Basic Engineering Mathematics

TOPIC – 2 CALCULUS

STANDARD DERIVATES
d (uv) = u dv + v du d u = v (du / dx) – u (dv / dx)
dx dx dx dx v v2

du = du . dy (Chain Rule) d (ax + b) n =n (ax + b)n – 1 . a

dx dy dx dx
d (ax) = ax loge a
d (ex) = ex
dx
dx
d (loga x) = 1 loge a
d (loge x) = 1 / x
dx x
dx

d (sin x) = cos x d (cosx) = - sin x

dx dx

d (tan x) = sec2 x d (cot x) = - cosec2 x

dx dx
d (sec x) = sec x tan x d (cosec x) = - cosec x cot x
dx dx
d (sin-1 x) = 1 d (cos-1 x) = –1
dx √(1 – x2) dx √(1 – x2)

d (tan-1 x) = 1 d (cot-1 x) = -1
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + x2
d (sec-1 x) = 1 d (cosec-1 x) = -1
dx x√(x2 –1) dx x√(x2 –1)
d (sinh x) = cosh x d (cosh x) = sinh x
dx dx

STANDARD INTEGRALS

x n +1 1
∫ x ds = (n ≠ −1) ∫ x dx = log x
n
c
n +1
ax
∫ e dx = e ∫ a dx =
x x x

log c x

∫ sin x dx = - cos x ∫ cos x dx = sin x

∫ tan x dx = - log cos x ∫ cot x dx = log sin x
ACE Academy CALCULUS 23

∫ sec x dx = log (sec x + tan x) ∫ cosec x dx = log (cosec x - cot x)

2
∫ sec x dx = tan x ∫ cosec x dx = - cot x
2

dx 1 x dx x
∫a 2
+x 2
= tan -1  
a a
∫ a 2 − x2
= sin -1  
a

dx 1 a+x dx x
∫a −x
2 2
=
2a
log  
 a-x 
∫ a +x
2 2
= sinh -1  
a

dx 1 a−x dx x
∫x 2
−a 2
=
2a
log  
a +x
∫ x −a
2 2
= cosh -1  
a

∫ ( x − a )dx =
x (a 2 − x 2 ) a 2 x
2 2
+ sin −1  
2 2 a

∫( x ) x (a 2 + x 2 ) a2 x
2
+ a dx =
2
+ sin −1  
2 2 a

∫( x
2
)
− a dx =
2 x (x 2 − a 2 )
2
−
a2
2
x
cos −1  
a

eax
∫ e sin bx dx = (a sin bx − b cos bx)
ax

a 2 + b2

eax
∫ e cos bx dx = (a cos bx + b sin bx)
ax

a 2 + b2

∫ sin hx dx = cosh x ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x

MEAN VALUE THEOREMS

Rolle’s Theorem: If f(x) is (i) continuous in [a, b], (ii) differentiable in (a, b) and (iii) f(a) =
f(b) then there exists atleast one value C ∈ (a, b) such that f1(C) = 0.
1) Find C of the Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = x (x – 1) (x – 2) in [1, 2]
a) 1.5 b) 1 – (1/√3) c) 1 + (1/√3) d) 1.25
2) Find C of the Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = ex Sinx in [0, π]
a) π/4 b) π/2 c) 3π/4 d) does not exist
3) Find C of Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = (x + 2)3 (x – 3)4 in [-2, 3]
a) 1/7 b) 2/7 c) ½ d) 3/2
4) Find C of Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = ex (Sinx – Cosx) in [π/4, 5π/4]
a) π/2 b) 3π/4 c) π d) does not exist
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5) Find C of Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = x(x+3) e-x/2 in [-3, 0]

a) –1 b) –2 c) –0.5 d) 0.5
6) Find C of Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = log[(x2 + ab) / (a+b)x]
a) (a+b)/2 b) √ab c) 2ab / (a + b) d) (b – a)/2
7) Rolle’s theorem cannot be applied for the function f(x) = |x| in [-2, 2] because
a) f(x) is not continuous in [-2, 2] b) f(x) is not differentiable in (-2, 2)
c) f(-2) ≠ f(2) d) none of the above
8) Rolle’s theorem cannot be applied for the function f(x) = |x+2| in [-2, 0] because
a) f(x) is not continuous in [-2, 0] b) f(x) is not differentiable in (-2, 0)
c) f(-2) ≠ f(0) d) none of these
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem: If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b)
then there exists atleast one value C in (a, b) such that
f1(C) = [f(b) – f(a)] / (b – a)
9) Find C of Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) in [1, 2]
a) 2 – 1/√3 b) 2 + (1/√3) c) 1 + (1/√3) d) 1 – (1/√3)
10) Find C of Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f(x) = log x in [1, e]
a) e – 2 b) e – 1 c) (e + 1) / 2 d) (e – 1) / 2’
11) Find C of Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f(x) = lx2 + mx + n in [a, b]
a) (a + b) / 2 b) √ab c) 2ab / (a + b) d) (b – a)/2
12) Find C of Lagrange’s theorem mean value theorem for f(x) = 7x2 – 13x – 19 in
[-11/7, 13/7]
a) 1/7 b) 2/7 c) 3/7 d) 4/7
13) Find C of Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f(x) = ex in [0, 1]
a) 0.5 b) log(e – 1) c) log(e + 1) d) log[(e + 1) / (e – 1)]
14) Lagrange’s mean value theorem cannot be applied for the function f(x) = x1/3 in [-1, 1]
because
a) f(x) is not continuous in [-1, 1] b) f(x) is not differentiable in (-1,1)
c) f(x) is neither continuous not differentiable in [-1, 1] d) none of the above
Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem:
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that
a) f(x) and g(x) are continuous in [a, b]
b) f(x) and g(x) are differentiable in (a, b)
c) g1(x) ≠ 0 for all x in (a, b)
then there exists atleast one value C in ( a,b) such that
[f1(C) / g1(C)] = [f(b) – f(a)] / [g(b) – g(a)]
15) Find C of Cauchy’s mean value theorem for f(x) = ex and g(x) = e-x in [a, b]
a) (a + b) /2 b) √ab c) 2ab / (a + b) d) (b – a) / 2
16) Find C of cauchy’s mean value theorem for f(x) = √x and g(x) = 1/√x in [a, b]
a) (a + b) / 2 b) √ab c) 2ab / (a + b) d) (b – a) / 2
ACE Academy CALCULUS 25

17) Find C of Cauchy’s mean value theorem for the functions 1/x and 1/x2 in [a, b]
a) (a + b)/2 b) √ab c) 2ab / (a + b) d) (b – a)/2
18) Find C of Cauchy’s mean value theorem for the functions Sinx and Cosx in (-π/2, 0)
a) -π/3 b) -π/4 c) -π/6 d) -π/8
Definite Integrals: The first fundamental theorem of integral calculus:
If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] and F(x) in any antiderivative of f(x) in [a, b] then
b
∫ f(x) dx = F(b) – F(a)
a
The second fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus: If f(x) is continuous on [a, b]
x b
then F(x)=∫ f(t) dt is differentiable at every point of x in [a,b] and dF/dx = d/dx ∫ f(t) dt = f(x)
a a
Corollary: If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] then there exists a function F(x) whose derivative
on [a, b] is f(x).
Theorem:3: If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and U(x) and V(x) are differentiable functions of x
whose values lie in [a, b], then
V(x)
d ∫ f(t) dt = f(V(x)) (dV / dx) – f(U(x)) (dU/dx)
dx U(x)

