Professional Documents
Culture Documents
21, 2010
Question 1:
Measure voltages and currents.
Voltage is between two conductors. (Or 2 parts of 1
conductor)
Current passes through a conductor.
Ideal voltmeter passes no current (infinite resistance).
Ideal ammeter has no voltage drop (zero resistance).
sample
e
which
?
Ohm’s law (empirical). True for many materials.
Apply
A l a potential
i l difference
diff V along
l a conductor,
d and
d
a current I will flow in proportion.
Volts) →
Units of R = Volt/Amp
= Ohm
Frequently written Ω.
V (V
I (Amperes) →
Question
Q ti #2#2. A coffee
ff pott operates
t att 110 Volts
V lt and
d
draws a current of 1 Amp. What is its resistance?
Q
Question #2. A coffee ppot operates
p at 110 Volts and
draws a current of 1 Amp. What is its resistance?
At 293 K (20°C),
ρ = 1.1x10-7 Ωm
dρ/dT = 4.3x10-10 Ωm/K
1 dρ 1 dR
α= =
ρ dT R d T
= 0.00392 /K
Define temperature coefficient
of resistivity (or resistance) α. ρ (T ) = ρ (T0 )[1 + α (T −T0 )]
α has
h dimensions
di i K-11. R (T ) = R (T0 )[1 + α (T −T0 )]
For a limited range of T .
Question 3:
When it is cold ((20 °C),
), the heating
g element of a
toaster (nichrome wire, α = 4.0x10-4/K) has a
resistance of 30 Ω, which increases to 37 Ω when it
is hot.
hot How hot is it?
Question 3:
When it is cold ((20 °C),
), the heating
g element of a
toaster (nichrome wire, α = 4.0x10-4/K) has a
resistance of 30 Ω, which increases to 37 Ω when it
is hot.
hot How hot is it?
R (T ) = R (20)[1 + α (T − 20)]
R (T )
− 1 = α (T − 20)
R (20)
1 ⎛ R (T ) ⎞ 1 ⎛ 37 ⎞
T − 20 = ⎜ − 1⎟ = −4 ⎜
− 1 ⎟ = 583
α ⎝ R (20) ⎠ 4.0 × 10 ⎝ 30 ⎠
T = 603 o C
Superconductivity:
Resistance of many metals decreases towards zero as
the temperature is reduced.
In many metals, the resistance drops abruptly to zero
at a part
particular
cu ar temperature.
t mp ratur .
0.15 Ω
0
Resisstance of mercurry
0.00
0
sample
e
which
?
Remember (Sept.
(Sept 7) that potential energy
increases when a charge +q is moved across
q
++ a potential difference +ΔV ?
+++
U = q ΔV. En Energy = Ch
Charge x Voltage
V lt
← ΔV →
U i Oh
Using Ohm’s
’ law,
l P = I V = I 2 R = V 2 / R.
R
Question #4:
If a bulb rated 60 Watts at 120 Volts is connected to a
source off 100 V
Volts,
lt how
h much
h power will
ill it draw
d ((assuming
i
resistance is unchanged)?
Question #4:
If a bulb rated 60 Watts at 120 Volts is connected to a
source of 100 Volts, how much power will it draw (assuming
resistance is unchanged)?
So a 60 Watt,
S W tt 120 V Volt
lt b
bulb
lb h
has resistance
i t
R = V 2/P = 240 Ω, which we assume is unchanged at the
lower voltage.
g
Question #5.
What voltage should be provided to a 100 Watt, 120 Volt
l
lamp to
t makek it draw
d 50 Watts?
W tt ? (A
(Assume resistance
i t iis
constant independent of power.)
Question #5.
What voltage should be provided to a 100 Watt
Watt, 120 Volt
lamp to make it draw 50 Watts? (Assume resistance is
constant.)
Ohm’s law:
ΔV1 = I R1
ΔV2 = I R2
V = ΔV1 + ΔV2
= I (R1 + R2)
R2 = 180 Ω
Question 6:
What does the Voltmeter read?
R1 = 120 Ω Voltmeter
V = 12
Volts
R2 = 180 Ω
Question 6:
What does the Voltmeter read?
V = I (120 Ω + 180 Ω) = 12 Volts,
Volts so I = 12/300 = 0
0.040
040 Amp
V1 = I R1 = 0.040 x 120 = 4.8 Volts.
Question 7:
The bulb is rated 75 Watts at 120 Volts, and is
connected to a 120 Volt supply through two wires that
each have a resistance of 1.00 Ω. What is the actual
power dissipated by the bulb? (Assume bulb resistance
is independent of the voltage/current/power.)
Step 1: Find the resistance of the bulb:
R = V 2 / P = 1202 / 75 = 192 Ω.
R?
Rbulb = 192 Ω
Question 9:
The bulb is rated 75 Watts at 120 Volts, and is
connected to a 120 Volt supply through two wires.
What should be the resistance of each wire in order
for the bulb to receive 74
74.0
0 Watts of power?
(Assume bulb resistance is independent of the
voltage/current/power.)
R?
R?
Want I x Vbulb = 74.0 Watts, but we don’t know either
i bl a priori.
variable i i
We know:
• I x Vbulb = 74.0 Watts = I 2 Rbulb = Vbulb2 / Rbulb
• Rbulb = 192 Ω.
• I is the same everywhere in the circuit.
circuit
• Vbulb is not 120 Volts.
We wantt R, which
W hi h we can gett from
f th
the total
t t l resistance,
i t
via the current I.
R?
R?
We know:
• I x Vbulb = 74.0 Watts = I 2 Rbulb = Vbulb2 / Rbulb
• Rbulb = 192 Ω.
• I is
i th
the same everywhereh in
i the
th circuit.
i it
• Vbulb is not 120 Volts.
I = P / Rbulb = 74
4 / 192
1 =0
0.6208
6 0 Amp
Total resistance = V / I = 120 / .6208 = 193.3Ω