Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Realized by:
JENDOUBI Riadh
Subject :
i
Acknowledgments
ii
Abstract
In an effort to increase oil production and guaranteeing competitive position stimulatingly, in an
industry that continues to increase regulations for environmental protection, several conducted
studies aimed at the exploitation of oil wells to the fullest by increasing their recovery. Multiple
recovery systems have been explored, some of them have led to higher recoveries but have been
super costly. other techniques have failed to reach the set objective. This study is about modelling
an already set artificial lifting system which is the JET Pump. Also, the optimization of oil
production by designing a new lifting system which is the ESP. Finally, an economical study is
provided as a guideline for choosing the appropriate, cost-effective system.
Keywords: Oil, Artificial Lifting, JET Pump, ESP, cost effective.
Résumé
Afin d’augmenter la production du pétrole et garantir une position concurrentielle, dans une
industrie qui continue à forcer les réglementations pour la protection de l'environnement, plusieurs
études ont été menées dans le but de maximiser l’exploitation et la production des puits de pétrole
en augmentant leurs récupérations. Plusieurs systèmes de récupération ont été explorés, certains
d'entre eux avaient réussi à des recouvrements plus élevés mais ont été très coûteux. D’autres
techniques n'avaient pas réussi à atteindre l'objectif fixé. Cette étude comporte la modélisation
d'un système d’activation artificielle déjà mis en place, la JET pompe. En outre, l'optimisation de
la production de pétrole en concevant un nouveau système d’activation qui est l'ESP. Enfin, une
étude économique est fournie comme guide pour choisir le système approprié et rentable.
Mots Clés : Pétrole, Activation Artificielle, JET Pompe, ESP, Rentable.
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ
ﺗﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ،ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ
، ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ.ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ
ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ. ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ.ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ، ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ.ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻁﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ
ﻣﺮﺑﺢ، ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻁﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ، ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ، ﻧﻔﻂ:ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ
iii
Symbols
Boi: Formation volume factor [m3/m3]
φ: Porosity [%]
iv
Abbreviations
ALS: Artificial Lift System
v
Units
Psi: Pound-force per square inch
Bpd: Barrel per day
Ft: feet
°F: degree Fahrenheit
Sm3: Standard cubic meter
API: American Petroleum Institute gravity
sp. Gravity: Specific gravity
ppm: Parts per million
°C: degree Celsius
m3: Cubic meter
cp: centipoise
STB: Stock tank barrel
MMscf: Million standard cubic feet
lb: Pound
Hz: Hertz
$: US Dollar
Bbls: Barrels
M$: Million Dollars
K$: Thousand Dollars
vi
Contents
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................................................. I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................................................. II
SYMBOLS................................................................................................................................................................................ IV
ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................................... V
UNITS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... VI
GENERAL INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................ 1
vii
I.4.2 Wet Gas ................................................................................................................................................................ 16
I.4.3 Gas Condensate .................................................................................................................................................... 16
I.4.4 Volatile Oil ............................................................................................................................................................ 16
I.4.5 Black Oil ................................................................................................................................................................ 17
I.5 PRODUCTION AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS SOFTWARE PROSPER.......................................................................................................... 17
I.6 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS PARAMETERS ................................................................................. 18
I.7 LAARICH CONCESSION OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................... 18
I.8 CHAPTER CONCLUSION: ......................................................................................................................................................... 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................................................47
APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................................................................................48
viii
List of Figures
Figure 1: Surface equipment of Jet Pump ....................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: Subsurface Equipment of Jet Pump................................................................................. 7
Figure 3: ESP configuration.......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 4: The locations of the nodes ............................................................................................. 12
Figure 5: Inflow and outflow curve at a specific node ................................................................. 13
Figure 6: Typical tubing performance curve ............................................................................... 15
Figure 7: Geographical location.................................................................................................... 18
Figure 8: PVT Data before Matching ........................................................................................... 24
Figure 9: PVT Data After Matching ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 10: Downhole Equipment Summary ................................................................................. 27
Figure 11: Downhole Equipment Sketch ...................................................................................... 27
Figure 12: IPR data input main screen .......................................................................................... 29
Figure 13: IPR Curve .................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 14: IPR/VLP curve intersection (State zero) ..................................................................... 30
Figure 15: Water Cut Curve .......................................................................................................... 33
Figure 16: Water Cuts/ GOR curve .............................................................................................. 34
Figure 17: Sensitivity Analysis Results ........................................................................................ 36
Figure 18: Jet Pump Boundaries ................................................................................................... 36