Properties of Definite Integrals:

b b
1) ∫ f(x) dx = ∫ f(y) dy
a a
b a
2) ∫ f(x) dx = - ∫ f(x) dx
a b

3) If a < c < b then

b c b
∫ f(x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx
a a c
a a
4) ∫ f(x) dx = ∫ f(a – x) dx
0 0
a a
5) ∫ f(x) dx = 2 ∫ f(x) dx if f(x) is even
-a 0
= 0 if f(x) is odd
2a a
6) ∫ f(x) dx = 2 ∫ f(x) dx if f(2a – x) = f(x)
0 0
= 0 if f(2a – x) = - f(x)
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na a
7) ∫ f(x) dx = n ∫ f(x) dx if f(x + a) = f(x)
0 0
i.e; f(x) is a periodic function with period a
b b
8) ∫ f(x) dx = ∫ f(a + b – x) dx
a a
a a
9) ∫ x f(x) dx = a/2 ∫ f(x) dx if f(a – x) = f(x)
0 0
π/2 π/2
10) ∫ Sin x dx = ∫ Cosnx dx =
n

0 0
[(n – 1)/n] . [(n – 3) / (n – 2)] . [(n – 5) / (n – 4)] ……. (2/3) if n is odd
[(n – 1)/n] . [(n – 3) / (n – 2)] . [(n – 5) / (n – 4)] ……… 1/2 . (π/2) if n is
even
π/2
11) ∫ Sinmx . Cosnx dx =
0
{(m – 1) (m – 3) (m – 5) …… (2 or 1)} . [(n – 1)(n – 2) ….(2 or 1)] . k
(m + n) (m + n – 2) (m + n – 4) …….(2 or 1)
Where k = π/2 When both m and n are even, otherwise k = 1

PROBLEMS

2
19) ∫ |1 – x| dx =
0
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 2 d) 3/2
1
20) ∫ x(1 – x)5 dx =
0
a) 1/42 b) 1/48 c) 1/12 d) 1/56
1
21) ∫ x2 . Sinx dx =
-1 x4 + 1
a) 0 b) π c) 2 d) π/2
π/2
22) ∫ x10 . log |(1 + Sinx) / (1 – Sinx)| dx =
-π/2
a) 0 b) π c) 2 d) π/2

1
23) ∫ |x| dx =
-1
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 4
ACE Academy CALCULUS 27

π
24) ∫ Sin3x dx =
0
a) 2/3 b) 4/3 c) 0 d) π/3
π/2
25) ∫ [(Sinx – Cosx) / (1 + Sinx . Cosx)] dx =
0
a) 0 b) π c) π/2 d) π/4
π/2
26) ∫ dx / (1 + √cot x) =
0
a) 0 b) π c) π/2 d) π/4
π/2
27) ∫ (Sin2x . log(tanx)) dx =
0
a) 0 b) π c) π/2 d) π/4
π/4
28) ∫ log(1 + tanx) dx =
0
a) 0 b) π/2 log 2 c) π/8 log 2 d) -π/4 log 2
π
29) ∫ [(x . Sinx) / (1 + Cos2x)] dx =
0
a) π2 b) π2/2 c) π2/4 d) π2/8
π
30) ∫ dx / (a2 Cos2x + b2 Sin2x) =
0
a) 0 b) πab c) π/ab d) π / (a2 + b2)
π
31) ∫ x . Sin6x . Cos4x dx =
0
a) 3π2 / 512 b) 5π2/256 c) 3π2/128 d) 5π2/128
π
32) ∫ [(x . tanx) / (Secx + tanx)] dx =
0
a) 0 b) π(π - 2) /4 c) π(π - 2) /2 d) π
π2/4
33) ∫ Sin√x dx =
0
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) π/2
3
34) ∫ [√x / (√x + √5 – x)] dx =
2
a) 1 b) 2.5 c) 0.5 d) 1.5
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π
35) ∫ Sin4x dx =
-π
a) π/4 b) π/2 c) 3π/2 d) 0

π
36) ∫ Sin4x Cos5x dx =
0
a) 0 b) 3π/256 c) 3π/128 d) 5π/128
2π
37) ∫ Sin4x Cos6x dx =
0
a) 3π/128 b) 3π/256 c) 3π/64 d) 0

2π
38) ∫ Sin4x Cos5x dx =
0
a) 0 b) 3π/128 c) 5π/128 d) 3π/256

IMPROPER INTEGRALS
b
* ∫ f(x) dx is said to be an improper integral of first kind if a = - ∞ or b = ∞ or both.
a
b
* ∫ f(x) dx is said to be an improper integral of second kind if f(x) is infinite for one or
a more values of x in [a, b].

b
* ∫ f(x) dx is said to be convergent if the value of integral is finite.
a ∞ ∞
* If (i) 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ g(x) for all x and (ii) ∫ g(x) dx converges then ∫ f(x) dx also
converges. a a

∞ ∞
* If (i) f(x) ≥ g(x) ≥ 0 for all x and (ii) ∫ g(x) dx diverges then ∫ f(x) dx also converges.
a a
* If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that Lt [f(x) / g(x)] = k (finite and ≠ 0) then
∞ ∞ n→∞
∫ f(x) dx and ∫ g(x) dx converge or diverge together.
a a
∞
* ∫ (dx / xp) converges when p > 1 and diverges when p ≤ 1
1
∞ b
* ∫ e – px dx and ∫ epx dx converges for any constant p > 0 and diverge for p ≤ 0.
a -∞
ACE Academy CALCULUS 29

b
* The integral ∫ dx / (b – x)p is convergent iff p < 1
a
b
* The integral ∫ dx / (x – a)p converges iff p < 1
a
* Suppose f(x) is continuous in (a, b) and f(x) → ∞ as x →b. If f(x) and g(x) are
b b
positive and Lt [f(x) / g(x)] = l (finite and ≠ 0) then ∫ f(x) dx and ∫ g(x) dx converge or
x→b a a
diverge together.

* Suppose f(x) is continuous in (a, b) and f(x) → ∞ as x → a. If f(x) and g(x) are
b b
positive and Lt [f(x) / g(x)] = l (finite and ≠ 0) then ∫ f(x) dx and ∫ g(x) dx converge or
x→a a a
diverge together.

PROBLEMS

39) Which of the following improper integrals is divergent

∞ 1 1 ∞
a) ∫ [1 / (1 + x2)] dx b) ∫ [x / √(1 – x2)] dx c) ∫ log xdx d) ∫ x . Sinx dx
0 0 0 0

40) Which of the following improper integrals is divergent

∞ ∞ ∞ 2
a) ∫ [1 / (1 + x2)] dx b) ∫ e-x dx c) ∫ dx / x5 d) ∫ 1 / x3 dx
-∞ 0 1 0
41) Which of the following improper integrals is divergent
1 ∞ ∞ ∞
1/3 2 2
a) ∫ [dx / x ] dx b) ∫ [dx / x√(x – 1)] c) ∫ [1/x ] dx d) ∫ (1/√x) dx
0 1 1 1
42) Which of the following integrals is divergent
-1 1 1 ∞
4 2
a) ∫ 1 / x dx b) ∫ 1 / x dx c) ∫ [1/√(1 – x2)]dx d) ∫ [1/(x2 + 2x + 2)]dx
-∞ 0 0 0

43) Which of the following improper integrals is divergent.

