Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Edition: V1.0
Released by:
Version Introduction
Version Date Writer Assessor Amendment records
V1.0 2007-07-01 Wang JinFu Chen Ni None
V1.1 2009-02-16 Fei AiPing Chen Ni Document standardization
Key words:
antenna basics、beam width、gain、tilt angle、circumstances、selection of antenna types
Abstract:
In this guidebook, theories of antenna、antenna parameters and related concepts and
definitions are mainly described. Besides, selection of antenna types under different
circumstances and antenna installation specifications are also introduced.
Abbreviation:
None
Reference:
<Antenna Rudiments> Internet
< Selection Flow of GSM Antenna Types > Guidebook for GSM Network Planning &
Optimization Dept., Engineering Service Division, ZTE Corporation
Contents
Picture 1-1 Diagram of Relation between Doublet Angle and Radiation Power of
Electromagnetic Wave 3.................................................................................................................................V
Picture 1-5 Vertically-set Line Array Formed by Several Half-wave Dipole 6......................................V
Picture 1-6 Apply horizontally oriented theory by adding baffle-board to one side the line array
(take the line array of double half-wave dipole with baffle-board as an example ) 7............................V
Picture 1-7 Directional plate-shaped antenna formed with several half-wave dipole 8........................V
Picture 1-8 Directional plate-shaped antenna consisting of several microstrip dipole 9.......................V
Picture 1-10 Structure of Isotropic Dipole Antenna with Series Feed 10...............................................V
Picture 2-12 Field strength diagram of isotropic antenna and directional antenna 12........................V
Picture 2-13 Diagram of horizontal beam width (3dB) of BTS antenna 13...........................................V
Picture 2-15 Diagram of BTS antenna vertical with 3dB beam width 14..............................................V
Picture 2-20 Diagram of comparison between BTS antenna with or without null fill effect 20..........V
This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to
be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
I
Picture 3-21 Block diagram of measurement of antenna gain、half-power beam width、front-to-back
ratio、cross polarization discrimination 22..............................................................................................VI
1 Overview of Antenna...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 General Development of BTS Antenna Technology............................................................................1
1.2 Theories of Antenna Radiation..............................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Radiation of Electric Dipole..................................................................3
1.2.2 Half-wave Dipole........................................................................................................................3
1.3 Internal Structure & Types of Mobile Communication BTS Antenna.................................................4
1.3.1 Plate-shaped Directional Antenna...............................................................................................4
1.3.2 Isotropic Dipole Antenna with Series Feed................................................................................9
4 Antenna Parameters..................................................................................................................................26
4.1 Antenna Directional Angle..................................................................................................................26
4.2 Antenna Height....................................................................................................................................27
4.3 Antenna Down-tilt...............................................................................................................................29
5 Antenna Types............................................................................................................................................31
5.1 Antenna Types.....................................................................................................................................31
Diagram Contents
Picture 1-1 Diagram of Relation between Doublet Angle and Radiation Power of Electromagnetic
Wave 3
Picture 1-6 Apply horizontally oriented theory by adding baffle-board to one side the line array
(take the line array of double half-wave dipole with baffle-board as an example ) ................................7
Picture 1-7 Directional plate-shaped antenna formed with several half-wave dipole..............................8
Picture 2-12 Field strength diagram of isotropic antenna and directional antenna..............................12
Picture 2-15 Diagram of BTS antenna vertical with 3dB beam width....................................................14
Picture 2-20 Diagram of comparison between BTS antenna with or without null fill effect................20
This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to
be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
V
Internal Use Only▲
Table Contents
Table 8-1 Horizontal diversity distance of antenna ..................................................................................45
1 Overview of Antenna
Knowledge Point
In this chapter, the radiation theory of BTS antenna and its structure types are
described. In addition, antenna technology and its development trend are introduced.
Most of foreign antenna manufacturers possess solid financial strength 、 high brand
fame and abundant talents and technologies. Several among them have a history of
over half a century, and world famous brands, with which their annual sales volumes
exceed USD 2 billions; while the annual sales volume of the largest Chinese domestic
antenna manufacturer is just over RMB 100 millions, which is just a small fraction of
that of the foreign giants. What’s more, after China entered WTO, famous foreign
antenna manufacturers, leading Allen Telecom Inc., Andrew company and Katherine
company, have started to invest in building factories in China, which has made a great
impact on China’s national antenna manufacturers.
