers are available at hardware stores. They are normally
lightweight plastic and can be used with latex paint (water-based)
mixed with water at a ratio of 1 to 4. Use a white paint to mark
lanes and possible mines. This technique is an effective means of
preventing the theft of mine markers.
Step 5 Neutralize the Mines. Demining platoons destroy mines in

place. A technique used frequently is to move through the target
area detecting and marking mine locations in one movement
followed by the destruction of all mines at one specific time.
Methods to neutralize mines or UXOs include using demolition
charges, bore charges, armor kits for bulldozers, full mine rakes
and plows, full- or mini-sized flails, track-width mine plows,
rollers, and grapnel hooks. Because U.S. forces are restricted from
destroying mines/UXOs in place, the removal of any large UXOs
(500- to 1,000-pound bombs) that pose a threat or cause
unnecessary hardship and damage to villages and economies must
be coordinated with the theater SOC. Minimum safety distances
can also cause problems with the destruction-in-place restriction.
Approval must come from the theater CINC/SOC to teach pull
techniques or to provide contractor support in executing mine
removal.
Step 6 Proof Mine Clearance. Demining platoons recheck the

target area to verify that all the mines have been detected and
destroyed before reporting to the NDO. Verify all cleared areas
using the mine detector as follows:
Section sergeants verify 100 percent of the area cleared by

their demining teams on a daily basis.
Platoon leaders verify different squad areas twice a week.
The company commander verifies different platoon areas
weekly.
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NOTE: Using standard demining procedures, clear any lane that

still has unremoved metal objects.
Step 7 Report Minefield Data. Specific minefield information

goes to the NDO HQ for historical and research purposes. The
demining company submits the following reports through the NDO
chain of command:
Progress report, which identifies the locations of areas

cleared for that day and the number of metal fragments
found.
Land mine report, which identifies the types of mines,
UXOs, and booby traps found. Includes any specific
patterns in minefield emplacements.
Logistical report, which identifies equipment, batteries, and
any other accessories used during the demining mission.
Explosives report, which identifies explosives used during
the demining mission.
Step 8 Reclaim the Land. The NDO turns the area back to the
indigenous populace for agricultural or economic purposes.
Host Nation Employment Techniques
The HN demining platoon must have a standardized method for

employing its personnel to demine a designated AOR. Basic employment
of the demining platoon consists of tactics and techniques to conduct
mission planning, lay out the demining mission sup-port site, approach the
minefield, deploy the platoon, and withdraw the platoon.
Mission Planning
Mission planning is conducted based on U.S. operational mission planning

techniques and troop-leading procedures adapted for the HN and HDO.
Demining Mission Support Site
When demining operations are to occur in a new area, the company

commander conducts an initial estimate of how many platoons he will
need on the minefield.
The company commander then conducts a reconnaissance of the new area

with the platoon leaders who will be working at the site. The
reconnaissance verifies the boundaries of the minefield, ensuring the
survey teams have fenced the targeted field 35 meters from the outermost
mines IAW standardization agreement (STANAG) 2036 (Minefield
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Laying, Marking, and Recording) and FM 20-32. It establishes the first

sectors of work for each platoon and the locations of parking areas,
accommodations area (if required), rest or safe area, storage area,
explosives storage area, first aid point, control point, and lanes connecting
these locations. Locate these areas outside the boundary of the minefield
and mark them with mine-marking tape. Commanders should choose
locations that are fairly close to one another and are suitable for explosive
storage, keeping adequate safety perimeters. The areas must be large
enough to accommodate the number of platoons needed to work the site.
The designated safe area is the point of entry for deminers into a live
minefield.
Approach to Minefield
Platoons move to the safe area in their given order of movement by

vehicle or by foot. (NOTE: When moving by foot from the formation or
parking area to the safe area, people will move in a single file for safety
purposes.)
At the safe area, stake out and mark a 1-meter by 2-meter area free from
all metal. Test and recheck all platoon metal detectors in this metal-free
area. If operating in an area where the soil has a high metallic content, the
5-centimeter (cm) test piece may be placed in the ground in a cleared area
and all detectors tested using the buried block before departing the safe
area.
Before the platoon departs the safe area, a designated mine detector from
each section sweeps all marked paths to the edge of the minefield, marked
paths leading to individual team areas, and any unfinished lanes cleared
the day before. As required, the designated mine detectors replace mine-
marking tape and signs that are missing along swept areas. Only after this
procedure is completed should the entire platoon move forward to demine.
Assign one team each morning to clear and check the entire perimeter of
the minefield for downed tape and missing markers. The designated mine
detector makes sure the detector is working properly, while the prober
replaces broken tape and missing marker signs.
Platoon Employment
The platoon employment activities highlighted outline the basic concepts

for deployment and withdrawal of the mine clearance element.
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Establish Safe Lanes
To create a secure point for the demining teams to begin probing and
detecting for mines, establish safe lanes at the leading edge of live
minefields. Commanders first establish safe lanes using the same steps as
the mine clearance lanes. After the lanes are set up, mine detector
personnel check them at the beginning of each day.
Safe lanes are to be a minimum of 1 meter wide and free of any

obstructions (trees or large rocks). Within the uncleared area, mark safe
lanes on both sides with marking tape attached to stakes placed into the
ground to secure the tape in place. Outside the minefield, use short
wooden stakes to mark stores, parking areas, rest areas, first aid points,
control points, and administrative areas.
During the initial survey, mark mined area perimeters at least 15 meters
from the outermost mines in the field with elevated wire (ankle and waist
high) and mine signs. Use short white stakes in the ground to mark the
lanes and key areas (stores, rest areas, parking areas). Also mark the actual
perimeter of the minefield where the deminers are working; use staked
barbed wire and mine-warning signs between the stakes or pickets in the
ground about every 15 meters. As work progresses on the minefield, these
markings should also move into newly cleared areas to reflect the actual
perimeter of the mined area. Use red and white painted poles to mark the
corners of the mined areas. To eliminate confusion, use only these
markings.
Working safe lanes should be at least 1.5 meters long so that a deminer
can safely get into the prone position for probing. Team and section safe
areas will be at least 2 meters long and 1.5 meters wide. Each team's safe
area will have a 0.5-meter-square area to store fragments. Also, each
platoon will have a 1- by 1-meter area staked off to store fragments and a
2- by 2-meter area for brush and vegetation. Locate this area near the
control point.
No safe lane or safe area will be closer than 20 meters to any other safe
lane, working safe lane, or safe area.
Enter the Minefield
Section sergeants inform the platoon leader when their sections are ready
to begin demining operations. The platoon begins demining as follows:
NOTE: The terms "prober" and "detector" refer to individuals assigned to

these positions.
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The prober, detector, and section sergeant move to the edge of the
safe area or the edge of the minefield to perform a visual
inspection of the minefield.
The section sergeant executes the trip-wire reaction drill. He
always conducts this drill at the start of each lane. He repeats the
trip-wire drill when the detector reaches the limit of the grappling
hook toss.
Upon completion of the trip-wire reaction drill, the section
sergeant calls the detector forward then moves back to the safe
area.
The detector executes the mine detector drill.
Upon completion of the mine detector drill, the detector moves
back to the team’s safe area and tells the prober the results.
If the detector finds no items, he then informs the section sergeant
who then executes the trip-wire reaction drill on the next section of
the team's lane.
If an item is detected and marked by the detector, the prober
conducts the prober drill.
If no item is uncovered by the prober, he then moves back to the
safe area and the detector executes the mine detector drill again.
If the prober detects an item, the following actions may occur:
Uncover the item to determine its identification.
If the item is a mine or a UXO, uncover it enough to place
a charge and mark it with a mine bonnet.
If the item is a metal fragment, retrieve it and place it in the
fragmenta-tion pit located in the team's safe area. The
detector retests the detector, returns to the starting point,
and rechecks the ground where the detector identified the
metal fragment, confirming the ground is clear.
Remove confirmed and marked mines by either demolition in the
demolitions phase or the pulling drill. Use the pulling drill only in
circumstances of unacceptable damage to property from
demolition explosion or unacceptable damage to vital structures
(for example, roads or bridges).
Investigate all detected objects and then neutralize or remove them
as appropriate.
Withdrawal from Minefield
Before withdrawing from the minefield, make sure all mines that have
been detected and marked are destroyed. Normally, it is best to detect and
mark mines as the deminers work their lanes, waiting until the end of the
day to destroy all mines simultaneously.
Follow the proper sequence of events when destroying land mines to

ensure accountability and safety for deminers within the minefield.
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Usually, demolition occurs after the section sergeant fills out the land
mine report. To minimize the risk to personnel, the following sequence of
events should occur:
The platoon leader evacuates adjacent units to the safe area.

Before entering the minefield, the section sergeant informs the
platoon leader, who in turn informs the company commander (if
the platoon leader is not the site commander), that a mine has been
found and he intends to destroy it.
The platoon leader and sergeant make sure sentries are briefed and
posted before the explosives are used.
The section sergeant visually inspects the demolition site for
problems. Once the inspection is accomplished, the platoon
sergeant gives the "all clear."
NOTE: See Appendix H for sample drills to train collective tasks for
neutralization procedures.
Upon returning to the safe area and before departing the area, the platoon
leader and sergeant must—
Account for all personnel, equipment, and demolitions.

Store and secure all materials.
Complete equipment maintenance.
Finalize and submit required reports.
Medical Evacuation
Complete medical evacuation of injured deminers as quickly as possible,

while ensuring that no other personnel are injured during the evacuation.
Medical evacuation follows a two-phase process:
Phase 1 Remove the casualty from the minefield by—
Clearing up to the casualty and around the casualty to

ensure the path has no other mines.
Moving the casualty to a safe area in a safe lane.
Providing immediate first aid, then moving the casualty to
the platoon first-aid station.
Phase 2 Move the casualty from the minefield to the nearest

hospital, as follows:
Receive first aid and lifesaving procedures from the site

medic.
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Move by stretcher or by ambulance to a medical treatment

facility.
Transfer to a larger hospital facility, if required.
NOTE: Coordinate through the U.S. Embassy for MEDEVAC of

U.S. personnel.
Transition to Live Operations
Transition the HN demining organization from the training phase into

planning live operations, using simple, easy to execute confidence targets
while lowering U.S. training involvement and increasing the HN-led
involvement. (NOTE: Under ROEs, U.S. personnel are prohibited from
entering active minefields or from conducting live operations.) Include
neutralization techniques of UXOs in the first missions, as they can be
executed on a smaller scale with greater probability of success. The
confidence targets should have limited vegetation and minimal metal trash
to ensure good signals for the metal detectors.
Uniform for Demining
No deminer may enter a minefield without the proper uniform. Before

moving forward of the team's safe area, deminers should be in the
designated uniform, including—
Head gear.
Eye protection (safety glasses).
Coveralls.
Boots, military, bloused (jungle or leather).
Flak vest.
No metal jewelry.
Vehicles
Mine-resistant vehicles can have far-reaching applications in humanitarian

demining. Survey teams can benefit from their use, whether conducting
historical research on mined areas or actually attempting to locate
minefield boundaries. Emergency clearance teams entering a mined area
for the first time would likewise benefit. Vehicles used for medical
evacuation of mine casualties should also be protected from mines, as
should vehicles transporting deminers to work sites.
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Equipment
WARNING
The use of detectors in wet conditions is hazardous, as these

conditions change the sensitivity of detectors.
Current handheld metal detectors do not operate in wet soil. The NDO
should target geographical areas during the dry seasons, then rotate to
other parts of the country during wet seasons. Detectors also have
difficulty detecting low-metallic mines in very dry soil because these
mines present the same dielectric contrast as a very dry soil. Mine
detectors can detect a dielectric contrast between the soil and the mine,
thus causing them to alarm and warn the operator. However, these systems
have difficulty in distinguishing mines from surface or near-surface
ground clutter under any conditions. Engineers and scientists are
attempting to solve this problem, but no solution is foreseen in the near
future. Vapor detectors require sufficient amounts of the vapor in the air or
soil for the sensor to detect. Heavy wind or rain diminishes the sensor’s
ability to locate vapors.
Consider the following additional factors when using detectors:
Personnel using metal detectors tire quickly and require frequent

rest.
CAUTION
Mine detection is very tedious and

stressful. Set a time limit and adhere to
it. As a rule, a team should operate for
no more than 1 hour under ideal
conditions before taking an extended
break. Most of our allies and NGOs use
a 20- to 30-minute time limit.
Metal debris from exploded ordnance will also be detected and will
create numerous false alarms.
When mines are deployed that do not have enough metal content to
activate a detector’s warning signal, the only way to locate them is
with a probe. Detectors do not work on nonmetallic mines.
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When the threat exists for magnetic-activated mines to be

encountered, non-metallic probes should be used.
Dog Teams
In the Vietnam conflict, the U.S. Army used scout dogs in lead elements
during ground movements. Their mission was to alert our forces to enemy
soldiers or a potential ambush. The main items the dogs were trained to
"alert on" were mines, booby traps, and other explosive devices. The dogs
provided an extremely valuable service and consistently gave sufficient
notice so explosives and other enemy threats were countered. Scout dogs
were successful in finding mines in Vietnam because the explosives in the
mines gave off odors undetectable to humans yet detectable to the dogs.
This unique ability of dogs has led to their being used in humanitarian
demining.
The use of dogs integrated with indigenous handlers and local deminers
has increased the safety and speed of demining operations. Dogs are
trained to detect explosives and trip wires for booby traps using their acute
sense of smell and hearing. Once the dogs have pinpointed the location of
an explosive device, deminers use standard procedures to neutralize the
device. Dog training normally consists of two 8- to 10-week training
sessions conducted before execution of demining operations. The second
phase is to bond and train the dog with a local handler. The report of the
"Symposium on Antipersonnel Mines," sponsored 21-23 April 1993 by the
International Committee of the Red Cross, lists several pros and cons for
the use of dogs in demining operations.
Pros
Dogs can quickly proof negative or cleared areas, verifying

suspected areas are free of mines.
Dogs are effective in situations where detectors are of limited
use—for example, plastic mines, high iron-ore content in the soil,
and mines in metal cases or built-up areas.
Dogs can be used by survey teams to mark the perimeter of a
suspected minefield quickly.
Dogs can locate mines at depths beyond the normal range of
detectors.
Cons
Weather may have a marked effect on dogs. Intense heat, heavy

rainfall, and frost can cause considerable lowering of a dog’s
performance.
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Dogs tire quickly. Under ideal conditions, dogs may be employed