∞ ∞ 1 1
a) ∫ x3 . e-x dx b) ∫ [logx / x3] dx c) ∫ x . logx dx d) ∫ dx / (x .x1/3)
0 0 0 -1
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44) Consider the integrals

∞ ∞
I1 = ∫ dx / [x2 (1 + ex)] and I2 = ∫ [(x + 1) / x√x] dx
1 1
Which of the following is true
a) I1 is convergent and I2 is divergent b) I1 is divergent and I2 is convergent
c) I1 and I2 are convergent d) I1 and I2 are divergent
45) Which of the following integrals is divergent
1 ∞ 1 2
a) ∫ [1 / √(1 – x)] dx b) ∫ [Sinx / x3] dx c) ∫ 1/x2 dx d) ∫ [1 / √|(1 – x2)|] dx

0 1 -1 0
46) Which of the following integrals is divergent
1 ∞ π/2 e
a) ∫ [1 / √(x + 4x3)] dx b) ∫ dx / [x(logx)]3 c) ∫ secx dx d) ∫ [dx / x(logx)1/3]
0 e2 0 1
47) Which of the following improper integrals is convergent
∞ ∞
a) ∫ [(x + √(x + 1) / (x + 2(x +1) )] dx
2 4 1/5
b) ∫ [(3 + 2x2)1/7 / (x3 – 1)1/5]dx
1 2
∞ ∞
c) ∫ dx / √[x(x –1) (x – 2) (x > 3)] d) ∫ [1 / x1/ 3(1 + x)1/2]dx
3 1
48) Which of the following improper integrals is divergent
∞ ∞ 1 1
a) ∫ [x / (1 + x) ] dx
3
b) ∫ dx / [(1 + x) √x] c) ∫ dx / [x1/2 + x3)] d) ∫ dx / [x2(1+x)2]
1 1 0 0
49) Which of the following improper integrals is / are convergent
1 1
6 1/5
a) ∫ [1 / {(x – 1) (x – 2) }] dx b) ∫ [xa – 1 / x + 1] dx (a > 0)
0 0
π/2 1
c) ∫ [√x / Sinx] dx d) ∫ dx / [x1/3 (1 – x)1/3]
0 1/2
Partial Derivatives and Total Derivatives:
If u = f(x, y) then
(∂u / ∂x) = Lt [f(x + h, y) – f(x, y)] / h and
h→0
(∂u / ∂y) = Lt [f(x, y+k) – f(x, y)] / k
k→0
(∂/∂x) (∂u / ∂x) = (∂2u / ∂x2) = fxx
(∂/∂u) (∂u / ∂y) = (∂2u / ∂y2) = fyy
(∂/∂x) (∂u / ∂y) = (∂2u / ∂u∂y) = fxy
(∂/∂y) (∂u / ∂x) = (∂2u / ∂y ∂x) = fyx
In general, fxy = fyx
ACE Academy CALCULUS 31

Euler’s Theorem: If u = f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n then

x . ux + y . uy = nu

*Cor.1 If u = f(x, y, z) is a homogeneous function of degree n then

x . ux + y . uy + z . uz = nu
x2 . uxx + 2xy . uxy + y2 . uyy = n(n-1) u
* Cor.2 If u = f(x, y) is not a homogeneous function but F(u) is a homogeneous function of
degree n
then
i) x . ux + y . uy = n [F(u) / F1(u)] = G(u)
ii) x2 . uxx + 2xy . uxy + y2 . uyy = G(u) {G1(u) – 1}
* Cor.3 If u = f(x, y) + g(x, y) + h(x, y) where f, g, h are homogeneous functions of degrees
m, n, p
respectively then
i) x . ux + y . uy = m . f + n . g + p . h
ii) x2 . uxx + 2xy uxy + y2 . uyy = m(m –1) f + n(n – 1)g + p(p – 1)h
Total derivative
* If u = f(x, y) where x and y are functions of t then the total derivative of u with respect t is
given by
(du / dt) = (∂u / ∂x) . (dx / dt) + (∂u / ∂y) . (dy / dt)
* Taking x = t in the above equation
(du / dx) = (∂u / ∂x) + (∂u / ∂y) . (dy / dx)
This formula can be used for finding total derivative of u with respect to x, when x and y
are connected by some relation.
* If f(x, y) = C is an implicit function of x and y then
(dy / dx) = - (fx / fy)
* If u = f(x, y) where x = g(r, s) and y = h(r, s) then
(∂u / ∂r) = (∂u/∂x) . (∂x/∂r) + (∂u/∂y) . (∂y/∂r)
(∂u / ∂s) = (∂u/∂x) . (∂x/∂s) + (∂u/∂y) . (∂y/∂s)

PROBLEMS
50) The total derivative of x2y with respect to x, when x and y are connected by the
relation x2 + xy + y2 = 1 is
a) 2xy –x2 2x + y b) x2y + xy2 c) x2y – xy2 d) 2xy – y2 x + 2y
x + 2y x + 2y y + 2x 2x + y
51) If u = x log(xy) where x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1 then (du / dx) =
a) 0 b) 1 + log(xy) – [x(x2 + y) / y(y2 + x)]
2 2
c) 1 + log(y/x) – [(x + y) / (x + y ) d) log(x/y) + [(x2 + y) / (x + y2)
52) If u = Sin(x2 + y2) where a2x2 + b2y2 = C2 then (du / dx) =
a) 2(1 – a2/b2)x cos(x2 + y2) b) 2x (a2 + b2) / b2 Cos(x2 + y2)
2 2 2 2 2
c) 2 x(a – b )/a Cos(x + y ) d) 2x(a2 – b2) / b2 Cos(x2 + y2)
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53) If U = Sin-1(x/y) + Cos(y/x) then Ux / Uy =

a) x/y b) y/x c) – x/y d) –y/x
54) Let r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and V = rn then Vxx + Vyy + Vzz =
a) 0 b) n(n+1) rn – 2 c) n(n – 1) rn – 2 d) n(n + 2) rn – 2
55) If U = (y/z) + (z/x) then x . Ux + y . Uy + z. Uz =
a) 0 b) xy / z2 c) yz / x2 d) zx / y2
56) If V = (x2 + y2 + z2)-2 then Vxx + Vyy + Vzz =
a) 0 b) (x2 + y2 + z2) c) 12(x2 + y2 + z2)-3 d) (x2 + y2 + z2)-2
2 2 2 2
57) If U = f(r) where r = x + y + z then Uxx + Uyy + Uzz =
a) f11(r) + (2/r) f1(r) b) f11(r) + (1/r2) f1(r) c) f11(r) + 3/r f1(r) d) f11(r) – 2/r f1(r)
58) If U = f(r) where x = rcosθ and y = r Sinθ then Uxx + Uyy =
a) f11(r) + 1/r f1(r) b) f11(r) + 2/r f1(r) c) f11(r) – 1/r f1(r) d) f11(r) – 2/r f1(r)
59) If SinU = [(x + 2y + 3z) / (x8 + y8 + z8)] then x . Ux + y . Uy + z . Uz =
a) (1/7) tan U b) – 7 tan U c) (1/7) sec U d) (–1/20) tan U
60) If U = log[(x4 + y4) / (x – y)] then x2 . Uxx + 2xy . Uxy + y2 . Uyy =
a) 0 b) 3 c) – 3 d) 1/3
61) If U = Cosec-1[(x1/4 + y1/4) / (x1/5 – y1/5)] then x . Ux + y . Uy =
a) (1/20) Cot U b) (– 1/ 20) Cot U c) (1/20) tan U d) (– 1/20) tan U