In 1897, Marconi created antenna and for the first time realized radio communication.
The history of antenna is just about a century, but because of its important application
in military, it has been highly valued and emphasized. Due to the development in the
past half century, the hardware technology of antenna is now relatively mature. Now
antenna design is developing towards wide band、multi-function and high density of
integration. Various kinds of antenna technologies like dual-polarization 、 adjustable
electrical down-tilt and multi-frequency band multiplexing are gradually being
launched into commercial operation; great advances have been made in smart antenna
technology too.
After twenty years development, the technology gap between homemade antennas and
the famous foreign brands is being narrowed; some skills used in homemade antennas
are even equally matched with the advanced foreign skills. In China, the brand fame
and credit worthiness have been increased gradually. While the gaps in capital and
talents are still wide. Homemade antennas feature in moderate prices, good services,
and fulfilling the needs of communication construction.
The conductor whose length is much shorter than the wavelength is referred to electric
doublet. When there is alternating current running in the wire, electromagnetic wave
radiation may happen, the power of which is affected by the length and shape of the
wire. As shown in Picture 1-1: if two wires are too close to each other, electromagnetic
wave will be limited inbetween them, and its power is very weak; if the two wires are
stretched to a certain angle, the Electromagnetic field will spread in the space around,
and the radiation power will increase.
We must note that when the wire length( L) is far shorter than the wave length (λ), the
radiation power is very weak; when wire length is increased to more or less the wave
length, the alternating current in the wire will strengthen accordingly, thus the radiation
will be more powerful.
Picture 1-1 Diagram of Relation between Doublet Angle and Radiation Power of
Electromagnetic Wave
Half-wave dipole is the most widely used type of antenna so far. A single half-wave
doublet can function independently or be used as paraboloid antenna feed; several half-
wave doublets can be adopted to form an antenna array.
Dipole with two arms of the same length is called balanced dipole. When the length of
each arm is 1/4 wave length, and full length of two arms is 1/2 wave length, the dipole
is referred to half-wave doublet. See picture 1-2.
There is another kind of half-wave dipole, which can be obtained by forming a full-
wave doublet into a slender rectangular with the two ends of the doublet overlapped.
The slender rectangular is called folded dipole, the length of which is also 1/2 wave
length, so it is also referred as half-wave folded dipole.
Directional plate-shaped antenna is the most widely used BTS antenna and is of great
importance. This kind of antenna features in high gain 、 good sector directional
pattern、small back beam、reliable sealability, convenient control over depression angle
of vertical pattern、and long performance life.
Picture 1-6 Apply horizontally oriented theory by adding baffle-board to one side
the line array (take the line array of double half-wave dipole with baffle-board as
an example )
Currently, almost all antenna manufacturers adopt plate-shaped dipole array structure
in designing BTS directional antennas. Two types of dipole are adopted.
It is standard half-wave balanced dipole (add one additional dipole to lower the
dipole’s ground clearance, and reduce the thickness of antenna).
Picture 1-7 Directional plate-shaped antenna formed with several half-wave dipole
It is a variant of half-wave dipole. It uses transmission line of 1/4 wave length to form
radiation.
Isotropic antenna adopts several half-wave dipoles with series feed to create and
increase radiation gain.
This chapter mainly introduces the concepts of BTS antenna technology parameters
and their significant application in network planning.
Antenna gain is usually expressed in dBd or dBi. dBi represents a reference value( of
the antenna field strength in the direction with highest radiation power) relative to
isotropic radiator (see Picture 2-11); antenna gain of half-wave dipole is expressed in
dBd. There is a fixed difference between the two (see Picture 2-11), that is 0dBd equals
to 2.15dBi.
Currently, antennas with gains ranging from 0dBi to 20dBi are used in both domestic
and foreign BTSs. Gain of antenna used for indoor micro cellular coverage usually
ranges from 0 to 8 dBi; that of antenna on outdoor BTS is from 9dBi (isotropic
antenna gain) to 18dBi (directional antenna gain).
本文中的所有信息均为中兴通讯股份有限公司内部信息,不得向外传播 11
Internal Use Only▲
Antennas with around 20dBi gain and relatively narrow beam width are usually used in
the coverage on the vast but less populated highways.