4 hours daily, with rest breaks every 20 minutes. In temperate
climates, this time is greatly reduced because of intense heat and
humidity.
Dogs may lose interest and refuse to work if worked for long
periods without finding mines.
Dogs and dog handlers require periodic refresher training.
Dogs may experience difficulty in waterlogged grounds, dry sand,
and long grass or crops.
After an explosion, dogs cannot sense for 48 hours.
Mine-detecting dogs—given their level of training, skill, and
value—require veterinary care, high-protein diets, grooming, and
intensive care.
Dogs have a relatively short useful life, approximately 6 years for a
dog beginning at 2 years of age.
Perhaps the task most suited to the use of dogs is the initial survey of an
area or a route. This role is similar to the one scout dogs perform in
military operations. Dogs can be most effective in finding and bounding
the threat. They are also effective in performing quality control or in
"proofing" an area after clearance operations have been conducted.
Dogs have been used extensively in Afghanistan. The original operation

there was funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development,
which contracted with a consulting corporation to provide services and to
establish a self-sustaining operation. The Mine Detection Dog Center
(MDDC), established by the consulting corporation, is now an
independent Afghan NGO operating under the umbrella of the United
Nations Observer Controllers Humanitarian Assistance (UNOCHA) mine
clearance program.
PHASE 5 - REDEPLOYMENT AND EVALUATION
Before the demining training team redeploys, several key events must be
completed to ensure an effective transition from short-term military
objectives to long-term sustainment objectives.
Equipment Handoff
Large quantities of equipment and resources are brought into the country
to conduct training and to provide self-sustainment for approximately 1
year. To make sure this material stays in the demining channels, it must be
hand receipted to the NDO, under the supervision of the U.S. country team
or program manager. A 100 percent inventory of detachment equipment
must be completed before redeployment to make sure no errors have been
made in transferring equipment to the HN.
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Leadership Transition
Upon completion of the training program, the NDO leadership relies

heavily upon the U.S. demining training team. A clear transition from the
training environment to the leadership and execution of day-to-day
operations must be made. The HN demining leadership must be
introduced to the U.S. POCs who will monitor the long-term sustainment
objectives.
Post-Mission Evaluation
Ideally, the detachment will have an opportunity to monitor the NDO for
approximately 2 weeks before redeployment. In either case, the
detachment should conclude a post-mission evaluation identifying known
organizational, training, and logistical shortfalls. The evaluation should
also include recommendations for future training or support.
NOTE: During redeployment, also address the customs planning

requirements described in Phase 2 (Deployment) of this chapter.
PHASE 6 - SUSTAINMENT
The theater command and the U.S. country team are responsible for the
integration of the HN NDO into the full spectrum of available programs
and sustainment. These programs should include military, NGO, and UN
programs capable of providing assistance for long-term sustainment.
Upon completion of the short-term military objectives to establish a base

organization capable of long-term, self-sustaining demining operations,
the theater program manager or country team must transition a country to
long-term sustainment objectives. The objectives should encompass
follow-on training, logistics, resupply, and the integration of other theater
programs that will sustain the demining effort within the country.
Logistics
HDO is an OHDACA-funded security assistance program. The demining

training team must have a dedicated logistics planner working with the
theater command and the SOSCOM/SOTSE staff. The demining training
team personnel must have technical expertise and analysis skills to
identify appropriate equipment, have the supply and acquisition skills to
get the property, and have the transportation experience to deliver the
equipment to the HN. OHDACA-funded security assistance requires a
vertical monopoly—a self-contained organization to acquire, assemble,
pack, ship, and deliver HDO material without assistance from outside
agencies. Total financial accountability for all equipment is absolutely
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fundamental. Define early in the HDO program the transfer and

accountability process for equipment destined for the HN, including the
HN’s intended use and follow-on transfer obligations. This transfer and
accountability process must be in writing and negotiated with the HN
before beginning the acquisition process. Logistics personnel must
maintain presence with the HN. Be prepared to teach the HN equipment
accountability.
Consider the following when establishing logistics support and working

logistics issues:
UN and NGO logistics support.

FMF funding.
Demining funds to work sustainment and resupply. Funding should
be administered by the DAO.
IMET program to educate HN junior officers in logistics
operations.
HN corporate sponsorship to support demining and mine
awareness.
Supply Management
Developing and maintaining HN personnel in supply management are

critical to long-term success within the sustainment phase, primarily
because of the—
Extensive amount of resources and logistics support required to

establish a 1-year, self-sustaining capability within a country.
Requirement to resupply a country periodically to maintain long-
term operations.
Maintenance Support
During the initial phases of establishing an HN demining organization,

numerous items of equipment and in some cases vehicles are provided to a
country to develop a base from which a country can conduct demining
operations. Maintenance training operations on the equipment and the
resupply of maintenance parts must be addressed during the sustainment
phase. The primary focus is on communications equipment, vehicles, and
electronic demining equipment.
Stay-Behind Liaison
Continual relations provide continuity and build trust with the HN.
Constant presence exerts a positive influence on HN professionalism.
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Follow-On Assessments
The theater command, the DAO, and the U.S. Embassy are responsible for
monitoring the status of the demining program. The theater CINC program
manager must conduct follow-on assessment evaluations in conjunction
with the ARSOF that conducted the training. This step establishes
additional resources and any requirement for additional reinforcement
training that would help the HN continue its demining program.
Follow-On Training
Based on the follow-on assessments, additional training can be conducted

to eliminate identified training weaknesses in an HN’s program. U.S.
forces, NGOs, and PVOs can be used to conduct this training.
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CHAPTER 4
CIVIL AFFAIRS OPERATIONS
This portion of the handbook provides general guidance to CA elements preparing

to conduct demining operations. Specific requirements are determined during the
CINC assessment and are outlined in the theater CINC/SOC concept of
operations.
CA assets conduct HDO as part of an integrated effort with SF and PSYOP forces
to support U.S. Government and theater command objectives. CA support
demining activities by assisting in training the national HQ and conducting liaison
activities with the HN infrastructure, the UN, and international or local NGOs.
CA assistance focuses on training leadership skills, management techniques, and
staff procedures required for the HQ to command, control, and communicate
effectively with its subordinate organizations. CA assistance is provided to
integrate the NDO into the HN infrastructure.
CA SIX-PHASE TIME LINE
Specific CA mission planning factors and activities not covered previously

are identified below within the six-phase concept.
Upon receipt of the mission, the deploying element makes contact with the
SF element responsible for the mission and immerses itself in the mission
planning pro-cess. It conducts a thorough mission analysis based on
theater CINC/SOC guidance, develops a clear and concise OPLAN, and
determines mission support requirements. The intent of this phase is to
make sure the CA team has successfully completed all requisite pre-
mission training, coordination, reconnaissance, and procurement. CA
support must be thoroughly integrated into the overall demining training
mission. Specific demining tasks to consider include—
Assessing the capabilities of the potential NDO staff to determine

training requirements.
Assessing the NDO facilities and determining if new construction
or an upgrad- ing of facilities is required.
Identifying personnel, equipment (training aids, furniture,
computers, vehicles), and budget requirements for NDO.
Procuring necessary equipment and completing contracting
requirements.
Identifying the required potential sources of additional support—
for example, the UN, NGOs, contractors, Office of the Secretary of
Defense (OSD), or Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA).
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Deploying a team member as part of the PDSS to confirm

information from the assessment and OPLAN. This representative
can remain in-country as part of the liaison team, if required.
Developing lesson plans and translation, if necessary.
Confirming the POI and rehearsing the lesson plans.
Completing team training.
The intent of this phase is to deploy the CA team successfully and to set
up the NDO HQ and training site. Transportation must be coordinated
through the mission planning agent (MPA) and may involve the separate
movement of personnel and equipment. Coordination and liaison with the
HN, NGOs, country team, and contractors continue. This phase ends when
the element is ready to conduct training.
Phase 3 - Training
This phase begins upon arrival of the HN students who are selected from
basic training and make up the NDO HQ staff. The intent of this phase is
to develop the advanced skills necessary to operate the HQ. Specific topics
include—
Training students in map reading and land navigation techniques.

Developing leadership skills.
Developing a manual recordkeeping system and mine database.
Training students on automated computer systems to maintain
records and database programs, if required.
Training students in staff organization and functions, including
warning orders (WARNORDs), operation orders (OPORDs), and
FRAGOs.
Conducting a combined STX.
Throughout this phase, the CA team continues to interface with critical

organizations, maximizing the focus of the training with the needs of the
HN. After-action reviews (AARs) are used throughout the mission to
accomplish this effort. With the HN NDO staff, the CA team begins to
establish SOPs.
This phase begins upon completion of Phase 3 (Training). The intent of

this phase is to integrate the national HQ into other NDO activities,
continually assessing the ability of the NDO staff to operate within this
environment.
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Through AARs and remedial training, the CA team continues to improve

the capa-bilities of the NDO HQ staff. This effort includes the formal
integration of critical government agencies and international
organizations.
This phase also involves ensuring the durability of the NDO contracts and
budget to support equipment maintenance and supply requirements.
Based on its evaluation, the CA team develops a concept for sustained

training and maintenance that extends past the redeployment of the team.
The intent of this phase is to redeploy all personnel and equipment

successfully and to leave behind the appropriate information and, if
applicable, equipment with the HN.
During the sustainment phase, the theater CINC/SOC requests follow-on

assessments and training as required to sustain the HN. The departing CA
team should provide specific recommendations to modify the theater
CINC sustainment plan regarding funding, training, maintenance support,
and supply requirements before redeployment.
SAMPLE CA DEPLOYMENT PACKAGE
This section outlines recommended CA assets in support of demining

operations. The preference for CA support is an Active Component (AC)
and a Reserve Component (RC) mix. Policy regarding the implementation
of RC forces in support of demining is being drafted. This sample
indicates the AC CA organization best suited for demining missions.
CA Training Organization
A CA tactical support team (TST) or a CALT is the preferred organization

to support demining operations. A CA TST consists of four CA-qualified
soldiers: one officer (an FA 39 captain) and three NCOs (an 18F
operations and intelligence sergeant, an 18C engineer, and an 18D medic),
all regionally aligned. When required, the CA TST makes sure NDO
personnel have the needed computer skills to accomplish the mission.
Because this type of training process can be lengthy, training may need to
begin before the main body arrives to incorporate automation successfully
into the mission.
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CA Detachment Training
Training for all CA personnel includes, as a minimum, preliminary

training on any applicable automated information systems, data reporting
procedures, or special equipment. An exportable training plan developed
by the programmer with HN country language and country-specific
information should be developed. This information may consist of
mine/UXO types found in-country, maps of the country, and locations of
known minefields. Regional orientation, including language refresher and
cultural specifics, is an obvious necessity.
Equipment and Supplies
Equipment and supply requirements will be determined during the

assessment. A sample of equipment and supplies the NDO needs to
function properly are as follows:
Three desktop computer systems—two with Pentium 100-

megahertz (MHz) processors and 2-gigabyte hard drives, compact
disc drives, 525-megabyte (MB) tape backup, and 16-MB random-
access memory (RAM) for the database center, one as primary and
the other as a backup or training computer; and a third system for
general administrative support for the NDO with the same or
similar specifications.
Three printers—two high-quality printers and one plotter for
printing maps for the database system.
Two uninterrupted power supply (UPS) 1250-VA backup power
systems for the database computers.
Two copy machines.
Two facsimile (fax) machines.
Line conditioners for all office machines to protect them from
power surges in Third World countries.
Map boards for the entire country’s maps. (If possible, have them
made before deploying to the country because of the lack of
quality wood or workmanship in Third World countries.)
Office supplies to start up the office, as well as an operation fund
sufficient to purchase more supplies in-country (at inflated prices).
Maintenance contracts for all office automation equipment to be
given to the HN, as well as supplies to last 6 months.
Sufficient money to purchase office furniture (if not already
provided). The furniture should be ordered by the advance party,
with a stay-behind person monitoring the progress.
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Transportation
The CA section should have at least one truck or vehicle capable of

carrying equipment and personnel to attend meetings and to procure
supplies. The CA element should have sole control over the vehicle to
conduct its mission and to organize the NDO.
NATIONAL DEMINING HEADQUARTERS
This section depicts the recommended organization and functions for a

national HQ for the baseline organization presented in Chapter 2.
Although generic, it provides the minimum essential elements for a
successful organization and operation.
The national demining HQ is responsible for planning, integrating, and

prioritizing the country’s demining effort. Components of the national HQ
include safety and quality-assurance officers (who report directly to the
director), as well as LNOs from other national entities and related
agencies, such as NGOs. The national HQ also includes the following
various components:
Command Section. This section consists of the director, deputy

director, and designated technical advisors to the command
element.
Administrative Section. This section coordinates to provide the
necessary administrative support to the overall demining operation.
Data Management Section. This section registers and organizes
all incoming mine/UXO data, as well as subsequently organizing
such data into a mine/UXO database. The section also posts maps
and disseminates data and reports through proper channels.
Historical Research Section. This section conducts interviews
and research to identify the exact location of minefields for the
NDO.
Operations and Training Section. This section plans,
coordinates, and resources demining operations. Execution of such
operations is dependent on the guidance of the NDO director. The
operations center director analyzes incoming data and recommends
demining priorities to the NDO director. Upon approval, the
operations director orders and monitors the operational phases of
demining.
Logistics Section. This section coordinates to provide the
necessary supply support to the overall demining operation.
The NDO HQ has under its control three subordinate elements: a mine
awareness cell, a demining school, and up to three regional demining HQ.
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In some cases, the NDO may have emergency clearance teams as well as
survey and marking teams under its control.
4-6
CHAPTER 5
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
The role of PSYOP forces in HDO is to educate and train the HN national
government, local governments, and HN population on ways to reduce the
hazards caused by UXO/mine contamination. The focus is on training the HN to
develop and execute UXO/mine awareness campaigns and training programs and
to develop and disseminate UXO/mine awareness products. The desired end state
of the mission is to achieve a self-sustaining capability to develop and execute a
national UXO/mine awareness campaign.
END-STATE OBJECTIVES
All UXO and mine awareness campaigns must have defined parameters
and end-state objectives. These end-state objectives usually revolve
around one or more of the following themes.
Recognition
Recognition themes teach people of the HN how to identify common types

of UXOs or mines in their region and to enable them to distinguish lethal
objects from non-lethal ones that may be of interest to them. (NOTE:
Populations affected by mines are often refugees who depend on
scavenging for building materials or other useful items.) Products should
be modified to reflect the culture, age, and experience of the intended
audience.
Avoidance
Avoidance themes teach the HN populace how to identify, mark, and

avoid UXOs, mines, and minefields. (NOTE: Many of the programs are
geared toward children.)
Notification
Notification themes persuade the populace to provide information on the

location of UXOs, mines, and minefields to designated authorities charged
with coordinating awareness, marking, and clearing activities.
Noninterference
Noninterference themes persuade the populace or potential conflict groups

not to interfere with official personnel who may be entering an area to
perform mapping, marking, or clearing activities.
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Collection or Trafficking
Collection or trafficking themes persuade the populace not to collect or

traffic mines or UXOs.
Safety and Public Information
Safety and public information themes inform the populace of the existence
of mine-clearing activities. Programs may also include step-by-step
procedures on—
Using field-expedient methods to leave a minefield. (NOTE:

