Project VoICES

(Vocabulary Intensification and Comprehension

Enhancement through Science Modules)

PHYSICS 9

Module 2
Work, Power, and Energy
Table of Contents

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Module 2
Work, Power, and Energy

What this module is about?

In Module 1, you studied about objects moving in two-dimensions. These moving

objects possess momentum and experience impulses during interactions with other
objects. Not only those, these objects also possess energy. On their own or during their
interactions, there are energy transfers and/or transformations.
In this module, the transformation of energy especially mechanical energy and its
conservation will be studied conceptually and mathematically as applied in many natural
events as well as in the working principles of man-made structures such as rides and
electric power plants.
You will study the following lessons in this module:

 Lesson 1- Forms of Mechanical Energy

 Lesson 2- Transformation and Conservation of Mechanical Energy

What you are expected to learn

After going In Module 1, you are expected to:

1. identify the different forms of mechanical energy;
2. explain energy transformation in various activities/events (e.g., waterfalls,
archery, amusement rides);
3. perform activities to demonstrate conservation of mechanical energy; and
4. infer that the total mechanical energy remains the same during any process.
 How to learn from this module?

Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module:

1. Read and follow the instructions carefully.

2. Answer the pre-test in order to determine how much you know about the
lessons in this module.
3. Check your answers with the given answer key at the end of this module.
4. Read each lesson and do the activities that are provided for you.
5. Perform all the activities diligently to help and guide you in understanding the
topic.
6. Take the self-tests after each lesson to determine how much you understood
the topic.
7. Answer the mastery test to measure how much you have gained from the
lessons.

Good luck and happy learning!

What to do before (Pretest)

I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?

A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

2. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the

diagram below?
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney
3. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation
takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy

4. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

5. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?

A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.

6. Which sequence of energy transformation best describes what happens when

you switch on your battery-run radio?
A. Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Sound Energy
B. Mechanical Energy Chemical Energy Sound Energy
C. Chemical Energy Electrical Energy Sound Energy
D. Chemical Energy Mechanical Energy Sound Energy

7. Which among the forms of energy is considered a potential energy?

A. chemical energy
B. radiant energy
C. sound energy
D. thermal energy

8. Which of the following happens to a coconut that falls freely?

A. Loses potential energy and gains kinetic energy.
B. Loses both potential energy and kinetic energy.
C. Gains potential energy and loses kinetic energy.
D. Gains both potential energy and kinetic energy.

9. A torchlight fell from a watch tower. The potential energy of the torchlight at the
highest point compared to its kinetic energy at the lowest point is _______
A. lesser.
 B. equal.
C. greater.
D. not related.

10. The potential energy of a 1-kg object on top of a hill is 18 J. What is its velocity
in m/s just before it hits the bottom of the hill?
A. 36
B. 18
C. 6
D. 3

Lesson 1. Forms of Mechanical Energy

This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.
This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.
This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.
This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.
This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.
 What you will do
Activity 1.1
4 PICS, 1 WORD

Look and analyze what’s common in the four pictures below to form one word.

1. _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. _ _ _ _

3. _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. _ _ _ _
 What you will do
Self-Test 1.1

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?

A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

2. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the

diagram below?
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney

3. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation

takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy

4. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

5. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?

A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
 D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.

What you will do

Activity 1.2
LITTLE SHOP OF TOYS

Objectives:
At the end of the activity, you should be able to:
identify the energy forms present in the operation of simple toys, and
describe the energy transformations in the toys.

Materials Needed:
yoyo
friction toy car
deflated balloon
2 mystery objects
Activity Sheet / science notebook

Procedure:
1. Operate each toy to move and observe closely what causes it to start and stop moving.
2. For each toy, identify all forms of energy involved in the process.
3. Trace the energy transformations by sketching and labeling the toy while in motion.
4. From inside the room, choose two objects/toys of interest to you. Do steps 1 to 3.
5. For each toy or object, answer the following questions:

Q1. What does the toy or object do?

Q2. What energy changes take place as this toy or object operates?

Q3. What form does the stored energy start out in?

Q4. What form does the stored energy turn into?

Q5. What form is the energy output in when it stops?

Q6. What made each object to move a certain displacement and what made each object to
come to a stop?

What you will do

Self-Test 1.2

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?

A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

2. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the

diagram below?
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney

3. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation

takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy

4. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

5. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?

A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
 C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.

KEY CONCEPTS
 There are different forms of mechanical energy namely the potential and
kinetic energy.
 Potential energy may be chemical, elastic, gravitational, electrical or nuclear.
 Kinetic energy may be motion, radiant, sound, thermal and wave.
 Chemical, electrical and nuclear energies in general exhibit characteristics
that are electromagnetic in nature
 There are different forms of mechanical energy namely the potential and
kinetic energy.
 Potential energy may be chemical, elastic, gravitational, electrical or nuclear.
 Kinetic energy may be motion, radiant, sound, thermal and wave.
 Chemical, electrical and nuclear energies in general exhibit characteristics
that are electromagnetic in nature

Lesson 2. Transformation of Mechanical Energy

This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.
This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.
 This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.
This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.
This lesson will show you (give a short introduction about what will this lesson
show you, what you will learn from this lesson, and an overview of this lesson). Also,
insert some important facts or information or short discussion of the content of the
lesson.