Picture 2-12 Field strength diagram of isotropic antenna and directional antenna
The horizontal beam width of isotropic antenna is 360° (see the right one in Picture 2-
3), while the common horizontal beam width (3dB) of directional antenna includes:
20°、30°、65°、90°、105°、120°、180° (see the left one in Picture 2-3).
The gain of antenna with 20°or 30° horizontal beam width is higher, which is usually
used in covering strip areas and highways; antenna with 65° beam width is used in the
coverage for the typical three-sector sites in dense urban area; antenna with 90° beam
width is used in the coverage of the three-sector of typical site in suburb area; antenna
with 105° beam width is used in the coverage of the three-sector of typical site in the
vast and less populated area. See Picture 2-14.
Antenna with 120°、180°beam width is used to cover the special-shaped sectors with
extremely wide angles.
Picture 2-15 Diagram of BTS antenna vertical with 3dB beam width
The 3dB vertical beam width is closely related to the antenna gain and the 3dB
horizontal beam width. The 3dB vertical beam width is about 10°. Generally, in the
antenna with same gain and same antenna designing skills, the wider the horizontal
beam width is, the narrower the vertical beam width will be.
The narrower 3dB vertical beam width will create larger shade area, as shown in
Picture 2-15. Of the two sets of antennas with the same height and without down-tilt,
the shadow area created by the wider vertical beam width is OX’’ (red area), which is
smaller than that created by the narrower vertical beam width OX (blue area).
When selecting antenna types, with the same antenna gain, we’d better select
those with wider 3dB vertical beam width, so as to ensure the coverage of the
serving area and reduce shadow area.
In order to reduce the out-of-band interference signal, band width of the selected
antenna may just satisfy the frequency band’s requirement.
There are several modes of antenna down-tilt: mechanical down-tilt, settled electrical
down-tilt, adjustable electrical down-tilt, remote-adjustable electrical down-tilt. As for
mechanical, it is just set slant during installation; it is often used in antenna with down-
tilt angle within 10°. When the down-tilt is further expanded, the right ahead of the
coverage will appear sunken, and the two edges appear squashed, the directional
diagram becomes deformed, and in the mean time interference to the adjacent BTSs
becomes stronger, as shown in Picture 2-19. Another defect of mechanical down-tilt is
that the back lobe of antenna will upward, which can result in interference to the
adjacent sectors and call drop to MS on upper layer of adjacent cells.
The angle of electrical down-tilt antenna is relatively wide (can be wider than 10°); the
directional diagram is not apparently out of shape; the back lobe declines in the mean
time; there is no interference to MS on adjacent high buildings.
The input impedance of half-wave folded dipole is four times that of half-wave dipole,
that is Zin = 280 (Ω) (characteristic impedance 300Ω).
Definition of VSWR:
U max
VSWR = ≥ 1. 0
U min
Because the input wave can not be absorbed completely when it’s delivered to the input
end B of antenna, and reflection wave occurs and overlays, VSWR will form. The
larger VSWR is, the larger the reflection will be, and the worse the matching will be.
What bad effects can be resulted from bad VSWR? What is the acceptable VSWR? An
appropriate VSWR shall be the balance between the quantity of energy lost and the
generating cost.
(1) VSWR >1, it means that some of the power input into the antenna is reflected,
and the radiation power is reduced;
(2) The feed loss is increased. Loss rate of 7/8"cable is 4dB/100m, which is the result
based on the condition of VSWR=1 (perfectly-matched); energy loss is increased
due to the reflection of power, thus the input power from feed to antenna is
reduced.
Picture 2-20 Diagram of comparison between BTS antenna with or without null fill effect
Null fill = (vertical first lower null fill value/ radiation direction maximum)%
= 20log (vertical first lower null fill value/ radiation direction maximum)dB
Strictly speaking, antennas without features of side lobe suppression and null fill shall
not be used, so as to ensure good coverage over the serving area.
For example, isolation between the two different polarized ports of dual-polarization
antenna, isolation between the two ports with different frequency bands of outdoor
double-frequency antenna, isolation among the four ports of double-frequency and
dual-polarization antenna, all should be more than 30dB.