Teaches individuals how to leave minefields safely after having
wandered into them.)
Marking the location of suspected or known mines. (See Figure 5-
1.) (NOTE: Is tied in with the education program on how to
identify mines.)
Applying first aid. (NOTE: Offers basic instruction on how to stop
bleeding, treat for shock, and treat burn victims.)
ORGANIZATION
The organization of PSYOP forces supporting an HDO is based on the

theater CINC/SOC assessment. The MIST is an organization that has been
successfully used in the past.
The responsibilities of the PSYOP cell are to train, mentor, and assist HN
mine awareness personnel in—
Developing a multimedia national mine awareness information

campaign.
Developing a UXO/mine awareness training program.
Developing and producing products to support the campaign plan.
Coordinating the dissemination of approved mine awareness
products.
Coordinating with other government ministries as needed to
execute the national mine awareness campaign successfully.
Coordinating with the UN and NGOs to make sure mine awareness
programs initiated by outside activities are coordinated and
integrated into the national mine awareness campaign.
U.S. officers and soldiers are functionally aligned to the positions

identified below to train and assist HN counterparts to assume these
positions. The recommended titles may be modified based upon HN
normal operational procedures and cultural differences.
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Chief of the Mine Awareness Section
Develops and executes the multimedia national mine awareness

information campaign. Coordinates the dissemination of approved
products nationally. Coordinates with other sections within the NDO and
with other ministries on matters dealing with mine awareness. Makes sure
all mine awareness programs originating from outside the NDO are
coordinated and integrated as necessary in the national UXO/mine
awareness campaign. Makes sure the national UXO/mine awareness
campaign and subsequent products are approved by the HN’s designated
approval authority. Is generally located with the mine awareness section;
however, is capable of being where needed to best oversee the mine
awareness program. Should have equal status of other section chiefs and
be able to coordinate with other ministries, such as the Education and
Health Ministries.
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Figure 5-1. Marking mines.
Mine Awareness LNO to the National Demining Office
Collocates with the NDO. Keeps the head of the NDO informed on the
status of the mine awareness campaign. Coordinates mine communication
between the NDO and the Mine Awareness Section. Attends meetings in
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the absence of the supervisor and serves as the advisor to the head of the
NDO on mine awareness matters.
NOTE: This position may or may not be filled, depending upon the size of
the de-mining organization.
Supervisor of Product Development Center (PDC) of Mine Awareness Section
Supervises the PDC. Is responsible for the concept, development, and

production of mine awareness products. Coordinates with production
facilities (such as radio, newspaper, and print plant) for the production of
products approved by the NDO. Conducts quality control of products,
tracks programs, and assesses product effectiveness. Serves as the Deputy
Chief of the Mine Awareness Section in the absence of the Chief.
Product Development Specialist
Develops concepts for mine awareness products that support the national
campaign plan. Primarily responsible for the development of all products,
such as posters, stickers, newspaper articles, and advertisements. Assists
in developing theatrical programs, lesson plans, and other programs that
support the mine awareness campaign. Coordinates with local production
sources, such as print plants and newspapers, for mass production of
approved products.
Broadcast Journalist
Designs radio, television, and video scripts and broadcasts that support the
mine awareness campaign. Assists with the production of products to be
disseminated through audio and audiovisual media. Also assists with the
development of scripts for theatrical acts or classroom lessons. Performs
other functions as needed.
Illustrator
Draws and designs final products from concepts developed by the product
developers. Assists in coordinating the production of approved products.
Performs other functions as needed.
Driver/Clerk
Serves as driver for the Mine Awareness Section. Also performs

administrative functions for the Chief of the Section and his LNO in the
NDO.
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COUNTRY-SPECIFIC PLAN
A regionally oriented psychological operations assessment team (POAT)

should accompany the theater assessment team to evaluate general and
PSYOP-relevant HN conditions, such as political sensitivities, social and
cultural factors, and communications resources. In addition, the team
develops a CONPLAN that addresses all aspects of the mission. The
purpose of this section is to identify and consolidate mine awareness
considerations that should be addressed by the POAT. Though each mine
awareness mission is unique, recent efforts have shown that many
similarities exist, especially in planning considerations. Careful evaluation
of these considerations results in an effective plan based on firsthand facts,
not assumptions.
Psychological Operations Assessment Team
Mine awareness POATs are tailored to support each mission. They

normally consist of one officer, one NCO, and a civilian analyst, if
possible. The civilian analyst can be a crucial member of the team,
particularly when discussing mission requirements with members of the
UN or NGOs. The duration of the assessment varies, but planning
considerations and historical experience dictate that between 10 and 14
days are required.
Priority of work is divided into two broad categories:
Resolving mission, administrative and logistical support issues.

Identifying the who, what, when, where, and how of adapting the
U.S. mine awareness program into the overall mine awareness
campaign. (NOTE: Before departure, the POAT leader should
delegate specific tasks to each team member to avoid duplication
of effort.)
Upon receipt of a mission, the POAT develops a CONPLAN that

addresses all aspects of the assessment. The CONPLAN should include a
milestone chart for predeployment activities and a draft itinerary for the
trip. If plans call for a prebrief or postbrief at the regional CINC HQ, make
sure arrangements have been made to present briefings and to reproduce
briefing materials for handout. If time allows before departure, you should
also—
Coordinate as much as you can with the country team to avoid

scheduling conflicts. Try to establish a main POC who is fully
aware of all aspects of your mission. Arrange for lodging,
transportation, and the use of communications and ADP
equipment.
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Coordinate with the 4th PSYOP Group (Airborne [A]) Resource

Management Office on contracting and funding issues. If required,
get Class A agent orders and obtain some operational funds from
your mission fund cite. This action may allow you to begin
obtaining supplies in-country that would require some lead time to
order.
Make sure you have an ample supply of 4th PSYOP Group (A)
mine awareness sample products to distribute to key individuals
involved in target country mine awareness planning. Begin
pretesting where feasible.
The following list, though not all-inclusive, should serve as a road map to
resolve issues and to identify physical requirements in support of your
mission. Most of the information you will require should be provided by
the U.S. country team. Make every attempt to make sure no issues are left
unresolved before your departure. Do not assume that anything will be
provided or be available upon arrival. When appropriate, get all
agreements in writing.
Coordinate for a thorough security briefing by the U.S. Embassy

Regional Security Office (RSO). Find out the current security
climate of the country. Identify hostile areas, off-limits areas,
curfews, terrorist threats. If you are traveling cross-country by
vehicle, ask if you should contact anyone for security. Ask if your
quarters require security. You should also—
Transfer clearances from the 4th PSYOP Group (A) to
DOS.
Initiate actions to get U.S. Embassy security passes for all
your personnel.
Discuss how to contact the local police or military in case
of emergency.
Read and become familiar with the country’s noncombatant
evacuation order (NEO).
Assess the local communication systems and determine—
The reliability of the local system.
The types of systems used by NGOs and UN personnel
(cellular, FM, amplitude modulated [AM]).
Any constraints on the use of U.S. Embassy equipment.
The assets available for communication outside the
country.
Organic communication equipment available.
Access to and availability of secure data and voice systems.
HN language requirements.
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NOTE: If time permits and the U.S. Embassy will allow it, send a
daily situation report (SITREP) back to Fort Bragg, North
Carolina, to test systems reliability.
Meet with the U.S. Embassy finance and contracting officers to

make sure they are familiar with procedures to support you
financially. Give them copies of your fund cite and Class A orders.
Determine lead times for requesting supplies. Determine what
supplies are available locally and what may take longer to receive.
Evaluate the options available for billeting and meals. If
appropriate, get agreements in writing and make sure all parties
understand the method of payment.
Based on the assets available, determine the best location of the
team’s office
or headquarters. Be sure to make arrangements for the storage of
equipment and supplies.
Mine Awareness Plan Integration
The following are guidelines for the integration of mine awareness plans:
Conduct assessment of UN, NGO, PVO, and HN mine awareness

plans and programs.
Identify the lead agency and determine the desired end state
and general magnitude of the problem. If available, request
interagency assessments.
Present 4th PSYOP (A) mine awareness capabilities
briefing to key agencies. Distribute sample products for
review and possible pretest.
Determine the product development process.
Identify agencies to support target analysis and selection of
themes and symbols. Identify possible sources of
interpreter support.
Identify methods to conduct pretest.
Determine product approval chain.
Develop product distribution and dissemination plan.
Identify means to conduct posttest.
Product Development/Production Support
The greatest challenge for the POAT is to identify the best method to
produce the products. Most of the target countries in the United States
European Command (USEUCOM) area of interest have suffered severe
damage to their infrastructure. In developing COAs to support product
development, you must analyze all aspects of your mission. You may have
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to settle on a compromise based on cost effectiveness. Your options will

include—
Using HN assets.
Using regional assets.
Deploying with assets.
Developing products and sending them back to Fort Bragg for
mass production.
Begin your assessment by determining where the U.S. Embassy, UN, and
NGOs get their print and broadcast products developed. If HN assets are
employed, conduct your own assessment of local capabilities. If possible,
present samples of your product and obtain cost estimates for mass
production.
If regional assets are used (third country, contractors), again, develop cost
estimates. In developing this COA, be sure to calculate the time delays
involved based on the distance to the production facility.
Given the distances involved, cost, and probable logistics trail required,
the last two options are probably the least desirable, but they still must be
assessed in your COA.
If deploying with assets, compare and contrast all available options.

Develop support profiles based on deploying—
An MSQ-85.
A light print plant.
A combination of product development workstations (PDWSs) and
Risographs.
In conducting your assessment, be sure to consider availability of repair

parts, supplies, power sources, and security.
In assessing the feasibility of having your products mass produced by 4th

PSYOP Group (A), be sure to consider the reliability and compatibility of
communications and ADP equipment, including software.
Once you have completed the assessment and decided on the best COA to
support the overall campaign plan, check regularly with key personnel in-
country to make sure no changes or modifications have occurred that will
impact on mission execution. See Figure B-5 (page B-8) of Appendix B
for a specific mine awareness checklist.
The assessment, with its situation-specific recommendation, is the crucial

element that makes feasible a flexible prototype approach, with emphasis
5-9
TC 31-34
on adapting off-the-shelf mine awareness products to specific

circumstances.
Campaign Planning
The PSYOP campaign development process is shown in Figure 5-2. The

individual steps are not discussed in this publication; however, they are
addressed further in FM 33-1 and FM 33-1-1. A key consideration to
remember in campaign planning, though, is that campaign objectives are
achieved through sequence and execution of numerous individual PSYOP
activities, each designed to achieve a measured response in a specific
target audience.
Product Development
An effective mine awareness program normally requires the design of a

variety of mine awareness materials and their production in audio, visual,
and audiovisual media. Any or all of the following types of products may
be useful:
Posters, pamphlets, and leaflets.

Products aimed specifically at children (coloring books, comic
books, games).
Booklets (first aid, minefield marking).
Novelty items (T-shirts, caps, pencils).
Electronic media materials (radio scripts and videocassettes).
5-10
TC 31-34
Figure 5-2. PSYOP campaign development process.
MISSION PLANNING
The HDO effort is usually a six-phase operation, as discussed earlier in

Chapter 3. Many of the specifics covered in the chapter are applicable to
the Mine Awareness Section campaigns as well. The issues that follow are
of particular concern to PSYOP forces supporting the HDO.
First and foremost, the regional assessment team discussed earlier must
collect as much information as possible on the peculiarities of the country.
It must pay particular attention to any past programs to make as accurate a
determination as possible of the extent of HN’s requirement.
Equipment to be donated to the HN must be requisitioned as early as

possible, because of the long lead times for the ADP types donated.
Written approval must be on hand before purchasing and donating
equipment.
Although the national campaign is ordinarily a combined effort between

U.S. and HN members, a proposed plan should be developed before
deployment. Information briefings at the theater CINC/SOC en route to
the HN greatly simplify eventual plan approval. The proposed plan should
5-11
TC 31-34
outline the responsibilities of each section and explain the general concept
of the proposed activities.
Plan for problems in delivering ADP equipment, such as the PDWS or the
Risograph. Because of the bulkiness of this equipment, it is ordinarily not
on the same commercial aircraft the team deploys on and may be delayed
as the local air freight companies slowly deliver it to the operational site.
The team must coordinate for the receipt of any shipped equipment.
Provisions must be made to pay customs and receiving fees or to ship the
equipment customs free to the U.S. Embassy.
Set up and test the computer equipment as soon as it arrives. Despite best
efforts to pack the equipment carefully, the trip will probably cause some
of the components to be inoperable.
Depending upon the computer skills of the HN personnel, U.S. personnel

may need to be phase-deployed to the country. Until HN personnel can
operate the equipment, U.S. personnel will conduct product development.
Phase 3 - Training
PSYOP forces should plan to conduct a complete training program with

HN personnel. The program should include lesson plans for all classes and
should be prepared and rehearsed at home station. If all classes are not
required, the training can be accelerated, allowing more time for campaign
development.
Planning for product development and dissemination must begin during

the initial assessment team’s visit. Although the products themselves will
not be finalized until several weeks or months into deployment, some
contracting for magazine space, T-shirts, or radio time must occur before
the products are completed.
A significant amount of money may be involved. Use your best judgment

and keep an accurate accounting of all funds disbursed.
Develop a written test and an evaluation plan. Submit them for approval
along with the UXO/mine awareness campaign. Be prepared for concern
on the part of the HN team. Acknowledging that some products have not
5-12
TC 31-34
accomplished their objectives and must be modified may be a significant

emotional event.
Maintain property accountability; ensure appropriate documentation to

support the handover of donated equipment.
Build into your original CONPLAN a return trip within 4 to 6 months

after your departure. This planning will allow adequate time for the results
of the campaign to develop but not so long that all your contacts will have
left.
If particular items such as batteries or ink cartridges will be required for

specific equipment, take several of them with you to the HN and leave
them with the HN team as needed.
During the first postdeployment visit, assess the impact of your training.
Be prepared to recommend to the theater SOC a second major deployment
to the country if necessary.
5-13
APPENDIX A
HDO TIME LINE
The CINC should conduct a detailed country assessment 12 to 18 months before the
projected demining start date. Figure A-1 shows the events of a typical HDO time line.
Before mission deployment—
• Conduct the SFODA PDSS, 4 to 6 months prior.
• Deploy the LNO, 3 to 6 months prior.
Once in country, the SFODA—
• Draws equipment.
• Draws Class V (basic load).
• Palletizes.
• Deploys.
• Surveys training areas.
• Prepares and establishes training sites.
• Prepares for reception of trainees.
• Conducts reception.
• In-processes trainees and issues equipment.
• Starts assessment of trainees.
Phase 3 - Training
SFODA, CA, and PSYOP personnel conduct HN cadre training covering

basic through advanced skills up to platoon-sized operations for
A-1
approximately 8 to 12 weeks, based on initial assessment and PDSS
evaluation.
Training is conducted as follows:
• All students complete basic training.
• Students are separated into their functional responsibilities and

receive advanced training.
• Collective training is executed.
SFODA, CA, and PSYOP personnel observe HN cadre in the conduct of

training and operations covering basic through advanced skills up to
platoon-sized operations. HN cadre—
• Prepare for reception of trainees.
• Conduct reception.
• In-process trainees and issue equipment.
• Start assessment of trainees.
SFODA, CA, and PSYOP personnel—
• Conduct training and operations evaluation of HN cadre.
• Transfer control and accountability of sustainment resources and

equipment to the HN organization.
• Transfer responsibility of day-to-day operations to the HN

organization.
• Palletize.
• Redeploy.
A-2
The LNO assumes an advisory role and monitors and tracks demining
operations for a 30-day period. The LNO conducts an assessment of the
completed training and makes sure an effective transition occurs.
Upon completion of U.S. military objectives, the U.S. country team

assumes responsibility for monitoring HN operations and coordinating
long-term sustainment requirements with DOS, NGO, PVO, or U.S.
military follow-on training.
Figure A-1. Typical HDO time line.
A-3
APPENDIX B
PRE-MISSION CHECKLISTS
This appendix provides checklists (Figures B-1 through B-7) for use during the
CINC assessment and the PDSS. LNOs may also use the lists to maintain a log of
all coordinations, POCs, and agreements. The lists are useful during transitions
and problem solving.
Training
• Recruit personnel.
• Meet regularly with HN chain of command.
• Integrate operations of NDO, mine awareness, and deminers.
• Identify mines for inerting by EOD (if planned).
• Find good training sites and identify support.
• Find source of local maps (if possible).
• Identify site for land navigation (mine free).
Logistics
• Determine local availability of supplies and support.
• Coordinate NGO and UN support.
• Coordinate for customs clearance or bypass.
• Identify computer capabilities for usage, repair, and supplies.
• Identify local capability to fabricate (welding, carpenters).
• Identify contractors.
• Identify HN clothing requirements.
Communications
• Obtain frequency clearances.
• Get clearances for communications security and message traffic.
• Coordinate HN telephone and fax hookups.
Food
• Plan to augment HN food if possible.
• Coordinate supply storage sites.
• Look for health problems and concerns.
• Look for refrigeration.
Maintenance
• Get maintenance package with vehicle rental.
• Coordinate with NGOs, the UN, and locals for support.
B-1
• Bring generators and light sets.
Transportation
• Get 4 x 4 vehicles.
• Get maintenance package.
• Find fuel points and identify costs.
• Find wrecker service.
Administrative
• Track country clearances, flight clearances, and explosives clearances.
• Identify local visa issues and get waiver on entrance and exit fees.
• Expedite customs checks.
Budget
• Work MIPRs.
• Work with contracts (do not obligate; use GSO or contract officer).
• Establish contracts for vehicles, food, billeting, water, fuel, generators,
construction, telephone hookup.
• Coordinate changing money at Embassy with GSO.
Medical
• Research data on mine incidents.
• Find local hospitals or clinics and coordinate for support.
• Coordinate for MEDEVAC of HN and U.S. personnel.
• Determine water purity and good food sources.
• Determine good source of blood and drugs.
Storage Sites
• Determine demolitions storage.
• Designate equipment storage.
Public Affairs
• Coordinate with public affairs office (PAO) at the U.S. Embassy.
• Coordinate with HN.
• Work with local press.
Figure B-1. Issues and tasks.
B-2
Training
• Identify ongoing demining training programs, including—
___ Length of course (days, weeks).
___ Composition of instructor cadre (HN, foreign nationals).
___ Location of course (city, military base).
___ POI composition (lecture, practice exercise).
___ POI origin and date written.
___ Level of training course (basic, intermediate, advanced, instructor).
___ Time and number of courses taught (quarterly or seasonally, one or

two per year).
• Identify past demining training programs, including—
___ Length of course (days, weeks).
___ Composition of instructor cadre (HN, foreign nationals).
___ Location of course (city or military base).
___ POI composition (lecture, practice exercise).
___ POI origin and date written.
___ Level of training course (basic, intermediate, advanced, instructor).
___ Time and number of courses taught (quarterly or seasonally, one or

two per year).
• Identify the number of current and past graduates of demining training,

including—
___ Current location of graduates.
___ Current participation in demining operations.
___ Adequacy of training.
B-3
___ Training shortfalls.
• Identify the goals of the demining training program, including—
___ Short-term goal (train deminers quickly).
___ Intermediate goal (train trainers).
___ Long-term goal (update training).
___ Ultimate goals (export capabilities).