62) If U = [(x3 + y3) / (x – y)] + x Sin(x/y) then x2 . Uxx + 2xy . Uxy + y2 . Uyy =
a) 0 b) 2[(x3 + y3) / (x – y)]
3 3
c) [(x + y ) / (x – y)] – Sin(x/y) d) [(x3 + y3) / (x – y)] – Cos(x/y)
63) If Z = xn f1(y/x) + y-nf2(x/y) then x(∂z / ∂x) + y(∂z/∂y) + x2 Zxx + 2xy . Zxy + y2 . Zyy =
a) 0 b) n(n + 1)Z c) n2Z d) (n2 – n) Z
64) If U = f(r, s) where r = x + y and s = x – y then Ux + Uy =
a) 2 Ur b) 2 Us c) – 2 Ur d) – 2 Us
65) If U = f(x – y, y – z, z – x) then Ux + Uy + Uz =
a) 0 b) U c) 2U d) 3 U
66) If Z = f(x, y) where x = eu + e-v and y = e-u – ev then Zu – Zv =
a) x . Zx – y . Zy b) x . Zx + y . Zy c) x . Zy + y . Zx d) x . Zy – y . Zx
67) If U = f(x + Cy) + g(x – Cy) then Uxx / Uyy =
a) C2 b) C-2 c) – C2 d) – C-2
68) If U = log(x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz) then Ux + Uy + Uz =
a) –3 / (x + y + z) b) 3 / (x + y + z) c) 9 / (xy + yz + zx) d) – 9 / (xy + yz + zx)

69) If U = log(x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz) then (∂/∂x + ∂/∂y + ∂/∂z)2 u =

a) 3 / (x + y + z)2 b) – 3/ (x + y + z)2 c) 9 / (x + y +z)2 d) – 9 / (x + y + z)2
ACE Academy CALCULUS 33

70) If U = eax + by f (ax – by) then b.ux + a. uy

a) 0 b) 2abU c) 2(a + b) U d) 2(a – b) U
Maxima and Minima:
Def: A function f(x) has a maximum at x = a if there exists some interval (a – δ, a + δ)
around ‘a’ such that f(a) > f(x) for all x in (a - δ, a + δ)
A function f(x, y) has a minimum at x = a if there exists some interval (a – δ, a + δ) around
‘a’ such that f(a) < f(x) for all values of x in the interval
Extremum: The term used for both for maximum and minimum
A necessary condition for f(a) to be an extreme value of f(x) is f1(a) = 0
The vanishing of f1(a) = 0 is only a necessary but not a sufficient condition for f(a) to be
an extreme value of f(x)
Ex: For the function f(x) = x3 , f(0) is not an extremum, eventhough f1(0) = 0
Ex: f(0) is a minimum value of f(x) = |x| eventhough f1(0) does not exist

Stationary Values: A function f(x) is said to be stationary for x = C and f(C) is a stationary
value of f(x) if f1(C) = 0
A stationary value may neither be a maximum nor a minimum
Greatest value and least values of a function in the interval [a, b] are f(a) or f(b) or are given
by the values of x for which f1(x) = 0
Sufficient conditions for Extrema:
Theorem: f(C) is an extremum of f(x) iff f1(x) changes sign as x passes through C
Case(i): If f1(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x passes through C then f(C) is
a maximum value of f(x)
Case(ii) : If f1(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x passes through C then f(C)
is a maximum.
Case(iii) : If f1(x) does not change sign as x passes through C then f(C) is not an
extremum.
Theorem: A function f(x) has a maximum at x = a if f1(a) = 0 and f11(a) < 0
A function f(x) has a minimum at x = a if f1(a) = 0 and f11(a) > 0

PROBLEMS
3 2
71) The function f(x) = 2x – 3x – 36x + 10 has a maximum at x =
a) 3 b) 2 c) – 3 d) – 2
72) The minimum value of f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 36x + 10 is
a) 0 b) – 13 c) – 17 d) 3
73) A maximum value of f(x) = (logx / x) is
a) e b) e-1 c) e – 1 d) e + 1
74) The function f(x) = xx has a minimum at x =
a) e b) e-1 c) 0 d) e + 1
34 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy

75) The minimum value of f(x) = x . logx is

a) e b) e-1 c) – e d) – e-1

76) The maximum value of x . e-x is

a) e b) e-1 c) 1 d) – e
77) The maximum value of f(x) = Sinx + Cos2x in the interval [0, π] is
a) 2 b) 1.5 c) 5/7 d) 9/8
78) f(x, y) = x3 + y3 -3xy has
a) a maximum at (1, 1) b) a minimum at (1, 1)
c) a saddle point at (1, 1) d) neither maximum nor minimum
79) At (a, a), f(x, y) = xy + a3/x + a3/y has
a) a maximum b) a minimum
c) a maximum if a > 0 d) neither maximum nor minimum
80) At (√2, -√2), f(x, y) = x4 + y4 – 2x2 + 4xy – 2y2 has
a) a minimum b) a maximum
c) a saddle point d) neither maximum nor minimum
81) A rectangular box open at the top is to have a volume 32 C.C. Find the dimensions
of the box requiring least material for its construction
a) 4 cm,4 cm,2 cm b) 2 cm,2 cm,8 cm c) 16 cm,1 cm,1cm d) 8 cm,8 cm,½ cm
82) If f1(x) = (x + 2)(x – 1)2(2x – 1)(x – 3) then at x = ½ , f(x) has
a) a maximum b) a minimum
c) neither maximum nor minimum d) no stationary point

Constrained Maximum or Minimum:

To find maximum or minimum of U = f(x, y, z) where x, y, z are connected by φ(x,y,z) = 0.

Working Rule: a) Write F(x, y, z) = f(x, y, z) + λ φ(x, y, z)

b) Obtain the equations Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0
c) Solve the above equations along with φ = 0 to get stationary point
83) Find the minimum value of x2 + y2 + z2 so that xyz = 8
a) 8 b) 12 c) 21 d) 27
84) Find the maximum value of x2 + y2 + z2 so that x + y + z = 1
a) 1 b) ½ c) 1/3 d) ¼
85) Divide 24 into three parts x, y, z so that xy2z3 is a maximum
a) 8, 8, 8 b) 4, 8, 12 c) 6, 9, 9 d) 6, 8,10
86) Let T = 400 xyz2 find maximum value of T so that x2 + y2 + z2 = 1
a) 50 b) 100 c) 200 d) 800
87) Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parellelopiped that can be inscribed in
the ellipsoid (x2/a2) + (y2/b2) + (z2/c2)= 1
a) abc / 3√3 b) 4abc / 3√3 c) 8abc / 3√3 d) 2abc / 3√3
ACE Academy CALCULUS 35

2π
88) What is the value of ∫ (x - π)2 . Sinx dx (GATE ’05)
0
a) -1 b) 0 c) 1 d) π
KEY
01. c 02. c 03. a 04. c 05. b 06. b 07. b 08. c 09. a 10. b 11. a 12. a
13. b 14. b 15. a 16. b 17. c 18. b 19. a 20. a 21. a 22. a 23. b 24. b
25. a 26. d 27. a 28. c 29. c 30. c 31. a 32. c 33. c 34. c 35. c 36. a
37. a 38. a 39. d 40. d 41. d 42. b 43. d 44. a 45. c 46. c 47. c 48. d
49. b, c 50. a 51. b 52. a 53. d 54. b 55. a 56. a 57. a 58. a 59. b 60. c
61. d 62. b 63. c 64. a 65. a 66. a 67. b 68. b 69. d 70. b 71. d 72. d
73. b 74. b 75. d 76. b 77. d 78. b 79. b 80. a 81. a 82. a 83. b 84. c
85. b 86. a 87. c 88. b.