2.13 Case
(2) Direct datum gain antenna to the direction of central lobe of the source
antenna, then take down the receiving level of datum gain antenna P1(dBm);
(3) Direct the measured antenna to the direction of central lobe of the source
antenna, take down the receiving level of datum gain antenna P2(dBm);
(4) Calculate and get the gain of the measured antenna: G= ( gain of datum
antenna G0)+(P2-P1);
(5) In order to show the gain feature of antenna in the given frequency band, at
least measure three frequency points in high /medium/low frequency band.
本文中的所有信息均为中兴通讯股份有限公司内部信息,不得向外传播 22
内部公开 ▲
(2) Direct the measured antenna to the direction of central lobe of the source
antenna, then start the rotating floor to make the measured antenna rotate
horizontally, and take down the receiving level of the measured antenna
according to the function of angles of rotation, then from the function curve get
the half-wave beam width and front-to-back ratio of the measured antenna;
(3) Keep the measured antenna aflat with its top pointing at the direction of
central lobe of source antenna, then start the rotating floor to make the measured
antenna rotate horizontally, and take down the receiving level of the measured
antenna according to the function of angles of rotation, then get the vertical half-
wave beam width of the measured antenna from the function curve;
(4) In order to show the gain feature of antenna in the given frequency band, at
least measure three frequency points in high /medium/low frequency band.
(2) At the calibration port, fine-tune the meters and instruments with a short
circuit device or a open circuit instead of the measured antenna;
(3) Connect the calibration port with the measured antenna, read the VSWR of
the measured antenna.
(2) Short-circuit the two feeds to the measured dual-polarized antenna, reset the
meters to 0dB;
(3) Connect the meter feeds with the measured antenna, read the worst isolation
of the measured dual-polarized antenna.
(2) In the operating frequency band, choose two appropriate frequencies f1h and
This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to
be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
24
内部公开 ▲
f2h , make the intermodulation product f3=2f2-f1 (or f3=2f1-f2), which is also
required to be within the operating frequency band;
(3) F1 and f2 input 20W individual tone power to the antenna simultaneously;
4 Antenna Parameters
Knowledge point
Antenna directional diagram is a solid figure in space, but it is usually expressed with
the pattern formed with two orthogonal principal planes, which is called plane pattern (
or vertical pattern or horizontal pattern). As for horizontal pattern, it is classified into
isotropic antenna pattern and directional antenna pattern. Directional antenna pattern
consists of many shapes, such as heart-shaped and 8-shaped, etc..
Antenna has directional property due to oscillator array and changes in oscillator feed
phase, which is theoretically similar to optical interference effect. Therefore, energy in
some directions is increased, while in other directions is reduced, that is how antenna
lobes (beams) and null come into being. The lobe with strongest energy is called
principal lobe; the upper/lower lobe with second strongest engergy is called first side
lobe; make analogy like this. As for directional antenna, it has back lobe except for
those lobes above.
Based on ideal cellular communication model, directional BTS is usually divided into
本文中的所有信息均为中兴通讯股份有限公司内部信息,不得向外传播 26
内部公开 ▲
three cells in the current GSM system (mainly with ERICSSON equipment):
In GSM network construction and planning, we install and adjust antenna azimuth
angle strictly according to the rules above, which is one of the installation
specifications. Deviation in the setting of azimuth angle can result in unreasonable
discrepancy between the real coverage and the designed coverage and some
unexpected co-channel or adjacent channel interference.
In the real GSM network, specific landforms like high buildings 、mountains and water
face, etc. can cause signal refraction and reflection, which can result in big discrepancy
between the real coverage and the ideal model, thus some areas enjoy stronger signals,
while some suffer from weaker ones. In this case, we shall appropriately adjust the
antenna azimuth angle according to the real network situation, so as to ensure the
signal strength in the weak areas and achieve the goal of network optimization.
Besides, the discrepancy in real population density of different areas can cause call
traffic unbalance in cells under the antennas’ coverage. Again we can adjust the
antenna azimuth angle to make traffic balanced. Certainly, we usually don’t
recommend adjustment in antenna azimuth angle, because interference in system may
be resulted to some degree. While in some special circumstances, like some emergent
meetings or large-scale public activities, the traffic concentrates in come cells, we can
make adjustment in antenna azimuth angle for the occasion, in order to balance the
traffic and optimize the network. What’s more, as for the signal blind zone or weak
zone in suburb, we can also achieve network optimization through adjustment in
antenna azimuth angle; but remember to test the signal in around area with field
strength test vehicles, so as to ensure the network operation quality.