Operations
• Identify ongoing demining operations, including location.
• Identify future operations, including location.
• Identify canceled operations, including reasons for cancellation.
• Identify the status of current operations.
___ Location.
___ Success rate.
___ Problems encountered.
___ Plans to improve or to expand.
• Identify the major shortfalls encountered in current demining operations.

• Identify the selection and assessment criteria for deminers and demining
instructors.
• Identify the reporting procedures for current operations.
___ Through government channels.
___ Through nongovernment channels.
___ Through combination (crossover) government and nongovernment

channels.
___ Reporting systems used (radio, phone, cellular) and their reliability.
___ Frequency and types of reporting (daily, weekly).
• Identify the information outline flow chain (by element, organization, office
chief).
B-4
Figure B-2. Demining for host nation training.
Equipment (Capabilities and Needs)

NOTE: When selecting equipment, consider the manufacturer, resupply, repair, ease of
use, applicability, and effectiveness of the equipment.
• Identify the type of mine-detection equipment available.
___ Quantity available and suitability of quantity.
___ Condition of the equipment.
• Identify the type of minefield-marking equipment.
• Identify the type of mine-clearing equipment available.
• Identify the type of minefield-proofing equipment available.
• Identify the types of demolition equipment and supplies available.
___ Quantities available and suitability of quantities.
• Identify the type of safety or C2 minefield-clearing equipment available.
• Identify the types of training equipment and supplies available.
B-5
___ Quantities available and suitability of quantities.
• Identify the type of transportation and support equipment available.
• Determine the ability of personnel to maintain and repair the various types of
equipment (parts, batteries, expendables).
• Determine if the equipment is easy to use.
• Determine if the equipment is applicable to the mission and if it is effective.
• Identify the types and quantities of equipment needed and determine their
priority.
• Identify engineer POIs in effect and determine if they are current and applicable.
___ Deminer.
___ Commander and junior leader.
___ Reconnaissance and marking.
___ Demolitions.
___ Villagers (other than awareness).
___ Recording.
___ Support and other.
• Identify SOPs in effect and determine if they are followed.
___ Reconnaissance and locating and marking minefield.
___ Clearing and proofing.
___ Demolitions.
___ Recording and tracking.
• Identify sustainment or refresher training in effect (frequency, length of

instruction).
B-6
___ Deminer.
___ Reconnaissance and marking.
___ Demolitions.
___ Villagers (other than awareness).
• Identify quality control and assurance measures for engineer training that are in
place (performance counseling, tests, standards for instructors).
• Determine if engineer training for the organization is centrally directed,
coordinated, and standardized.
• Determine if feedback from the field is disseminated and included in future
training (after-action reports, lessons learned, publications).
• Determine if the quality and quantity of training support facilities, supplies, and
support (manuals, training aids) are adequate.
• Identify the kinds of risk assessment and safety precautions used for engineer
training and operations.
• Identify assistance requested (by priority).
Figure B-3. Engineer.
Equipment
• Identify the kind of EOD equipment currently available and in use by EOD
personnel.
• Determine the capabilities and expected performance of the equipment.
• Identify the quantity of equipment available to support current operations and
determine the adequacy of the quantity.
• Identify the kinds and quantities of equipment required to support the expected
level of EOD operations.
• Identify the kinds and quantities of demolitions materials available to support
EOD operations and training.
• Determine if the organization can provide any needed new or additional
equipment.
• Determine the new or additional equipment or demolitions the organization
needs to have provided.
• Determine if the organization can support and maintain the EOD equipment
required to conduct operations and training.
• Identify additional comments or notes.
Current Training
• Identify current organizational EOD expertise (experience) or training.
B-7
• Identify the number of personnel who have this expertise or training and where
they received the training.
• Identify who conducts organizational EOD training (including instructors) and
where they were trained.
• Identify where this organizational EOD training is conducted.
• Identify the types and quantities of training aids currently available.
• Identify the general experience of instructors and operators.
Required or Desired Training

• Identify training or assistance the organization needs or requests.
• Identify the number of operators and instructors who need to be trained.
• Identify the general educational level of the prospective student.
• Identify the level of EOD training to be conducted and the standards of
performance.
• Identify the location where the EOD training is to be conducted, the kind of area
it is, and its suitability for EOD training.
• Determine the number of students and support personnel the facilities can
adequately support.
• Determine the availability of a suitable site to conduct demolitions and practical
application training.
• Determine if the demolitions and practical application site has a safe and secure
bunker or storage facility.
• Identify safety regulations that are in place during demolitions training and the
way they are implemented.
• Determine the availability or presence of trained medical or safety personnel
during training.
• Determine the types and quantities of training aids that are on hand and are
needed.
• Determine if any follow-on training will be required (for example, refresher,
recertification).
Mine Threat Operations

• Determine the types and models of mines that have been identified.
• Identify who laid the mines and when.
• Determine the density (numbers) of mines encountered.
• Identify if the mines are encountered in minefields or if they are placed singly, or
both.
• Determine if booby traps or antiremoval devices have been encountered. If yes,
identify the types encountered.
Unexploded Ordnance Threat Operations (Other than Mines)
B-8
• Identify the types of UXOs encountered.
___ Bombs.
___ Submunitions.
___ Projectiles and mortars.
___ Other.
• Identify the origin of the UXOs encountered (HN, foreign).

• Identify density (numbers) of UXOs encountered.
___ Bombs.
___ Submunitions.
___ Projectiles and mortars.
___ Other.
• Determine if booby traps or antiremoval devices have been encountered. If yes,

identify the types encountered.
• Identify ways the organization deals with mines and UXOs.
• Determine how mines and UXOs are reported and identify the reporting system.
• Identify the person receiving the reports and determine how the reports are
processed.
• Identify how reports of mines or UXOs are acted on and determine if any follow-
up takes place.
• Determine the current methods of identifying, recovering, and disposing of
mines and UXOs.
• Identify who is responsible for clearing and disposing of mines and UXOs.
• Determine how many personnel are trained or are available to perform this
function.
• Determine the general training of these personnel.
• Determine if the operations and training of these personnel are standardized or if
they vary from place to place.
• Identify the kind of equipment these personnel use in clearing and disposing of
mines and UXOs.
• Determine the kinds of explosives used and the quantities available.
• Identify personnel safety equipment used during operations (body armor, safety
glasses).
• Determine if any constraints affect clearance and disposal operations—such as
security, C2, or safety.
B-9
Figure B-4. Explosive ordnance disposal.
Operations
• Identify the departments and sections within your organization.
• Identify the size, organization, manning by specialty, and disposition of your
organization’s mobile information teams.
• Identify the size, function, and manning of your organization at the provincial
and district levels.
• Determine if your organization at the local level employs local people. If yes,
identify their capacity of employment.
• Determine if your organization is involved in any type of advertising.
• Identify how information is disseminated within your organization.
• Identify how information is disseminated to audiences.
• Identify the key communicators your organization uses at the village level.
• Determine if your organization produces or distributes any educational materials
through the primary school system. If yes, identify the kinds of materials and the
methods of distribution.
• Determine if your organization conducts any humanitarian assistance or related
programs. If yes, identify for whom.
• Determine if your organization conducts community awareness programs. If yes,
identify how it—
___ Designs and produces printed material (written and graphic).
___ Plans and coordinates for targeted groups.
___ Develops a program for a specific target group.
___ Analyzes the target group and tests awareness products.
___ Organizes a community awareness team.
• Determine how your organization accomplishes program planning and identify

the key decision-makers.
• Identify how program approval is accomplished.
• Identify how your organization conducts an information program.
• Identify how your organization calculates livestock casualties, their effects on
the local economies, and the circumstances of death.
• Identify the current information on livestock casualties.
• Identify how your organization calculates demographic casualties.
B-10
___ Local social, economic, and psychological impacts.
___ Current information on demographic casualties, broken down by age

and sex against ethnic, social, and educational groups.
Training
• Determine if you have personnel to operate your computer equipment. If yes,
identify how many and at what levels.
• Identify the types of educational prerequisites required of your employees.
• Identify the type of training the members of your organization receive.
• Identify how your organization trains the trainers.
• Identify the location of your training.
Equipment
• Determine if your organization has any computers or computer accessories. If
yes, identify the type and software.
• Identify print and audiovisual assets of your organization, including—
___ Type.
___ Number.
___ Location.
___ Trained operators.
___ Source of spare parts.
___ Repairs.
• Determine the size of print presses (light, medium, heavy).

• Determine if the following materials can be printed:
___ Oversized posters or other oversized material.
___ Pamphlets.
___ Handbills.
___ Stickers.
___ T-shirts.
B-11
___ Banners.
___ Objects (for example, soccer balls, buckets, pencils).
• Identify facilities and power supply that are available for the print equipment.
• Identify the age and brand of the print presses.
• Determine if your organization has generators. If yes, identify the size in
kilowatts (kW), the brand, and the power cord length.
• Identify (by name brand) audiovisual production equipment your organization
has, such as—
___ Screens.
___ Videocassette recorders (VCRs).
___ Projectors and television monitors.
___ Still cameras and video cameras.
NOTE: When selecting your equipment, consider the broadcast format

and standards for the HN.
• Identify the size of the production area. Determine if it is climate controlled and
if it has—
___ Voltage and studio surge protection.
___ Audiocassette or reel-to-reel tape recording capabilities.
___ Loudspeakers (include range).
• Determine if your organization maintains any training aids. If yes, identify them.
• Determine if your organization has any radiobroadcast equipment. If yes,
identify if it is mobile or stationary, including—
___ FM or AM.
___ Power (in watts).
___ Wavelengths (in meters).
___ Location and frequencies.
___ Programs and peak broadcast hours.
B-12
• Identify the type of communication equipment your organization has to
communicate with its field offices.
• Identify training and operations facilities and storage areas that belong to your
organization.
• Determine if your organization has community awareness or other mobile-type
information teams. If yes, determine if it has a performance troupe with the
following equipment:
___ Musical instruments.
___ Performance costumes.
Figure B-5. Mine awareness.
Host Nation Civilian and Military C2

• Identify the chain of command.
___ Civilian.
___ Military.
• Identify the current methodology of care (clinic-district, clinic-main hospital).
___ Patient administration.
___ Medical treatment (malaria, tuberculosis, tissue infections, typhoid,

septicemia, meningitis, leprosy, dengue, schistosomiasis).
___ Capabilities for care.
___ Education requirements (doctors, nurses, practitioners).
___ Method of payment for treatment of U.S. military (cash, embassy

agreement).
Host Nation Military Medical Facilities (Field or Base Hospitals)
• Identify HN military medical facilities.
___ Military base.
___ Facility.
___ Coordinates.
B-13
___ Address.
___ Telephone number, frequency, and call signs (MEDEVAC).
___ Beds.
___ Support to U.S. military.
___ Nearest fixed- and rotary-wing landing site.
___ Ambulance telephone number and hours.
___ English-speaking staff (interpreters).
• Determine the number, capabilities, and education levels of the following

medical personnel:
___ Administrators.
___ Doctors.
___ Nurses.
___ Practitioners.
___ Additional personnel.
• Identify medical supplies (quantity, logistical supply, availability, disposable and

reused supplies and instruments).
• Identify medical services, including—
___ Emergency room.
___ Operating room.
___ Intensive care unit.
___ Burn and trauma unit.
___ X-ray, blood bank, pathology, sterilization, ultrasound, mass casualty

capability.
• Identify support services, including—
B-14
___ Communication capability.
___ Water supply.
___ Power supply (generators).

Host Nation Civilian Medical Facilities
(Village Clinic, District Clinic or Hospital, City Hospital or University)
• Identify HN civilian medical facilities.
___ City.
___ Facility.
___ Coordinates.
___ Address.
___ Telephone number, frequency, and call signs (MEDEVAC).
___ Beds.
___ Support to U.S. military.
___ Nearest fixed- and rotary-wing landing site.
___ Ambulance telephone number and hours.
___ Type (government run or subsidized, privately sponsored).
___ English-speaking staff and workers.
___ Language primarily spoken.
• Identify the number, capabilities, and education levels of the following medical
personnel:
___ Administrators.
___ Doctors.
___ Nurses.
___ Practitioners.
B-15
___ Additional personnel.
• Identify medical supplies (quantity, logistical supply, availability, disposable or

reused supplies and instruments).
• Identify medical services, including—
___ Emergency room.
___ Operating room.
___ Intensive care unit.
___ Burn and trauma unit.
___ X-ray, blood bank, sterilization, ultrasound, mass casualty capability.
• Support services, including—
___ Communication capability.
___ Water supply.
___ Power supply.