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

DOUBLE INTEGRALS
x2 y2
Consider the double Integral ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dxdy.
x1 y1
Its value is found as follows:
i) When y1, y2 are functions of x and x1, x2 are constants, f(x, y) is first integrated with
respect to y keeping x fixed between limits y1, y2 and then the resulting expression is
integrated with respect to x within the limits x1, x2 i.e.,
x2 y2
I1 = ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dy dx
x1 y1

ii) When x1, x2 are functions of y and y1, y2 are constants, f(x, y) is first integrated with
respect to x keeping y fixed, within the limits x1, x2 and the resulting expression is
integrated with respect to y between the limits y1, y2 i.e.,
y2 x2
I2 = ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dx dy
y1 x1

iii) When both pairs of limits are constants, it hardly matters whether we first integrate
with respect to x and then with respect to y or vice versa.

CHANGE OF ORDER OF INTEGRATION

In a double integral with variable limits, the change of order of integration changes the limits
of integration. To fix up the new limits, it is always advisable to draw a rough sketch of the
region of integration.
36 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy

DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR CO – ORDINATES

θ2 r2
To evaluate ∫ ∫ f(r, θ) drdθ, we first integrate with respect to r between limits r = r1 and
θ1 r1
r = r2

keeping θ fixed and the resulting expression is integrated w.r.t θ from θ1 to θ2. In this
integral, r1, r2 are functions of θ and θ1, θ2 are constants.

TRIPLE INTEGRALS
x2 y2 z2
Integral ∫ ∫ ∫ f(x, y, z) dxdydz.
x1 y1 z1
If x1, x2 are constants ; y1, y2 are either constants or functions of x and z1, z2 are either
constants or functions of x and y, then this integral is evaluated as follows:
First f(x, y, z) is integrated w.r.t z between the limits z1 and z2 keeping x and y fixed.
The resulting expression is integrated w.r.t y between the limits y1 and y2 keeping x constant.
The result just obtained is finally integrated w.r.t x from x1 to x2.
x2 y2(x) z2(x, y)
Thus I = ∫ ∫ ∫ f(x, y, z) dz dy dx
x1 y1(x) z1(x, y)

CHANGE OF VARIABLES

An appropriate choice of co – ordinates quite facilitates the evaluation of a double or

a triple integral. By changing the variables, a given integral can be transformed into a simpler
integral involving the new variables.

1) In a double integral, let the variables x, y be changed to the new variables u, v by the
transformation
x = φ (u, v) , y = ψ(u, v)
where φ(u, v) and ψ(u, v) are continuous and have continuous first order derivatives in some
region R1uv in the uv – plane which corresponds to the region Rxy in the xy – plane. Then
∫ ∫ f(x, y) dxdy = ∫ ∫ f [φ(u, v), ψ(u, v)] |J| dudv
Rxy R1uv
Where ∂(x, y)
J= (≠ 0)
∂(u, v)
is the Jacobian of transformation from (x, y) to (u, v) co – ordinates.

2) For triple integrals, the formula corresponding to (1) is

∫ ∫ ∫ f(x, y, z) dxdydz = ∫ ∫ ∫ f [x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)] |J| dudvdw
Rxyz R1uvw
Where J = ∂(x, y, z)
(≠ 0)
∂(u, v, w)
is the Jacobian of transformation from (x, y, z) to (u, v, w) co – ordinates.
ACE Academy CALCULUS 37

Particular Cases:
i) To change Cartesian co – ordinates (x, y) to polar co –ordinates (r,θ),
we have x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ and
∂(x, y)
J=
∂(r, θ) = r
∴ ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dx dy = ∫ ∫ f(r cos θ, r sin θ) . r drdθ
Rxy R1rθ

ii) To change rectangular co – ordinates (x, y, z) to cylindrical co – ordinates (ρ, φ, z) , we

have x = ρ cosφ, y = ρ sinφ, z = z
and ∂(x, y, z)
J= =ρ
∂(ρ, φ, z)
Then ∫ ∫ ∫ f(x, y, z) dxdydz = ∫ ∫ ∫ f(ρ cosφ, ρ sinφ, z) . ρ dρdφdz
1
Rxyz R ρφz

iii) To change rectangular co – ordinates (x, y, z) to spherical polar co – ordinates (r, θ, φ), we
have x = r sinθ cosφ, y = r sinθ sinφ, z = r cosθ
and ∂(x, y, z) 2
J=
∂(r, θ, φ) = r sinθ
Then ∫ ∫ ∫ f(x, y, z) dxdydz = ∫ ∫ ∫ f(r sinθ cosφ, r sinθ sinφ, r cosθ) . r2 sinθ drdθdφ
Rxyz R1rθφ
38 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy

PROBLEMS

a √(a2 – y2)
1. Change the order of integration in the integral I = ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dx dy
a √(a2 – x2) -a 0
Ans) I = ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dydx
0 - √(a2 – x2)
2. Calculate ∫ ∫ r3 dr dθ over the area included between the circles r = 2 sinθ and r = 4 sinθ
Ans) 2.25 π

Evaluate the following integrals

2 3
3. ∫ ∫ xy2 dx dy Ans) 13
1 1

1 √x
4. ∫ ∫ (x2 + y2) dx dy Ans) 3/35
0 x

1 4 2
5. ∫ ∫ ex dx dy Ans) (e16 – 1) / 8
0 4y

4 x2
6. ∫ ∫ ey/x dy dx Ans) 3e4 -7
0 0

1 √(1 + x2)
7. ∫ ∫ 1 dydx Ans) (¼) π log(1 + √2)
0 0 1 + x2 + y2

8. ∫ ∫ xy dx dy over the positive quadrant of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 Ans) a4/8

9. ∫ ∫ xy(x + y) dx dy over the area between y = x2 and y = x. Ans) 3/56

Evaluate the following integrals by changing the order of integration

1 √(1 – x2)
10. ∫ ∫ y2 dxdy Ans) π/16
0 0

3 √(4 – y)
11. ∫ ∫ (x + y) dxdy Ans) 241/60
0 1
ACE Academy CALCULUS 39

∞ ∞
12. ∫ ∫ (e-y / y) dydx Ans) 1
0 x

∞ x 2
13. ∫ ∫ xe-x / y dy dx Ans) 1/2
0 0

14. Evaluate ∫ ∫ r sinθ dr dθ over the cardioid r = a(1 - cosθ) above the initial line. Ans) 4a3/3

15. Show that ∫ ∫ r2 sinθ dr dθ = 2a3/3, where R is the semi – circle r = 2a cosθ above the.
R
initial line

1 z x+z
16) Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ (x + y + z) dx dy dz Ans) 0
-1 0 x-z

1 √(1 – x2) √(1 – x2 – y2)

17) Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ xyz dxdydz Ans) 1/48
0 0 0