The coverage distance between transmitting terminal and receiving terminal can
approximately be expressed with the following formula:
1
Pt 4
( hr ht ) ( Lα )
1 1 1
D ≈ 2 [Gr Gt ] 4 4
Pr
Pr receiving power
Pt transmitting power
When parameters at transmitter and receiver are fixed, the coverage distance is in direct
proportion to the height and gain of antenna.
Due to fewer base stations at the beginning period of GSM network construction, BTS
antennas were usually installed relatively higher. As mobile communication has
developed swiftly in recent years, number of BTS has increased dramatically; there is a
site every 500m in urban areas. In this case, we must reduce the BTS original coverage
and lower antenna height, or network quality will be severely influenced. Main related
influences fall into three aspects as shown bellow:
(1) Unbalanced traffic. Over high antenna will result in over large BTS coverage
and too much traffic in one BTS. While the traffic in adjacent BTS is less due to
its small coverage and being covered by the BTS with too large coverage, thus it
can not function well and unbalanced traffic will be caused.
(2) Interference within system. Over high antenna can cause cross-BTS
interference (mainly including co-channel interference and adjacent channel
interference)、 call drop、 cross talk and too much stray noise, thus the quality of
the whole radio communication network will decrease.
(3) Island effect. It is about BTS coverage problem. When the BTS is covering
special landforms like vast water face or mountainous areas, though the original
coverage distance remains the same, an “exclave area” will appear in the far
distance, because of the reflection from water face or mountains; while the
adjacent BTSs having handover relation with the BTS can not be covered due to
obstruction of the landforms. Therefore, handover relation between the “exclave
area” and the adjacent BTSs does not exist, and the “exclave area” becomes an
island. When a MS uses the signal in the “exclave area”, it can easily suffer from
call drop due to lack of handover relation.
As a matter of fact, the value of antenna down-tilt is directly related to the parameters
of antenna height 、 coverage semi-diameter 、 vertical beam and electrical down-tilt.
When the coverage semi-diameter is fixed, the higher the antenna is, the larger down-
tilt is needed; if the antenna height is fixed, the smaller the coverage semi-diameter is,
the larger the down-tilt should be.
In urban area where the scattering of BTSs is dense, it’s quite easy that interference
between BTSs occur. In order to make most of the energy be radiated within the
coverage and reduce interference from adjacent cells, when setting the initial down-tilt,
we should make the half-power points on the principal lobe aim at the coverage rim.
The calculation formula is as follows:
α= arctg(2H/L)×(180/π)+(β/2)–γe
In areas like suburb、villages、highways and sea face, in order to get coverage as far as
possible, we can narrow the down-tilt, and make the maximum gain point aim at the
coverage rim. The formula of down-tilt is shown bellow:
α= arctg(H/L) ×(180/π)+(β/2)–γe
H represents the effective height of the BTS, which is the difference between the fixed
location of antenna and the average height of the area covered, expressed in meter;
L represents the distance from the BTS antenna to the sector’s rim needed to be
covered, expressed in meter;
5 Antenna Types
Knowledge point
In this chapter, we’ll get to know the classification methods of antenna, the basic
classification of BTS antenna; and through examples of typical antennas, get to know
the value range of antenna and the exterior appearance of different types of antennas.
Isotropic antenna
Isotropic antenna radiates in all directions (360°) of the horizontal pattern, which
means it radiates without particular directivity. As for the beam with fixed width on
vertical pattern, normally the smaller the beam width is, the higher the antenna gain
will be. This kind of antenna is often used in BTS at suburb with large-cell model,
since it features in larger coverage.
Directional antenna
Directional antenna radiates within some certain angle, which means it radiates with
particular directivity. As for the beam with fixed width on vertical pattern, normally the
smaller the beam width is, the higher the antenna gain will be. This kind of antenna is
often used in BTS at urban area with small-cell model, since it features in smaller
coverage, denser subscriber intensity and higher frequency utility ratio.