Methods of Evacuation
• Identify air evacuation capabilities, including—
___ On call (reaction time).
___ Standby.
___ Contact procedures (phone numbers, radio frequency, format, call

sign).
___ Types of restrictions (night flying, altitude).
___ Special capabilities (winch, jungle penetrator).
___ Location.
___ Type of aircraft for patient load.
___ Other agencies to contact for evacuation (range control, hospital,

rescue squad).
B-16
• Identify ambulance evacuation capabilities, including—
___ On call (reaction time).
___ Standby.
___ Contact procedures (phone numbers, radio frequency, format, call

sign).
___ Types of restrictions.
___ Special capabilities (winch).
___ Location.
___ Type of vehicle for patient load.
___ Other agencies to contact for evacuation (range control, hospital,

rescue squad).
Medical Coverage Available for Airborne Operations
• Identify services available.
• Identify POCs and contacting procedures.
Other Facilities Available

• Identify dental facilities.
• Identify preventive medicine services.
• Identify veterinary facilities.
• Identify Class VIII supply facilities.
Figure B-6. Medical.
Feature Analysis
• Identify the number of personnel available to do feature analysis.
• Identify the number of personnel available to collect data.
• Determine if data collection is reliable.
• Determine the process for reporting the collected data.
• Identify how personnel determine possible mine areas.
• Identify training considerations in performing feature analysis, including⎯
___ Current status of training and expertise.
B-17
___ Kind of training received to do feature analysis.
___ Frequency in performing cartographic skills to keep proficient.
___ Understanding of the color-separation process.
___ Ability to read a U.S. map.
___ Understanding of map symbology.
___ Mapping specifications used by HN and their compatibility to what

we are to provide.
___ Need for draftsmen to know how to convert geographic coordinates

to universal transverse mercator (UTM) for plotting points on a map.
___ Methods used to color-separate mapping products.
___ Ability to use Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) symbols, screens,

and patterns.
• Identify equipment and facilities, including—
___ Type of equipment used to make negatives and positives.
___ Currentness of equipment (modern, outdated; homemade, factory

bought).
___ Compatibility of film size with lithographic process.
___ Compatibility of all equipment with each other throughout the

photogrammetric and lithographic process.
___ Kinds of drafting supplies and equipment.
___ Availability of all resources (water, electricity, drainage system) at

selected facility.
___ Adequacy of light tables (sufficient number and workable size).
___ Appropriate supplies and instruments to prepare high-quality map

products.
___ Kind of photographic process, with film processor (make and model)
B-18
or by hand.
___ Size of work area and availability of a darkroom.
• Determine suitability of maintenance and logistics, including—
___ Supporting system for topographic supplies, parts, and repair service.
___ Working condition of equipment.
___ Type of equipment and photo supplies used, amount on hand, and
procurement time.
Layout
• Identify the number of personnel available to do layout.
• Identify the number of personnel needed to do layout.
• Identify training considerations in doing layout, including—
___ Current status of training and expertise.
___ Kind of training received to do layout and the length of training.
___ Frequency in using their skills.
___ Knowledge of layup and press capability of the printing area.
___ Process used in laying out projects.
___ Knowledge of registration and its importance in printing (gripper

area).
• Identify registration equipment and facilities, including—
___ Corner ticks at grid intersections.
___ Bull's-eye target.
___ Other homemade aids to enhance registration.
___ Masking, opaquing, etching tools, and negative correcting process.
___ Light table.
___ Vacuum frame (making a model).
B-19
___ Film processing capabilities (hand or processor) (making a model).
___ Basic supplies for negative corrections (golden rod, tape).
• Identify maintenance and logistics equipment and facilities, including—
___ Maintenance requirements.
___ Posture of supply and maintenance program.

Camera
• Identify the number of personnel available to do camera work.
• Identify the number of personnel required to do camera work.
• Identify training and skill requirements, including—
___ Source of training, length of training, frequency in using skills.
___ Understanding of proportions and ratios for enlargements and

reductions.
___ Ability to use filters to enhance or drop colors from a DMA product.
___ Understanding of the halftone process.
___ Film processing procedures (processor or hand) (make and model).
• Identify available equipment and facilities.
___ Camera capabilities (size, make, model, lens sizes).
___ Availability of water and power within facilities.
___ Workable darkroom.
• Determine maintenance and logistics capability.
___ Chemical used (type and make).
___ Film used (projection, type).
___ Capability of supply system to receive supplies.
___ Date camera last calibrated.
___ Condition of camera and equipment.
B-20
Plate
• Identify the number of personnel available to perform plate functions.
• Identify the number of personnel required to perform plate functions.
• Identify required training and skills, including—
___ Understanding of the registration system (punch method).
___ Principles of plate processing (exposure and development).
• Identify equipment and facilities, including—
___ Platemaker system used (make and model).
___ Lithographic sink (corrosion proof).
___ Method of gumming and drying plates.
___ Registration system used.
___ Water, electricity (110-volt), and drainage available.
• Determine maintenance and logistics capability, including—
___ Ability of personnel to change the exposure lamp (must use cotton
gloves).
___ Proper maintenance on the photo tube sensor of the platemaker.
___ Type of plate used (make, type, and brand).
___ Type of chemicals used (make, type, and brand).
___ Basic method of cleaning glass and lamp lenses.

Offset Press
• Identify the number of personnel available to operate an offset press.
• Identify the number of personnel required to operate an offset press.
___ Ink displacement and adjustment of ink rollers.
___ Knowledge of vacuum system.
___ Cylinder swing and adjust side guide.
B-21
___ Mount plate.
___ Knowledge of feeder assembly.
___ Mount to blanket.
___ Delivery unit assembly.
___ Use of operator's control and buttons
___ Adjustment and installation of water and ink to the damping

assembly.
___ Continuous check of registration and color balance.
• Identify equipment and facilities available, including—
___ Make, model, and number of presses (size, plate, and blanket).
___ Work space around press (3 feet).
___ Water and light.
• Determine required maintenance and logistics, including—
___ Recovering damping rollers.
___ Cleaning impression cylinder.
___ General cleaning and rust maintenance (gripper bar, plate clamps).
___ Servicing air filters on compressor.
___ Annual and semiannual service checks.
___ Process to get support maintenance and all other than minimal
operator's maintenance.
___ Inks of various colors.
___ Plates (type, size, and brand).
___ Blanket (type, size, and brand).
B-22
___ Plate cleaner (brand).
___ Process gum (to preserve life of plate).
___ Blanket solvent (brand).
___ Paper type (strength by pounds).
___ Fountain solution (type and brand).
___ Gear oil.
___ Acetone (alcohol-based solvent for general cleaning of press).

Database
• Identify the number of personnel available to perform database functions.
• Identify the number of personnel required to perform database functions.
___ Knowledge of personnel in setting up a database library (setting up a

system).
___ Need for a good file system (series, sheet, scale).
• Identify available equipment and facilities, including—
___ Small room to house six-drawer file (3 ½ x 4 ½ x 1 foot) 5 high = 7

feet tall.
___ Approximately 244 sheets 1:50,000 scale to cover the entire area (5
to 10 flats for each sheet).
___Ten sheets per drawer.
• Determine required maintenance and logistics, including—
___ Administrative maintenance on files.
___ File drawer and 5 x 8 cards.
___ Brown roll paper to make reproduction jackets.
Figure B-7. Topographic survey and mapping support.
B-23
APPENDIX C
EQUIPMENT AND DEMOLITIONS SUMMARIES
Figure C-1 is a list of equipment recommended for use in training and sustainment. The
list is as detailed as possible but is not all-inclusive. Identify any additional requirements
when conduct-ing mission analysis.
Item Quantity Item Quantity

Mine Detector, AN/PSS-
60 Tape, Engineeer 200
12
Tape, Electric, Black
Demolitions Bag 90 100
(RLS)
Crimpers 125 Cord, 550 (RLS) 45
Pocket Knife, Special 125 Bolt Cutter 20
Pocket Knife, Screwdriver 125 Bonnet, Mine 600
Tape Measure, 50-Meter 84 Trowel, Cement 84
Shears 84 Helmet, Kevlar 270
Body Armor,
Box, Blasting Cap 84 270
Fragmentation
Pliers, Lineman 84 Eye Protection 270
Reel, Cable, 9 by 8 3/4 44 Radio 60
Test Set, M-51 12 Repeater 5
Blasting Machine, M-34 12 Solar Power Supply 5
Reeling Machine 1 Boots, Jungle 270
Wire, Demolitions, 1/4-
18 Coveralls 270
Mile
Grapnel 48 Hat, Baseball, Red 270
Probes, Titanium 72 GPS, AN/PSN-11 17
Additional Equipment
Tabletop Copier 3 Loudspeaker System 4
Computer System with
3 (Mine Awareness)
Printer
Mine Roller 2 Printing Equipment 2
Repeater Tower 5 (Mine Awareness)
Battery Recharger System 2 Vugraph Projector 2
Bull Horn 5
Figure C-1. Training and sustainment equipment.
C-1
Figure C-2 is a list of demolitions equipment recommended for use within the demining
training program. The list is as detailed as possible but is not all-inclusive. Identify any
additional re-quirements when conducting mission analysis.
Live Demolitions for Training

DODIC Item Description Requirement
M130 Cap, Electric 670 each
M131 Cap, Blast, Nonelectric 3,270 each
M670 Time Fuze 16,700 meters
M766 Fuze Igniter 6,670 each
M030 TNT, 1/4-Pound 4,000 each
M032 TNT, 1-Pound 3,370 each
M456 Cord, Det 10,000 meters
M038 C-4, M5A1, 2 1/2-Pound 3,370 each
M002 Priming Adapter 6,670 each
M003 Clip, Det Cord 3,370 each
Inert Demolitions for Training
DODIC Item Description Requirement
M097 Cap, Blast, Nonelectric 1,670 each
M671 Time Fuze 6,670 meters
M767 Fuze Igniter 1,000 each
M936 TNT, 1/4-Pound 1,000 each
M458 Cord, Det 3,370 meters
M002 Priming Adapter 1,000 each
M003 Clip, Det Cord 340 each
M635 M1 Pull 340 each
M626 M1A1 Pressure 340 each
M629 M3 Pull Release 340 each
M627 M5 Pressure Release 340 each
L495 M49A1 Trip Flare 340 each
L602 Flash, Artillery 340 each
Simulator, Booby Trap,
L600 340 each
Flash
L601 Simulator, Hand Grenade 340 each
Figure C-2. Training and sustainment demolitions.
C-2
APPENDIX D
LIST OF POINTS OF CONTACT
Planning demining activities involves coordination with various information and training
sources. Figure D-1 is a list of POCs helpful in operations planning.
1. National Ground Intelligence Center can provide technical information on

specific mines and UXO threats in a country of interest. (NOTE: Use your
command intelligence support systems first.)
220 Seventh Street, Charlottesville, VA 22902-5396 Telephone: (804)

980-7810, Fax: (804) 980-7600.
2. Night Vision Directorate can advise on new equipment, applications of

existing civilian equipment, and field testing of new equipment.
ATTN: AMSEL-RD-NV-CD-ES, 10221 Burbeck Road, Suite 430, Fort

Belvoir, VA 22060-5806 Telephone: (703) 704-1073, Fax: (703) 701-
2500.
3. U.S. Army Engineer School and the Army Program Manager for Mines,
Countermines, and Demolitions is developing a course on mine warfare and
mine awareness. Call for status of the program.
Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473, POC is Greg Bier (Chief, Countermine

Training Support Center) Telephone: DSN 676-5518.
4. Harvey Point can provide training on explosives techniques.
Commander, U. S. Army Special Forces Command (Airborne), ATTN:

AOP-TRI (Mr. Scott),
Fort Bragg, NC 28307, Telephone: DSN 239-8440, Fax: 239-5866.
5. Training Support Center can provide plastic model training mines,

explosives, and UXOs.
Commander, U.S. Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon, ATTN: ATZH-
DPV (Mr. Conrad),
Bldg 961, Fort Gordon, GA 30905, Telephone: DSN: 780-3040/3341,
Fax: (706) 796-8303 .
Figure D-1. POC list.
D-1
APPENDIX E
HDO POI SUMMARY
POIs cover training for all aspects of demining operations, at all levels of the
demining organization. This appendix is a sample POI summary for training
demining personnel in basic and advanced skills.
BASIC SKILLS TRAINING COURSE
Basic skills training occurs before advanced training. Basic skills training
will vary dramatically in each country. HN assessments and mission
analysis will identify training requirements in this area.
ADVANCED SKILLS TRAINING COURSE
Figure E-1 presents sample POI summaries for HDO advanced skills
training courses.
Instructor Training Course

Scope: Designed to train cadre personnel in basic instructional techniques.
Leadership and Operations Course
Scope: Designed to teach mission planning, long-term organizational planning, and
deliberate decision-making processes.
Day 1 Lesson Introduction and Organization of the Staff
Titles Duties and Responsibilities of Company Staff
Training Management
2 Staff Functions
3 Troop Leading Procedures
4 Staff Planning Process
5 Staff CPX
6 Staff CPX
7 Staff Outbrief/AAR
Figure E-1. Sample POI summaries for HDO advanced skills training courses.
Combat Life Savers (CLS) Course

Scope: Designed to train company medics preventive medical techniques, including
field sanitation, basic first aid, and emergency medical techniques to allow medics to
stabilize patients and sustain them until soldiers can reach a medical facility.
Basic Tasks:
E-1
Day 1 Lesson Introduction
Titles Disease Prevention
Clear the Airway
Clear an Object From the Throat of a Casualty
Perform Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation
2 Put on a Field Pressure Dressing
Put on a Tourniquet
Apply a dressing to an open chest wound
Apply a dressing to an open abdominal wound
Apply a Dressing to an open head wound
3 Review of dressings (Hands On)
Prevent shock
Immobilize a suspected spinal injury
4 Give first aid for burns
Recognize and give first aid for heat injuries
Transport a casualty using a two-man carry
or an improvised Litter
Transport a Casualty using a one-man carry
5 Written test
Hands-on test
6 Retrain
Retest
Advanced Tasks:
7 Overview
Measure and monitor a casualty's pulse
Measure and monitor a casualty's respiration
Initiate an intravenous infusion to treat
hypovolemic shock
8 Insert an oropharyngeal airway in an unconscious
casualty
Administer first aid to a chemical agent casualty
Identify and treat cold injuries
Manage a casualty with battle fatigue
Administer aspirin and antihistamines
Transport a casualty using a military vehicle
Evaluate a casualty
9 Final Written examination
Final Hands-On Examination
Retrain
10 Written Retest
Hands-On Retest
Figure E-1. Sample POI summaries for HDO advanced skills training courses
(continued).
E-2
Demining Course
Scope: Designed to teach techniques of manually detecting, marking, recording, and
destroying minefields.
Day 1 Lesson Introduction to Demining
Titles Identification of threat mines and booby traps
Identification of likely areas containing mines
Detection of mines (likely areas)
Practice Exercise (PE) of day 1 training
2 Actions upon detection or contact with mines
Reaction to detection of mines
Identify types of mines
Locate mines by visual means
Locate mines by probing
Mark located mines
PE of day 2 training
3 Introduction to mine detectors
Assemble and use mine detectors
Maintain Mine detectors and mine detection
equipment
locate mines using mine detectors
4 Mark, Record, and report minefields
Direct a demining team
PE of day 1 through day 4
5 Demolitions Safety
Demolitions equipment
Transporting demolitions
Field storage Procedures
Determine Safe distance
UXO safety precautions
6 Munitions reconnaissance
Introduction to UXO munitions
Projectiles
Rockets
Guided missiles
Grenades
Dropped munitions
Booby traps
7 Color codes and markings
Fuses (UXOs)
Booby traps
E-3
8 Construct a nonelectric initiation system
Construct an electric initiation system
9 Prime explosives nonelectric
Prime explosives electric
Prime explosive with Det Cord
10 Charge placement
Improvised destruction of mines
11-15 Demining FTX (UXO destruction PE)
(continued).
Communications Course
Scope: Designed to teach radio telephone procedures, equipment installation,
operation and maintenance, antenna theory, and repeater systems.
Day 1 Lesson Introduction
Titles Motorola radio
Radio procedures
Repeater site surveys
2 Repeater systems
Installation Procedures
Maintenance of Repeaters
3 Maintenance of repeaters (Continued)
4 Repeater system FTX (Hands-on)
5 Written test
Hands-On Test
Retrain/Retest
(continued).
Mine Awareness Program