1 2 2
18) ∫ ∫ ∫ x2yz dx dy dz Ans) 7/3
0 0 1

4 2√z √(4z – x2)

19) ∫ ∫ ∫ dy dx dz Ans) 8π
0 0 0

a x x+y
20) ∫ ∫ ∫ ex + y + z dz dy dx Ans) 1/8 e4a – ¾ e2a + ea – 3/8
0 0 0

21) Calculate by double integration, the volume generated by the revolution of the cardioid
r = a(1 - cosθ) about its axis. Ans) 8πa3 / 3

22) Evaluate ∫ ∫ (x + y)2 dx dy, where R is the parallelogram in the XY – plane with vertices
R
(1, 0) (3, 1) (2, 2) (0, 1) using the transformation u = x + y and v = x – 2y. Ans) 21

∞∞

∫∫e
-( x 2 + y 2 )
23) Evaluate dx dy by changing to polar coordinates. Hence show that
0 0
∞
π
∫e
−x 2
dx = Ans) √(π/2)
0
2
40 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy

PREVIOUS GATE QUESTIONS - “CALCULUS”

1. The integration of ∫ log x dx has the value (GATE’94)

a) (x logx – 1) b) logx – x c) x(logx – 1) d) None of the above

2. The volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 8x and the line
x = 2 about y – axis is (GATE’94)
a) 128π / 5 b) 5 / 128π c) 127 / 5π d) None above

3. The function y = x2 + (250/x) at x = 5 attains (GATE’94)

a) Maximum b) Minimum c) Neither d) 1

4. The value of ξ in the mean value theorem of f(b) – f(a) = (b – a) f’ (ξ) for
f(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C in (a,b) is (GATE’94)
a) b + a b) b-a c) (b + a)/2 d) (b – a)/2

5. The area bounded by the parabola 2y = x2 and the lines x = y – 4 is equal to (GATE’95)
a) 6 b) 18 c) ∞ d) none of the above

2 2x
6. By reversing the order of integration. ∫ ∫ f(x, y)dy dx may be represented as (GATE’95)
0 x2
2 2x 2 √y 4 √y 2x 2
a) ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dy dx b) ∫ ∫ (x, y) dx dy c) ∫ ∫ (x,y) dx dy d) ∫ ∫ (x,y) dy dx
0 x2 0y 0 y/2 x2 0

7. The third term in the Taylor’s series expansion of ex about a would be (GATE’95)
a) ea(x – a) b) ea/2(x – a)2 c) ea/2 d) ea/6(x – a)3

8. Lim x sin(1/x) is (GATE’95)

x→0
a) ∞ b) 0 c) 1 d) non – existant
9. The function f(x) = | x + 1 | on the interval [-2,0] is (GATE’95)
a) continuous and differentiable
b) continuous on the interval but not differentiable at all points
c) neither continuous nor differentiable
d) differentiable but not continuous

10. The function f(x) = x3- 6x2 + 9x + 25 has (GATE’95)

a) a maxima at x = 1 and a minima at x = 3 b) a maxima at x = 3 and a minima at x = 1
c) no maxima, but a minima at x = 3 d) a maxima at x = 1, but no minima

11. If f(0) = 2 and f(x) = 1 / (5 – x2), the lower and upper bounds of f(1) estimated by the
mean value theorem are (GATE’95)
a) 1.9, 2.2 b) 2.2, 2.25 c) 2.25, 2.5 d) none of the above
ACE Academy CALCULUS 41

12. If a function is continuous at a point its first derivative (GATE’96)

a) may or may not exist b) exists always
c) will not exist d) has a unique value

13. Area bounded by the curve y = x2 and lines x = 4 and y = 0 is given by, (GATE’97)
a) 64 b) 64/3 c) 128/3 d) 128/4

14. The curve given by the equation x2 + y2 = 3axy, is (GATE’97)

a) symmetrical about x – axis b) symmetrical about y – axis
c) symmetrical about line y = x d) tangential to x = y = a/3

15. ex is periodic, with a period of (GATE’97)

a) 2π b) 2iπ c) π d) i π

16. Lt sin mθ, where m is an integer, is one of the following: (GATE’97)

θ→0 θ
a) m b) mπ c) mθ d) 1

17. If y=|x| for x<0 and y = x for x ≥0, then (GATE’97)

a) dy/dx is discontinuous at x = 0 b) y is discontinuous at x = 0
c) y is not defined at x = 0 d) Both y and dy/dx are discontinuous at x = 0
2
x
18. If ∅ (x) = ∫ √t dt, then (d∅ / dx ) is (GATE’98)
0

a) 2x2 b) √ x c) 0 d) 1

19. The continuous function f(x, y) is said to have saddle point at (a, b) if
(GATE’98)
a) fx(a, b) = fy(a, b) = 0; f 2xy – fxx fyy < 0 at (a, b)
b) fx(a, b) = 0; fy(a, b) = 0; f 2xy – fxx fyy > 0 at (a, b)
c) fx(a, b) = 0; fy(a, b) = 0; fxx and fyy < 0 at (a, b)
d) fx(a, b) = fy(a, b) = 0; f 2xy – fxx fyy = 0 at (a, b)

20. The Taylor’s series expansion of sinx is (GATE’98)

a) 1 – x2/2! + x4/4! -… b) 1 + x2/4! + x4/4! +…
c) x + x3/3! + x5/5! +… d) x – x3/3! + x5/5! - …

21. A discontinuous real function can be expressed as (GATE’98)

a) Taylor’s series and Fourier’s series
b) Taylor’s series and not by Fourier’s series
c) neither Taylor’s series nor Fourier’s series
d) not by Taylor’s series, but by Fourier’s series

22. Limit of the function lim n is (GATE’99)

n→∞ √n2 + n
a) ½ b) 0 c) ∞ d) 1
42 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy

23. The function f(x) = ex is (GATE’99)

a) Even b) Odd c) Neither even nor odd d) None of the above

24. Value of the function lim (x – a)(x – a) is (GATE’99)

x→a
a) 1 b) 0 c) ∞ d) a

25. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function f(x) = sinx + cos 2x over the
range 0 < x < 2π. (GATE’99)

26.∏/2 ∏/2 (GATE - 2000)

∫ ∫ sin (x + y) dx dy is
0 0

(a) 0 (b) π (c) π/2 (d) 2

27. The limit of the function f(x) = [(1 – a4) / x4] as x → ∞ is given by (GATE - 2000)
a) 1 b) exp[-a4] c) ∞ d) zero

28. The maxima and minima of the function f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 10 occur, respectively,
at (GATE - 2000)
a) x = 3 & x = 2 b) x = 1& x = 3 c) x = 2 & x = 3 d) x = 3 & x = 4

29. If f(x, y, z) = (x2 + y2 + z2)-1/2 (GATE - 2000)

∂2f + ∂2f + ∂2f is equal to
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2
a) zero b) 1 c) 2 d) -3(x2 + y2 + z2)-5/2
a
30. Consider the following integral lim ∫ x-4 dx (GATE - 2000)
a→∞ 1
a) diverges b) converges to 1/3 c) converges to -1/a3 d) converges to 0

π/4
31. The value of the integral is I = ∫ cos2x dx (GATE’01)
0
a) π/8 + ¼ b) π/8 – ¼ c) - π/8 – ¼ d) - π/8 + ¼