本文中的所有信息均为中兴通讯股份有限公司内部信息,不得向外传播 31
内部公开 ▲
Mechanically-adjustable antenna
The so called mechanically-adjustable antenna is a kind of antenna whose down-tilt
can be adjusted mechanically.
Besides, if it’s needed to adjust the down-tilt of this kind of antenna in the daily
maintenance, the whole system shall be shut down. We can not keep monitoring
network indicators while adjusting the down-tilt. It is very troublesome to adjust the
down-tilt, because it needs maintenance staff to climb to where the antenna is located.
The down-tilt angle is a theoretical value obtained from the calculation of computer
analog analysis software, which is a little deviated from the actual best down-tilt. The
stepping degree for adjusting down-tilt is 1°, and the third-order intermodulation
indicator is -120dBc.
Electrical antenna
The so called electrical antenna is a kind of antenna, which features in electrical down-
tilt.
What’s more, electrical antenna allows down-tilt adjustment without shutting down the
system, which keeps the monitoring on adjustment effects. The stepping precision is
relatively higher (0.1°), thus we can make fine adjustment on the network. The third-
order intermodulation indicator for electrical antenna is -150dBc; there is a difference
of 30dBc compared with that of mechanically-adjustable antenna. This is in favor of
eliminating adjacent-channel interference and stray interference.
Dual-polarized antenna
Dual-polarized antenna uses new technology. It combines two sets of antennas with
mutually orthogonal polarization directions (+45° and -45°) and works in the duplex
model of transmitting and receiving signals in the mean time. Therefore, its outstanding
advantage is that it saves antennas for directional BTS. Normally the directional BTS
As for the selection of antenna type, we should select the antenna which meets the
needs of the local mobile network according to specific situations like network
coverage, call traffic volume, interference and network service quality.
--- in dense BTS area with high traffic volume, use dual-polarized antenna and
electrical antenna;
--- in suburb area with fewer BTS and low traffic, where larger coverage is required,
use the traditional mechanically-adjustable antenna.
Currently in area with dense traffic, the network call loss is high and interference is
big. One important reason is that the down-tilt of mechanically-adjustable antenna is
too large, which causes serious deformation of antenna pattern. In order to solve the
off-capacity problem we must shorten the distance between BTSs and enlarge down-
tilt. While if mechanically-adjustable antenna is used, antenna pattern starts to deform
when the down-tilt is larger than 5°; when it’s larger than 10°, antenna pattern will be
seriously out of shape. Therefore, the problems can not be solved by using
mechanically-adjustable antenna. It is recommended to use electrical antenna or dual-
polarized antenna instead of mechanically-adjustable antenna in dense traffic area. The
replaced mechanically-adjustable antennas can be used in areas with less traffic, like
In this chapter, several real scene pictures are shown to illustrate antenna coverage
area classification and related radio environment.
Combining with the real scene pictures, this chapter introduces classification of
coverage area and the selection of corresponding antenna.
(1) Selection of polarization model: because it’s difficult to obtain BTS location
in urban area and there is space limit for antenna installation, it is recommended
to use dual-polarized antenna;
(3) Selection of half-power beam width: in order to better control the cell
coverage and suppress interference, half-power beam width shall be within
60~65°;
(4) Selection of antenna gain: since large coverage is not needed in urban area, it
is recommended to use antenna with medium gain (15-18dBi). The microcells
used for filling blind zones can use antennas with lower gain;
and call traffic volume is small, thus large coverage is requested. There is only one
BTS in some places and large coverage is of great importance. In this case, we need to
take into consideration around areas of the BTS which need to be covered, when we
make antenna selection.
(1) Selection of antenna pattern: if the BTS is required to cover the around area
without particular directivity, and call traffic is scattered, it is suggested that
isotropic antenna be used. We should note that coverage of isotropic antenna is
not as far as that of directional antenna due to its smaller antenna gain; and pay
attention to the tower body’s influence on coverage; and the antenna shall be kept
vertical to ground. If farther coverage distance is required by customers, then
directional antenna shall be adopted; normally, horizontal half-power directional
antennas with beam width of 90 °, 105 °, 120 ° are recommended;
requirement. There are also winding highways, like roads in mountainous areas and
small towns. In these circumstances, we should set up BTSs at high places so as to
cover the villages around.