Scope: Designed to teach the techniques of developing themes to promote mine
awareness and demining activities throughout the HN through broadcast media (radio,
newspapers, leaflets, loudspeaker operations, television). The mine awareness POI can
be subcategorized as follows:
Basic Mine Awareness 30 hours
E-4
Introduction 1
Do Not Touch 2
Mine Recognition (Characteristics) 2
Buried Land Mines 2
Surface Land Mines 2
Mine Initiation (Mine Sensitivity) 2
Fuses 2
Booby Traps 2
Land Mine Injuries 2
Fate, Magic, Karma 2
Traveling Procedures in an Unknown Area 2
Areas Likely To Be Mined 2
Mine Warning Clues 2
Mine Warning Signs (Marking) 2
Leaving a Mined Area or Field 2
Examination 1 1
Campaign Development 30 hours
Community Awareness Mission 1
Community Awareness Objective 1
Community Awareness Mission Analysis 1
Community Awareness Campaign Objectives 1
Analyze Potential Target Audiences 2
Select Target Audiences 4
Analyze Target Audiences 4
Develop Products and Activities 2
Develop Activities 2
Develop Community Awareness Series 2
Develop Community Awareness Programs 2
Develop Community Awareness Campaign 2
Execute Community Awareness Campaign 2
Modify and Monitor Community Awareness
2
Campaign
Examination 2 2
Product Development Process 30 hours
Analyze Community Awareness Mission 1
Derive Community Awareness Mission 1
Collect Information 1
Conduct Target Audience Analysis 4
E-5
Select Themes and Symbols 2
Select Media 4
Develop Product Prototypes
and Proposed Actions 4
Pretest Products and Simulate Actions 2
Obtain Final Program Approval 1
Prepare Products 2
Disseminate Products 2
Assess Impact 2
Modify Programs as Required 1
Examination 3 3
Product Development Center 20 hours
Plans and Programs Section 2
Target Audience Analysis Section 2
Product Development Section 2
Testing and Evaluation Section 2
Product Dissemination Section 2
Group Project 10
Product Development 30 hours
Product Dissemination 30 hours
Assess Impact 10
Modify Products 10
Final Examination 5
After-Action Review 5
(continued).
E-6
APPENDIX F
HDO TRAINING AID DEVICE AND SUBSTITUTE SUMMARY
Figure F-1 is a list of training aids recommended for use within the demining training
program. The list is as detailed as possible but is not all-inclusive. Identify any additional
requirements when conducting mission analysis.
List of Training Aid Devices

Number for Each Number for Each
Nomenclature Training Iteration Nomenclature Training Iteration
UXO Antipersonnel
Mortar, 60-
6 each PMN 12 each
millimeter (mm)
Mortar, 81-mm 6 each PMN-2 12 each
Mortar, 82-mm 6 each M14 12 each
Mortar, 120-mm 6 each PMD-6 12 each
Artillery Shell, M/78 12 each
155-mm,
6 each POMZ-2 12 each
Prototype
Grenades, Rifle 12 each POMZ-2M 12 each
Grenades, 40-mm 12 each M18A1 6 each
Grenades, Chicom 12 each MON 50 6 each
MON 100 12 each
MON 200 12 each
Antitank BM/85 12 each
M19 12 each M16A1 12 each
P2 MK3 12 each PROM-1 12 each
P3 MK1 12 each VS-50 12 each
PRB M3 12 each M35BG 12 each
PT-MI-BA III 12 each PMD76 12 each
TC-6 12 each
TMN-46 12 each
TMA-5 12 each
SB-MV 12 each
Figure F-1. Recommended HDO training aids.
F-1
APPENDIX G
SAMPLE PUBLIC INFORMATION CAMPAIGN PLAN

AND
PRODUCT ACTION WORK SHEET
This appendix provides a sample public information campaign plan (Figure G-1) and
product action work sheet (Figure G-2) useful in planning mine awareness campaigns and
products.
Copy___of___copies
International Military Information Team - Namibia
Windhoek, Namibia
130900 FEB 95
PUBLIC INFORMATION CAMPAIGN PLAN 95-001
REFERENCES:
a. CJCS, Establishment of DOD Portion of U.S. Government Demining Training

Program, 281324Z MAR 94 (U).
b. DOS, Request for U.S. Government Demining Assessment, 3 AUG 94 (U).
c. ASD: SO-LIC, Request for CJCS Assistance in Assessing the Land Mine
Situation in Namibia,
16 AUG 94 (U).
d. CJCS Tasking to United States Commander in Chief, Europe (USCINCEUR)

to conduct assessment in Mozambique, 011316Z JUL 94 (U).
e. CJCS Tasking to USCINCEUR to conduct assessment in Namibia, 121548Z

SEP 94 (U).
f. USCINCEUR plan to conduct U.S. Government HDO in Mozambique and

Namibia (U).
g. USCINCEUR request for deployment of forces to Namibia and Mozambique,

131800Z JAN 95 (U).
h. CJCS deployment order, 240057Z JAN 95 (U).
TIME ZONE USED THROUGHOUT THE PLAN: Zulu.
TASK ORGANIZATION: The International Military Information Team (IMIT), while
G-1
in-country, will fall under the direct control of the U.S. country team in Windhoek,
Namibia. The IMIT officer in charge will be a member of the Namibian Demining
Liaison Committee (NDLC) and will serve as a discussion and coordinating agent for
the implementation of the Namibian demining program.
1. SITUATION.
a. General. This plan is designed to employ an IMIT to Namibia with the overall
objective of implementing a public information program that will reduce the
casualties caused by mines and UXOs in northern Namibia.
b. Strategic Guidance.
(1) National Policy Objectives:
(a) Develop a sustainable indigenous demining program to

subsequently hand the entire effort off to an HN entity. The HN
would then have the means to continue the program
independently.
(b) The program is a humanitarian government-to-government

program, not just a military-to-military program. The program
will incorporate all appropriate agencies of the HN government.
(c) The U.S. Government has no intention of performing the

actual demining mission. It will, however, address the gaps in HN
training, equipment, and public awareness and will supplement
and complement HN programs that are practical.
(d) A central in-country demining authority, be it HN or UN, is

critical if that country is to receive the full benefit of the HDO
program. A central authority provides a country with the
capability to set priorities and become a conduit for all DOD
support.
(2) Constraints.
(a) The U.S. Ambassador retains approval authority for all IMIT
products and programs.
(b) The NDLC retains approval authority for all Public

Information Team products and programs.
c. Potentially Hostile Forces. None.
G-2
d. Friendly Forces. The USCINCEUR is both the supported and the supporting
commander.
e. Assumptions.
(1) The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting will act as the lead
agency overseeing all mine/UXO public awareness initiatives.
(2) The Ministry of Defense, acting as the executive agency in the

NDLC, will continue to be supportive of all mine/UXO public awareness
campaigns.
(3) The Department of Police will assist in and support the development
of national and regional mine/UXO awareness campaigns.
2. MISSION. On order, an IMIT deploys to Namibia to assist in the development of a

national and regional mine and UXO awareness campaign. Subsequently, a separate
detachment of the IMIT will deploy to Mozambique, establish contact with an NGO,
and select existing mine awareness products for immediate commercial production.
3. EXECUTION.
a. Concept of Operations. The IMIT, consisting of approximately nine

personnel, will deploy to Namibia for 9 to 12 weeks to train and augment
counterparts in the Ministry of Information and Broad-casting (MIB), the
Department of Police, and the Namibian Broadcast Company. The training and
equipment provided will assist in the development and execution of a multimedia
public information campaign designed to educate the Namibian population on
the hazards of mines and UXOs. Information will be provided on mine/UXO
detection, marking, reporting procedures, emergency treatment of casualties, and
procedures to be followed to exit a suspected minefield or danger area.
b. Scheme of Maneuver. This operation will be conducted in five phases.
(1) Phase 1 - Deployment. On order, IMIT will fly by commercial air to

Windhoek, Namibia, and establish link-up and working relationships with
HN counterparts. Equipment, flown by separate commercial freight, will
be tested and placed into operation.
(2) Phase 2 - Campaign Development. IMIT continues detailed target

audience analysis. With HN counterparts, national and regional campaign
planning and development are conducted. National-level education
supplement to the HN plan is contracted for publication in April. Separate
detachment deploys to Mozambique to select existing mine awareness
G-3
products to be commercially produced. NDLC approves campaign plan.
(3) Phase 3 - Product Development. National and regional public

information audio, video, and printed products are developed.
Commercial contracts for print media are negotiated. Radiobroadcasts
announcing campaign begin.
(4) Phase 4 - Campaign Execution. National and regional mine/UXO

campaign is executed. Printed products are distributed. Radio campaign
continues. Video products displayed in target areas.
(5) Phase 5 - Redeployment. Trained and equipped HN counterparts will

have the ability to continue the campaign. Stay-behind equipment will be
turned over to appropriate HN officials within the Ministry of Defense.
The IMIT will assess Namibia’s future requirements and make
recommendations for FY 96. IMIT will redeploy to Fort Bragg, North
Carolina, via commercial air. Remaining equipment will be shipped via
commercial freight.
c. Target Audiences.
(1) Youth (ages through early 20’s). This group has suffered the most
casualties as a result of mines and UXOs.
(2) Elderly. Also have become casualties due to unsafe practices. Looked
upon as authority figures.
(3) General population of the northern region. The mine and UXO
problem is regional.
d. Overall Campaign Objective. Reduce casualties caused by mines and UXOs

in northern Namibia.
e. Campaign Objectives.
(1) Increase the ability of the target audience to recognize mines and
UXOs.
(2) Increase the target audience’s understanding of how mines and UXOs
maim and kill.
(3) Reinforce within target audience steps to take to avoid becoming a

casualty.
(4) Familiarize or refamiliarize the target audience on procedures for
G-4
marking mines and UXOs.
(5) Increase the ability of the target audience to recognize mine and UXO
indicators and markings.
(6) Instruct the target audience on procedures to follow in reporting

mines and UXOs.
(7) Increase understanding of the target audience on safe and unsafe

behavior around mines and UXOs.
(8) Teach target audience basic first-aid procedures to treat mine and
UXO casualties.
f. Themes to be stressed.
(1) The ability to identify mines and UXOs reduces the likelihood of
accidental injury or death.
(2) Stay away from mines and UXOs—they can kill or maim from a
distance.
(3) When in an unfamiliar area, stay alert to the presence of mines and
UXOs.
(4) Help family and friends avoid mines and UXOs; help officials locate
and destroy them.
(5) Your life and health are more valuable than a mine or UXO.
g. Themes to be avoided.
(1) Degradation of local ethnic, cultural, or religious values.
(2) The placement of any type of value on mines and UXOs. Do not offer
rewards for their discovery.
4. ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTICS.
a. Administration.
(1) Reporting will be per USCINCEUR execute order (EXORD).
(2) Uniform will be directed by USCINCEUR EXORD.
G-5
(3) Weapons will not be transported.
b. Logistics.
(1) Known logistics constraints. None.
(2) Routine administrative and logistics support will be either

commercially procured or provided by the U.S. Embassy, Windhoek.
5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL.
a. Command Relationships.
(1) Upon USCINCEUR EXORD, IMIT is under operational control of

USCINCEUR.
(2) PSYOP dissemination battalion personnel will be attached to the 6th

PSYOP Battalion (A) for the duration of the deployment.
b. Approval Authority.
(1) The U.S. Ambassador retains approval authority for all IMIT products
and programs.
(2) The NDLC retains approval authority for all Public Information Team
products and programs.
c. Communication. All communication support will be provided by the U.S.

Embassy, Windhoek.
d. Reports. Per USCINCEUR EXORD.
Figure G-1. Sample public information campaign plan.
PRODUCT ACTION WORK SHEET
1. NATIONAL OBJECTIVE. Assist the HN government in reducing civilian

casualties through mine awareness programs.
2. PSYOP MISSION. Emphasize the dangers of mines, provide information on mine

recognition and mine markings, and encourage the target audience to avoid mined areas
and to notify authorities when mines are found.
G-6
3. TARGET AUDIENCE. The populace of Africa.
4. PSYCHOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES.
a. Reduce casualties due to mines.
b. Increase reports to authorities on the location of mines.
5. THEMES AND SYMBOLS. Safety and welfare, protection of family.
6. PRODUCT CONCEPT. Poster marking specific area of land mine danger.
7. DISSEMINATION. Given to lead agency of mine markings.
8. IMPACT INDICATORS.
a. Reduced casualties due to mines.
b. Increased reports to authorities on the location of mines.
9. RELATED PROGRAMS. None.
10. APPROVAL.
Prepared by:
Approved by:
Dissemination amount:
Dissemination date:
Figure G-2. Product action work sheet format.
G-7
APPENDIX H
DEMINING TRAINING DRILLS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES
Figures H-1 through H-10 provide demining drills, techniques, and procedures
trained primarily in collective training.
Platoon Demining Operations Order

1. SITUATION.
a. Security. In this paragraph, the platoon leader discusses the security of the
operation against bandits or potential hostile forces. He discusses guards and
their locations. The platoon leader briefs the section sergeants on their actions
upon contact with hostiles and any contingency plans if ordered to withdraw.
b. History of the Minefield. In this paragraph, the platoon leader discusses any
historical information known about the area, such as what the terrain is like, what
forces employed the mines, when they were employed, and what mines or UXOs
can be expected in the area. The platoon leader shows a sketch of the minefield
site to the section sergeants and points out routes and locations on a map.
2. MISSION. The platoon leader states where the platoon will be going, what the
platoon is going to be doing, and when it will start.
3. EXECUTION.
a. General Outline. The platoon leader gives a brief, overall description of the
operation from start to finish.
b. Tasks for Sections. The platoon leader designates what each section will be
doing. The platoon leader tells the section sergeants what area of the minefield
they will be demining. He establishes start and end points and a direction in
which each section will demine. He states any special equipment they will need.
The platoon leader tells the section sergeants of any changes to the normal drill
that are required because of conditions at the site—for example, modifying trip-
wire drills because of ground vegetation or conducting the metal detector test
with the 5-centimeter (cm) test piece in the ground because of soil conditions.
c. Coordinating Instructions. The platoon leader briefs a time line for the
platoon, which states when specific tasks must be started and completed. The
platoon leader assigns priorities for specific tasks that need to occur at the same
time. The platoon leader also discusses routes in detail, including distances,
directions, and landmarks.
H-1
4. SERVICES AND SUPPORT.
a. Transportation. The platoon leader briefs the transportation plan, including

mode of transportation, vehicle-loading plan, order of vehicle movement, and an
alternate plan in case of vehicle breakdown.
b. Medical. The platoon leader tells the section sergeant where the medic will be
during transportation and shows the location of the ambulance on the site sketch.
The platoon leader also outlines the casualty evacuation procedure during
movement and at the site.
c. Rations. The platoon leader briefs where and when rations will be available.
d. Water. The platoon leader briefs where drinking water will be available and
how it will be resupplied.
e. Accommodations. The platoon leader tells where the deminers will be living.
He also briefs a plan for setup of living quarters, such as tents, if existing
buildings are not to be used.
f. Supply. The platoon leader briefs how batteries or broken equipment are to be
resupplied.
5. COMMAND AND CONTROL.
a. Key Personnel. The platoon leader briefs his location and the location of the
platoon sergeant during the entire operation.
b. Radio Operations. The platoon leader briefs call signs and frequencies for
the radios.
Figure H-1. Sample operations order.
Trip-Wire Feeler Drill

1. The prober moves to the start point. He wears safety glasses and carries a trip-wire
feeler, two 1-meter safe lane marking sticks, and the required cutting tools.
2. The prober places the equipment on the ground in a safe area, off to one side at the
start point.
3. The prober adopts either the squatting or prone position and visually searches the
ground for trip wires.
4. The prober picks up and places one of the 1-meter white sticks across the edge of the
H-2
lane at the start point on the safe side of the marking tape or cleared area. If the platoon
leader determines that the vegetation is extremely thick and the trip-wire feeler cannot
be used, the following procedure is used:
a. The prober returns to the team safe area. The detector executes the test checks
for the mine detector and moves forward.
b. The detector adopts a squatting position and picks up his mine detector,
holding the search head in a vertical position. He sweeps the front of the
vegetation, moving from the safe edge tape and from ground- to above-head
level. If he detects a trip wire, he notifies his section sergeant.
c. The detector moves back to the safe area and turns off the mine detector. The
prober moves forward and then cuts away at the brush, cutting no more the 8 cm
into the minefield. He cuts from safe edge tape to safe edge tape and from top to
bottom, cutting the brush as close to the ground as possible.
d. Steps b and c above are repeated until the new lane extends half the length of
the trip-wire feeler into the lane. Then, the mine detector drill is executed.
5. The prober adopts the squatting position and picks up the trip-wire feeler, holding it
between the thumb and the index finger of the hand with which he will search the area
of ground in front of him.
6. Starting at the left side of the lane at a slight angle, the prober slides the feeler along
the ground directly in front of him in a straight line the full length of the trip-wire feeler,
or as far as he can safely go out in front.
7. The prober then lifts the trip-wire feeler slowly upward until he is in the standing
position and the wire feeler has been brought up over his head.
8. A center search of the lane using the trip-wire feeler is conducted in the same manner
as described above.
9. The right side of the lane is searched using the trip-wire feeler in the same manner as
described above.
10. The fourth iteration of the lane search is conducted in the standing position, walking
on either side of the lane and moving the end of the trip-wire feeler on the ground in a
straight line, vertically across the lane to the opposite side in a careful manner.
11. The trip-wire feeler is placed on the ground on either side of the lane marking the
length of the area searched. It should be placed horizontally into the minefield so that the
searched area is no more than 1 meter deep.
H-3
12. The cutting tool is then picked up, and the squatting position is adopted.
13. The search area is cleared by cutting grass and small bushes on a horizontal plane as
close to the ground as possible.
14. The cutting tool is then placed back in the safe area at the start point, and the second
1-meter white stick is picked up and placed across the lane at the end of the searched
area.
15. The prober then picks up all his equipment, except the two 1-meter white sticks, and
returns to the safe area.
Figure H-2. Trip-wire feeler drill.
Trip-Wire Reaction Drill