Figure 19: Higher Reservoir Pressures with ESP ......................................................................... 40
Figure 20: ESP calculations with no risk of cavitation ................................................................. 41
ix
List of Tables
Table 1: Options Summary ........................................................................................................... 21
Table 2: PVT Data ........................................................................................................................ 23
Table 3: Laboratory Data .............................................................................................................. 24
Table 4: Deviation Survey ............................................................................................................ 26
Table 5: Geothermal Gradient ...................................................................................................... 28
Table 6: Average Heat Capacities................................................................................................. 28
Table 7: IPR Data Input ................................................................................................................ 29
Table 8: JET Pump Data Entry ..................................................................................................... 32
Table 9: Sensitivity Analysis on Various Water Cuts .................................................................. 32
Table 10: Sensitivity Analysis on various Water Cuts and GOR values ...................................... 34
Table 11: Sensitivity Analysis on various pressure values ........................................................... 35
Table 12: surface considerations ................................................................................................... 38
Table 13: Operating considerations .............................................................................................. 38
Table 14: ALS operating conditions ............................................................................................. 39
Table 15: Recapitulative Table: Reservoir Pressure/Production Rate (ESP) ............................... 40
Table 16: ESP Data ....................................................................................................................... 41
Table 17: CAPEX Expenses ......................................................................................................... 43
Table 18: Reserves Estimation...................................................................................................... 44
Table 19: Recovered and Remaining Volumes ............................................................................ 44
Table 20: OPEX Expenses ............................................................................................................ 45
Table 21: Economical Balance ..................................................................................................... 45
x
General Introduction
No one can deny the importance of oil as well as petroleum products in our daily life. Besides
being the origin of multiple geopolitical conflicts, ‘Black Gold’ as it is called provides mankind
it’s essential needs in energy in addition of various uses in many fields such as the medical,
cosmetic and agricultural domains. But, oil production faces logical obstacles that requires an
intervention to assure a continuous but yet efficient production in a leading competitive industry.
Thus, comes the need to artificial lifting systems.
In Tunisia, the Oil& Gas industry, controlled, operated and supervised by the "The Tunisian
Company of Petroleum Activities- ETAP" which is a public enterprise created by Law 72-22 of
March 10, 1972 and allowing the state to increase its control and its active and direct participation in
the various activities of the oil industry by conducting all petroleum studies and managing the national
oil wealth as well as supplying the country’s needs in crude oil and gas.
This project is considered as an important duty for our petroleum production engineering at the
ETAP and its importance lies within the management of oil and gas concession operations, of which
ETAP is a partner, by checking and verifying the reports given by foreign companies as well as the
verification of data and calculations in order to make sure that the rights of the coming generations are
in fact guaranteed and well governed.
This repost contains mainly three chapters. The first chapter is called “Literature Review” and it
comes back on general definition and terminologies of the petroleum industry. Also defining the
equipment and industrial installation that will be used later on. The second chapter, “JET Pump
Model Setup “, presents the use of modelling software in the design of a producing oil well and
the modelling of the installed artificial lifting system. For the final chapter “ESP Model Setup”, it
is dedicated to the optimization of oil production by choosing the wise and appropriate alternative
and manipulating various parameters. Also, a cost estimation is provided in order to evaluate the
expenses and expected gains.
Options Choice
Fluid: Oil and Water
PVT Method: Black Oil
Separator: Single-Stage
Emulsions: No
Hydrates: Disable Warning
Water Viscosity: Use Default Correlation
Water Vapour: No Calculations
Viscosity Model: Newtonian Fluid
Steam Option: No Steam Calculations
Flow Type: Tubing
The options are set so that emulsions (droplets of one liquid in another immiscible liquid) and
hydrates (ice-like solids that form when free water and natural gas combine at high pressure and
low temperature) are not taken into consideration. The reason is that they are mainly a matter of
concern in surface facilities (pipelines, manifolds, separators etc.) not the wellbore. Gas hydrates
may have an effect on flow assurance by causing hazardous problems. As far as the emulsions are
concerned, they lead to operational problems at the separating stage of oil and water and can
severely affect pumps. Since this is not the case under study, calculations based on emulsions and
hydrates will be omitted.
As far as the rheology of the fluids travelling through the wellbore is concerned, all phases are
treated as Newtonian ones as it is usually the case when modelling fluid flow in pipelines. It should
be noted that the rheological behaviour of the fluids is related to the prevailing pressure loss along
the tubing. To predict water viscosity, the default correlation implemented in PROSPER is used.
water viscosity at reservoir conditions is low almost always less than 1 cp. Although a pressure
corrected correlation is also available in PROSPER, it is not worth utilizing as water viscosity does
not greatly vary with pressure. This is due to the small amount of gas dissolved in the water and
its minor effect on viscosity. For the temperature calculations, the Rough Approximation model is
selected. It calculates the heat loss from the well to the surrounding formation with the use of a
heat transfer coefficient, the temperature difference between the fluids and the formation and the
average heat capacities. Note that the heat transfer coefficient is related to the easiness of heat
transfer flowing from the hot flowing fluids to the surroundings whereas the heat capacity of the
Temperature Pressure Bubble Point Gas Oil Ratio Oil FVF Oil Viscosity
The reservoir temperature is already inserted previously and it is equal to 90°C. All the above data are
introduced in the PVT match data screen.