When selecting antenna at the initial planning stage, we should try to select antenna
with high gain and vast coverage.
(1) Selection of antenna pattern: for BTSs to cover areas along railways and
highways, we can adopt directional antenna with narrow beam width and high
antenna gain. Besides, we can flexibly choose antenna type according to factors
like landforms and turnings on railways and highways;
(2) Selection of antenna gain: we can choose directional antenna with 17dBi -
22dBi gain; as for isotropic antenna, 11dBi;
(3) Selection of down-tilt: usually there is no need to set down-tilt for coverage
of highways, so it is recommended to use mechanically-adjustable antenna which
is less expensive. If antenna height is above 50 meters and there is request for
coverage of proximal area, we can use antenna with null fill(>15% ) to avoid
blind zone under the tower.
area, etc..
(1) Selection of antenna pattern: make selection based on BTS location, BTS
type and request for coverage of around area; both directional antenna and
isotropic antenna are optional. As for BTSs on mountains, if the area to be
covered is relatively low, we should choose antenna pattern with larger vertical
half-power angle to meet the coverage needs in horizontal direction;
(2) Selection of antenna gain: use antennas with medium gain according to
coverage distance required; isotropic antenna ( 9-11dBi ) , directional antenna
(15-18dBi);
(3) Selection of down-tilt: when we set up BTS on mountains and mountain foot
area needs to be covered, choose antenna with null fill or preset down-tilt.
Amplitude of the preset down-tilt is decided based on the relative height between
the BTS and the area to be covered. The larger the relative height is, the bigger
the antenna preset down-tilt should be.
This chapter mainly introduces the methods and essentials for installation and
adjustment of BTS antenna.
Crooked pole or mishandled installation may cause the installation pole to incline,
which can affect accuracy of down-tilt and the receiving effect of isotropic antenna.
Therefore, we must first make sure installation pole is straight; a plumb bob can be
sued to check the straightness, so that we can ensure the isotropic antenna is vertical to
the ground after installation. Directional antenna’s down-tilt must be measured with tilt
meter. Take into consideration the inclination and curve of the pole when set
mechanical down-tilt.
During network planning and optimization, whether the installation pole is straight can
greatly influence the network performance. However, we often neglect to check the
straightness of the pole.
1. lightening arrester: for controlling lightening strike point and prevent dangers to
equipment;
Radio antenna should be installed within angle of protection of lightening rod (45°).
Lightening rod and down lead should be connected by welding. Material of down lead
should be galvanized flat steel (40mm×4mm). The distance between the joint of down
lead to ground net and the joint of ground lead to ground net shall be no less than 10m.
In mobile communication, multipath transmission can cause signal fast fading, and
amplitude of level fading can reach 30dB, which means 20 times in a minute. Antenna
diversity reception skill can greatly reduce attenuation of receiving signal and improve
link quality. The principle for fixing antenna spacing interval is to ensure that different
antenna branches irrelevant to each other. Use the cross correlation coefficient of
branch signals to measure signal’s independence. Correlation coefficient of receiving
signal shall be smaller than 0.7.
In actual project implementation, the horizontal diversity distance between two uni-
polarized antennas of the same sector shall be at least 10 λ .
2G 1.5m 3m 2.3m
Antenna isolation in the same system means the isolation distance between antennas of
different sectors of the same system shall be larger than 0.6m. In actual project
implementation, install antenna pole arms on the main pole bracket. The antenna is
installed on the installation pole. See Picture 8-30.
1m
Generally, when installing antenna on metal towers, we shall bear in mind the
following issues:
distance between antenna and all parts of the tower shall be longer than λ.
8.3 Summary
The distance from antenna to tower platform: 1M;
Spacing interval between diversity reception antennas of the same cell: >3M,
Transmitting and receiving antennas shall not be installed upside down unless there is
specific direction.
Antenna bearing: for directional antenna, the first sector to direction of north by east
60°, the second sector to direction of due south, the third sector to north by west 60°.
Antenna down-tilt: make sure that the actual down-tilt meets the requirement of SE
planning; error difference shall be less than 2°.
Antenna perpendicularity: make sure it’s no bigger than 2°, except for BTS with
antenna down-tilt.