1. Before starting land searches, the section sergeant uses a grappling hook to clear the
area forward of the start line and at designated intervals during the operation.
2. If the prober detects a trip wire missed by the grappling hook, he immediately informs
the section sergeant and the platoon leader.
3. The platoon leader assesses the situation and if required moves the other section
demining teams to a safe area or another area to work in until the trip wire is dealt with.
4. The section sergeant and his demining team that found the trip wire visually identify
the run of the trip wire and the type of ordnance or booby trap.
WARNING: Do not touch the trip wire.
5. The section sergeant then informs the platoon leader and he makes a plan to destroy
the device.
6. His priority for destruction is to—
a. Use the grappling hook to set off the device.
b. Use a charge to destroy the device, if the above is not practical. A path may
have to be cleared to the device using the demining drill to reach the device.
7. The section then executes the plan to neutralize the device to which the trip wire is
attached.
8. Once the device is destroyed, demining operations continue.
H-4
Figure H-3. Trip-wire reaction drill.
AN/PSS-12 Mine Detector Drill

1. The detector removes all metal objects from himself—for example, belt buckles,
watches, or keys.
2. The detector picks up his mine detector with the earphone secured around his head or
neck and the electronics unit slung on the opposite side of the operating hand. He moves
slightly away from the team's safe area and conducts the following mine detector test:
a. Turns SENSITIVITY and LOUDNESS knobs completely counterclockwise.
b. Observes the lamp and puts the switch to the ON position. The lamp should
give a short flash. If it does not, checks if the batteries are inserted correctly or
inserts new batteries. If the lamp flashes continuously, the cause may be low
battery voltage.
c. Holds the search head approximately 1 meter above the ground and turns the
SENSITIVITY knob all the way up.
d. Sets the desired sound level with the LOUDNESS knob.
e. Turns the SENSITIVITY knob slightly counterclockwise until the tone ceases.
A ticking check tone should be heard every 1 to 2 seconds. Adjusts LOUDNESS
knob if needed.
f. Sweeps the search head approximately 5 cm above the ground at a sweeping

rate of approximately 1 meter per 5 seconds.
g. If ground test conditions give a disturbing tone, adjusts the SENSITIVITY

control counter-clockwise until the tone ceases.
h. Checks the sensitivity with the 5-cm test piece. Carries out the check with the
search head at least 1 meter above the surface of the ground and away from the
body. Makes sure no metal objects (wrist-watches, rings) are in the vicinity that
can affect the check. The mine detector must emit a distinctive signal (tone) for a
distance of at least 5 cm between the metal pin in the test piece and the bottom of
the search head. When possible, tests or calibrates the mine detector on inert
mines that replicate the threat in the target area.
3. The detector then moves up to the start point. He wears safety glasses, a Kevlar
helmet, and a flak vest. He carries the mine detector and several mine bonnets.
4. The detector searches the ground that has been cleared for trip wires, by starting from
one side of the lane, moving the mine detector search head across the width of the lane,
H-5
ensuring the entire search head crosses each side of the lane. He moves forward, keeping
the mine detector as close to the ground as possible, not advancing more than half the
search head width per sweep, until the search area has been checked. When a detection
occurs, the detector—
a. Determines either the center of a small detection or the closest edge of a large
detection using the box method. (The box method uses the edge of the mine
detector and lightly marks a line in the soil to form a square around the possible
mine.)
b. Marks the possible mine with a bonnet. He then departs the minefield through
his cleared lane, detecting all the way out.
c. Informs the prober that he has a suspicious area marked.
d. Goes back to the safe area, turns off the detector, and awaits further
instructions.
NOTE: IAW FM 20-32, Mine/Countermine Operations, rotate detector personnel every

20-30 minutes to prevent tone deafness and to prevent fatigue or complacency.
Figure H-4. AN/PSS-12 mine detector drill.
Prober Drill
1. The prober moves to the start point. He wears the appropriate equipment and carries
his probe, pruning shears, pruning scissors, and paintbrush.
2. At the start point, the prober places his equipment bag behind him in a safe area.
3. The prober gets in the prone position.
4. Probing starts from the closest side of the mine bonnet facing the prober, either from
the left corner or right corner.
5. The probe is placed in the ground at a 30° to 45° angle on either side of the mine
bonnet.
6. The prober then removes the mine bonnet.
7. The prober then proceeds to probe across the detected area, either left or right across
the width of the detected area. He probes in a straight line using 2-cm spacing between
probes in each row and 1-cm spacing between rows probed until the detection is located.
8. The prober then places his probe on the ground and picks up the trowel and
H-6
paintbrush.
9. With the aid of the trowel, the prober very carefully removes the earth from the side
closest to him, exposing the closest edge, and replaces the mine bonnet.
10. The prober removes enough material from the exposed edge of the mine, UXO, or
metal fragment so he can identify the object. If an item is detected, the following actions
may occur:
a. The mine or UXO is uncovered enough to allow a charge to be placed for

destruction and marked with a mine bonnet.
b. If it is a metal fragment, it is retrieved and placed into a fragmentation pit in

the team’s safe area.
11. The prober then stands up, picks up all his equipment, and moves back to the team's
safe area.
12. The prober informs the section sergeant of the item found.
13. If it is a suspected mine or UXO, the section sergeant moves forward to identify the
object found. He then moves back to the safe area and directs the prober to clear beside
the mine or UXO, so demolition charges may be properly placed. The section sergeant
then informs the platoon leader.
14. If nothing is found, the prober unearths until the metal is found or an area is dug 45
cm down and 15 cm from the center in all directions (30-cm by 45-cm hole). He then
departs through the safe lane and informs the detector to continue detecting.
Figure H-5. Prober drill.
Pulling Drill
1. The platoon leaders and company commanders use the pulling drill only when they
determine that demolition of the mine would cause damage to surrounding structures.
2. The platoon leaders and company commanders make a plan to pull the mine. They
select where the rope will be pulled from and how the person pulling the rope will be
protected from the blast. They also plan how to neutralize, move, and then safely destroy
the mine.
WARNING: Make sure the position from which the mine will be
pulled is cleared of mines and booby traps in case the explosive is
"daisy chained" to the pulling position.
H-7
3. The platoon leader directs the section sergeant to lay out a 50-meter rope (minimum
length of rope used) with attached hook along the ground from the safe area and along
the cleared path to the exposed item being pulled.
4. The platoon leader makes sure no one else is handling the rope or is within 1 meter of
the pulling rope.
5. The section leader places a fulcrum (block of wood) in front of the item being pulled
and attaches the hook of the pulling rope to the item.
6. The section leader then places the pulling rope on top of the fulcrum, being careful
not to pull the rope and move the item to which the hook is attached.
7. The section leader checks to make sure the rope is clear of any obstacles that might
interfere with the pulling.
8. All personnel, except the individual who will pull the rope, move back to the safe
area. This area is not in a direct line of fragmentation with the item being pulled and
provides cover for the personnel during this operation (for example, behind trees, in an
existing hole in the ground, or in a man-made trench).
WARNING: Do not pull mines toward

you.
9. From under cover, the pulling man yells three times "PULLING NOW," takes up the
slack on the pulling rope, and pulls the item. He pulls in the following manner:
a. Sits behind cover and faces the item to be pulled.
b. Takes up the slack and shouts the warning.
c. Holds the rope tightly and then pulls by leaning back until lying flat on his
back, with the hands pulling extended over the head.
10. After he pulls the rope and the item is moved, everyone remains under cover at the
safe area for 30 minutes.
11. The platoon leader performs his plan to make the item safe.
12. After the mine is removed for destruction, the team working on the lane sends the
detector forward to detect for booby traps or additional mines visually and
electronically. The demining operations continue.
Figure H-6. Pulling drill.
H-8
Time-Fuse Calculation
WARNING: Accidents involving death or injury can be caused

by careless use and handling of time fuses during preparation for
use. A time fuse burns at the correct and constant rate only if the
black-powder core is allowed to keep its original consistency.
Rough handling may cause breaks in the black-powder core with
a consequent variation of burning time and, in extreme cases,
where the core has been completely broken up, an instantaneous
discharge may also take place. Time fuses must therefore be
handled with care at all times to avoid breakage of the black-
powder core.
1. Use the following precautions to avoid potential problems:
a. Make every effort to protect a time fuse from the effects of rain.
b. Cut the time fuse from the coil immediately before use. Do not precut lengths
in anticipation of future use.
c. Do not accumulate short lengths and do not use unless they are from a
remainder of a coil that has been in use immediately before and has already been
tested.
d. Test burn every coil of time fuse or remnant of a coil immediately before
using.
2. Use the following procedures to calculate the amount of time fuse to be used for
demolition:
a. Test burn each new coil of time fuse before using it to conduct demolition
procedures.
b. Cut and discard a 15-cm length piece from the free end of the roll or coil. If
using a coil, tie a knot on the uncut end of the time fuse.
c. Cut 100 cm of time fuse and ignite it to check the burning rate. If the burning
rate is less than 90 seconds for 100 cm, use another roll or coil of time fuse.
d. Note the time it burns and compute the burning time per cm, dividing the
burning time in seconds by the length of time fuse (100 cm).
e. Calculate the amount of time (in seconds) needed to move safely from the
blast area to the safe area. The minimum time to use is 5 minutes.
f. Divide this time (step e) by the burn rate (step d). The result will be the correct
H-9
length necessary in centimeters.
g. Cut this length (step f) of safety fuse with a sharp knife or crimpers.
Figure H-7. Time-fuse calculation.
Crimping Drill
1. Either the platoon leader or the platoon sergeant supervises crimping operations.
Normally, squad or team leaders actually perform crimping and demolitions activities,
as follows:
a. Select a length of time fuse and make sure the end to be inserted into the end
of the detonator is cut cleanly and squarely.
b. Cut the other end of the time fuse cleanly and squarely if using a fuse igniter
or cut on an angle to expose as much black powder to help start the time fuse
burning with a match.
c. Hold the time fuse in the hand not being used to crimp the detonator. Make
sure the clean squared end is facing upward and hold the length of fuse vertically
between the thumb and the middle finger.
d. With the free hand, select a detonator from its container, holding the cap
between the thumb and the index finger.
e. Inspect the detonator cap, looking in the open end for any dirt or foreign
matter. If any dirt or foreign matter is present, hold the detonator with the open
end facing down and away from your body, then shake or bump gently against
the other hand. Inspect the detonator again. If the dirt or foreign matter is still
present, discard the detonator and get a new one.
f. At arms length directly in front of you, slip the open end of the detonator down
over the time fuse until the end of the fuse is in contact with the detonator filling.
g. Place the index finger of the hand holding the time fuse on top of the
detonator.
h. When using the crimpers, place the opened crimping circle around the base of
the detonator so the crimp will occur about 5 mm to 10 mm up from the bottom
of the detonator. When using pliers, place the opened jaws of the pliers around
the base of the detonator so half of the pliers is on the detonator and the other
half is on the time fuse.
i. Close the jaws of the pliers or crimpers with only enough pressure to hold the
H-10
detonator and time fuse together.
j. Place both hands 90° away from you, turn your head to one side, and squeeze
tightly on the crimpers or pliers.
k. Once crimping is completed, turn the head and eyes forward, replace the hands
back to original position with the index finger replaced on top of the detonator.
Release the pliers or crimpers and inspect the crimp to ensure the detonator is
secure and not damaged.
2. Crimping will be done no closer than 25 meters to explosives.
3. If tape is used to help secure the detonator, the detonator must be taped so both ends
of the detonator are visible.
Figure H-8. Crimping drill.
Tree Removal
1. If a tree or an obstruction is in a lane to be cleared and a mine detector detects an
object beneath it, the tree can be removed using demolitions. This method should be
used only as a last resort and must be approved by the platoon leader.
2. Use a 400-gram charge to cut trees up to 47 cm in circumference. Any tree larger than
47 cm should be left in place.
3. When using explosives to cut a tree, secure the charge as close to the tree base as
possible.
4. Prepare the charge and fire it according to the SOP.
5. After the charge explodes, pull the tree out of the minefield using the grappling hook.
This type of pulling will prevent injury in case a tree limb detonates a mine as it is
dragged out.
Figure H-9. Tree removal.
Charge Placement
1. Ordnances, such as land mines and UXOs, are to be destroyed with explosives. The
preferred technique is to blow up ordnances, not to burn them.
2. The methods for disposal by detonation are as follows:
a. Topside-Center Method. This method is used to destroy most artillery and
H-11
mortar projectiles, except high-explosive antitank (HEAT) and white
phosphorous (WP). Placing the explosive charge on the projectile topside center
ensures that the explosive detonation wave strikes the explosive filler of the
projectile and causes the item to explode.
b. Countercharge Cone Method. This method is designed to neutralize the

shape charge effect of the HEAT munitions. When the explosive charge
detonates, it causes the cone to be crushed and explodes the munitions.
c. Countercharge Base Method. This method is used to destroy armor-

piercing, high-explosive (AP HE) projectiles. Placing the explosive charge at the
base of the AP HE round causes the base fuse to function, exploding the
projectile.
d. Side-Charge Method. This method causes the munitions to function by

sympathetic detonation. It is used on munitions that have antidisturbance
devices. This method is the preferred way to destroy land mines.
e. Bottom-Side Method. This method is used to destroy WP-loaded projectiles.