32. Which of the following functions is not differentiable in the domain [-1,1] ?
(GATE’02)
a) f (x) = x2 b) f (x) = x-1 c) f (x) = 2 d) f (x) = maximum (x,-x)

33. The value of the following definite integral is: (GATE’02)

π/2
∫ (Sin2x / 1 + cos x) dx
-π/2
a) -2 ln2 b) 2 c) 0
ACE Academy CALCULUS 43

1
34. The value of the following improper integral is ∫ x ln x (GATE’02)
0
a) ¼ b) 0 c) – ¼ d) 1

35. The function f(x,y) = 2x2 + 2xy – y3 has (GATE’02)

a) only one stationary point at (0,0)
b) two stationary points at (0,0) and (1/6, -1/3)
c) two stationary points at (0,0) and (1, -1)
d) no stationary point

36. Lt sin2 x is equal to (GATE’03)

x→0
x
a) 0 b) ∞ c) 1 d) -1

37. The area enclosed between the parabola y = x2 and the straight line y = x is (GATE’03)
a) 1/8 b) 1/6 c) 1/3 d) 1/2

38. If x = a (θ + sin θ) and y = a (1-cos θ), then (dy/dx) will be equal to (GATE’04)
a) sin (θ/2) b) cos (θ/2) c) tan(θ/2) d) cot (θ/2)

39. The volume of an object expressed in spherical co-ordinates is given by (GATE’04)

2π π/3 1
V= ∫ ∫ ∫ r2 sin φ dr dφ dθ
0 0 0
The value of the integral
a) π/3 b) π/6 c) 2π/3 d) π/4

40. The value of the function f(x) = lim x3 + x2 is (GATE’04)

x→0 2x3 – 7x2
a) 0 b) – 1 / 7 c) 1 / 7 d) ∞

41. The function f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 36x + 2 has its maxima at (GATE’04)
a) x = -2 only b) x = 0 only c) x = 3 only d) both x = -2 and x = 3

a
42. ∫ (sin6 x + sin7 x)dx is equal to (GATE’05)
-a

a a a
a) 2 ∫ sin6 xdx b) 2 ∫ sin7 xdx c) 2 ∫ (sin6x + sin7x)dx d) zero
0 0 0
44 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy

8 2
43. Changing the order of the integration in the double integral I = ∫ ∫ f (x,y) dy dx
0 x/ 4

leads to
s q
I = ∫ ∫ f(x,y) dydx. What is q? (GATE’05)
r p

a) 4y b) 16y2 c) x d) 8
44. By a change of variables x(u,v) = uv, y(u,v) = v /u in a double integral, the integrand
f(x,y) changes to f(uv,u /v) φ (u,v). Then, φ(u,v) is (GATE’05)
2
a) 2v/u b) 2uv c) v d) 1

KEY
1. c 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. a 11. 12. a
13. b 14. c 15. b 16. a 17. a 18. a 19. a 20. d 21. d 22. d 23. c 24. a
25. Max = 9/8 26. d 27. d 28. c 29. a 30. b 31. a 32. d 33. c 34. c 35. b
36. a 37. b 38. c 39. a 40. b 41. a 42. a 43. a 44.a
ACE Academy CALCULUS 45

PREVIOUS GATE QUESTIONS

∝ ∝

∫ ∫e
−x 2 2
01. The value of e − y dx dy is 04. The temperature T(in 0C) at any point
0 0 (x, y) on a surface is T = 400 xy2. The
(IN-2007-2M) highest temperature (in 0C) on the
circumference of the circle x2 + y2 = 1
π is
(a) (b) π
2
π (a) 128 (b) 154 (c) 233 (d) 381
(c) π (d)
4
05. A parabolic cable is held between two
supports at the same level. The
02. Consider the shaded triangular region
horizontal span between the supports
P shown in the figure. What is
is L.
∫∫ xy dx dy ?
P
(ME-2008-2M) The sag at the mid-span is h. The
x2
Y equation of the parabola is y = 4h 2 ,
L
1 where x is the horizontal coordinate
and y is the vertical coordinate with the
P origin at the centre of the cable. The
X expression for the total length of the
0
2 cable is (CE-2010-2M)
1 2 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
6 9 16
L
h2x2
(a) ∫0
1 + 64
L4
dx

03. If f(x, y) is a continuous function L/2

defined over (x, y) ∈ [0, 1] × [0, 1]. h3x 2
(b) 2 ∫ 1 + 64 dx
Given two constraints, x > y2 and 0 L4
y > x2, the volume under f(x, y) is
(EE-2009-2M) L/2
h 2x 2
y =1 x= y
(c) ∫
0
1 + 64
L4
dx

(a) ∫
y=0
∫ f(x, y) dx dy
x= y2
L/2
h 2x 2
y =1 x =1 (d) 2 ∫ 1 + 64 dx
L4
(b) ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dx dy 0

y=x 2 x = y2
06. The parabolic arc y = √x, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 is
y =1 x =1 revolved around the x-axis. The
(c) ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dx dy volume of the solid of revolution is
y=0 x =0 (ME-2010-1M)
π π
y= x x = y
(a) (b)
4 2
(d) ∫ ∫ f(x, y) dx dy
x =0 x =0
3π 3π
(c) (d)
4 2
46 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy

a 13. The minimum value of function y = x2

∫ [sin x + sin x ]dx is equal to
6 7
07. in the interval [1, 5] is (ME-2007-1M)
−a
(ME-2005-1M) (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 25 (d) undefined
a a
(a) 2 ∫ sin 6 x dx (b) 2 ∫ sin 7 x dx 14. Lim e x − 1 + x + x 
2

0 0  2 
a x
0  =
( )
(c) 2 ∫ sin 6 x + sin 7 x dx (d) zero x3
(ME-2007-2M)
0

08. For the function f(x) = x2e-x, the (a) 0 (b)

1
(c)
1
(d) 1
maximum occurs when x is equal to 6 3
(EE-2005-2M)
15. If y = x + x + x + x + ... ∝ then
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) −1
y(2) = ----- (ME-2007-2M)
1
1
09. The value of the integral ∫x
-1
2
dx is (a) 4 (or) 1
(c) 1 only
(b) 4 only
(d) Undefined
(IN-2005-1M)
16. What is the value of
(a) 2 (b) does not exists
Lim cosx- sinx
(c) −2 (d) ∝ = (PI-2007-1M)
x
π/4 x - π/4
∝
10. If S = ∫ x -3 dx then S has the value (a) 2 (b) 0
1
(EE-2005-1M) (c) − 2 (d) Limit does not exist.

