You are on page 1of 26

Physics 122 Sept.

21, 2010

Save the date: Monday, October 4, 6:50 – 8:50.


Review session before Midterm #1. Javits 103.
(Of course you are already saving Tuesday, October
5, 8:30 – 10:00 for Midterm #1.)

I will have a practice midterm in your hands one week


before the exam.

Question 1:
Measure voltages and currents.
Voltage is between two conductors. (Or 2 parts of 1
conductor)
Current passes through a conductor.
Ideal voltmeter passes no current (infinite resistance).
Ideal ammeter has no voltage drop (zero resistance).

sample
e
which
?
Ohm’s law (empirical). True for many materials.
Apply
A l a potential
i l difference
diff V along
l a conductor,
d and
d
a current I will flow in proportion.
Volts) →

Units of R = Volt/Amp
= Ohm
Frequently written Ω.
V (V

I (Amperes) →

Question
Q ti #2#2. A coffee
ff pott operates
t att 110 Volts
V lt and
d
draws a current of 1 Amp. What is its resistance?
Q
Question #2. A coffee ppot operates
p at 110 Volts and
draws a current of 1 Amp. What is its resistance?

R = V / I = 110 Volt / 1 Amp = 110 Ω


Resistance = Voltage difference / Current. R = ΔV / I.
Unit Ohm (Ω).
Property of a particular component with two wires, or a
length of wire.

Resistivity is a property of the material. ρ


Unit Ohm meter (Ω m).

ℓ cross section area A, resistivity ρ,


A wire of length ℓ,
will have resistance R = ρ ℓ / A.
(From SV8)
Resistivity is
Resistivity of
platinum vs. roughly proportional
to temperature for
temperature
most metals.

At 293 K (20°C),
ρ = 1.1x10-7 Ωm
dρ/dT = 4.3x10-10 Ωm/K
1 dρ 1 dR
α= =
ρ dT R d T
= 0.00392 /K
Define temperature coefficient
of resistivity (or resistance) α. ρ (T ) = ρ (T0 )[1 + α (T −T0 )]
α has
h dimensions
di i K-11. R (T ) = R (T0 )[1 + α (T −T0 )]
For a limited range of T .
Question 3:
When it is cold ((20 °C),
), the heating
g element of a
toaster (nichrome wire, α = 4.0x10-4/K) has a
resistance of 30 Ω, which increases to 37 Ω when it
is hot.
hot How hot is it?
Question 3:
When it is cold ((20 °C),
), the heating
g element of a
toaster (nichrome wire, α = 4.0x10-4/K) has a
resistance of 30 Ω, which increases to 37 Ω when it
is hot.
hot How hot is it?

R (T ) = R (20)[1 + α (T − 20)]
R (T )
− 1 = α (T − 20)
R (20)
1 ⎛ R (T ) ⎞ 1 ⎛ 37 ⎞
T − 20 = ⎜ − 1⎟ = −4 ⎜
− 1 ⎟ = 583
α ⎝ R (20) ⎠ 4.0 × 10 ⎝ 30 ⎠
T = 603 o C
Superconductivity:
Resistance of many metals decreases towards zero as
the temperature is reduced.
In many metals, the resistance drops abruptly to zero
at a part
particular
cu ar temperature.
t mp ratur .
0.15 Ω
0
Resisstance of mercurry
0.00
0

H. Kamerlingh Onnes with


4.00 K 4.40 K equipment used to liquify helium
Measure voltages and currents.
Voltage is between two conductors. (Or 2 parts of 1
conductor)
Current passes through a conductor.
Ideal voltmeter passes no current (infinite resistance).
Ideal ammeter has no voltage drop (zero resistance).

sample
e
which
?
Remember (Sept.
(Sept 7) that potential energy
increases when a charge +q is moved across
q
++ a potential difference +ΔV ?
+++
U = q ΔV. En Energy = Ch
Charge x Voltage
V lt

← ΔV →

Remember (Physics 121) that Power = Energy / Time ?


Remember (Sept. 16) that Current = Charge / Time?

Energy Charge x Voltage


Power = = = Current x Voltage
Time Time

SI units: Watts = Amperes x Volts (= C/s x J/C = J/s).


The battery is doing work on the circuit
at a rate I x ΔV.
V (Watts = Joule / sec
sec.))
The chemical energy it stores is being
reduced at that rate.

The resistor is dissipating


energy
gy (in
( the form of
heat) at a rate I x ΔV.
(Watts = J/s)

Replace the battery with an electrical generator – the


source of
f energy could
ld b
be mechanical
h l ((water b
behind
h da
dam, steam engine, …)
p
Replace the resistor with an electrical motor – the
energy is converted into mechanical energy (run a sewing
machine, elevator, …)
P=IV

Coffee pot drawing 1 Amp at 110 Volts = 110 Watts.

60 Watt light bulb (110 V) draws current


P / V = 60/110 = 0.54 Amp.