The selected equipment is JET PUMP - Nozzle (5) Throat (4) An 0.009 At 0.043 R 0.210 as
shown in the Appendices chapter (Appendix 18a) and (Appendix 18b).
II.2.2 Sensitivity analysis
Here comes the true utility and unicity of Prosper Petroleum Software, because of, and besides
well modelling and completion design, prosper proposes the study of different production
scenarios in order to define the factor or factors effecting the oil flow rate and production statistics.
In the sensitivity analysis, the user can study, case by case, the key factor or factors that needs to
be optimized and other factors which have no effect on the production rate.
In the calculation tab, we can utilize a 3-variable system calculation or 4-variable system
calculation at the same time (12).
II.2.2.1 Sensitivity analysis on various water cuts:
First Node Gas Density: 0.73652 0.73584 0.73515 0.73876 0.73829 (lb/ft3)
First Node Liquid
1.1965 1.161 1.1259 0.99374 0.96986 (centipoise)
Viscosity:
First Node Gas Viscosity: 0.011077 0.011086 0.0111 0.01105 0.01105 (centipoise)
Reservoir Pressure (psia) Liquid Rate (m3/day) Oil Rate (m3/day) Gas Rate (MMscf/day)
Consideration Commentary
Flow rates Flow rates are governed by the back pressure of equipment as
well as wellhead pressure
Flowline size The length and the diameter of the flowline determine the WHP
and length requirements and effect overall performance of the production
system.
Contaminants The scale, paraffin and salt could affect the production.
Power sources Electricity of natural gas must be available
Field Location Consideration of multiple factors such as, surface access as well
as well spacing, noise limits and safety and environmental
conditions
Consideration Commentary
Long range recovery Field conditions may change overtime.
Plans
Pressure maintenance Water and gas injection may change the artificial lift
Operations requirements
of the field.
Service support and Some artificial lift systems require regular maintenance,
personnel must be monitoring and adjustment.
available
Therefore, economic parameters such as initial capital expenses (CAPEX), monthly operating
expenses (OPEX) (which we will involve in the last chapter), Life of the installed equipment,
supplement of equipment (spray parts) and workover costs for each artificial lift system can
influence the artificial lift selection criteria. The initial capital expenses play important role in
installation of required AL types. But monthly OPEX are more interesting than initial CAPEX
through the life cycle of the well. The figure below estimates that the CAPEX investment contains
only 1% from the total value of AL installation, although OPEX can reach up to 6%. Therefore, it
is valuable to decide upon choosing the installation of the reliable equipment which are the most
suitable assuring the reduction of operating costs. Work overs costs are dependent on location of
operating field, the AL method and the service company contract terms (14).
III.1.2 Artificial lift system choice
After taking in consideration different operating parameters and boundaries opposed by the
artificial lifting standards and selection criteria and protocols, and compared with the actual
available condition of LSE#2 well, we have decided the following:
SRP: optimal use designation for low volume production Eliminated
Gas Lift: absence of gas flow Eliminated
PCP: optimal use designation for low depth Eliminated
ESP: Best choice since JP is already installed and not performing as required due to over-charge.
Starting from a 6000 psia pressure value, the JET pump in endangered since it reaches its
functioning limits. It is obvious that in order to obtain an economically profitable flow rate
III.3.2.2 OPEX:
As mention above, these are the updated equipment prices and services up until July 2018
Maintenance and Replacements (Valves and components…): 350’000$
TRAPSA: 500’000$
Operating Staff: 50’000$ / day
Power & Utilities: 150’000$
Chemical Products: 50’000$
• Reserve Estimation:
In order to calculate expenses during time, we have to use the Oil in place OOIP formula and asses
the reserves left in the reservoir multiped by the recoverable factor (usually 30%)
V % ∗ ℎ ∗ '"# ∗ φ
OOIP = $=
!"# !"#
Where: OOIP: Oil in Place [m3]
A: The area of reservoir [m2]
h: The height of pay zone [m]
Soi: Connate water salination [%]
φ: Porosity [%]
Boi: Formation volume factor [m3/m3] = 1.243 (PROSPER Data base)
With A daily production of 1500 bbls (238.4 m3), we need a time period of 780 days before
decommissioning. Through 2 years and one month, an annual maintenance break is required, thus
two times Shut-down for our ESP and afterwards the Shut-down Expenses will later be added to
the OPEX as they are time variable expenses. Note that these figures are able to change over time
since they are directly related to international business and financial markets as well geopolitical
conflicts.
Shut- down Expenses:
10 days workover: 235’000$ / day
30 days waiting for mobilization of rig
2 days electricity failure
All of these prices will be later combined into one index of a 32 days operating staff expenses:
50000$ / day added to the total OPEX expenses.