What you will do

Activity 2.1
4 PICS, 1 WORD

Look and analyze what’s common in the four pictures below to form one word.

1. _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. _ _ _ _

3. _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. _ _ _ _
 What you will do
Self-Test 2.1

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?

A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

2. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the

diagram below?
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney

3. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation

takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy

4. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
 A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

5. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?

A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.

What you will do

Activity 2.2
LITTLE SHOP OF TOYS

Objectives:
At the end of the activity, you should be able to:
identify the energy forms present in the operation of simple toys, and
describe the energy transformations in the toys.

Materials Needed:
yoyo
friction toy car
deflated balloon
2 mystery objects
Activity Sheet / science notebook

Procedure:
1. Operate each toy to move and observe closely what causes it to start and stop moving.
2. For each toy, identify all forms of energy involved in the process.
3. Trace the energy transformations by sketching and labeling the toy while in motion.
4. From inside the room, choose two objects/toys of interest to you. Do steps 1 to 3.
5. For each toy or object, answer the following questions:
Q1. What does the toy or object do?

Q2. What energy changes take place as this toy or object operates?

Q3. What form does the stored energy start out in?

Q4. What form does the stored energy turn into?

Q5. What form is the energy output in when it stops?

Q6. What made each object to move a certain displacement and what made each object to
come to a stop?

What you will do

Self-Test 2.2

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?

A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

2. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the

diagram below?
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney

3. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation

takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy
4. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

5. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?

A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.

KEY CONCEPTS
 There are different forms of mechanical energy namely the potential and
kinetic energy.
 Potential energy may be chemical, elastic, gravitational, electrical or nuclear.
 Kinetic energy may be motion, radiant, sound, thermal and wave.
 Chemical, electrical and nuclear energies in general exhibit characteristics
that are electromagnetic in nature
 There are different forms of mechanical energy namely the potential and
kinetic energy.
 Potential energy may be chemical, elastic, gravitational, electrical or nuclear.
 Kinetic energy may be motion, radiant, sound, thermal and wave.
 Chemical, electrical and nuclear energies in general exhibit characteristics
that are electromagnetic in nature
 Mastery Test

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?

A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

2. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the

diagram below?
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney

3. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation

takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy

4. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

5. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?

A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.
6. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?
A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

7. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the

diagram below?
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney

8. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation

takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy

9. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

10. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?
A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.
11. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?
A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

12. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the
diagram below?
 A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney

13. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation
takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy

14. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

15. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?
A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.
16. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?
A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

17. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the
diagram below?
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney

18. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation
takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
 B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy

19. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

20. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?
A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.
21. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?
A. entirely kinetic
B. entirely potential
C. entirely gravitational
D. both kinetic and potential

22. Which event is explained in the sequence of energy changes shown in the
diagram below?
A. a headlight is on
B. a turbine spins
C. electric current powers a flat iron
D. gasoline burns to run a jeepney

23. In the Agus VI Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant, which energy transformation
takes place?
A. electrical energy mechanical energy electrical energy.
B. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy
C. heat mechanical energy electrical energy.
D. nuclear energy heat electrical energy

24. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic
energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
B. A mango falling from a crate.
 C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.

25. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?
A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.

Glossary of Terms

dam - barrier of a water storage structure that is used to control the stored water level
and the release of the stored water
Head of water flow - difference of the head water level and the tail water level
Head water level - surface height of the stored water in the reservoir
Hydroelectric Power (HEP) Plant- A power plant that generates electrical energy
using the energy from flowing water
Mechanical energy - energy acquired by objects upon which work is done
Penstock - close pipe or channel where the water flows from the water reservoir up to
the water turbine’s location
Tail water level - exit height of the water in the dam’s penstock or the height where the
turbines are located
Turbine - a rotating device with appropriately shaped blades used to convert the kinetic
energy of moving fluids
 References and Links

 Hewitt, Paul G., Conceptual Physics Ninth Edition. Addison Wesley Publishing Inc.
 Integrated Science IV. Second Edition. Physics
 Practical Work in High School Physics, UP- NISMED
 SEDP Series Textbook, Physics. 159-161.
 http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/phy03.sci.phys.matter.zmill/
 http://www.need.org/needpdf/Science%20of%20Energy.pdf
 http://www.education.com/science-fair/article/build-toy-throw-ball-target/
 http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2004/4/04.04.06.x.html
 http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/demobook/chapter1.htm
 http://msp.ehe.osu.edu/wiki/index.php/MSP:MiddleSchoolPortal/Energy_Transfers_a
nd_Transformations:_Sparking_Student_Interest