U i Oh
Using Ohm’s
’ law,
l P = I V = I 2 R = V 2 / R.
R

Note that a bulb rated 60 Watts has a specified


p
resistance (at operating temperature). Give it a different
voltage, and it will dissipate a different amount of power.

Question #4:
If a bulb rated 60 Watts at 120 Volts is connected to a
source off 100 V
Volts,
lt how
h much
h power will
ill it draw
d ((assuming
i
resistance is unchanged)?
Question #4:
If a bulb rated 60 Watts at 120 Volts is connected to a
source of 100 Volts, how much power will it draw (assuming
resistance is unchanged)?

Combine P = I x V with I = V / R to get P = V 2/R .

So a 60 Watt,
S W tt 120 V Volt
lt b
bulb
lb h
has resistance
i t
R = V 2/P = 240 Ω, which we assume is unchanged at the
lower voltage.
g

P = V 2/R = 1002 / 240 = 41.67 Watts.

Question #5.
What voltage should be provided to a 100 Watt, 120 Volt
l
lamp to
t makek it draw
d 50 Watts?
W tt ? (A
(Assume resistance
i t iis
constant independent of power.)
Question #5.
What voltage should be provided to a 100 Watt
Watt, 120 Volt
lamp to make it draw 50 Watts? (Assume resistance is
constant.)

P=V 2/ R, and R is supposed constant, so to halve P, one


should reduce V by y a factor of (1/2)
( )1/2 = 0.707.

120 Volts x 0.707 = 84.85 Volts


Resistors connected in series.
C
Currentt I goes through
th h eachh element.
l t
Passing through a resistor, the current is not “worn out”
or reduced. Same value at each p point around the loop.
p

Ohm’s law:

ΔV1 = I R1

ΔV2 = I R2

V = ΔV1 + ΔV2
= I (R1 + R2)

So two (or more) resistors in series obey


Ohm’s law for the sum of resistances.
R1 = 120 Ω Voltmeter
V = 12
Volts

R2 = 180 Ω

Question 6:
What does the Voltmeter read?
R1 = 120 Ω Voltmeter
V = 12
Volts

R2 = 180 Ω

Question 6:
What does the Voltmeter read?
V = I (120 Ω + 180 Ω) = 12 Volts,
Volts so I = 12/300 = 0
0.040
040 Amp
V1 = I R1 = 0.040 x 120 = 4.8 Volts.
Question 7:
The bulb is rated 75 Watts at 120 Volts, and is
connected to a 120 Volt supply through two wires that
each have a resistance of 1.00 Ω. What is the actual
power dissipated by the bulb? (Assume bulb resistance
is independent of the voltage/current/power.)
Step 1: Find the resistance of the bulb:
R = V 2 / P = 1202 / 75 = 192 Ω.

Step 2: Find the current in the circuit:


I = V / (192 Ω + 1 Ω + 1 Ω) = 120 / 194 = 0
0.6186
6186 Amp
Amp.

Step 3: Find the power dissipated in a bulb of 192 Ω


resistance passing a current of 0.6186
0 6186 Amp.
Amp
P = I V = I 2 R = 0.61862 x 192 = 73.5 Watt.
Question 8:
The bulb is rated 75 Watts at 120 Volts, and is
connected to a 120 Volt supply through two wires that
each have a resistance of 1.00 Ω. What is the power
supplied by the 120 V circuit? (Assume bulb resistance
is independent of the voltage/current/power.)
Step 1: We already know the total resistance and
current in the circuit:
R = V 2 / P = 1202 / 75 = 192 Ω.
I = V / (192 Ω + 1 Ω + 1 Ω) = 120 / 194 = 0.6186 Amp.

Step 2: Find the power dissipated by a current of


0.6186 A flowing across a potential difference of 120 V
P=IV=0 0.6186
6186 x 120 = 74
74.2
2 Watt
Watt.
R?

R?
Rbulb = 192 Ω

Question 9:
The bulb is rated 75 Watts at 120 Volts, and is
connected to a 120 Volt supply through two wires.
What should be the resistance of each wire in order
for the bulb to receive 74
74.0
0 Watts of power?
(Assume bulb resistance is independent of the
voltage/current/power.)
R?

R?
Want I x Vbulb = 74.0 Watts, but we don’t know either
i bl a priori.
variable i i

We know:
• I x Vbulb = 74.0 Watts = I 2 Rbulb = Vbulb2 / Rbulb
• Rbulb = 192 Ω.
• I is the same everywhere in the circuit.
circuit
• Vbulb is not 120 Volts.

We wantt R, which
W hi h we can gett from
f th
the total
t t l resistance,
i t
via the current I.
R?

R?
We know:
• I x Vbulb = 74.0 Watts = I 2 Rbulb = Vbulb2 / Rbulb
• Rbulb = 192 Ω.
• I is
i th
the same everywhereh in
i the
th circuit.
i it
• Vbulb is not 120 Volts.

I = P / Rbulb = 74
4 / 192
1 =0
0.6208
6 0 Amp
Total resistance = V / I = 120 / .6208 = 193.3Ω

193.3 = 2R +192, so R = 0.65 Ω.

You might also like