−1 1 17. For the function f(x,y) = x2 – y2

(a) (b) defined on R2, the point (0, 0) is
3 4
(PI-2007-2M)
1
(c) (d) 1
2 (a) a local mimimum
11. For real x, the maximum value of (b) neither a local minimum (nor) a
e sin x local maximum.
is (IN-2007-2M)
e cos x
(c) a local maximum
(a) 1 (b) e (c) e 2 (d) ∝

12. Consider the function f(x) = |x|3, where (d) both a local minimum and a local
x is real. Then the function f(x) at maximum.
18.
x = 0 is (IN-2007-2M) Lim sin(θ /2)
is (EC-2007-1M)
x
0 θ
(a) continuous but not differentiable
(b) once differentiable but not twice. (a) 0.5 (b) 1
(c) twice differentiable but not thrice. (c) 2 (d) not defined
(d) thrice differentiable.
ACE Academy CALCULUS 47

19. The following plot shows a function y 25.

which varies linearly with x. The value Lim sinx is (IN-2008-1M)
2 x
0 x
of the integral I = ∫ y dx (EC-2007-1M) (a) indeterminate (b) 0
Y
1
(c) 1 (d) ∝
2
1 26. The expression e-ln x for x > 0 is equal
X to (IN-2008-2M)
-1 1 2 3 4 (a) −x (b) x (c) x-1 (d) −x-1
(a) 1 (b) 2.5 (c) 4 (d) 5
27. Consider the function y = x2 – 6x + 9.
The maximum value of y obtained
20. For the function e-x, the linear
when x varies over the internal 2 to 5 is
approximation around x = 2 is
(IN-2008-2M)
(EC-2007-1M) (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9
(a) (3 – x)e-2 (b) 1 – x
28. For real values of x, the minimum
value of the function f(x) = ex + e-x is
[
(c) 3 + 2 2 − (1 + 2 )x e −2 ] (EC-2008-2M)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0
(d) e-2
29. Which of the following function would
21. For | x | << 1, cot h(x) can be have only odd powers of x in its Taylor
approximated as (EC-2007-1M) series expansion about the point x = 0?
1 1 (EC-2008-1M)
(a) x (b) x2 (c) (d) 2
x x
(a) sin(x3) (b) sin(x2)
2
22. Consider the function f(x) = x – x – 2. (c) cos(x3) (d) cos(x2)
The maximum value of f(x) in the
30. In the Taylor series expansion of ex +
closed interval [−4, 4] is
sin x about the point x = π, the
(EC-2007-2M)
coefficient of (x - π)2 is(EC-2008-2M)
(a) 18 (b) 10 (a) eπ (b) 0.5 eπ
π
(c) −2.25 (d) indeterminate (c) e + 1 (d) eπ − 1

23. Consider the function f(x) = (x2 – 4)2 31. The value of the integral of the
where x is a real number. Then the function g(x, y) = 4x3 + 10y4 along the
function has (EE-2008-2M) straight line segment from the point
(0, 0) to the point (1, 2) in the xy-plane
(a) Only one minimum is (EC-2008-2M)
(b) Only two minima (a) 33 (b) 35 (c) 40 (d) 56
(c) Three minima
(d) Three maxima 32. In the Taylor series expansion of ex
about x = 2, the coefficient of (x – 2)4
24. Given y = x2 + 2x +10 the value of is (ME-2008-1M)
dy 1 24
(a) (b)
dx X = 1 is equal to (IN-2008-1M) 4! 4!
2
e e4
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 13 (c) (d)
4! 4!
48 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy

x1/ 3 − 2
33. The value of Lim is 39. The area enclosed between the curves
x
8 x - 8 y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y is (ME-2009-2M)
(ME-2008-1M) 16 32
(a) (b) 8 (c) (d) 16
1 1 3 3
(a) (b)
16 12
1 1
(c) (d)
8 4 sin x
40. The Taylor series expansion of
x-π
34. Which of the following integrals is at x = π is given by (CE-2009-2M)
unbounded? (ME-2008-2M)
(a) 1 +
( x − π)
2
+−−
π /4 ∝
1 3!
(a) ∫ tan x dx (b) ∫
0 1+ x
2
dx
( x − π)
2
0 (b) - 1 − +−−
3!
∝ 1
1 (c) 1 −
( x − π)
2
+−−
∫ x e dx ∫ 1 - x dx
−x
(c) (d) 3!
0 0

(d) - 1 +
( x − π)
2
+−−
2 3/ 2 3!
35. The length of the curve y = x
3
between x = 0 & x = 1 is 41. The total derivative of the function
(ME-2008-2M) ‘xy’ is (PI-2009-1M)
(a) 0.27 (b) 0.67 (c) 1 (d) 1.22
(a) x dy + y dx (b) x dx + y dy
36. The value of the integral (c) dx + dy (d) dx dy
π/2

∫ ( x cos x) dx is (PI-2008-1M)
42. At t = 0, the function f(t) =
sin t
has
-π / 2 t
(a) 0 (b) π − 2 (c) π (d) π + 2 (EE-2010-2M)
(a) a minimum
37. The value of the expression (b) a discontinuity
(c) a point of inflection
Lim sin(x) is (PI-2008-1M) (d) a maximum
 
x
0  ex x 
1 43. The value of the quantity, where
(a) 0 (b) 1
2
∫ xe
x
P= dx is (EE-2010-1M)
1
(c) 1 (d) 0
1+ e (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) e (d) 1/e
38. The distance between the origin and 44. If ey = x1/x then y has a (EC-2010-2M)
the point nearest to it on the surface (a) maximum at x = e
Z2 = 1 + xy is (ME-2009-2M) (b) minimum at x = e
3 (c) masimum at x = e-1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 3 (d) 2
2 (d) minimum at x = e-1
ACE Academy CALCULUS 49

df ∝
dx
45. If f(x) = sin |x | then the value of
dx
at 51. The value of the integral ∫1+ x
−∝
2

π
x = − is (PI-2010-1M) (ME-2010-1M)
4 −π π
1 1 (a) −π (b) (c) (d) π
(a) 0 (b) (c) − (d) 1 2 2
2 2
52. The function y = | 2 – 3x |
∝ −x2 (ME-2010-1M)
1
46. The integral
2π ∫e
−∝
2
dx is equal to (a) is continuous ∀ x ∈ R and
differential ∀ x ∈ R
(PI-2010-1M)
(b) is continuous ∀ x ∈ R and
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) ∝ 3
2 2 differential ∀ x ∈ R except at x =
2
2n (c) is continuous ∀ x ∈ R and
47. What is the value of Lim  1  ?
1 −  2
n
∝  n  differential ∀ x ∈ R except at x =
3
(CS-2010-1M) (d) is continuous ∀ x ∈ R and except
at x = 3 and differential ∀ x ∈ R
(a) 0 (b) e-2 (c) e-1/2 (d) 1
∝
 π
53. The integral ∫ δ  t − 6  6 sin(t) dt
2  −∝
sin x  evaluates to (IN-2010-1M)
48. The Lim  3  is (CE-2010-1M)
x (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 1.5 (d) 0
x
0
2 3
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) ∝
3 2
KEY:
49. Given a function
f(x, y) = 4x2 + 6y2 – 8x – 4y + 8, the 01. a 02.a 03.a
optimal values of f(x, y) is 04. b 05.d 06. d
(CE-2010-1M) 07. a 08. a 09. d
10 10. c 11. c 12. c
(a) a minimum equal to
3 13. b 14. b 15. a
10 16. c 17. b 18. a
(b) a maximum equal to 19. b 20. a 21.
3
8 22. c 23. b 24. b
(c) a minimum equal to 25. c 26. c 27. c
3
28. a 29. a 30. b
8 31. a 32. d 33. b
(d) a maximum equal to
3 34. d 35. d 36. a
37. c 38. a 39. a
50. The infinite series 40. d 41. a 42. d
x3 x5 x7 43. b 44. a 45. c
f(x) = x − + − + − − −− ∝
3! 5! 7 ! 46. c 47. b 48. a
Converges to (ME-2010-1M) 49. a 50. b 51. d
(a) cos(x) (b) sin(x) 52. c 53. b
(c) sinh(x) (d) ex