Placing the explosive charge under the projectile ensures that the WP ignites
upon detonation. The WP ignites upon contact with the air. This technique blows
the WP into the air and burns the hazard in one shot. If this method is not used,
the WP goes underground and lies dormant. Later, a farmer may unearth it and
burn himself badly.
Figure H-10. Charge placement.
H-12
GLOSSARY
PART I. ACRONYMS
A airborne
AAR after-action review
AC Active Component
ADP automated data processing
AM amplitude modulated
AOR area of responsibility
AP antipersonnel
ARSOF Army special operations forces
ARSOTF Army Special Operations Task Force
ASD: SO-LIC Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations

and Low-Intensity Conflict
AT antitank
BRDEC Belvoir Research, Development, and Engineer Center
C2 command and control
CA Civil Affairs
CALT Civil Affairs liaison team
CD counterdrug
CINC commander in chief
CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
CLS combat life savers
cm centimeter
COA course of action
Glossary-1
COMSEC communications security
CONPLAN concept plan
CONUS continental United States
CPX command post exercise
DAO Defense Attache Office
det cord detonating cord
DJS Director, Joint Staff
DMA Defense Mapping Agency
DOD Department of Defense
DODIC Department of Defense identification code
DOS Department of State
DSAA Defense Security Assistance Agency
EOD explosive ordnance disposal
EXORD execute order
fax facsimile
FID foreign internal defense
FM frequency modulated; field manual
FMF foreign military financing
FMFP Foreign Military Financing Program
FMS foreign military sales
FRAGO fragmentary order
FTX field training exercise
FY fiscal year
Glossary-2
GPS global positioning system
GSO Government Service Organization
HA humanitarian assistance
HDO humanitarian demining operations
HE high explosive
HEAT high-explosive antitank
HN host nation
HQ headquarters
IAW in accordance with
ID identification
IMET International Military Education and Training
IMIT International Military Information Team
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlespace
IWG Interagency Working Group
J3 SOD Joint Staff Operations Directorate
JCET Joint Combined Exchange Training
JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff
JSOTF Joint Special Operations Task Force
kg kilogram
kW kilowatt
LNO liaison officer
MACOM major Army commands
MB megabyte
Glossary-3
MDDC Mine Detection Dog Center
MEDEVAC medical evacuation
MHz megahertz
MIB Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
MILTRA military training
MIPR military interdepartmental purchase request
MIST military information support team
mm millimeter
MOA memorandum of agreement
MPA mission planning agent
NADR Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining, and Related
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCO noncommissioned officer
NCOPD noncommissioned officer professional development
NDLC Namibian Demining Liaison Committee
NDO National Demining Office
NEO noncombatant evacuation order
NGO nongovernment organization
O&M operation and maintenance
OASD: SO-LIC Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special

Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict
OCONUS outside the continental United States
OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance
OHDACA Overseas Humanitarian Disaster Aid and Civil Assistance
Glossary-4
OJCS Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
OPD officer professional development
OPLAN operation plan
OPORD operation order
OPTEMPO operating tempo
OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense
PAO public affairs office
PDC product development center
PDSS predeployment site survey
PDWS product development workstation
PE practice exercise
PERTEMPO personnel tempo
PMCS preventive maintenance checks and services
POAT psychological operations assessment team
POC point of contact
POI program of instruction
PSYOP Psychological Operations
PVO private voluntary organization
RAM random-access memory
RC Reserve Component
ROE rule of engagement
RSO Regional Security Office
SA security assistance
Glossary-5
SATMO Security Assistance Training Management Organization
SF Special Forces
SFODA Special Forces operational detachment Alpha
SFODB Special Forces operational detachment Bravo
SITREP situation report
SOC special operations command
SOF special operations forces
SOP standing operating procedure
SOSCOM Special Operations Support Command
SOTSE special operations theater support element
STANAG standardization agreement (NATO)
STX situational training exercise
TNT trinitrotoluene
TPFDD time-phased force and deployment data
TRANSCOM Transportation Command
TSC training support center
TST tactical support team
UN United Nations
UNOCHA United Nations Observer Controllers Humanitarian

Assistance
UPS uninterrupted power supply
U.S. United States
USACAPOC United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological

Operations Command
Glossary-6
USAJFKSWCS United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center
and School
USASFC United States Army Special Forces Command
USASOC United States Army Special Operations Command
USCINCEUR United States Commander in Chief, Europe
USEUCOM United States European Command
USSOCOM United States Special Operations Command
UTM universal transverse mercator
UW unconventional warfare
UXO unexploded ordnance
VCR videocassette recorder
WARNORD warning order
WP white phosphorous
PART II. DEFINITIONS
area of responsibility. A defined area of land in which responsibility is specifically

assigned to the commander of the area for the development and maintenance of
installations, control of movement, and the conduct of tactical operations involving
troops under the commander’s control, along with parallel authority to exercise these
functions. (Joint Pub 1-02)
concept plan. An operation plan in concept format. Also called CONPLAN. See also
operation plan. (Joint Pub 1-02)
crimping operations. The process of placing a detonator onto a time fuze to initiate an
explosive device.
demining operations. Any activity or operation related to humanitarian demining

executed in support of the national HQ or NDO.
demolition. The destruction of structures, facilities, or material with fire, water,

explosives, or other means. This publication deals exclusively with explosive demolition
as applied to mine clearance operations.
Glossary-7
detonating cord. A flexible fabric tube containing a high explosive designed to transmit
the detonation wave. (Joint Pub 1-02)
detonating cord connector. A lead of det cord that initiates another when a good
contact is between them. If junction clips or det cord connectors are not available,
connections are to be made using a girth hitch with an extra turn.
detonating cord fuzing system. A firing system that uses a det cord to transmit the
shock wave from the means of initiation to the explosive charge. All det cord firing
systems used in clearance operations are to be fired by nonelectric means. The det cord
firing system is used in the line main.
detonator. A device containing a sensitive explosive intended to produce a detonation

wave. (Joint Pub 1-02)
explosive ordnance. All munitions containing explosives, nuclear fission or fusion

materials and biological and chemical agents. They include bombs and warheads; guided
and ballistic missiles; artillery, mortar, rocket, and small arms ammunition; all mines,
torpedoes, and depth charges; demolition charges; pyrotechnics; clusters and dispensers;
cartridge and propellant actuated devices; electro-explosive devices; clandestine and
improvised explosive devices; and all similar or related items or components explosive in
nature. (Joint Pub 1-02)
explosive ordnance disposal. The detection, identification, on-site evaluation,

rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of unexploded explosive ordnance. It may
also include explosive ordnance which has become hazardous by damage or
deterioration. (Joint Pub 1-02)
firing system. The system placed between the initiation system and the charge.
foreign internal defense. participation by civilian and military agencies of a

government in any of the action programs taken by another government to free and
protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. (Joint Pub 1-02)
foreign military financing. The portion of U.S. Security assistance authorized by the
Foreign Military Assistance Act of 1961. This assistance differs from foreign military
sales in that the recipient does not provide reimbursement. In effect, articles provided
under this authorization are donated to the HN.
foreign military sales. That portion of United States security assistance authorized by
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and the Arms Export Control Act of
1976, as amended. This assistance differs from the Military Assistance Program and the
International Military Education and Training Program in that the recipient provides
reimbursement for defense articles and services transferred. (Joint Pub 1-02)
Glossary-8
host nation. A nation which receives the forces and/or supplies of allied nations and/or
NATO organizations to be located on, to operate in, or to transit through its territory.
(Joint Pub 1-02)
humanitarian assistance. Programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural

or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger,
or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to
or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by U.S. Forces is limited in scope
and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the
efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary
responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance. (Joint Pub 1-02)
humanitarian demining operations. Any activity or operation related to humanitarian

demining executed in support of an HN approved for support in the U.S. Humanitarian
Demining Program.
line main. A firing system consisting of a main line. Any number of branch lines can be
connected to a main line, but only one branch line is to be connected to a main line at any
point.
mine. In land mine warfare, an explosive or other material, normally encased, designed
to destroy or damage ground vehicles, boats, or aircraft, or designed to wound, kill, or
otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its victim, by the
passage of time, or by controlled means. (Joint Pub 1-02)
mine awareness operations. Operations designed to provide safety and public

information to the HN populace with the intent to promote threat identification and
avoidance.
mine clearance. The process of removing all mines from a route or an area. (Joint Pub
1-02)
mine countermeasures. All methods for preventing or reducing damage or danger from
mines. (Joint Pub 1-02)
mined area. An area declared dangerous due to the presence or suspected presence of
mines. (Joint Pub 1-02)
mine disposal. The operation by suitably qualified personnel designed to render safe,
neutralize, recover, remove, or destroy mines. (Joint Pub 1-02)
minefield. In land warfare, an area of ground containing mines laid with or without a
pattern. (Joint Pub 1-02)
minefield lane. A marked lane, unmined or cleared of mines, leading through a

minefield. (Joint Pub 1-02)
Glossary-9
minefield survey. A detailed report that provides information on a suspected minefield,
including its location, the extent of the mine problem identified, and the way the area is
marked.
minehunting. Employment of sensor and neutralization systems, whether air, surface,

or subsurface, to locate and dispose of individual mines. Minehunting is conducted to
eliminate mines in a known field when sweeping is not feasible or desirable or to verify
the presence or absence of mines in a given area. (Joint Pub 1-02)
minesweeping. The technique of clearing mines using either mechanical, ex-plosive, or

influence sweep equipment. Mechanical sweeping removes, disturbs, or otherwise
neutralizes the mine; explosive sweeping causes sympathetic detonations in, damages, or
displaces the mine; and influence sweeping produces either the acoustic and/or magnetic
influence required to detonate the mine. (Joint Pub 1-02)
National Demining Office. A term that describes the HN national demining HQ or the
entire demining organization for that country.
operation plan. Any plan, except for the Single Integrated Operation Plan, for the
conduct of military operations. Plans are prepared by combatant commanders in response
to requirements established by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and by
commanders of subordinate commands in response to requirements tasked by the
establishing unified commander. Operation plans (OPLANs) are prepared in either a
complete format of an OPLAN or as a concept plan (CONPLAN).
a. OPLAN. An operation plan for the conduct of joint operations that can be
used as a basis for development of an operation order (OPORD). An OPLAN
identifies the forces and supplies required to execute the CINC’s Strategic
Concept and a movement schedule of these resources to the theater of operations.
The forces and supplies are identified in time-phased force de-ployment data
(TPFDD) files. OPLANs will include all phases of the tasked operation. The plan
is prepared with the appropriate annexes, appendixes, and TPFDD files as
described in the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System manuals
containing planning policies, procedures, and formats.
b. CONPLAN. An operation plan in an abbreviated format that would require

considerable expansion or alteration to convert it into an OPLAN or OPORD. A
CONPLAN contains the CINC’s strategic concept and those annexes and
appendixes deemed necessary by the combatant commander to complete plan-
ning. Generally, detailed support requirements are not calculated and TPFDD files
are not prepared. (Joint Pub 1-02)
time fuze. A fuze that contains a graduated time element to regulate the time interval
after which the fuze will function. (Joint Pub 1-02)
Glossary-10
unexploded explosive ordnance. Explosive ordnance that has been primed, fuzed,
armed, or otherwise prepared for action and has been fired, dropped, launched, projected,
or placed in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations,
personnel, or material and remains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any
other cause. (Joint Pub 1-02)
Glossary-11
REFERENCES
These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.
U.S. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
U.S. DOD Demining Program Equipment Planning Guide. 1 December 1995.
U.S. DOD Humanitarian Demining Program: Strategic Plan. 30 September 1994.
U.S. Government Interagency Humanitarian Demining Strategic Plan. March

1997 (DOS IWG Draft).
DA Form 2028.
JOINT AND MULITSERVICE PUBLICATION
JCS Pub 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated

Terms. 23 March 1994.
ARMY PUBLICATIONS
AR 75-15. Responsibilities and Procedures for Explosive Ordnance Disposal. 1

November 1978.
FM 5-100. Engineer Operations. 27 February 1996.
FM 5-101. Mobility. 23 January 1985.
FM 5-102. Countermobility. 14 March 1985.
FM 5-250. Explosives and Demolitions. 15 June 1992.
FM 7-98. Operations in a Low-Intensity Conflict. 19 October 1992.
FM 9-15. Explosive Ordnance Disposal Service and Unit Operations. 8 May

1996.
FM 20-32. Mine/Countermine Operations. 30 September 1992.
FM 21-16. Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Procedures. 30 August 1994.
FM 33-1. Psychological Operations. 18 February 1993.
FM 33-1-1. Psychological Operations Techniques and Procedures. 5 May 1994.
References-1
Belvoir Research, Development, and Engineer Center (BRDEC) Pamphlet 350-3.
Light Forces - Sapper Countermine Guide for Low- to Mid-Intensity Conflict. 1
March 1990.
GTA 9-12-1. Unexploded Ordnance Procedures. 1992.
ST 5-250-1. Modernized Demolitions Initiator Handbook. September 1996.
Army Engineer School, Engineer Contingency Handbook. July 1995.
Army Engineer School, Mine Recognition and Warfare Handbook. November

1990.
References-2
PIN: 075287-000

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TC 31-34

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HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Chapter 1. Humanitarian Demining Program

Chapter 2. Organizational Structure

Chapter 3. Special Forces Operations

Chapter 4. Civil Affairs Operations

Chapter 5. Psychological Operations

Appendix A. HDO Time Line A-1

Appendix B. Pre-Mission Checklists B-1

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is

Appendix C. Equipment and Demolitions Summaries C-1

Appendix D. List of Points of Contact D-1

Appendix E. HDO POI Summary E-1

Appendix F. HDO Training Aid Device and Substitute Summary F-1

Appendix H. Demining Training Drills, Techniques, and Procedures H-1

HUMANITARIAN DEMINING PROGRAM

The purpose of the U.S. Government Humanitarian Demining Program is to help

In fiscal year (FY) 1994, Congress appropriated $10 million to the

DOD has the expertise to establish training programs to assist foreign

The program teaches the HN people (often the military) to determine

The Humanitarian Demining Program provides clear benefits to the DOD.

DOD's Humanitarian Demining Program will continue to focus on

Humanitarian demining also—

 Promotes internal and regional stability in underdeveloped nations

Humanitarian demining strategy is based on three mutually reinforcing

 Designing long-term, self-sustaining, indigenous programs.

 The goal involves the indigenous population.

The second goal is to coordinate activities that enhance the overall

 Maximize cost-effectiveness and efficiency of limited resources.

 Take full advantage of U.S. mine, countermine, and demolitions

The third goal requires a mechanism to—

 Identify, select, and provide equipment and information to the HN.

The Humanitarian Demining Program involves the DOS, DOD,

A diagram of the process by which a country receives approval for HDO

 The U.S. country team initiates coordination with the HN or the

Figure 1-1. Tasking, planning, approval, and execution process.

 The theater CINC/SOC sends a mission assessment team to

program can be implemented. Coordination with NGOs and PVOs

Figure 1-2. Typical command relationship for HDO deployment of ARSOF.

ARSOF may be requested to conduct demining-related deployments

 Security assistance (SA) programs managed by the U.S. Army

Under these programs, ARSOF may deploy as discrete SF, PSYOP, or CA

The demining program has several recurring problems. Most of these

 Although ARSOF mission orientation facilitates this type of

Chief responsible for the overall demining mission. Members of

To establish an HN with a totally self-sustaining organization, several

Pre-mission planning, training, and preparation.

Movement, establishment of the training area, and in-processing of

Establishment of indigenous organizations, using "train the trainer"

Primary focus on training collective tasks. Transition from training

Phase 5 - Redeployment and Evaluation

Transition of equipment, resources, and operations to the HN. The

Follow-on assistance and assessment as identified by the country

THEATER CINC/SOC OBJECTIVE

The overall objective of the theater CINC/SOC HDO program is to

Special Forces Operations

The SF element is primarily responsible for training the national HQ and

 Basic skills and individual tasks, including officer professional

Civil Affairs Operations

CA support demining activities by assisting in training the national HQ

Psychological Operations Activities

Psyop support demining activities by training the mine awareness

 Train its own forces in information campaign planning and

Promotes internal and regional stability in underdeveloped nations

Designing long-term, self-sustaining, indigenous programs.

The goal involves the indigenous population.

Maximize cost-effectiveness and efficiency of limited resources.

Take full advantage of U.S. mine, countermine, and demolitions

Identify, select, and provide equipment and information to the HN.

The U.S. country team initiates coordination with the HN or the

The theater CINC/SOC sends a mission assessment team to

Security assistance (SA) programs managed by the U.S. Army

Although ARSOF mission orientation facilitates this type of

Basic skills and individual tasks, including officer professional

Train its own forces in information campaign planning and

SF element. At times, one Special Forces operational detachment

Dog handler and trainer. If dogs are to be a part of the

Transitioning an HN program effectively in its infancy from

A CINC/SOC theater program manager.

Training requirements for HN personnel in mission planning and

Preparing an estimate of the situation, based on—

Mine and UXO identification and characteristics.

Charge placement for mine and UXO destruction.

Coordinating with the U.S. Embassy for military interdepartmental