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DATA INVERSION AND Bad data points are removed from the data
INTERPRETATION set to avoid their effect in the process of
inversion. These data are exterminated by cover, blue color, of low resistivity ranges
the aid of plotting the data in profile from between 6 to 12 ohm.m and thickness of (1-
that helps to highlight the bad datum points 20) m, is covering two different types of
and remove them from the data set high resistivity materials. The first is
manually, Fig (5). located beneath electrodes (1 to 24) at depth
of (6-9) m. It is composed of gravel, sand
and clay materials of recent sediment
underlain by low resistive Kolosh
Formation. The second high resistive
material is Sinjar Limestone Formation,
which is cropping out 10 m NE of electrode
62, beside the well. NW direction, the rock
unit of Sinjar Formation is buried to the
depth of about 81 m below the location of
electrode 19. The boundaries between
different geological materials were
identified depending on available
The inversion of the soundings is carried lithological information from an artesian
out using two mathematical methods, finite- well, which have 120 m depth, and a hand
elements and finite-difference. No dug well, 21 m depth. The resistivity of the
significant variations were detected Sinjar rock units have a wide range; it
between the inverse sections calculated by changes from 38 to 502 ohm.m, due to
these two methods, except that the several factors such as; lateral change of
resistivity of Sinjar Formation at depth physical properties, facies change,
90m. was higher slightly. percentage of fracture and amount of
The large ridge of Sinjar rocks cropping out dissolving materials in groundwater.
NE of Mahmudia village, most likely, The general look at traverses 2 and 3, Fig (7
represents inter-fingering feature rather than and 8), show the extension of the same
a remaining sliding block from the large geological situation of traverse one with
eroded anticline of the Bazian Basin. The slight differences. The near surface aquifer
two main evidences supporting this is also composed of gravel, sand and clay
situation are its strike (= 130 ) and the
0 sediments, verified by coinciding
direction of the dip (=220 ), which are the
0 geological column of the hand dug well at
same as the strike and dip of the two outer the location of electrode 115. The extension
NE & SW limbs of the major anticline. of this aquifer is interrupted by a large mass
The first traverse, Fig (6), shows a very of pure clay materials below electrodes (88
nice picture of the subsurface. The top to 103). So we can say that impermeable
section, Fig (6.a), represents plotting of Kolosh Formation, which covers Sinjar
measured apparent resistivity in the field. limestone Formation in the whole area,
The section displays a very good quality underlies the near surface aquifer. The rock
data. The resistivity increases gradually unit of Sinjar Limestone Formation, forms
with depth and it is range between 4 and 50 an excellent aquifer, the artesian well yield
ohm.m. Calculated apparent resistivity 14.6 L/S, has a depth starting from 4 m near
pseudosection, Fig (6.b), is similar to the electrode 66 to about 75 m below electrode
measured apparent resistivity except that 125 toward SW direction. This aquifer is
slight smoothing in some places was made traced to a depth of 105 m, which is the
and some spots have been removed. The maximum depth of investigation.
last section, Fig (6.c), shows inverse model
resistivity section, which represents the true For the sake of more illustration and
resistivity of subsurface materials. A soil comparison of the results a general cross
section was constructed, that is through
gathering the datum point of the three CONCLUSION
previous traverses in one single file. This 1-2D imaging survey is an excellent
file is interpreted several times by changing method for interpretation in those areas
the default parameters of the program. The where the dip of the strata exceeds 15
general inverse section, Fig (9), shows an degree, while 1D is inadequate for giving a
obvious picture of the subsurface. The precise result for such area.
major inter-finger block of Sinjar 2-Two different aquifers were detected in
Limestone Formation is clearly appears two different lithological materials; the first
extending laterally 1200 m. The general is the shallow aquifer in recent sediment,
section shows two characteristic which composed of gravel, sand and clay
phenomena, which were not appearing in sediments. Its depths and thickness ranging
the previous traverses. The first is low between 5 & 12 m, 10 & 25 m respectively.
resistive zone detected below electrodes 46 The second is the deep aquifer, represented
to 65 at the depth of 55 m, which refers to by a large block of Sinjar Formation that
highly fracture zone in the limestone beds. interfingers with Kolosh Formation. It
The Second high resistive zone detected at extend to a depth of more than 105 m and
90 m depth beneath electrode 85 to120 is has lateral extension of about 1200 m.
more probably indicating dolomitization 3-Low resistivity layer beneath the
zone, which is wide spread in Sinjar shallow aquifer may be interpreted either
Formation. by moist clay or presence of Kolosh
The other two traverses, 4 and 5, Fig (10) Formation, however the hand dug well
and Fig (11), clearly show the absence of removed this a doubt and denote to
Sinjar Formation while the impermeable existence of Kolosh Formation.
Kolosh Formation occupy the large portions 4-Lateral change within aquifers could be
of the section and it is directly underlays easily recognized from the inverse model
the recent sediments which has thickness of resistivity section. Increase of resistivity in
about (10 to 42) m. A large lensoidal facies recent sediments refers to zone of
which composed of gravel, sand and clay increasing sand and gravel sediments. Blue
sediments have been detected and it has a color (in Sinjar Formation), is
lateral extension about 1250 m. It forms the recommended for drilling in future. The
near surface aquifer and it is, most high resistive zone in the Sinjar Formation
probably, the extension of near surface refers to location of dolomitization, while
aquifer of the previous traverses. The low resistivity zone is interpreted as the
percentage of gravel, sand and clay existence of fractures zone in the limestone
sediments could be easily identified from beds, which also refers to a suitable
the increasing of the resistivity, which location for drilling.
refers to increasing the ratio of gravel and
sand, and decreasing the ratio of clay
sediments, especially beneath location of
electrodes 45 to 51that will be
recommended for drilling. The thickness of
this aquifer ranges between 10 and 31 m
and it can be regarded as satisfactory
aquifer for many purposes. Fig (12) Shows
summarized geological picture of the sub-
surface along the traverses 1,2 and 3.
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